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Salgueiro V, Bertol J, Gutierrez C, Serrano-Mestre JL, Ferrer-Luzon N, Palacios A, Pasquina-Lemonche L, Espalliat A, Lerma L, Weinrick B, Lavin JL, Elortza F, Azkalgorta M, Prieto A, Buendía-Nacarino P, Luque-García JL, Neyrolles O, Cava F, Hobbs JK, Sanz J, Prados-Rosales R. Maintenance of cell wall remodeling and vesicle production are connected in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.11.19.567727. [PMID: 38187572 PMCID: PMC10769192 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.19.567727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Pathogenic and nonpathogenic mycobacteria secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs) under various conditions. EVs produced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) have raised significant interest for their potential in cell communication, nutrient acquisition, and immune evasion. However, the relevance of vesicle secretion during tuberculosis infection remains unknown due to the limited understanding of mycobacterial vesicle biogenesis. We have previously shown that a transposon mutant in the LCP-related gene virR ( virR mut ) manifested a strong attenuated phenotype during experimental macrophage and murine infections, concomitant to enhanced vesicle release. In this study, we aimed to understand the role of VirR in the vesicle production process in Mtb . We employ genetic, transcriptional, proteomics, ultrastructural and biochemical methods to investigate the underlying processes explaining the enhanced vesiculogenesis phenomenon observed in the virR mut . Our results establish that VirR is critical to sustain proper cell permeability via regulation of cell envelope remodeling possibly through the interaction with similar cell envelope proteins, which control the link between peptidoglycan and arabinogalactan. These findings advance our understanding of mycobacterial extracellular vesicle biogenesis and suggest that these set of proteins could be attractive targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Mukhtar F, Guarnieri A, Brancazio N, Falcone M, Di Naro M, Azeem M, Zubair M, Nicolosi D, Di Marco R, Petronio Petronio G. The role of Mycobacterium tuberculosis exosomal miRNAs in host pathogen cross-talk as diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1441781. [PMID: 39176271 PMCID: PMC11340542 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1441781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a global threat, affecting one-quarter of the world's population. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that 6 million people die annually due to chronic illnesses, a statistic that includes TB-related deaths. This high mortality is attributed to factors such as the emergence of drug-resistant strains and the exceptional survival mechanisms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have garnered attention for their crucial role in TB pathogenesis, surpassing typical small RNAs (sRNA) in their ability to alter the host's immune response. For instance, miR-155, miR-125b, and miR-29a have been identified as key players in the immune response to MTB, particularly in modulating macrophages, T cells, and cytokine production. While sRNAs are restricted to within cells, exo-miRNAs are secreted from MTB-infected macrophages. These exo-miRNAs modify the function of surrounding cells to favor the bacterium, perpetuating the infection cycle. Another significant aspect is that the expression of these miRNAs affects specific genes and pathways involved in immune functions, suggesting their potential use in diagnosing TB and as therapeutic targets. This review compiles existing information on the immunomodulatory function of exosomal miRNAs from MTB, particularly focusing on disease progression and the scientific potential of this approach compared to existing diagnostic techniques. Thus, the aim of the study is to understand the role of exosomal miRNAs in TB and to explore their potential for developing novel diagnostic and therapeutic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farwa Mukhtar
- Department of Medicina e Scienze della Salute “V. Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Antonio Guarnieri
- Department of Medicina e Scienze della Salute “V. Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Natasha Brancazio
- Department of Medicina e Scienze della Salute “V. Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Marilina Falcone
- Department of Medicina e Scienze della Salute “V. Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Maria Di Naro
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Muhammad Azeem
- Department of Precision Medicine in the Medical, Surgical and Critical Care Area (Me.Pre.C.C.), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Muhammad Zubair
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Daria Nicolosi
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Roberto Di Marco
- Department of Medicina e Scienze della Salute “V. Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Giulio Petronio Petronio
- Department of Medicina e Scienze della Salute “V. Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, Campobasso, Italy
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Meidaninikjeh S, Mohammadi P, Elikaei A. Bacteriophages and bacterial extracellular vesicles, threat or opportunity? Life Sci 2024; 350:122749. [PMID: 38821215 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Emergence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (AMR) is one of the health major problems worldwide. The scientists are looking for a novel method to treat infectious diseases. Phage therapy is considered a suitable approach for treating infectious diseases. However, there are different challenges in this way. Some biological aspects can probably influence on therapeutic results and further investigations are necessary to reach a successful phage therapy. Bacteriophage activity can influence by bacterial defense system. Bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs) are one of the bacterial defense mechanisms which can modify the results of bacteriophage activity. BEVs have the significant roles in the gene transferring, invasion, escape, and spreading of bacteriophages. In this review, the defense mechanisms of bacteria against bacteriophages, especially BEVs secretion, the hidden linkage of BEVs and bacteriophages, and its possible consequences on the bacteriophage activity as well phage therapy will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Meidaninikjeh
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Parisa Mohammadi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ameneh Elikaei
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran.
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4
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Espejo C, Ezenwa VO. Extracellular vesicles: an emerging tool for wild immunology. DISCOVERY IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 3:kyae011. [PMID: 39005930 PMCID: PMC11244269 DOI: 10.1093/discim/kyae011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
The immune system is crucial for defending organisms against pathogens and maintaining health. Traditionally, research in immunology has relied on laboratory animals to understand how the immune system works. However, there is increasing recognition that wild animals, due to their greater genetic diversity, lifespan, and environmental exposures, have much to contribute to basic and translational immunology. Unfortunately, logistical challenges associated with collecting and storing samples from wildlife, and the lack of commercially available species-specific reagents have hindered the advancement of immunological research on wild species. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived nanoparticles present in all body fluids and tissues of organisms spanning from bacteria to mammals. Human and lab animal studies indicate that EVs are involved in a range of immunological processes, and recent work shows that EVs may play similar roles in diverse wildlife species. Thus, EVs can expand the toolbox available for wild immunology research, helping to overcome some of the challenges associated with this work. In this paper, we explore the potential application of EVs to wild immunology. First, we review current understanding of EV biology across diverse organisms. Next, we discuss key insights into the immune system gained from research on EVs in human and laboratory animal models and highlight emerging evidence from wild species. Finally, we identify research themes in wild immunology that can immediately benefit from the study of EVs and describe practical considerations for using EVs in wildlife research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Espejo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Vanessa O Ezenwa
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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5
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Peregrino ES, Castañeda-Casimiro J, Vázquez-Flores L, Estrada-Parra S, Wong-Baeza C, Serafín-López J, Wong-Baeza I. The Role of Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles in the Immune Response to Pathogens, and Therapeutic Opportunities. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6210. [PMID: 38892397 PMCID: PMC11172497 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria have several mechanisms to evade the host's immune response and achieve an efficient infection. Bacterial extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a relevant cellular communication mechanism, since they can interact with other bacterial cells and with host cells. In this review, we focus on the EVs produced by some World Health Organization (WHO) priority Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria; by spore-producing bacteria; by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (a bacteria with a complex cell wall); and by Treponema pallidum (a bacteria without lipopolysaccharide). We describe the classification and the general properties of bacterial EVs, their role during bacterial infections and their effects on the host immune response. Bacterial EVs contain pathogen-associated molecular patterns that activate innate immune receptors, which leads to cytokine production and inflammation, but they also contain antigens that induce the activation of B and T cell responses. Understanding the many effects of bacterial EVs on the host's immune response can yield new insights on the pathogenesis of clinically important infections, but it can also lead to the development of EV-based diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. In addition, since EVs are efficient activators of both the innate and the adaptive immune responses, they constitute a promising platform for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliud S. Peregrino
- Posgrado en Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (E.S.P.); (J.C.-C.)
| | - Jessica Castañeda-Casimiro
- Posgrado en Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (E.S.P.); (J.C.-C.)
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (S.E.-P.); (J.S.-L.)
| | - Luis Vázquez-Flores
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (L.V.-F.); (C.W.-B.)
| | - Sergio Estrada-Parra
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (S.E.-P.); (J.S.-L.)
| | - Carlos Wong-Baeza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (L.V.-F.); (C.W.-B.)
| | - Jeanet Serafín-López
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (S.E.-P.); (J.S.-L.)
| | - Isabel Wong-Baeza
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (S.E.-P.); (J.S.-L.)
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6
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Alipoor SD, Elieh-Ali-Komi D. Significance of extracellular vesicles in orchestration of immune responses in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1398077. [PMID: 38836056 PMCID: PMC11148335 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1398077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), the causative agent of Tuberculosis, is an intracellular bacterium well known for its ability to subvert host energy and metabolic pathways to maintain its intracellular survival. For this purpose, the bacteria utilize various mechanisms of which extracellular vehicles (EVs) related mechanisms attracted more attention. EVs are nanosized particles that are released by almost all cell types containing active biomolecules from the cell of origin and can target bioactive pathways in the recipient cells upon uptake. It is hypothesized that M.tb dictates the processes of host EV biogenesis pathways, selectively incorporating its molecules into the host EV to direct immune responses in its favor. During infection with Mtb, both mycobacteria and host cells release EVs. The composition of these EVs varies over time, influenced by the physiological and nutritional state of the host environment. Additionally, different EV populations contribute differently to the pathogenesis of disease at various stages of illness participating in a complex interplay between host cells and pathogens. These interactions ultimately influence immune responses and disease outcomes. However, the precise mechanisms and roles of EVs in pathogenicity and disease outcomes remain to be fully elucidated. In this review, we explored the properties and function of EVs in the context of M.tb infection within the host microenvironment and discussed their capacity as a novel therapeutic strategy to combat tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamila D. Alipoor
- Division of Inflammation and Infection, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Daniel Elieh-Ali-Komi
- Institute of Allergology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Immunology and Allergology, Berlin, Germany
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7
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Salgueiro VC, Passemar C, Vázquez-Iniesta L, Lerma L, Floto A, Prados-Rosales R. Extracellular vesicles in mycobacteria: new findings in biogenesis, host-pathogen interactions, and diagnostics. mBio 2024; 15:e0255223. [PMID: 38567992 PMCID: PMC11077946 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02552-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in mycobacterial species 15 years back, we have learned that this phenomenon is conserved in the Mycobacterium genus and has critical roles in bacterial physiology and host-pathogen interactions. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the tuberculosis (TB) causative agent, produces EVs both in vitro and in vivo including a diverse set of biomolecules with demonstrated immunomodulatory effects. Moreover, Mtb EVs (MEVs) have been shown to possess vaccine properties and carry biomarkers with diagnostic capacity. Although information on MEV biogenesis relative to other bacterial species is scarce, recent studies have shed light on how MEVs originate and are released to the extracellular space. In this minireview, we discuss past and new information about the vesiculogenesis phenomenon in Mtb, including biogenesis, MEV cargo, aspects in the context of host-pathogen interactions, and applications that could help to develop effective tools to tackle the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian C. Salgueiro
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health, and Microbiology. School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Charlotte Passemar
- Cambridge Center for Lung Infection, Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lucía Vázquez-Iniesta
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health, and Microbiology. School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Lerma
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health, and Microbiology. School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés Floto
- Cambridge Center for Lung Infection, Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rafael Prados-Rosales
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health, and Microbiology. School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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8
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Vermeire CA, Tan X, Liang Y, Kotey SK, Rogers J, Hartson SD, Liu L, Cheng Y. Mycobacterium abscessus extracellular vesicles increase mycobacterial resistance to clarithromycin in vitro. Proteomics 2024; 24:e2300332. [PMID: 38238893 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202300332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/15/2024]
Abstract
Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) are a group of emerging bacterial pathogens that have been identified in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients with microbial lung infections. The treatment of NTM infection in CF patients is challenging due to the natural resistance of NTM species to many antibiotics. Mycobacterium abscessus is one of the most common NTM species found in the airways of CF patients. In this study, we characterized the extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by drug-sensitive M. abscessus untreated or treated with clarithromycin (CLR), one of the frontline anti-NTM drugs. Our data show that exposure to CLR increases mycobacterial protein trafficking into EVs as well as the secretion of EVs in culture. Additionally, EVs released by CLR-treated M. abscessus increase M. abscessus resistance to CLR when compared to EVs from untreated M. abscessus. Proteomic analysis further indicates that EVs released by CLR-treated M. abscessus carry an increased level of 50S ribosomal subunits, the target of CLR. Taken together, our results suggest that EVs play an important role in M. abscessus resistance to CLR treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie A Vermeire
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
- Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Xuejuan Tan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
- Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Yurong Liang
- Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Stephen K Kotey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
- Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Janet Rogers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
- Center for Genomics and Proteomics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Steven D Hartson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
- Center for Genomics and Proteomics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Lin Liu
- Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Yong Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
- Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
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9
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Sangiorgio G, Nicitra E, Bivona D, Bonomo C, Bonacci P, Santagati M, Musso N, Bongiorno D, Stefani S. Interactions of Gram-Positive Bacterial Membrane Vesicles and Hosts: Updates and Future Directions. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2904. [PMID: 38474151 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayers derived from cell membranes, released by both eukaryotic cells and bacteria into the extracellular environment. During production, EVs carry proteins, nucleic acids, and various compounds, which are then released. While Gram-positive bacteria were traditionally thought incapable of producing EVs due to their thick peptidoglycan cell walls, recent studies on membrane vesicles (MVs) in Gram-positive bacteria have revealed their significant role in bacterial physiology and disease progression. This review explores the current understanding of MVs in Gram-positive bacteria, including the characterization of their content and functions, as well as their interactions with host and bacterial cells. It offers a fresh perspective to enhance our comprehension of Gram-positive bacterial EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Sangiorgio
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Emanuele Nicitra
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Dalida Bivona
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Carmelo Bonomo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Paolo Bonacci
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Santagati
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Nicolò Musso
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Dafne Bongiorno
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Stefania Stefani
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
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10
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Lee JJ, Abdullah M, Liu J, Carvalho IA, Junior AS, Moreira MAS, Mohammed H, DeLisa MP, McDonough SP, Chang YF. Proteomic profiling of membrane vesicles from Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis: Navigating towards an insilico design of a multi-epitope vaccine targeting membrane vesicle proteins. J Proteomics 2024; 292:105058. [PMID: 38065354 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2023.105058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/01/2024]
Abstract
Bacteria typically produce membrane vesicles (MVs) at varying levels depending on the surrounding environments. Gram-negative bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) have been extensively studied for over 30 years, but MVs from Gram-positive bacteria only recently have been a focus of research. In the present study, we isolated MVs from Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) and analyzed their protein composition using LC-MS/MS. A total of 316 overlapping proteins from two independent preparations were identified in our study, and topology prediction showed these cargo proteins have different subcellular localization patterns. When MVs were administered to bovine-derived macrophages, significant up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines was observed via qRT-PCR. Proteome functional annotation revealed that many of these proteins are involved in the cellular protein metabolic process, tRNA aminoacylation, and ATP synthesis. Secretory proteins with high antigenicity and adhesion capability were mapped for B-cell and T-cell epitopes. Antigenic, Immunogenic and IFN-γ inducing B-cell, MHC-I, and MHC-II epitopes were stitched together through linkers to form multi-epitope vaccine (MEV) construct against MAP. Strong binding energy was observed during the docking of the 3D structure of the MEV with the bovine TLR2, suggesting that the putative MEV may be a promising vaccine candidate against MAP. However, in vitro and in vivo analysis is required to prove the immunogenic concept of the MEV which we will follow in our future studies. SIGNIFICANCE: Johne's disease is a chronic infection caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis that has a potential link to Crohn's disease in humans. The disease is characterized by persistent diarrhea and enteritis, resulting in significant economic losses due to reduced milk yield and premature culling of infected animals. The dairy industry in the United States alone experiences losses of approximately USD 250 million due to Johne's disease. The current vaccine against Johne's disease is limited by several factors, including variable efficacy, limited duration of protection, interference with diagnostic tests, inability to prevent infection, and logistical and cost-related challenges. Nevertheless, a multiepitope vaccine design approach targeting M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis has the potential to overcome these challenges and offer improved protection against Johne's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Jie Lee
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Mohd Abdullah
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Jinjing Liu
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Isabel Azevedo Carvalho
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Abelardo Silva Junior
- Laboratory of Research in Virology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL CEP 57072-900, Brazil
| | | | - Hussni Mohammed
- Departement of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Matthew P DeLisa
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States; Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States; Cornell Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Sean P McDonough
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Yung-Fu Chang
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States.
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11
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Miyakawa Y, Otsuka M, Shibata C, Seimiya T, Yamamoto K, Ishibashi R, Kishikawa T, Tanaka E, Isagawa T, Takeda N, Kamio N, Imai K, Fujishiro M. Gut Bacteria-derived Membrane Vesicles Induce Colonic Dysplasia by Inducing DNA Damage in Colon Epithelial Cells. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 17:745-767. [PMID: 38309455 PMCID: PMC10966291 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2024.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in the world. Gut microbiota has recently been implicated in the development of CRC. Actinomyces odontolyticus is one of the most abundant bacteria in the gut of patients with very early stages of CRC. A odontolyticus is an anaerobic bacterium existing principally in the oral cavity, similar to Fusobacterium nucleatum, which is known as a colon carcinogenic bacterium. Here we newly determined the biological functions of A odontolyticus on colonic oncogenesis. METHODS We examined the induction of intracellular signaling by A odontolyticus in human colonic epithelial cells (CECs). DNA damage levels in CECs were confirmed using the human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived gut organoid model and mouse colon tissues in vivo. RESULTS A odontolyticus secretes membrane vesicles (MVs), which induce nuclear factor kappa B signaling and also produce excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) in colon epithelial cells. We found that A odontolyticus secretes lipoteichoic acid-rich MVs, promoting inflammatory signaling via TLR2. Simultaneously, those MVs are internalized into the colon epithelial cells, co-localize with the mitochondria, and cause mitochondrial dysfunction, resulting in excessive ROS production and DNA damage. Induction of excessive DNA damage in colonic cells by A odontolyticus-derived MVs was confirmed in the gut organoid model and also in mouse colon tissues. CONCLUSIONS A odontolyticus secretes MVs, which cause chronic inflammation and ROS production in colonic epithelial cells, leading to the initiation of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Miyakawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Otsuka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Field of Medicine, Density and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Chikako Shibata
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Seimiya
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rei Ishibashi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kishikawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eri Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Isagawa
- Division of Cardiology and Metabolism, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Norihiko Takeda
- Division of Cardiology and Metabolism, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriaki Kamio
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Imai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Fujishiro
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Li Y, Qian Y, Wang N, Qiu D, Cao H, Wang Y, Luo H, Shen X, Cui H, Wang J, Zhu H. The functions and applications of extracellular vesicles derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115767. [PMID: 37865994 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) originating from bacteria function critical roles in bacterial biologic physiology and host-pathogen interactions. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) produces EVs both in vitro and in vivo, with membrane-bound nanoparticles facilitating the transmission of biological molecules including lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and glycolipids, while interacting remotely with the host. Although studies of EVs in mycobacterial infections is still in its infancy, it has already revealed an entirely new aspect of M. tuberculosis-host interactions that may have implications for tuberculosis (TB) pathogenesis. In this review, we discuss the significant functions of M. tuberculosis EVs in elucidating the mechanisms underlying vesicle biogenesis and modulating cellular immune responses, as well as the recent advances and challenges in the development of novel preventive and therapeutic or diagnostic strategies against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kunshan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Suzhou 215300, PR China
| | - Yingfen Qian
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fourth People's Hospital of Kunshan, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215300, PR China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kunshan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Suzhou 215300, PR China
| | - Dewen Qiu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiangxi Maternal and Child health hospital Maternal and Child heath hospital of Nanchang college, Nanchang 215300, PR China
| | - Hui Cao
- Department of Food and Nutrition Safety, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Yihua Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kunshan Jinxi People's Hospital, Suzhou 215300, PR China
| | - Hao Luo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kunshan Second People's Hospital, Suzhou 215300, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Shen
- Penglang Community Health Service Center of Kunshan Economic and Technological Development Zone, Suzhou 215300, PR China
| | - Hanwei Cui
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Fourth People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518118, PR China.
| | - Jianjun Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kunshan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Suzhou 215300, PR China.
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213000, PR China.
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13
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Hambo S, Harb H. Extracellular Vesicles and Their Role in Lung Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16139. [PMID: 38003329 PMCID: PMC10671184 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung infections are one of the most common causes of death and morbidity worldwide. Both bacterial and viral lung infections cause a vast number of infections with varying severities. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced by different cells due to infection in the lung have the ability to modify the immune system, leading to either better immune response or worsening of the disease. It has been shown that both bacteria and viruses have the ability to produce their EVs and stimulate the immune system for that. In this review, we investigate topics from EV biogenesis and types of EVs to lung bacterial and viral infections caused by various bacterial species. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pneumoniae infections are covered intensively in this review. Moreover, various viral lung infections, including SARS-CoV-2 infections, have been depicted extensively. In this review, we focus on eukaryotic-cell-derived EVs as an important component of disease pathogenesis. Finally, this review holds high novelty in its findings and literature review. It represents the first time to cover all different information on immune-cell-derived EVs in both bacterial and viral lung infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hani Harb
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Virology, University Hospital Dresden, Technical University Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany;
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14
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Mwebaza I, Shaw R, Li Q, Fletcher S, Achkar JM, Harding CV, Carpenter SM, Boom WH. Impact of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Glycolipids on the CD4+ T Cell-Macrophage Immunological Synapse. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:1385-1396. [PMID: 37695687 PMCID: PMC10579150 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell-wall glycolipids such as mannosylated lipoarabinomannan (ManLAM) can inhibit murine CD4+ T cells by blocking TCR signaling. This results in suppression of IL-2 production, reduced T cell proliferation, and induction of CD4+ T cell anergy. This study extended these findings to the interaction between primary human CD4+ T cells and macrophages infected by mycobacteria. Exposure of human CD4+ T cells to ManLAM before activation resulted in loss of polyfunctionality, as measured by IL-2, IFN-γ, and TNF-α expression, and reduced CD25 expression. This was not associated with upregulation of inhibitory receptors CTLA-4, PD-1, TIM-3, and Lag-3. By confocal microscopy and imaging flow cytometry, ManLAM exposure reduced conjugate formation between macrophages and CD4+ T cells. ManLAM colocalized to the immunological synapse (IS) and reduced translocation of lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (LCK) to the IS. When CD4+ T cells and Mycobacterium bovis BCG-infected monocytes were cocultured, ManLAM colocalized to CD4+ T cells, which formed fewer conjugates with infected monocytes. These results demonstrate that mycobacterial cell-wall glycolipids such as ManLAM can traffic from infected macrophages to disrupt productive IS formation and inhibit CD4+ T cell activation, contributing to immune evasion by M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Mwebaza
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH
| | - Rachel Shaw
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH
| | - Shane Fletcher
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH
| | | | - Clifford V. Harding
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Stephen M. Carpenter
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - W. Henry Boom
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
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15
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Wang N, Yao Y, Qian Y, Qiu D, Cao H, Xiang H, Wang J. Cargoes of exosomes function as potential biomarkers for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1254347. [PMID: 37928531 PMCID: PMC10622749 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1254347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes as double-membrane vesicles contain various contents of lipids, proteins, mRNAs and non-coding RNAs, and involve in multiple physiological processes, for instance intercellular communication and immunomodulation. Currently, numerous studies found that the components of exosomal proteins, nucleic acids or lipids released from host cells are altered following infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Exosomal contents provide excellent biomarkers for the auxiliary diagnosis, efficacy evaluation, and prognosis of tuberculosis. This study aimed to review the current literatures detailing the functions of exosomes in the procedure of M. tuberculosis infection, and determine the potential values of exosomes as biomarkers to assist in the diagnosis and monitoring of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kunshan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongliang Yao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kunshan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yingfen Qian
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kunshan Fourth People’s Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dewen Qiu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital Maternal and Child Heath Hospital of Nanchang College, Nanchang, China
| | - Hui Cao
- Department of Food and Nutrition Safety, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huayuan Xiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kunshan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianjun Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kunshan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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16
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Xu Y, Xie C, Liu Y, Qin X, Liu J. An update on our understanding of Gram-positive bacterial membrane vesicles: discovery, functions, and applications. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1273813. [PMID: 37860067 PMCID: PMC10582989 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1273813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized particles released from cells into the extracellular environment, and are separated from eukaryotic cells, bacteria, and other organisms with cellular structures. EVs alter cell communication by delivering their contents and performing various functions depending on their cargo and release into certain environments or other cells. The cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer and were previously thought to be unable to produce EVs. However, recent studies have demonstrated that Gram-positive bacterial EVs are crucial for health and disease. In this review, we have summarized the formation, composition, and characteristics of the contents, resistance to external stress, participation in immune regulation, and other functions of Gram-positive bacterial EVs, as well as their application in clinical diagnosis and treatment, to provide a new perspective to further our understanding of Gram-positive bacterial EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xiaosong Qin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Jianhua Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Shenyang, China
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17
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Park J, Woo SJ, Hong Y, Lee JJ, Hong JY. Association between the Respiratory Microbiome and Plasma Microbial Extracellular Vesicles in Intubated Patients. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2128. [PMID: 37763972 PMCID: PMC10537887 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) regulate various cellular and immunological functions in human diseases. There is growing interest in the clinical role of microbial EVs in pneumonia. However, there is a lack of research on the correlation between lung microbiome with microbial EVs and the microbiome of other body sites in pneumonia. We investigated the co-occurrence of lung microbiome and plasma microbe-derived EVs (mEVs) in 111 samples obtained from 60 mechanically ventilated patients (41 pneumonia and 19 non-pneumonia cases). The microbial correlation between the two samples was compared between the pneumonia and non-pneumonia cases. Bacterial composition of the plasma mEVs was distinct from that of the lung microbiome. There was a significantly higher correlation between lung microbiome and plasma mEVs in non-pneumonia individuals compared to pneumonia patients. In particular, Acinetobacter and Lactobacillus genera had high correlation coefficients in non-pneumonia patients. This indicates a beneficial effect of mEVs in modulating host lung immune response through EV component transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinkyeong Park
- Department of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 05278, Republic of Korea;
| | - Seong Ji Woo
- Institute of New Frontier Research Team, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24253, Republic of Korea; (S.J.W.); (J.J.L.)
| | - Yoonki Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24289, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jae Jun Lee
- Institute of New Frontier Research Team, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24253, Republic of Korea; (S.J.W.); (J.J.L.)
| | - Ji Young Hong
- Institute of New Frontier Research Team, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24253, Republic of Korea; (S.J.W.); (J.J.L.)
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University Medical Center, Chuncheon 24253, Republic of Korea
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18
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Gupta S, Bhagavathula M, Sharma V, Sharma N, Sharma N, Biswas A, Palacios A, Salgueiro V, Lavín JL, Dogra N, Salgame P, Prados‐Rosales R, Rodríguez GM. Dynamin-like proteins mediate extracellular vesicle secretion in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e55593. [PMID: 37079766 PMCID: PMC10240201 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202255593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) secretes extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing a variety of proteins, lipoproteins, and lipoglycans. While emerging evidence suggests that EVs contribute to tuberculosis pathogenesis, the factors and molecular mechanisms involved in mycobacterial EV production have not been identified. In this study, we use a genetic approach to identify Mtb proteins that mediate vesicle release in response to iron limitation and antibiotic exposure. We uncover a critical role for the isoniazid-induced, dynamin-like proteins, IniA and IniC, in mycobacterial EV biogenesis. Further characterization of a Mtb iniA mutant shows that the production of EVs enables intracellular Mtb to export bacterial components into the extracellular environment to communicate with host cells and potentially modulate the immune response. The findings advance our understanding of the biogenesis and functions of mycobacterial EVs and provide an avenue for targeting vesicle production in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamba Gupta
- Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Public Health Research InstituteRutgers UniversityNewarkNJUSA
| | - Madhuri Bhagavathula
- Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Public Health Research InstituteRutgers UniversityNewarkNJUSA
| | - Vartika Sharma
- Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Public Health Research InstituteRutgers UniversityNewarkNJUSA
| | - Nishant Sharma
- Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Public Health Research InstituteRutgers UniversityNewarkNJUSA
| | - Nevadita Sharma
- Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Public Health Research InstituteRutgers UniversityNewarkNJUSA
| | - Ashis Biswas
- Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Public Health Research InstituteRutgers UniversityNewarkNJUSA
| | - Ainhoa Palacios
- Inflammation and Macrophage Plasticity LabCIC bioGUNEDerioSpain
| | - Vivian Salgueiro
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health and MicrobiologyAutonoma University of MadridMadridSpain
| | | | - Navneet Dogra
- Genetics and Genomic Sciences Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Padmini Salgame
- Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Public Health Research InstituteRutgers UniversityNewarkNJUSA
| | - Rafael Prados‐Rosales
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health and MicrobiologyAutonoma University of MadridMadridSpain
| | - G Marcela Rodríguez
- Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Public Health Research InstituteRutgers UniversityNewarkNJUSA
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19
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Mandelbaum N, Zhang L, Carasso S, Ziv T, Lifshiz-Simon S, Davidovich I, Luz I, Berinstein E, Gefen T, Cooks T, Talmon Y, Balskus EP, Geva-Zatorsky N. Extracellular vesicles of the Gram-positive gut symbiont Bifidobacterium longum induce immune-modulatory, anti-inflammatory effects. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2023; 9:30. [PMID: 37270554 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-023-00400-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is now well known to affect the host's immune system. One way of bacterial communication with host cells is via the secretion of vesicles, small membrane structures containing various cargo. Research on vesicles secreted by Gram-positive gut bacteria, their mechanisms of interaction with the host and their immune-modulatory effects are still relatively scarce. Here we characterized the size, protein content, and immune-modulatory effects of extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by a newly sequenced Gram-positive human gut symbiont strain - Bifidobacterium longum AO44. We found that B. longum EVs exert anti-inflammatory effects, inducing IL-10 secretion from both splenocytes and dendritic cells (DC)-CD4+ T cells co-cultures. Furthermore, the EVs protein content showed enrichment in ABC transporters, quorum sensing proteins, and extracellular solute-binding proteins, which were previously shown to have a prominent function in the anti-inflammatory effect of other strains of B. longum. This study underlines the importance of bacterial vesicles in facilitating the gut bacterial immune-modulatory effects on the host and sheds light on bacterial vesicles as future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Mandelbaum
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Science, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Rappaport Technion Integrated Cancer Center (RTICC), Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 31096, Israel
| | - Lihan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Shaqed Carasso
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Science, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Rappaport Technion Integrated Cancer Center (RTICC), Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 31096, Israel
| | - Tamar Ziv
- Smoler Proteomics Center, Lokey Interdisciplinary Center for Life Sciences & Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Sapir Lifshiz-Simon
- Department of Chemical Engineering and the Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute (RBNI), Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Irina Davidovich
- Department of Chemical Engineering and the Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute (RBNI), Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Ishai Luz
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Elliot Berinstein
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Science, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Rappaport Technion Integrated Cancer Center (RTICC), Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 31096, Israel
| | - Tal Gefen
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Science, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Rappaport Technion Integrated Cancer Center (RTICC), Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 31096, Israel
| | - Tomer Cooks
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Yeshayahu Talmon
- Department of Chemical Engineering and the Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute (RBNI), Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Emily P Balskus
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Naama Geva-Zatorsky
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Science, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Rappaport Technion Integrated Cancer Center (RTICC), Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 31096, Israel.
- Humans and the Microbiome, CIFAR, Toronto, Canada.
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20
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Zhao G, Jones MK. Role of Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles in Manipulating Infection. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0043922. [PMID: 37097158 PMCID: PMC10187128 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00439-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian-cell-derived extracellular vesicles, such as exosomes, have been a key focal point for investigating host-pathogen interactions and are major facilitators in modulating both bacterial and viral infection. However, in recent years, increasing attention has been given to extracellular vesicles produced by bacteria and the role they play in regulating infection and disease. Extracellular vesicles produced by pathogenic bacteria employ a myriad of strategies to assist in bacterial virulence or divert antibacterial responses away from the parental bacterium to promote infection by and survival of the parental bacterium. Commensal bacteria also produce extracellular vesicles. These vesicles can play a variety of roles during infection, depending on the bacterium, but have been primarily shown to aid the host by stimulating innate immune responses to control infection by both bacteria and viruses. This article will review the activities of bacterial extracellular vesicles known to modulate infection by bacterial and viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanqi Zhao
- Microbiology and Cell Science Department, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Melissa K. Jones
- Microbiology and Cell Science Department, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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21
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Qu M, Zhu H, Zhang X. Extracellular vesicle-mediated regulation of macrophage polarization in bacterial infections. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1039040. [PMID: 36619996 PMCID: PMC9815515 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1039040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale membrane-enveloped vesicles secreted by prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, which are commonly defined as membrane vesicles (MVs) and exosomes, respectively. They play critical roles in the bacteria-bacteria and bacteria-host interactions. In infectious diseases caused by bacteria, as the first line of defense against pathogens, the macrophage polarization mode commonly determines the success or failure of the host's response to pathogen aggression. M1-type macrophages secrete pro-inflammatory factors that support microbicidal activity, while alternative M2-type macrophages secrete anti-inflammatory factors that perform an antimicrobial immune response but partially allow pathogens to replicate and survive intracellularly. Membrane vesicles (MVs) released from bacteria as a distinctive secretion system can carry various components, including bacterial effectors, nucleic acids, or lipids to modulate macrophage polarization in host-pathogen interaction. Similar to MVs, bacteria-infected macrophages can secrete exosomes containing a variety of components to manipulate the phenotypic polarization of "bystander" macrophages nearby or long distance to differentiate into type M1 or M2 to regulate the course of inflammation. Exosomes can also repair tissue damage associated with the infection by upregulating the levels of anti-inflammatory factors, downregulating the pro-inflammatory factors, and regulating cellular biological behaviors. The study of the mechanisms by which EVs modulate macrophage polarization has opened new frontiers in delineating the molecular machinery involved in bacterial pathogenesis and challenges in providing new strategies for diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjuan Qu
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China,Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai, China
| | - Hongwei Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China,Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai, China,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment for Animal Products, Jinan, China
| | - Xingxiao Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China,Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai, China,Shandong Breeding Environmental Control Engineering Laboratory, Yantai, China,*Correspondence: Xingxiao Zhang, ✉
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22
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Wu T, Zhang B, Lu J, Huang A, Wu H, Qiao J, Ruan H. Label-free relative quantitative proteomics reveals extracellular vesicles as a vehicle for Salmonella effector protein delivery. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1042111. [PMID: 36590436 PMCID: PMC9797957 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1042111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are small vesicles with a diameter of 30-150 nm that are actively secreted by eukaryotic cells and play important roles in intercellular communication, immune responses, and tumorigenesis. Previous studies have shown that extracellular vesicles are involved in the process of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) infection. However, changes in the protein content of extracellular vesicles elicited by S. Typhimurium infection have not been determined. Here, we extracted the extracellular vesicles with high purity from S. Typhimurium-infected Henle-407 cells, a kind of human intestinal epithelial cells, by ultracentrifugation combined with an extracellular vesicles purification kit, and analyzed their protein composition using label-free relative quantitative proteomics. The extracted extracellular vesicles exhibited an oval vesicular structure under electron microscopy, with a mean diameter of 140.4 ± 32.4 nm. The exosomal marker proteins CD9, CD63, and HSP70 were specifically detected. Compared with the uninfected group, nearly 1,234 specifically loaded proteins were uncovered in S. Typhimurium-infected Henle-407 cells. Among them were 409 S. Typhimurium-derived specific proteins, indicating a significant alteration in protein composition of extracellular vesicles by S. Typhimurium infection. Notably, these proteins included 75 secretory proteins and over 300 non-secretory proteins of S. Typhimurium, implicating novel pathways for bacterial protein delivery, although it remains unclear if their loading into extracellular vesicles is active or passive. To investigate the roles of these extracellular proteins, we exemplified the function of SopB, a well-known T3SS effector protein, and showed that the extracellular SopB could be taken up by RAW264.7 macrophages, activating the phosphorylation of Akt. This study provides new insights into the mechanism of Salmonella infection through extracellular vesicles that transport virulence proteins to uninfected neighboring cells to facilitate further infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, China
| | - Biao Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, China
| | - Juane Lu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, China
| | - Ailin Huang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianjun Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Haihua Ruan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, China,*Correspondence: Haihua Ruan,
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23
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Correia-Neves M, Nigou J, Mousavian Z, Sundling C, Källenius G. Immunological hyporesponsiveness in tuberculosis: The role of mycobacterial glycolipids. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1035122. [PMID: 36544778 PMCID: PMC9761185 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1035122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycolipids constitute a major part of the cell envelope of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). They are potent immunomodulatory molecules recognized by several immune receptors like pattern recognition receptors such as TLR2, DC-SIGN and Dectin-2 on antigen-presenting cells and by T cell receptors on T lymphocytes. The Mtb glycolipids lipoarabinomannan (LAM) and its biosynthetic relatives, phosphatidylinositol mannosides (PIMs) and lipomannan (LM), as well as other Mtb glycolipids, such as phenolic glycolipids and sulfoglycolipids have the ability to modulate the immune response, stimulating or inhibiting a pro-inflammatory response. We explore here the downmodulating effect of Mtb glycolipids. A great proportion of the studies used in vitro approaches although in vivo infection with Mtb might also lead to a dampening of myeloid cell and T cell responses to Mtb glycolipids. This dampened response has been explored ex vivo with immune cells from peripheral blood from Mtb-infected individuals and in mouse models of infection. In addition to the dampening of the immune response caused by Mtb glycolipids, we discuss the hyporesponse to Mtb glycolipids caused by prolonged Mtb infection and/or exposure to Mtb antigens. Hyporesponse to LAM has been observed in myeloid cells from individuals with active and latent tuberculosis (TB). For some myeloid subsets, this effect is stronger in latent versus active TB. Since the immune response in individuals with latent TB represents a more protective profile compared to the one in patients with active TB, this suggests that downmodulation of myeloid cell functions by Mtb glycolipids may be beneficial for the host and protect against active TB disease. The mechanisms of this downmodulation, including tolerance through epigenetic modifications, are only partly explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Correia-Neves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics Research Group (ICVS/3B's), Portuguese (PT) Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jérôme Nigou
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Zaynab Mousavian
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,School of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher Sundling
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunilla Källenius
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,*Correspondence: Gunilla Källenius,
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24
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Chandra P, Grigsby SJ, Philips JA. Immune evasion and provocation by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Nat Rev Microbiol 2022; 20:750-766. [PMID: 35879556 PMCID: PMC9310001 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-022-00763-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, has infected humans for millennia. M. tuberculosis is well adapted to establish infection, persist in the face of the host immune response and be transmitted to uninfected individuals. Its ability to complete this infection cycle depends on it both evading and taking advantage of host immune responses. The outcome of M. tuberculosis infection is often a state of equilibrium characterized by immunological control and bacterial persistence. Recent data have highlighted the diverse cell populations that respond to M. tuberculosis infection and the dynamic changes in the cellular and intracellular niches of M. tuberculosis during the course of infection. M. tuberculosis possesses an arsenal of protein and lipid effectors that influence macrophage functions and inflammatory responses; however, our understanding of the role that specific bacterial virulence factors play in the context of diverse cellular reservoirs and distinct infection stages is limited. In this Review, we discuss immune evasion and provocation by M. tuberculosis during its infection cycle and describe how a more detailed molecular understanding is crucial to enable the development of novel host-directed therapies, disease biomarkers and effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Chandra
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Steven J Grigsby
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jennifer A Philips
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
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25
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George E, Goswami A, Lodhiya T, Padwal P, Iyer S, Gauttam I, Sethi L, Jeyasankar S, Sharma PR, Dravid AA, Mukherjee R, Agarwal R. Immunomodulatory effect of mycobacterial outer membrane vesicles coated nanoparticles. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 139:213003. [PMID: 35882150 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.213003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most widely prevalent infectious diseases that cause significant mortality. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), the current TB vaccine used in clinics, shows variable efficacy and has safety concerns for immunocompromised patients. There is a need to develop new and more effective TB vaccines. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are vesicles released by Mycobacteria that contain several lipids and membrane proteins and act as a good source of antigens to prime immune response. However, the use of OMVs as vaccines has been hampered by their heterogeneous size and low stability. Here we report that mycobacterial OMVs can be stabilized by coating over uniform-sized 50 nm gold nanoparticles. The OMV-coated gold nanoparticles (OMV-AuNP) show enhanced uptake and activation of macrophages and dendritic cells. Proteinase K and TLR inhibitor studies demonstrated that the enhanced activation was attributed to proteins present on OMVs and was mediated primarily by TLR2 and TLR4. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed several potential membrane proteins that were common in both free OMVs and OMV-AuNP. Such strategies may open up new avenues and the utilization of novel antigens for developing TB vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edna George
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Avijit Goswami
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Tejan Lodhiya
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Tirupati, India
| | - Priyanka Padwal
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Shalini Iyer
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Iti Gauttam
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Lakshay Sethi
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Sharumathi Jeyasankar
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Pallavi Raj Sharma
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Ameya Atul Dravid
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Raju Mukherjee
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Tirupati, India
| | - Rachit Agarwal
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.
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26
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Mehaffy C, Ryan JM, Kruh-Garcia NA, Dobos KM. Extracellular Vesicles in Mycobacteria and Tuberculosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:912831. [PMID: 35719351 PMCID: PMC9204639 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.912831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a public health issue causing millions of infections every year. Of these, about 15% ultimately result in death. Efforts to control TB include development of new and more effective vaccines, novel and more effective drug treatments, and new diagnostics that test for both latent TB Infection and TB disease. All of these areas of research benefit from a good understanding of the physiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the primary causative agent of TB. Mtb secreted protein antigens have been the focus of vaccine and diagnosis research for the past century. Recently, the discovery of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as an important source of secreted antigens in Mtb has gained attention. Similarly, the discovery that host EVs can carry Mtb products during in vitro and in vivo infection has spiked interest because of its potential use in blood-based diagnostics. Despite advances in understanding the content of Mtb and Mtb-infected host extracellular vesicles, our understanding on the biogenesis and role of Mtb and host extracellular vesicles during Mtb infection is still nascent. Here, we explore the current literature on extracellular vesicles regarding Mtb, discuss the host and Mtb extracellular vesicles as distinct entities, and discuss current gaps in the field.
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27
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Garlant HN, Ellappan K, Hewitt M, Perumal P, Pekeleke S, Wand N, Southern J, Kumar SV, Belgode H, Abubakar I, Sinha S, Vasan S, Joseph NM, Kempsell KE. Evaluation of Host Protein Biomarkers by ELISA From Whole Lysed Peripheral Blood for Development of Diagnostic Tests for Active Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:854327. [PMID: 35720382 PMCID: PMC9205408 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.854327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global health crisis and the number one cause of death for an infectious disease. The health consequences in high-burden countries are significant. Barriers to TB control and eradication are in part caused by difficulties in diagnosis. Improvements in diagnosis are required for organisations like the World Health Organisation (WHO) to meet their ambitious target of reducing the incidence of TB by 50% by the year 2025, which has become hard to reach due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Development of new tests for TB are key priorities of the WHO, as defined in their 2014 report for target product profiles (TPPs). Rapid triage and biomarker-based confirmatory tests would greatly enhance the diagnostic capability for identifying and diagnosing TB-infected individuals. Protein-based test methods e.g. lateral flow devices (LFDs) have a significant advantage over other technologies with regard to assay turnaround time (minutes as opposed to hours) field-ability, ease of use by relatively untrained staff and without the need for supporting laboratory infrastructure. Here we evaluate the diagnostic performance of nine biomarkers from our previously published biomarker qPCR validation study; CALCOCO2, CD274, CD52, GBP1, IFIT3, IFITM3, SAMD9L, SNX10 and TMEM49, as protein targets assayed by ELISA. This preliminary evaluation study was conducted to quantify the level of biomarker protein expression across latent, extra-pulmonary or pulmonary TB groups and negative controls, collected across the UK and India, in whole lysed blood samples (WLB). We also investigated associative correlations between the biomarkers and assessed their suitability for ongoing diagnostic test development, using receiver operating characteristic/area under the curve (ROC) analyses, singly and in panel combinations. The top performing single biomarkers for pulmonary TB versus controls were CALCOCO2, SAMD9L, GBP1, IFITM3, IFIT3 and SNX10. TMEM49 was also significantly differentially expressed but downregulated in TB groups. CD52 expression was not highly differentially expressed across most of the groups but may provide additional patient stratification information and some limited use for incipient latent TB infection. These show therefore great potential for diagnostic test development either in minimal configuration panels for rapid triage or more complex formulations to capture the diversity of disease presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet N. Garlant
- Science Group: Research and Evaluation, UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Kalaiarasan Ellappan
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Matthew Hewitt
- Science Group: Research and Evaluation, UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Prem Perumal
- Science Group: Research and Evaluation, UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Pekeleke
- Science Group: Research and Evaluation, UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Nadina Wand
- Science Group: Research and Evaluation, UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Jo Southern
- School of Life & Medical Sciences, Mortimer Market Centre, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Saka Vinod Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Harish Belgode
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Ibrahim Abubakar
- School of Life & Medical Sciences, Mortimer Market Centre, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sanjeev Sinha
- Department of Medicine, All India Institute for Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Seshadri Vasan
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Noyal Mariya Joseph
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Karen E. Kempsell
- Science Group: Research and Evaluation, UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Karen E. Kempsell,
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28
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Rodriguez GM, Sharma N, Biswas A, Sharma N. The Iron Response of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Its Implications for Tuberculosis Pathogenesis and Novel Therapeutics. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:876667. [PMID: 35646739 PMCID: PMC9132128 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.876667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Most pathogenic bacteria require iron for growth. However, this metal is not freely available in the mammalian host. Due to its poor solubility and propensity to catalyze the generation of reactive oxygen species, host iron is kept in solution bound to specialized iron binding proteins. Access to iron is an important factor in the outcome of bacterial infections; iron limitation frequently induces virulence and drives pathogenic interactions with host cells. Here, we review the response of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to changes in iron availability, the relevance of this response to TB pathogenesis, and its potential for the design of new therapeutic interventions.
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29
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Chen J, Zhang H, Wang S, Du Y, Wei B, Wu Q, Wang H. Inhibitors of Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:835058. [PMID: 35283837 PMCID: PMC8905621 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.835058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria can secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs), which contain numerous active substances. EVs mediate bacterial interactions with their hosts or other microbes. Bacterial EVs play a double-edged role in infections through various mechanisms, including the delivery of virulence factors, modulating immune responses, mediating antibiotic resistance, and inhibiting competitive microbes. The spread of antibiotic resistance continues to represent a difficult clinical challenge. Therefore, the investigation of novel therapeutics is a valuable research endeavor for targeting antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. As a pathogenic substance of bacteria, bacterial EVs have gained increased attention. Thus, EV inhibitors are expected to function as novel antimicrobial agents. The inhibition of EV production, EV activity, and EV-stimulated inflammation are considered potential pathways. This review primarily introduces compounds that effectively inhibit bacterial EVs and evaluates the prospects of their application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Hongfang Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Siqi Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yujie Du
- College of Pharmaceutical Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bin Wei
- College of Pharmaceutical Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment and Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
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30
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Parveen S, Subramanian K. Emerging Roles of Extracellular Vesicles in Pneumococcal Infections: Immunomodulators to Potential Novel Vaccine Candidates. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:836070. [PMID: 35237534 PMCID: PMC8882830 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.836070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-positive bacterial pathogen, Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major global health threat that kills over one million people worldwide. The pneumococcus commonly colonizes the nasopharynx asymptomatically as a commensal, but is also capable of causing a wide range of life-threatening diseases such as pneumonia, meningitis and septicemia upon migration into the lower respiratory tract and spread to internal organs. Emergence of antibiotic resistant strains and non-vaccine serotypes has led to the classification of pneumococcal bacteria as a priority pathogen by the World Health Organization that needs urgent research into bacterial pathogenesis and development of novel vaccine strategies. Extracellular vesicles are spherical membrane bound structures that are released by both pathogen and host cells, and influence bacterial pathogenesis as well as the immune response. Recent studies have found that while bacterial vesicles shuttle virulence factors and toxins into host cells and regulate inflammatory responses, vesicles released from the infected host cells contain both bacterial and host proteins that are antigenic and immunomodulatory. Bacterial membrane vesicles have great potential to be developed as cell-free vaccine candidates in the future due to their immunogenicity and biostability. Host-derived vesicles isolated from patient biofluids such as blood and bronchoalveolar lavage could be used to identify potential diagnostic biomarkers as well as engineered to deliver desired payloads to specific target cells for immunotherapy. In this review, we summarize the recent developments on the role of bacterial and host vesicles in pneumococcal infections and future prospects in developing novel therapeutics and diagnostics for control of invasive pneumococcal diseases.
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31
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Silva CS, Sundling C, Folkesson E, Fröberg G, Nobrega C, Canto-Gomes J, Chambers BJ, Lakshmikanth T, Brodin P, Bruchfeld J, Nigou J, Correia-Neves M, Källenius G. High Dimensional Immune Profiling Reveals Different Response Patterns in Active and Latent Tuberculosis Following Stimulation With Mycobacterial Glycolipids. Front Immunol 2021; 12:727300. [PMID: 34887849 PMCID: PMC8650708 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.727300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) the host immune response might clear the bacteria, control its growth leading to latent tuberculosis (LTB), or fail to control its growth resulting in active TB (ATB). There is however no clear understanding of the features underlying a more or less effective response. Mtb glycolipids are abundant in the bacterial cell envelope and modulate the immune response to Mtb, but the patterns of response to glycolipids are still underexplored. To identify the CD45+ leukocyte activation landscape induced by Mtb glycolipids in peripheral blood of ATB and LTB, we performed a detailed assessment of the immune response of PBMCs to the Mtb glycolipids lipoarabinomannan (LAM) and its biosynthetic precursor phosphatidyl-inositol mannoside (PIM), and purified-protein derivate (PPD). At 24 h of stimulation, cell profiling and secretome analysis was done using mass cytometry and high-multiplex immunoassay. PIM induced a diverse cytokine response, mainly affecting antigen-presenting cells to produce both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, but not IFN-γ, contrasting with PPD that was a strong inducer of IFN-γ. The effect of PIM on the antigen-presenting cells was partly TLR2-dependent. Expansion of monocyte subsets in response to PIM or LAM was reduced primarily in LTB as compared to healthy controls, suggesting a hyporesponsive/tolerance pattern derived from Mtb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina S Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Christopher Sundling
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elin Folkesson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gabrielle Fröberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Claudia Nobrega
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - João Canto-Gomes
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Benedict J Chambers
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tadepally Lakshmikanth
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Petter Brodin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Judith Bruchfeld
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jérôme Nigou
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Margarida Correia-Neves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunilla Källenius
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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32
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Pajuelo D, Tak U, Zhang L, Danilchanka O, Tischler AD, Niederweis M. Toxin secretion and trafficking by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6592. [PMID: 34782620 PMCID: PMC8593097 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26925-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The tuberculosis necrotizing toxin (TNT) is the major cytotoxicity factor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in macrophages. TNT is the C-terminal domain of the outer membrane protein CpnT and gains access to the cytosol to kill macrophages infected with Mtb. However, molecular mechanisms of TNT secretion and trafficking are largely unknown. A comprehensive analysis of the five type VII secretion systems of Mtb revealed that the ESX-4 system is required for export of CpnT and surface accessibility of TNT. Furthermore, the ESX-2 and ESX-4 systems are required for permeabilization of the phagosomal membrane in addition to the ESX-1 system. Thus, these three ESX systems need to act in concert to enable trafficking of TNT into the cytosol of Mtb-infected macrophages. These discoveries establish new molecular roles for the two previously uncharacterized type VII secretion systems ESX-2 and ESX-4 and reveal an intricate link between toxin secretion and phagosomal permeabilization by Mtb. The tuberculosis necrotizing toxin (TNT) is the major cytotoxicity factor of M. tuberculosis (Mtb). Mtb possesses five type VII secretion systems (ESX). Pajuelo et al. show that the ESX-4 system is required for TNT secretion and that ESX-2 and ESX-4 systems work in concert with ESX-1 to permeabilize the phagosomal membrane and enable trafficking of TNT into the cytoplasm of macrophages infected with Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pajuelo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 609 Bevill Biomedical Research Building, 845 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Uday Tak
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 609 Bevill Biomedical Research Building, 845 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.,University of Colorado Boulder, Jennie Smoly Caruthers Biotechnology Building B255, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 609 Bevill Biomedical Research Building, 845 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Olga Danilchanka
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 609 Bevill Biomedical Research Building, 845 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.,Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - Anna D Tischler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Michael Niederweis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 609 Bevill Biomedical Research Building, 845 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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33
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Ishida E, Corrigan DT, Malonis RJ, Hofmann D, Chen T, Amin AG, Chatterjee D, Joe M, Lowary TL, Lai JR, Achkar JM. Monoclonal antibodies from humans with Mycobacterium tuberculosis exposure or latent infection recognize distinct arabinomannan epitopes. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1181. [PMID: 34642445 PMCID: PMC8511196 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02714-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The surface polysacharide arabinomannan (AM) and related glycolipid lipoarabinomannan (LAM) play critical roles in tuberculosis pathogenesis. Human antibody responses to AM/LAM are heterogenous and knowledge of reactivity to specific glycan epitopes at the monoclonal level is limited, especially in individuals who can control M. tuberculosis infection. We generated human IgG mAbs to AM/LAM from B cells of two asymptomatic individuals exposed to or latently infected with M. tuberculosis. Here, we show that two of these mAbs have high affinity to AM/LAM, are non-competing, and recognize different glycan epitopes distinct from other anti-AM/LAM mAbs reported. Both mAbs recognize virulent M. tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacteria with marked differences, can be used for the detection of urinary LAM, and can detect M. tuberculosis and LAM in infected lungs. These mAbs enhance our understanding of the spectrum of antibodies to AM/LAM epitopes in humans and are valuable for tuberculosis diagnostic and research applications. Elise Ishida et al. generate human monoclonal antibodies that can selectively recognize specific oligosaccharide epitopes of the polysaccharides arabinomannan and lipoarabinomannan, which are critical for M. tuberculosis pathogenesis. The authors demonstrate the utility of these antibodies in both diagnostic and laboratory settings, making them important tools for M. tuberculosis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Ishida
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Devin T Corrigan
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Ryan J Malonis
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Hofmann
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Tingting Chen
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Anita G Amin
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Delphi Chatterjee
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Maju Joe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Todd L Lowary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jonathan R Lai
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Achkar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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Boom WH, Schaible UE, Achkar JM. The knowns and unknowns of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:136222. [PMID: 33529162 DOI: 10.1172/jci136222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans have been infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) for thousands of years. While tuberculosis (TB), one of the deadliest infectious diseases, is caused by uncontrolled Mtb infection, over 90% of presumed infected individuals remain asymptomatic and contain Mtb in a latent TB infection (LTBI) without ever developing disease, and some may clear the infection. A small number of heavily Mtb-exposed individuals appear to resist developing traditional LTBI. Because Mtb has mechanisms for intracellular survival and immune evasion, successful control involves all of the arms of the immune system. Here, we focus on immune responses to Mtb in humans and nonhuman primates and discuss new concepts and outline major knowledge gaps in our understanding of LTBI, ranging from the earliest events of exposure and infection to success or failure of Mtb control.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Henry Boom
- Department of Medicine.,Department of Pathology, and.,Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Ulrich E Schaible
- Division of Cellular Microbiology, Research Center Borstel-Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany
| | - Jacqueline M Achkar
- Department of Medicine and.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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35
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Yan Z, Wang H, Mu L, Hu ZD, Zheng WQ. Regulatory roles of extracellular vesicles in immune responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:7311-7318. [PMID: 34616797 PMCID: PMC8464473 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i25.7311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cystic vesicles naturally released by most mammalian cells and bacteria. EV contents include proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. EVs can act as messengers to transmit a variety of molecules to recipient cells and thus play important regulatory roles in intercellular signal transduction. EVs, released by either a host cell or a pathogen, can carry pathogen-associated antigens and thus act as modulators of immune responses. EVs derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-infected cells can regulate the innate immune response through various pathways, such as regulating the release of inflammatory cytokines. In addition, EVs can mediate antigen presentation and regulate the adaptive immune response by transmitting immunoregulatory molecules to T helper cells. In this review, we summarize the regulatory roles of EVs in the immune response against Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Yan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010050, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
- Department of Parasitology, the College of Basic Medical Sciences of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010050, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010050, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
- Department of Parasitology, the College of Basic Medical Sciences of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010050, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Lan Mu
- Department of Parasitology, the College of Basic Medical Sciences of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010050, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Zhi-De Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010050, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Wen-Qi Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010050, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
- Department of Parasitology, the College of Basic Medical Sciences of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010050, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
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36
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Schorey JS, Cheng Y, McManus WR. Bacteria- and host-derived extracellular vesicles - two sides of the same coin? J Cell Sci 2021; 134:268991. [PMID: 34081134 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.256628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular bacterial pathogens spend portions of their life cycle both inside and outside host cells. While in these two distinct environments, they release or shed bacterial components, including virulence factors that promote their survival and replication. Some of these components are released through extracellular vesicles, which are either derived from the bacteria themselves or from the host cells. Bacteria- and host-derived vesicles have been studied almost exclusively in isolation from each other, with little discussion of the other type of secreted vesicles, despite the fact that both are generated during an in vivo infection and both are likely play a role in bacterial pathogenesis and host immunity. In this Review, we aim to bridge this gap and discuss what we know of bacterial membrane vesicles in their generation and composition. We will compare and contrast this with the composition of host-derived vesicles with regard to bacterial components. We will also compare host cell responses to the different vesicles, with a focus on how these vesicles modulate the immune response, using Mycobacterium, Listeria and Salmonella as specific examples for these comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Schorey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Science Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Yong Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Noble Research Center, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - William R McManus
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Science Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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Palacios A, Gupta S, Rodriguez GM, Prados-Rosales R. Extracellular vesicles in the context of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Mol Immunol 2021; 133:175-181. [PMID: 33743266 PMCID: PMC9909588 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The production of extracellular vesicles (EVs) has emerged as an important process in bacterial biology and host-pathogen interactions. Like many other bacteria, mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of human tuberculosis (TB), produces EVs in vitro and in vivo. These membrane-enclosed nanoparticles enable Mtb to secrete hydrophobic molecules, proteins, lipids and glycolipids in a concentrated and protected manner and engage in remote interactions with the host. The nature of the material secreted in mycobacterial EVs, the functional attributes of these vesicles and their potential as protective antigens have stimulated great interest in the mycobacterial field. Although the field of EVs in mycobacterial infections is developing, it has already uncovered a whole new dimension for Mtb-host interactions potentially relevant to TB pathogenesis. In this mini-review, we discuss the current evidence supporting an important role of mycobacterial EVs in modulating cellular immune response, the challenges and recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of vesicle biogenesis and the implications for development of new preventive and therapeutic tools against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Palacios
- Inflammation and Macrophage Plasticity Lab, CIC bioGUNE, Derio, 48160, Bizkaia, Spain.
| | - Shamba Gupta
- Public Health Research Institute at New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers State University of New Jersey, Newark, 07103 NJ, USA
| | - G. Marcela Rodriguez
- Public Health Research Institute at New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers State University of New Jersey, Newark, 07103 NJ, USA
| | - Rafael Prados-Rosales
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health and Microbiology, Autonoma University of Madrid, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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Srivatsav AT, Kapoor S. The Emerging World of Membrane Vesicles: Functional Relevance, Theranostic Avenues and Tools for Investigating Membrane Function. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:640355. [PMID: 33968983 PMCID: PMC8101706 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.640355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids are essential components of cell membranes and govern various membrane functions. Lipid organization within membrane plane dictates recruitment of specific proteins and lipids into distinct nanoclusters that initiate cellular signaling while modulating protein and lipid functions. In addition, one of the most versatile function of lipids is the formation of diverse lipid membrane vesicles for regulating various cellular processes including intracellular trafficking of molecular cargo. In this review, we focus on the various kinds of membrane vesicles in eukaryotes and bacteria, their biogenesis, and their multifaceted functional roles in cellular communication, host-pathogen interactions and biotechnological applications. We elaborate on how their distinct lipid composition of membrane vesicles compared to parent cells enables early and non-invasive diagnosis of cancer and tuberculosis, while inspiring vaccine development and drug delivery platforms. Finally, we discuss the use of membrane vesicles as excellent tools for investigating membrane lateral organization and protein sorting, which is otherwise challenging but extremely crucial for normal cellular functioning. We present current limitations in this field and how the same could be addressed to propel a fundamental and technology-oriented future for extracellular membrane vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswin T. Srivatsav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Shobhna Kapoor
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
- Wadhwani Research Center of Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
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39
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Flores J, Cancino JC, Chavez-Galan L. Lipoarabinomannan as a Point-of-Care Assay for Diagnosis of Tuberculosis: How Far Are We to Use It? Front Microbiol 2021; 12:638047. [PMID: 33935997 PMCID: PMC8081860 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.638047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is still a severe public health problem; the current diagnostic tests have limitations that delay treatment onset. Lipoarabinomannan (LAM) is a glycolipid that is a component of the cell wall of the bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiologic agent of TB. This glycolipid is excreted as a soluble form in urine. The World Health Organization has established that the design of new TB diagnostic methods is one of the priorities within the EndTB Strategy. LAM has been suggested as a biomarker to develop diagnostic tests based on its identification in urine, and it is one of the most prominent candidates to develop point-of-care diagnostic test because urine samples can be easily collected. Moreover, LAM can regulate the immune response in the host and can be found in the serum of TB patients, where it probably affects a wide variety of host cell populations, consequently influencing the quality of both innate and adaptive immune responses during TB infection. Here, we revised the evidence that supports that LAM could be used as a tool for the development of new point-of-care tests for TB diagnosis, and we discussed the mechanisms that could contribute to the low sensitivity of diagnostic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Flores
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico.,Laboratory of Immunomicrobiology, Department of Microbiology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Cancino
- Laboratory of Immunomicrobiology, Department of Microbiology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Leslie Chavez-Galan
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
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40
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Behrens F, Funk-Hilsdorf TC, Kuebler WM, Simmons S. Bacterial Membrane Vesicles in Pneumonia: From Mediators of Virulence to Innovative Vaccine Candidates. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3858. [PMID: 33917862 PMCID: PMC8068278 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumonia due to respiratory infection with most prominently bacteria, but also viruses, fungi, or parasites is the leading cause of death worldwide among all infectious disease in both adults and infants. The introduction of modern antibiotic treatment regimens and vaccine strategies has helped to lower the burden of bacterial pneumonia, yet due to the unavailability or refusal of vaccines and antimicrobials in parts of the global population, the rise of multidrug resistant pathogens, and high fatality rates even in patients treated with appropriate antibiotics pneumonia remains a global threat. As such, a better understanding of pathogen virulence on the one, and the development of innovative vaccine strategies on the other hand are once again in dire need in the perennial fight of men against microbes. Recent data show that the secretome of bacteria consists not only of soluble mediators of virulence but also to a significant proportion of extracellular vesicles-lipid bilayer-delimited particles that form integral mediators of intercellular communication. Extracellular vesicles are released from cells of all kinds of organisms, including both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria in which case they are commonly termed outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) and membrane vesicles (MVs), respectively. (O)MVs can trigger inflammatory responses to specific pathogens including S. pneumonia, P. aeruginosa, and L. pneumophila and as such, mediate bacterial virulence in pneumonia by challenging the host respiratory epithelium and cellular and humoral immunity. In parallel, however, (O)MVs have recently emerged as auspicious vaccine candidates due to their natural antigenicity and favorable biochemical properties. First studies highlight the efficacy of such vaccines in animal models exposed to (O)MVs from B. pertussis, S. pneumoniae, A. baumannii, and K. pneumoniae. An advanced and balanced recognition of both the detrimental effects of (O)MVs and their immunogenic potential could pave the way to novel treatment strategies in pneumonia and effective preventive approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Behrens
- Institute of Physiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (F.B.); (T.C.F.-H.); (S.S.)
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), 10178 Berlin, Germany
| | - Teresa C. Funk-Hilsdorf
- Institute of Physiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (F.B.); (T.C.F.-H.); (S.S.)
| | - Wolfgang M. Kuebler
- Institute of Physiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (F.B.); (T.C.F.-H.); (S.S.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- The Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science at St. Michael’s, Toronto, ON M5B 1X1, Canada
- Departments of Surgery and Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Szandor Simmons
- Institute of Physiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (F.B.); (T.C.F.-H.); (S.S.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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41
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Evolutionary genomic and bacteria GWAS analysis of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and dairy cattle Johne's disease phenotypes. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:AEM.02570-20. [PMID: 33547057 PMCID: PMC8091108 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02570-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of Johne's disease in ruminants, which has important health consequences for dairy cattle. The Regional Dairy Quality Management Alliance (RDQMA) project is a multistate research program involving MAP isolates taken from three intensively studied commercial dairy farms in the northeastern United States, which emphasized longitudinal data collection of both MAP isolates and animal health in three regional dairy herds for a period of about 7 years. This paper reports the results of a pan-GWAS analysis involving 318 MAP isolates and dairy cow Johne's disease phenotypes, taken from these three farms. Based on our highly curated accessory gene count the pan-GWAS analysis identified several MAP genes associated with bovine Johne's disease phenotypes scored from these three farms, with some of the genes having functions suggestive of possible cause/effect relationships to these phenotypes. This paper reports a pan-genomic comparative analysis between MAP and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, assessing functional Gene Ontology category enrichments between these taxa. Finally, we also provide a population genomic perspective on the effectiveness of herd isolation, involving closed dairy farms, in preventing MAP inter-farm cross infection on a micro-geographic scale.IMPORTANCE Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of Johne's disease in ruminants, which has important health consequences for dairy cattle, and enormous economic consequences for the dairy industry. Understanding which genes in this bacterium are correlated with key disease phenotypes can lead to functional experiments targeting these genes and ultimately lead to improved control strategies. This study represents a rare example of a prolonged longitudinal study of dairy cattle where the disease was measured and the bacteria were isolated from the same cows. The genome sequences of over 300 MAP isolates were analyzed for genes that were correlated with a wide range of Johne's disease phenotypes. A number of genes were identified that were significantly associated with several aspects of the disease and suggestive of further experimental follow-up.
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Millar JA, Butler JR, Evans S, Mattila JT, Linderman JJ, Flynn JL, Kirschner DE. Spatial Organization and Recruitment of Non-Specific T Cells May Limit T Cell-Macrophage Interactions Within Mycobacterium tuberculosis Granulomas. Front Immunol 2021; 11:613638. [PMID: 33552077 PMCID: PMC7855029 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.613638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a worldwide health problem; successful interventions such as vaccines and treatment require a 2better understanding of the immune response to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). In many infectious diseases, pathogen-specific T cells that are recruited to infection sites are highly responsive and clear infection. Yet in the case of infection with Mtb, most individuals are unable to clear infection leading to either an asymptomatically controlled latent infection (the majority) or active disease (roughly 5%-10% of infections). The hallmark of Mtb infection is the recruitment of immune cells to lungs leading to development of multiple lung granulomas. Non-human primate models of TB indicate that on average <10% of T cells within granulomas are Mtb-responsive in terms of cytokine production. The reason for this reduced responsiveness is unknown and it may be at the core of why humans typically are unable to clear Mtb infection. There are a number of hypotheses as to why this reduced responsiveness may occur, including T cell exhaustion, direct downregulation of antigen presentation by Mtb within infected macrophages, the spatial organization of the granuloma itself, and/or recruitment of non-Mtb-specific T cells to lungs. We use a systems biology approach pairing data and modeling to dissect three of these hypotheses. We find that the structural organization of granulomas as well as recruitment of non-specific T cells likely contribute to reduced responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jess A Millar
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - J Russell Butler
- Department of Health and Biomedical Sciences, AdventHealth University, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Stephanie Evans
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Joshua T Mattila
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Jennifer J Linderman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - JoAnne L Flynn
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and the Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Denise E Kirschner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Biadglegne F, König B, Rodloff AC, Dorhoi A, Sack U. Composition and Clinical Significance of Exosomes in Tuberculosis: A Systematic Literature Review. J Clin Med 2021; 10:E145. [PMID: 33406750 PMCID: PMC7795701 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10010145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major health issue worldwide. In order to contain TB infections, improved vaccines as well as accurate and reliable diagnostic tools are desirable. Exosomes are employed for the diagnosis of various diseases. At present, research on exosomes in TB is still at the preliminary stage. Recent studies have described isolation and characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) derived exosomes in vivo and in vitro. Mtb-derived exosomes (Mtbexo) may be critical for TB pathogenesis by delivering mycobacterial-derived components to the recipient cells. Proteomic and transcriptomic analysis of Mtbexo have revealed a variety of proteins and miRNA, which are utilized by the TB bacteria for pathogenesis. Exosomes has been isolated in body fluids, are amenable for fast detection, and could contribute as diagnostic or prognostic biomarker to disease control. Extraction of exosomes from biological fluids is essential for the exosome research and requires careful standardization for TB. In this review, we summarized the different studies on Mtbexo molecules, including protein and miRNA and the method used to detect exosomes in biological fluids and cell culture supernatants. Thus, the detection of Mtbexo molecules in biological fluids may have a potential to expedite the diagnosis of TB infection. Moreover, the analysis of Mtbexo may generate new aspects in vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fantahun Biadglegne
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, 79 Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (B.K.); (A.C.R.)
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Brigitte König
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (B.K.); (A.C.R.)
| | - Arne C. Rodloff
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (B.K.); (A.C.R.)
| | - Anca Dorhoi
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany;
| | - Ulrich Sack
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
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Abstract
The release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is a process conserved across the three domains of life. Amongst prokaryotes, EVs produced by Gram-negative bacteria, termed outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), were identified more than 50 years ago and a wealth of literature exists regarding their biogenesis, composition and functions. OMVs have been implicated in benefiting numerous metabolic functions of their parent bacterium. Additionally, OMVs produced by pathogenic bacteria have been reported to contribute to pathology within the disease setting. By contrast, the release of EVs from Gram-positive bacteria, known as membrane vesicles (MVs), has only been widely accepted within the last decade. As such, there is a significant disproportion in knowledge regarding MVs compared to OMVs. Here we provide an overview of the literature regarding bacterial membrane vesicles (BMVs) produced by pathogenic and commensal bacteria. We highlight the mechanisms of BMV biogenesis and their roles in assisting bacterial survival, in addition to discussing their functions in promoting disease pathologies and their potential use as novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Gilmore
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Research Centre for Extracellular Vesicles, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Natalie J Bitto
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Research Centre for Extracellular Vesicles, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Maria Kaparakis-Liaskos
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Research Centre for Extracellular Vesicles, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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45
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Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-derived lipid bilayers secreted by bacteria and eukaryotic cells. Bacterial membrane vesicles were discovered over 60 years ago and have been extensively studied in Gram-negative bacteria. During their production, EVs are loaded with proteins, nucleic acids, and various compounds that are subsequently released into the environment. Depending on the packaged cargo, EVs have a broad spectrum of action and are involved in pathogenesis, antibiotic resistance, nutrient uptake, and nucleic acid transfer. Due to differences in cell wall structure, EVs in Gram-positive bacteria have been disregarded for decades, and our understanding of their biogenesis and host cell interaction is incomplete. Recently, studies on bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp., Bacillus subtilis, and Mycobacterium spp. have demonstrated EV production in Gram-positive bacteria and shown the great importance EVs have in Gram-positive bacterial physiology and disease progression. Here, we review the latest findings on the biogenesis and functions of EVs from Gram-positive bacteria and identify key areas for future research.
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Augenstreich J, Briken V. Host Cell Targets of Released Lipid and Secreted Protein Effectors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:595029. [PMID: 33194845 PMCID: PMC7644814 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.595029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a very successful pathogen, strictly adapted to humans and the cause of tuberculosis. Its success is associated with its ability to inhibit host cell intrinsic immune responses by using an arsenal of virulence factors of different nature. It has evolved to synthesize a series of complex lipids which form an outer membrane and may also be released to enter host cell membranes. In addition, secreted protein effectors of Mtb are entering the host cell cytosol to interact with host cell proteins. We briefly discuss the current model, involving the ESX-1 type seven secretion system and the Mtb lipid phthiocerol dimycoserosate (PDIM), of how Mtb creates pores in the phagosomal membrane to allow Mtb proteins to access to the host cell cytosol. We provide an exhaustive list of Mtb secreted proteins that have effector functions. They modify (mostly inhibit but sometimes activate) host cell pathways such as: phagosome maturation, cell death, cytokine response, xenophagy, reactive oxygen species (ROS) response via NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2), nitric oxide (NO) response via NO Synthase 2 (NOS2) and antigen presentation via MHC class I and class II molecules. We discuss the host cell targets for each lipid and protein effector and the importance of the Mtb effector for virulence of the bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Volker Briken
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
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García JI, Meléndez J, Álvarez R, Mejía-Chew C, Kelley HV, Sidiki S, Castillo A, Mazariegos C, López-Téllez C, Forno D, Ayala N, Balada-Llasat JM, Mejía-Villatoro CR, Wang SH, Torrelles JB, Ikeda J. Accuracy of the tuberculosis point-of-care Alere determine lipoarabinomannan antigen diagnostic test using α-mannosidase treated and untreated urine in a cohort of people living with HIV in Guatemala. AIDS Res Ther 2020; 17:62. [PMID: 33076996 PMCID: PMC7570414 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-020-00318-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improved point-of-care diagnostic tests for tuberculosis (TB) in severe immune suppressed people living with HIV (PLWH) are needed to decrease morbidity and mortality outcomes. The aim of the study is to evaluate the performance of the lipoarabinomannan antigen test (LAM-test) with and without α-mannosidase pre-treated urine in a cohort of PLWH in primary care clinics in Guatemala. We further determined TB incidence, and mortality rates and its risk factors in PLWH with TB symptoms. METHODS Prospective longitudinal study of PLWH with TB symptoms. Urine samples were collected at 2 HIV sites to test the sensitivity of the LAM-test in urine with and without α-mannosidase pre-treatment. A composite reference standard of either a positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex culture and/or GeneXpert® MTB/RIF (Xpert, Cepheid, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) results was used in the LAM-test diagnostic accuracy studies. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to study mortality predictors. RESULTS The overall sensitivity of the LAM-test was of 56.1% with 95% CI of (43.3-68.3). There were no differences in the LAM-test sensitivity neither by hospital nor by CD4 T cell values. LAM-test sensitivity in PLWH with < 200 CD4 T cells/µl was of 62.2% (95% CI 46.5-76.2). There were no significant differences in sensitivity when comparing LAM-test results obtained from untreated vs. α-mannosidase treated urine [55.2% (95% CI 42.6-67.4) vs. 56.9% (95% CI 44-69.2), respectively]. TB incidence in our cohort was of 21.4/100 person years (PYs) (95% CI 16.6-27.6), and mortality rate was of 11.1/100 PYs (95% CI 8.2-15.0). Importantly, PLWH with a positive LAM-test result had an adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of death of 1.98 (1.0-3.8) with a significant p value of 0.044 when compared to PLWH with a negative LAM-test result. CONCLUSIONS In this study, α-mannosidase treatment of urine did not significantly increase the LAM-test performance, however; this needs to be further evaluated in a large-scale study due to our study limitations. Importantly, high rates of TB incidence and mortality were found, and a positive LAM-test result predicted mortality in PLWH with TB clinical symptoms.
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48
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Mohammadzadeh R, Ghazvini K, Farsiani H, Soleimanpour S. Mycobacterium tuberculosis extracellular vesicles: exploitation for vaccine technology and diagnostic methods. Crit Rev Microbiol 2020; 47:13-33. [PMID: 33044878 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2020.1830749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a fatal epidemic disease usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Pervasive latent infection, multidrug- and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR- and XDR-TB), and TB/HIV co-infection make TB a global health problem, which emphasises the design and development of efficient vaccines and diagnostic biomarkers. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secretion is a conserved phenomenon in all the domains of life. Various cargos such as nucleic acids, toxins, lipoproteins, and enzymes have been recognised in these nano-sized vesicles that may be involved in bacterial physiology and pathogenesis. The intrinsic adjuvant effect, native immunogenic cargo, sensing by host immune cells, circulation in all body fluids, and comprehensive distribution of antigens introduce EVs as a promising tool for designing novel vaccines, diagnostic biomarkers, and drug delivery systems. Genetic engineering of the EV-producing bacteria and the subsequent production of proper EVs could facilitate the development of the EV-based therapeutic applications. Recently, it was demonstrated that thick-walled mycobacteria release EVs, which contain immunodominant cargos such as lipoglycans and lipoproteins. The present article is a comprehensive review on the recent findings of Mtb EVs biology and the exploitation of EVs for the vaccine technology and diagnostic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roghayeh Mohammadzadeh
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Kiarash Ghazvini
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hadi Farsiani
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saman Soleimanpour
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Reference Tuberculosis Laboratory, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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49
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Bose S, Aggarwal S, Singh DV, Acharya N. Extracellular vesicles: An emerging platform in gram-positive bacteria. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2020; 7:312-322. [PMID: 33335921 PMCID: PMC7713254 DOI: 10.15698/mic2020.12.737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV), also known as membrane vesicles, are produced as an end product of secretion by both pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria. Several reports suggest that archaea, gram-negative bacteria, and eukaryotic cells secrete membrane vesicles as a means for cell-free intercellular communication. EVs influence intercellular communication by transferring a myriad of biomolecules including genetic information. Also, EVs have been implicated in many phenomena such as stress response, intercellular competition, lateral gene transfer, and pathogenicity. However, the cellular process of secreting EVs in gram-positive bacteria is less studied. A notion with the thick cell-walled microbes such as gram-positive bacteria is that the EV release is impossible among them. The role of gram-positive EVs in health and diseases is being studied gradually. Being nano-sized, the EVs from gram-positive bacteria carry a diversity of cargo compounds that have a role in bacterial competition, survival, invasion, host immune evasion, and infection. In this review, we summarise the current understanding of the EVs produced by gram-positive bacteria. Also, we discuss the functional aspects of these components while comparing them with gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swagata Bose
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar-751023, India
| | - Shifu Aggarwal
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar-751023, India
| | - Durg Vijai Singh
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar-751023, India
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Earth, Biological and Environmental Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya-824236, India
| | - Narottam Acharya
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar-751023, India
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50
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Alipoor SD, Adcock IM, Tabarsi P, Folkerts G, Mortaz E. MiRNAs in tuberculosis: Their decisive role in the fate of TB. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 886:173529. [PMID: 32919937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most lethal global infectious diseases. Despite the availability of much higher levels of technology in health and medicine, tuberculosis still remains a serious global health problem. Mycobacterium tuberculosis has the capacity for prolonged survival inside macrophages by exploiting host metabolic and energy pathways and perturbing autophagy and apoptosis of infected cells. The mechanism(s) underlying this process are not completely understood but evidence suggests that mycobacteria subvert the host miRNA network to enable mycobacterial survival. We present here a comprehensive review on the role of miRNAs in TB immune escape mechanisms and the potential for miRNA-based TB therapeutics. Further validation studies are required to (i) elucidate the precise effect of TB on host miRNAs, (ii) determine the inhibition of mycobacterial burden using miRNA-based therapies and (iii) identify novel miRNA biomarkers that may prove useful in TB diagnosis and treatment monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamila D Alipoor
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ian M Adcock
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Payam Tabarsi
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Esmaeil Mortaz
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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