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Sahni V, Van Dyke TE. Immunomodulation of periodontitis with SPMs. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2023; 4:1288722. [PMID: 37927821 PMCID: PMC10623003 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2023.1288722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a critical component in the pathophysiology of numerous disease processes, with most therapeutic modalities focusing on its inhibition in order to achieve treatment outcomes. The resolution of inflammation is a separate, distinct pathway that entails the reversal of the inflammatory process to a state of homoeostasis rather than selective inhibition of specific components of the inflammatory cascade. The discovery of specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) resulted in a paradigm shift in our understanding of disease etiopathology. Periodontal disease, traditionally considered as one of microbial etiology, is now understood to be an inflammation-driven process associated with dysbiosis of the oral microbiome that may be modulated with SPMs to achieve therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Sahni
- Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Thomas E. Van Dyke
- Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Faculty of Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
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Herrera-Moro Huitron L, De Jesús-González LA, Martínez-Castillo M, Ulloa-Aguilar JM, Cabello-Gutierrez C, Helguera-Repetto C, Garcia-Cordero J, León Juárez M. Multifaceted Nature of Lipid Droplets in Viral Interactions and Pathogenesis. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1851. [PMID: 37513023 PMCID: PMC10386712 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Once regarded as inert organelles with limited and ill-defined roles, lipid droplets (LDs) have emerged as dynamic entities with multifaceted functions within the cell. Recent research has illuminated their pivotal role as primary energy reservoirs in the form of lipids, capable of being metabolized to meet cellular energy demands. Their high dynamism is underscored by their ability to interact with numerous cellular organelles, notably the endoplasmic reticulum (the site of LD genesis) and mitochondria, which utilize small LDs for energy production. Beyond their contribution to cellular bioenergetics, LDs have been associated with viral infections. Evidence suggests that viruses can co-opt LDs to facilitate their infection cycle. Furthermore, recent discoveries highlight the role of LDs in modulating the host's immune response. Observations of altered LD levels during viral infections suggest their involvement in disease pathophysiology, potentially through production of proinflammatory mediators using LD lipids as precursors. This review explores these intriguing aspects of LDs, shedding light on their multifaceted nature and implications in viral interactions and disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Herrera-Moro Huitron
- Laboratorio de Virología Perinatal y Diseño Molecular de Antígenos y Biomarcadores, Departamento de Inmunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Mexico City 11000, Mexico
| | | | - Macario Martínez-Castillo
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - José Manuel Ulloa-Aguilar
- Laboratorio de Virología Perinatal y Diseño Molecular de Antígenos y Biomarcadores, Departamento de Inmunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Mexico City 11000, Mexico
| | - Carlos Cabello-Gutierrez
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas (INER), Departamento de Investigación en Virología y Micología, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Belisario Domínguez, Tlalpan 14080, Mexico
| | - Cecilia Helguera-Repetto
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Diagnóstico Molecular, Departamento de Inmunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Mexico City 11000, Mexico
| | - Julio Garcia-Cordero
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Cinvestav, Av. IPN# 2508, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Moisés León Juárez
- Laboratorio de Virología Perinatal y Diseño Molecular de Antígenos y Biomarcadores, Departamento de Inmunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Mexico City 11000, Mexico
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Gopalakrishnan A, Joseph J, Shirey KA, Keegan AD, Boukhvalova MS, Vogel SN, Blanco JCG. Protection against influenza-induced Acute Lung Injury (ALI) by enhanced induction of M2a macrophages: possible role of PPARγ/RXR ligands in IL-4-induced M2a macrophage differentiation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:968336. [PMID: 36052067 PMCID: PMC9424652 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.968336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many respiratory viruses cause lung damage that may evolve into acute lung injury (ALI), a cytokine storm, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and ultimately, death. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), a member of the nuclear hormone receptor (NHR) family of transcription factors, regulates transcription by forming heterodimers with another NHR family member, Retinoid X Receptor (RXR). Each component of the heterodimer binds specific ligands that modify transcriptional capacity of the entire heterodimer by recruiting different co-activators/co-repressors. However, the role of PPARγ/RXR ligands in the context of influenza infection is not well understood. PPARγ is associated with macrophage differentiation to an anti-inflammatory M2 state. We show that mice lacking the IL-4Rα receptor, required for M2a macrophage differentiation, are more susceptible to mouse-adapted influenza (A/PR/8/34; "PR8")-induced lethality. Mice lacking Ptgs2, that encodes COX-2, a key proinflammatory M1 macrophage mediator, are more resistant. Blocking the receptor for COX-2-induced Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was also protective. Treatment with pioglitazone (PGZ), a PPARγ ligand, increased survival from PR8 infection, decreased M1 macrophage gene expression, and increased PPARγ mRNA in lungs. Conversely, conditional knockout mice expressing PPARγ-deficient macrophages were significantly more sensitive to PR8-induced lethality. These findings were extended in cotton rats: PGZ blunted lung inflammation and M1 cytokine gene expression after challenge with non-adapted human influenza. To study mechanisms by which PPARγ/RXR transcription factors induce canonical M2a genes, WT mouse macrophages were treated with IL-4 in the absence or presence of rosiglitazone (RGZ; PPARγ ligand), LG100754 (LG; RXR ligand), or both. IL-4 dose-dependently induced M2a genes Arg1, Mrc1, Chil3, and Retnla. Treatment of macrophages with IL-4 and RGZ and/or LG differentially affected induction of Arg1 and Mrc1 vs. Chil3 and Retnla gene expression. In PPARγ-deficient macrophages, IL-4 alone failed to induce Arg1 and Mrc1 gene expression; however, concurrent treatment with LG or RGZ + LG enhanced IL-4-induced Arg1 and Mrc1 expression, but to a lower level than in WT macrophages, findings confirmed in the murine alveolar macrophage cell line, MH-S. These findings support a model in which PPARγ/RXR heterodimers control IL-4-induced M2a differentiation, and suggest that PPARγ/RXR agonists should be considered as important tools for clinical intervention against influenza-induced ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - John Joseph
- Sigmovir Biosystems, Inc., Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Kari Ann Shirey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Achsah D. Keegan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | - Stefanie N. Vogel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Li M, Fan X, Zhou L, Jiang M, Shang E. The effect of Ma-Xin-Gan-Shi decoction on asthma exacerbated by respiratory syncytial virus through regulating TRPV1 channel. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 291:115157. [PMID: 35247474 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The incidence and mortality of bronchial asthma are increasing, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is widely regarded as the common cause of clinical exacerbation of asthma. Ma-Xing-Gan-Shi decoction (MXGSD), a classic traditional Chinese medicine prescription, is well-known for treating respiratory diseases, while the mechanism of effecting on RSV-exacerbated asthma remains to be explored. AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, we investigated the mechanism by which MXGSD exerts a protective effect on asthma exacerbated by RSV in vivo and in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS MXGSD is composed of four Chinese medicine, including Ephedra intermedia Schrenk & C.A.Mey. (herbaceous stem, 27g), Prunus armeniaca L. (dry seed, 27g), Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. (radix and rhizome, 18g), and Gypsum fibrosum (main component: CaSO4·2H2O, 54g). In the present study, the exacerbated asthmatic mice model with the treatment of OVA plus RSV was replicated, and accompanied by the TMT proteomic analysis and further experimental investigations. Then, the protective effect of MXGSD (13.2, 6.6, 3.3 g/kg/d, 7d) on the mice treated by OVA plus RSV, and the mechanism of regulating TRPV1 was explored. In addition, the intracellular Ca2+ concentration of 16HBE cells pretreated with MXGSD medicated serum was also tested after stimulation with the TRPV1 agonist capsaicin. RESULTS The results suggested that MXGSD could reduce the levels of inflammation cells, airway hyperresponsiveness, and pathological damage of lung tissue. TMT quantitative proteomics analysis and further experimental exploration revealed that MXGSD could reduce the levels of IL-4, IL-13, PGE2, and SP in BAL and down-regulate the expression of TRPV1 mRNA and protein in lung tissue. Furthermore, 16HBE cells stimulated by capsaicin showed an increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration, while the pretreatment of MXGSD medicated serum could reduce it. CONCLUSION MSGSD showed a protective effect on RSV-exacerbated asthma, which may be related to its regulation of TRPV1 expression and reduction of Th2 cytokines and neurogenic inflammatory mediators. It may provide an objective basis and reference for the clinical application of MXGSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengwen Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xinsheng Fan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| | - Liping Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| | - Minyue Jiang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| | - Erxin Shang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
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Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection Modeled in Aging Cotton Rats ( Sigmodon hispidus) and Mice ( Mus musculus). Adv Virol 2022; 2022:8637545. [PMID: 35309598 PMCID: PMC8926466 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8637545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Serious infection with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is associated with high risk in infants, children, and elderly. There is currently no approved vaccine against RSV infection, and the only available prevention is immunoprophylaxis utilized in high-risk infants, leaving the elderly without many options. In the elderly, the chronic low-grade inflammatory state of the body can play a significant role during infection. The cotton rat and mouse have emerged as the preferred small animal models to study RSV infection in the elderly. These animal models of aging have shown an age-dependent time course for clearance of virus correlating with a significantly diminished cytotoxic T lymphocyte and humoral immune response in old animals compared to adult animals. In addition, protection through vaccination is reduced in aging rodents. These results mirror the findings in humans. In mice and cotton rats, treatment with ibuprofen, a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), to decrease the chronic low-grade inflammation of the elderly immune system has proven successful in restoring the function of cytotoxic lymphocytes. While more research is required, these treatment types promise a beneficial effect in addition to a putative vaccine. Choosing an appropriate animal model to study RSV infection in the aging immune system is essential to benefit the growing population of elderly in the world. This review focuses on the current research of RSV infection in the cotton rat and mouse as model systems for an aging immune system.
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Walsh P, Chaigneau FRC, Lebedev M, Mutua V, McEligot H, Lam SHF, Hwang B, Bang H, Gershwin LJ. Validating a bovine model for lung ultrasound of bronchiolitis. J Ultrasound 2022; 25:611-624. [PMID: 35067896 PMCID: PMC8784226 DOI: 10.1007/s40477-021-00635-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Walsh
- Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Sutter Medical Center Sacramento, 2825 Capitol Avenue, Sacramento, CA, 95816, USA.
| | - Francisco R Carvallo Chaigneau
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, San Bernardino Branch, 105 W Central Ave, San Bernardino, CA, 92408, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Maxim Lebedev
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Victoria Mutua
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Heather McEligot
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Samuel H F Lam
- Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Sutter Medical Center Sacramento, 2825 Capitol Avenue, Sacramento, CA, 95816, USA
| | - Benjamin Hwang
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Heejung Bang
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Laurel J Gershwin
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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de Freitas DDN, Marinho Franceschina C, Muller D, Hilario GT, Gassen RB, Fazolo T, de Lima Kaminski V, Bogo Chies JA, Maito F, Antunes KH, Zanin RF, Rodrigues LC, Duarte de Souza AP. RvD1 treatment during primary infection modulates memory response increasing viral load during respiratory viral reinfection. Immunobiology 2021; 226:152151. [PMID: 34742024 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2021.152151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Resolvin D1 (RvD1), which is biosynthesized from essential long-chain fatty acids, is involved in anti-inflammatory activity and modulation of T cell response. Memory CD8+ T cells are important for controlling tumor growth and viral infections. Exacerbated inflammation has been described as impairing memory CD8+ T cell differentiation. This study aimed to verify the effects of RvD1 on memory CD8+ T cells in vitro and in vivo in a respiratory virus infection model. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were treated at different time points with RvD1 and stimulated with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 antibodies. Pre-treatment with RvD1 increases the expansion of memory CD8+ T cells. The IL-12 level, a cytokine described to control memory CD8+ T cells, was reduced with RvD1 pre-treatment. When the mTOR axis was inhibited, the IL-12 levels were restored. In a respiratory virus infection model, Balb/c mice were treated with RvD1 before infection or after 7 days after infection. RvD1 treatment after infection increased the frequency of memory CD8+ T cells in the lung expressing II4, II10, and Ifng. During reinfection, RvD1-treated and RSV-infected mice present a high viral load in the lung and lower antibody response in the serum. Our results show that RvD1 modulates the expansion and phenotype of memory CD8+ T cells but contributed to a non-protective response after RSV reinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deise do Nascimento de Freitas
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, School of Health and Life Science, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Caroline Marinho Franceschina
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, School of Health and Life Science, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Douglas Muller
- Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFSCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriel T Hilario
- Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFSCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo B Gassen
- Schuster Family Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tiago Fazolo
- Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFSCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Valéria de Lima Kaminski
- Applied Immunology Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Institute of Science and Technology - ICT, Federal University of São Paulo - UNIFESP, Brazil
| | - José Artur Bogo Chies
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Immunobiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fábio Maito
- Laboratory of Histology, School of Health and Life Science, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Krist Helen Antunes
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, School of Health and Life Science, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Infant Center, School of Medicine PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael F Zanin
- Department of Health and Human Development, La Salle University, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos Rodrigues
- Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFSCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Duarte de Souza
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, School of Health and Life Science, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Infant Center, School of Medicine PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Richard K, Piepenbrink KH, Shirey KA, Gopalakrishnan A, Nallar S, Prantner DJ, Perkins DJ, Lai W, Vlk A, Toshchakov VY, Feng C, Fanaroff R, Medvedev AE, Blanco JCG, Vogel SN. A mouse model of human TLR4 D299G/T399I SNPs reveals mechanisms of altered LPS and pathogen responses. J Exp Med 2021; 218:211550. [PMID: 33216117 PMCID: PMC7685774 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20200675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Two cosegregating single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in human TLR4, an A896G transition at SNP rs4986790 (D299G) and a C1196T transition at SNP rs4986791 (T399I), have been associated with LPS hyporesponsiveness and differential susceptibility to many infectious or inflammatory diseases. However, many studies failed to confirm these associations, and transfection experiments resulted in conflicting conclusions about the impact of these SNPs on TLR4 signaling. Using advanced protein modeling from crystallographic data of human and murine TLR4, we identified homologous substitutions of these SNPs in murine Tlr4, engineered a knock-in strain expressing the D298G and N397I TLR4 SNPs homozygously, and characterized in vivo and in vitro responses to TLR4 ligands and infections in which TLR4 is implicated. Our data provide new insights into cellular and molecular mechanisms by which these SNPs decrease the TLR4 signaling efficiency and offer an experimental approach to confirm or refute human data possibly confounded by variables unrelated to the direct effects of the SNPs on TLR4 functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Richard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Kurt H Piepenbrink
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
| | - Kari Ann Shirey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Archana Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Shreeram Nallar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Daniel J Prantner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Darren J Perkins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Wendy Lai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Alexandra Vlk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Vladimir Y Toshchakov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Chiguang Feng
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Rachel Fanaroff
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Andrei E Medvedev
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT
| | | | - Stefanie N Vogel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Monson EA, Trenerry AM, Laws JL, Mackenzie JM, Helbig KJ. Lipid droplets and lipid mediators in viral infection and immunity. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:fuaa066. [PMID: 33512504 PMCID: PMC8371277 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) contribute to key pathways important for the physiology and pathophysiology of cells. In a homeostatic view, LDs regulate the storage of neutral lipids, protein sequestration, removal of toxic lipids and cellular communication; however, recent advancements in the field show these organelles as essential for various cellular stress response mechanisms, including inflammation and immunity, with LDs acting as hubs that integrate metabolic and inflammatory processes. The accumulation of LDs has become a hallmark of infection, and is often thought to be virally driven; however, recent evidence is pointing to a role for the upregulation of LDs in the production of a successful immune response to viral infection. The fatty acids housed in LDs are also gaining interest due to the role that these lipid species play during viral infection, and their link to the synthesis of bioactive lipid mediators that have been found to have a very complex role in viral infection. This review explores the role of LDs and their subsequent lipid mediators during viral infections and poses a paradigm shift in thinking in the field, whereby LDs may play pivotal roles in protecting the host against viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebony A Monson
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia, 3083
| | - Alice M Trenerry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia, 3000
| | - Jay L Laws
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia, 3083
| | - Jason M Mackenzie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia, 3000
| | - Karla J Helbig
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia, 3083
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Carvallo Chaigneau FR, Walsh P, Lebedev M, Mutua V, McEligot H, Bang H, Gershwin LJ. A randomized controlled trial comparing non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and fusion protein inhibitors singly and in combination on the histopathology of bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252455. [PMID: 34111152 PMCID: PMC8191941 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has substantial morbidity in young calves, and closely parallels human RSV in infants. We performed a randomized controlled trial in five to six-week-old Holstein calves (Bos taurus). comparing fusion protein inhibitor (FPI) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) singly and in combination at three and five days after experimental BRSV infection. Thirty-six calves received one of six treatments; Ibuprofen started on day 3, Ibuprofen started on day 5, FPI started on day 5, FPI and Ibuprofen started on day 3, FPI and Ibuprofen started on day 5, or placebo. We have previously reported significant clinical benefits when combined FPI and NSAID treatment was started at three and five days after bovine RSV infection. Necropsy was performed on Day 10 following infection and hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed on sections from each lobe. Histology was described using a four-point scale. We performed canonical discrimination analysis (CDA) to determine the structural level where differences between treatments occurred and mixed effects regression to estimate effect sizes. Separation from placebo was maximal for dual therapy at the levels of the alveolus, septum, and bronchus in CDA. We found that the clinical benefits of combined FPI and NSAID treatment of BRSV extend at least partially from histopathological changes in the lung when treatment was started three days after infection. We found decreased lung injury when ibuprofen was started as monotherapy on day 3, but not day 5 following infection. Combined therapy with both an FPI and ibuprofen was always better than ibuprofen alone. We did not prove that the clinical benefits seen starting FPI and ibuprofen five days after infection can be solely explained by histopathological differences as identified on H&E staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco R. Carvallo Chaigneau
- Division of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Pathobiology Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
- Dept. of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Paul Walsh
- Pediatric Emergency Medicine, The Sutter Medical Center Sacramento, Sacramento, CA, United States of America
| | - Maxim Lebedev
- Dept. of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Victoria Mutua
- Dept. of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Heather McEligot
- Dept. of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Heejung Bang
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Laurel J. Gershwin
- Dept. of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
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Lebedev M, McEligot HA, Mutua VN, Walsh P, Carvallo Chaigneau FR, Gershwin LJ. Analysis of lung transcriptome in calves infected with Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus and treated with antiviral and/or cyclooxygenase inhibitor. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246695. [PMID: 33600498 PMCID: PMC7891793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine Respiratory Syncytial virus (BRSV) is one of the major infectious agents in the etiology of the bovine respiratory disease complex. BRSV causes a respiratory syndrome in calves, which is associated with severe bronchiolitis. In this study we describe the effect of treatment with antiviral fusion protein inhibitor (FPI) and ibuprofen, on gene expression in lung tissue of calves infected with BRSV. Calves infected with BRSV are an excellent model of human RSV in infants: we hypothesized that FPI in combination with ibuprofen would provide the best therapeutic intervention for both species. The following experimental treatment groups of BRSV infected calves were used: 1) ibuprofen day 3-10, 2) ibuprofen day 5-10, 3) placebo, 4) FPI day 5-10, 5) FPI and ibuprofen day 5-10, 6) FPI and ibuprofen day 3-10. All calves were infected with BRSV on day 0. Daily clinical evaluation with monitoring of virus shedding by qRT-PCR was conducted. On day10 lung tissue with lesions (LL) and non-lesional (LN) was collected at necropsy, total RNA extracted, and RNA sequencing performed. Differential gene expression analysis was conducted with Gene ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. The most significant differential gene expression in BRSV infected lung tissues was observed in the comparison of LL with LN; oxidative stress and cell damage was especially noticeable. Innate and adaptive immune functions were reduced in LL. As expected, combined treatment with FPI and Ibuprofen, when started early, made the most difference in gene expression patterns in comparison with placebo, especially in pathways related to the innate and adaptive immune response in both LL and LN. Ibuprofen, when used alone, negatively affected the antiviral response and caused higher virus loads as shown by increased viral shedding. In contrast, when used with FPI Ibuprofen enhanced the specific antiviral effect of FPI, due to its ability to reduce the damaging effect of prostanoids and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Lebedev
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Heather A. McEligot
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Victoria N. Mutua
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Paul Walsh
- Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Sutter Medical Center Sacramento, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Francisco R. Carvallo Chaigneau
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech., Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Laurel J. Gershwin
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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12
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Liu Z, Fan P, Chen M, Xu Y, Zhao D. miRNAs and Leukotrienes in Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:602195. [PMID: 33996675 PMCID: PMC8116547 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.602195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs that regulate posttranscription by binding to 3'-untranslated regions of target mRNAs. Recent functional studies have elucidated mechanisms that miRNAs regulate leukotriene synthesis by perturbing arachidonic acid metabolism. Both microarrays and high-throughput sequencing revealed distinct differential expression of miRNAs in children with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection compared with healthy controls. Abnormal miRNA expression may contribute to higher leukotriene levels, which is associated with airway hyperreactivity. Targeting miRNAs may benefit to restore the homeostasis of inflammatory reaction and provide new strategies to alleviate airway hyperreactivity induced by RSV. In this article, we provide an overview of the current knowledge about miRNAs modulating leukotrienes through regulation of arachidonic acid metabolism with a special focus on miRNAs aberrantly expressed in children with RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Digital Health and Data Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Panpan Fan
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Digital Health and Data Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Digital Health and Data Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, China
| | - Yueshi Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Digital Health and Data Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongchi Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Digital Health and Data Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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13
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Lee CH. Role of specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators and their receptors in virus infection: a promising therapeutic strategy for SARS-CoV-2 cytokine storm. Arch Pharm Res 2021; 44:84-98. [PMID: 33398691 PMCID: PMC7781431 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-020-01299-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Unexpected viral infections outbreaks, significantly affect human health, leading to increased mortality and life disruption. Among them is the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) which emerged as a deadly pandemic, calling for intense research efforts on its pathogenicity mechanism and development of therapeutic strategies. In the SARS-CoV-2 cytokine storm, systemic inflammation has been associated with severe illness and mortality. Recent studies have demonstrated special pro-resolving lipids mediators (SPMs) lipoxins, resolvins, maresins, and protectins as potential therapeutic options for abnormal viral-triggered inflammation. Pro-resolving lipids mediators have shown great promise for the treatment of Herpes simplex virus, respiratory syncytial virus, human immunodeficiency virus, and hepatitis C virus. Based on this, studies are being conducted on their therapeutic effects in SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this review, we discussed SPMs and reviewed evidence from recent studies on SPMs as therapeutic options for viral infections, including SARS-CoV2. Based on our analysis of the previous study, we argue that SPMs are a potential treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infection and other viral infections. We expect further research on how SPMs modulate viral-triggered inflammation through G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), and chemical stability and druggability of SPMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hoon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul, 100-715, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Baptista AF, Baltar A, Okano AH, Moreira A, Campos ACP, Fernandes AM, Brunoni AR, Badran BW, Tanaka C, de Andrade DC, da Silva Machado DG, Morya E, Trujillo E, Swami JK, Camprodon JA, Monte-Silva K, Sá KN, Nunes I, Goulardins JB, Bikson M, Sudbrack-Oliveira P, de Carvalho P, Duarte-Moreira RJ, Pagano RL, Shinjo SK, Zana Y. Applications of Non-invasive Neuromodulation for the Management of Disorders Related to COVID-19. Front Neurol 2020; 11:573718. [PMID: 33324324 PMCID: PMC7724108 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.573718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) morbidity is not restricted to the respiratory system, but also affects the nervous system. Non-invasive neuromodulation may be useful in the treatment of the disorders associated with COVID-19. Objective: To describe the rationale and empirical basis of the use of non-invasive neuromodulation in the management of patients with COVID-10 and related disorders. Methods: We summarize COVID-19 pathophysiology with emphasis of direct neuroinvasiveness, neuroimmune response and inflammation, autonomic balance and neurological, musculoskeletal and neuropsychiatric sequela. This supports the development of a framework for advancing applications of non-invasive neuromodulation in the management COVID-19 and related disorders. Results: Non-invasive neuromodulation may manage disorders associated with COVID-19 through four pathways: (1) Direct infection mitigation through the stimulation of regions involved in the regulation of systemic anti-inflammatory responses and/or autonomic responses and prevention of neuroinflammation and recovery of respiration; (2) Amelioration of COVID-19 symptoms of musculoskeletal pain and systemic fatigue; (3) Augmenting cognitive and physical rehabilitation following critical illness; and (4) Treating outbreak-related mental distress including neurological and psychiatric disorders exacerbated by surrounding psychosocial stressors related to COVID-19. The selection of the appropriate techniques will depend on the identified target treatment pathway. Conclusion: COVID-19 infection results in a myriad of acute and chronic symptoms, both directly associated with respiratory distress (e.g., rehabilitation) or of yet-to-be-determined etiology (e.g., fatigue). Non-invasive neuromodulation is a toolbox of techniques that based on targeted pathways and empirical evidence (largely in non-COVID-19 patients) can be investigated in the management of patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abrahão Fontes Baptista
- Center for Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
- NAPeN Network (Rede de Núcleos de Assistência e Pesquisa em Neuromodulação), Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology Centros de Pesquisa, Investigação e Difusão - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (BRAINN/CEPID-FAPESP), University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Laboratory of Medical Investigations 54 (LIM-54), São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana Baltar
- NAPeN Network (Rede de Núcleos de Assistência e Pesquisa em Neuromodulação), Brazil
- Specialized Neuromodulation Center—Neuromod, Recife, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Hideki Okano
- Center for Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
- NAPeN Network (Rede de Núcleos de Assistência e Pesquisa em Neuromodulação), Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology Centros de Pesquisa, Investigação e Difusão - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (BRAINN/CEPID-FAPESP), University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Moreira
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Mércia Fernandes
- Centro de Dor, LIM-62, Departamento de Neurologia, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André Russowsky Brunoni
- Serviço Interdisciplinar de Neuromodulação, Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM-27), Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bashar W. Badran
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Clarice Tanaka
- NAPeN Network (Rede de Núcleos de Assistência e Pesquisa em Neuromodulação), Brazil
- Laboratory of Medical Investigations 54 (LIM-54), São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto Central, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Ciampi de Andrade
- NAPeN Network (Rede de Núcleos de Assistência e Pesquisa em Neuromodulação), Brazil
- Centro de Dor, LIM-62, Departamento de Neurologia, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Edgard Morya
- Edmond and Lily Safra International Neuroscience Institute, Santos Dumont Institute, Macaiba, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Trujillo
- Center for Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
- NAPeN Network (Rede de Núcleos de Assistência e Pesquisa em Neuromodulação), Brazil
| | - Jaiti K. Swami
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York of CUNY, New York, NY, United States
| | - Joan A. Camprodon
- Laboratory for Neuropsychiatry and Neuromodulation, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Katia Monte-Silva
- NAPeN Network (Rede de Núcleos de Assistência e Pesquisa em Neuromodulação), Brazil
- Applied Neuroscience Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Katia Nunes Sá
- NAPeN Network (Rede de Núcleos de Assistência e Pesquisa em Neuromodulação), Brazil
- Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Isadora Nunes
- Department of Physiotherapy, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Betim, Brazil
| | - Juliana Barbosa Goulardins
- NAPeN Network (Rede de Núcleos de Assistência e Pesquisa em Neuromodulação), Brazil
- Laboratory of Medical Investigations 54 (LIM-54), São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul (UNICSUL), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marom Bikson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York of CUNY, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Priscila de Carvalho
- Instituto Central, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Jardim Duarte-Moreira
- Center for Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
- NAPeN Network (Rede de Núcleos de Assistência e Pesquisa em Neuromodulação), Brazil
| | | | - Samuel Katsuyuki Shinjo
- Division of Rheumatology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Yossi Zana
- Center for Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
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Yu G, Mo S, Gao L, Wen X, Chen S, Long X, Xie X, Deng Y, Ren L, Zang N, Chen S, Liu E. Club cell 10-kDa protein (CC10) inhibits cPLA2/COX2 pathway to alleviate RSV-induced airway inflammation and AHR. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 83:106327. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Hu M, Bogoyevitch MA, Jans DA. Impact of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection on Host Functions: Implications for Antiviral Strategies. Physiol Rev 2020; 100:1527-1594. [PMID: 32216549 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00030.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the leading causes of viral respiratory tract infection in infants, the elderly, and the immunocompromised worldwide, causing more deaths each year than influenza. Years of research into RSV since its discovery over 60 yr ago have elucidated detailed mechanisms of the host-pathogen interface. RSV infection elicits widespread transcriptomic and proteomic changes, which both mediate the host innate and adaptive immune responses to infection, and reflect RSV's ability to circumvent the host stress responses, including stress granule formation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, and programmed cell death. The combination of these events can severely impact on human lungs, resulting in airway remodeling and pathophysiology. The RSV membrane envelope glycoproteins (fusion F and attachment G), matrix (M) and nonstructural (NS) 1 and 2 proteins play key roles in modulating host cell functions to promote the infectious cycle. This review presents a comprehensive overview of how RSV impacts the host response to infection and how detailed knowledge of the mechanisms thereof can inform the development of new approaches to develop RSV vaccines and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- MengJie Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marie A Bogoyevitch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David A Jans
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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17
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Walsh P, Lebedev M, McEligot H, Mutua V, Bang H, Gershwin LJ. A randomized controlled trial of a combination of antiviral and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory treatment in a bovine model of respiratory syncytial virus infection. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230245. [PMID: 32163508 PMCID: PMC7067438 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a valid model for human RSV and an important bovine pathogen. Very early administration of ibuprofen and GS-561937, a fusion protein inhibitor (FPI), have separately been shown to decrease the severity of bovine RSV. Our aims were to determine how long after RSV inoculation ibuprofen and GS-561937 can be administered with clinical benefit and whether using both was better than monotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a blinded randomized placebo controlled trial of ibuprofen, GS-561937 (FPI), or combinations of the two initiated at 3 or 5 days after artificial infection with bovine RSV in 36 five to six-week-old Holstein calves (Bos taurus). We measured clinical scores, respiratory rate, and viral shedding daily for 10 days following inoculation. We estimated the average effect for each drug and compared treatment arms using mixed effects models. RESULTS We found a significant decrease in clinical scores only in the combined treatment arms. This benefit was greater when treatment was initiated at 3 days rather than 5 days post infection with decreased clinical scores and lower respiratory rates at both time points. Ibuprofen alone started on day 3 increased, and FPI with ibuprofen started on day 3 decreased, viral shedding. CONCLUSION Dual therapy with Ibuprofen and FPI, on average, decrease clinical severity of illness in a bovine model of RSV when started at 3 and 5 days after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Walsh
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Sutter Medical Center Sacramento, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Maxim Lebedev
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Heather McEligot
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Victoria Mutua
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Heejung Bang
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Laurel J. Gershwin
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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18
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Hofstetter AR, Sacco RE. Oxidative stress pathway gene transcription after bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection in vitro and ex vivo. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 219:109956. [PMID: 31706084 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.109956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Studies in mouse and lamb models indicate important roles of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the pathology and immune response to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The role of ROS in bovine RSV (BRSV) infection of calves remains unclear. BRSV naturally infects calves, leading to similar disease course, micro- and macro-lesions, and symptomology as is observed in RSV infection of human neonates. Furthermore, humans, lambs, and calves, but not mice, have an active lung oxidative system involving lactoperoxidase (LPO) and the dual oxidases (DUOX) 1 and 2. To gain insight into the role of ROS in the BRSV-infected lung, we examined gene expression in infected bovine cells using qPCR. A panel of 19 primers was used to assay ex vivo and in vitro BRSV-infected cells. The panel targeted genes involved in both production and regulation of ROS. BRSV infection significantly increased transcription of five genes in bovine respiratory tract cells in vitro and ex vivo. PTGS2 expression more than doubled in both sample types. Four transcripts varied significantly in lung lesions, but not non-lesion samples, compared with uninfected lung. This is the first report of the transcriptional profile of ROS-related genes in the airway after BRSV infection in the natural host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia R Hofstetter
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA, 50010, United States of America.
| | - Randy E Sacco
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA, 50010, United States of America.
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19
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Parainfluenza virus infection enhances NSAIDs-induced inhibition of PGE2 generation and COX-2 expression in human airway epithelial cells. Adv Med Sci 2019; 64:338-343. [PMID: 31022559 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Respiratory viral infection and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may affect arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism in the airway epithelium, however their joint effect has not been studied. We hypothesized, that alternations of AA metabolism in human airway epithelial cells (ECs) - induced by Parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3) - may be modified by concomitant treatment with NSAIDs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nasal (RPMI 2650) and bronchial (BEAS-2B) epithelial cells were cultured into confluence and then infected with PIV3. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE) levels in cell supernatants were measured by ELISA and expression of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) and 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO) mRNA in cells was evaluated after reverse transcription with real-time polymerase chain reactions. RESULTS PGE2 generation was decreased by PIV3 infection in the upper airway epithelial cells, and increased in the lower airway epithelial cells. Both naproxen and celecoxib induced significant reduction in PGE2 release in both infected and non-infected upper and lower airway epithelial cells. However, in PIV3-infected epithelial cells celecoxib inhibited PGE2 release and COX-2 expression to significantly higher degree as compared to non-infected cells. 15-HETE generation or COX-1, 5-LO and 15-LO expression were not affected by the virus infection or by NSAIDs. CONCLUSION Virus infection in airway epithelial cells enhances inhibitory effect of NSAIDs on prostaglandin E2 generation.
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Altamirano-Lagos MJ, Díaz FE, Mansilla MA, Rivera-Pérez D, Soto D, McGill JL, Vasquez AE, Kalergis AM. Current Animal Models for Understanding the Pathology Caused by the Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:873. [PMID: 31130923 PMCID: PMC6510261 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the main etiologic agent of severe lower respiratory tract infections that affect young children throughout the world, associated with significant morbidity and mortality, becoming a serious public health problem globally. Up to date, no licensed vaccines are available to prevent severe hRSV-induced disease, and the generation of safe-effective vaccines has been a challenging task, requiring constant biomedical research aimed to overcome this ailment. Among the difficulties presented by the study of this pathogen, it arises the fact that there is no single animal model that resembles all aspects of the human pathology, which is due to the specificity that this pathogen has for the human host. Thus, for the study of hRSV, different animal models might be employed, depending on the goal of the study. Of all the existing models, the murine model has been the most frequent model of choice for biomedical studies worldwide and has been of great importance at contributing to the development and understanding of vaccines and therapies against hRSV. The most notable use of the murine model is that it is very useful as a first approach in the development of vaccines or therapies such as monoclonal antibodies, suggesting in this way the direction that research could have in other preclinical models that have higher maintenance costs and more complex requirements in its management. However, several additional different models for studying hRSV, such as other rodents, mustelids, ruminants, and non-human primates, have been explored, offering advantages over the murine model. In this review, we discuss the various applications of animal models to the study of hRSV-induced disease and the advantages and disadvantages of each model, highlighting the potential of each model to elucidate different features of the pathology caused by the hRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Altamirano-Lagos
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabián E. Díaz
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel Andrés Mansilla
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Rivera-Pérez
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Soto
- Sección Biotecnología, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jodi L. McGill
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Abel E. Vasquez
- Sección Biotecnología, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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de Souza GF, Muraro SP, Santos LD, Monteiro APT, da Silva AG, de Souza APD, Stein RT, Bozza PT, Porto BN. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) controls cytokine release during respiratory syncytial virus infection in macrophages. Inflamm Res 2019; 68:481-491. [PMID: 30944975 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-019-01233-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the major cause of infection in children up to 2 years old and reinfection is very common among patients. Tissue damage in the lung caused by RSV leads to an immune response and infected cells activate multiple signaling pathways and massive production of inflammatory mediators like macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a pro-inflammatory cytokine. Therefore, we sought to investigate the role of MIF during RSV infection in macrophages. METHODS We evaluated MIF expression in BALB/c mice-derived macrophages stimulated with different concentrations of RSV by Western blot and real-time PCR. Additionally, different inhibitors of signaling pathways and ROS were used to evaluate their importance for MIF expression. Furthermore, we used a specific MIF inhibitor, ISO-1, to evaluate the role of MIF in viral clearance and in RSV-induced TNF-α, MCP-1 and IL-10 release from macrophages. RESULTS We showed that RSV induces MIF expression dependently of ROS, 5-LOX, COX and PI3K activation. Moreover, viral replication is necessary for RSV-triggered MIF expression. Differently, p38 MAPK in only partially needed for RSV-induced MIF expression. In addition, MIF is important for the release of TNF-α, MCP-1 and IL-10 triggered by RSV in macrophages. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, we demonstrate that MIF is expressed during RSV infection and controls the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from macrophages in an in vitro model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela F de Souza
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Infant Center, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Stéfanie P Muraro
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Infant Center, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Leonardo D Santos
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Infant Center, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula T Monteiro
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Amanda G da Silva
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Infant Center, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula D de Souza
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Infant Center, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Renato T Stein
- Laboratory of Pediatric Respirology, Infant Center, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Patrícia T Bozza
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Bárbara N Porto
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Infant Center, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Program in Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Walsh P, Rothenberg SJ. Wheezing after the use of acetaminophen and or ibuprofen for first episode of bronchiolitis or respiratory tract infection. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203770. [PMID: 30212517 PMCID: PMC6136746 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bronchiolitis sometimes triggers the development of subsequent recurrent wheezing. Treatment with either acetaminophen or ibuprofen during the initial episode may affect the occurrence of subsequent wheezing. MATERIALS AND METHODS We did a retrospective study comparing the effect of prescribing acetaminophen, ibuprofen, or neither for a first episode of bronchiolitis on medical attendances for subsequent wheezing in infants younger than 12 months. We created our cohorts using California Medicaid data from 2003 to 2010. We used propensity score derived inverse probability weights to adjust for non-random drug assignment. We used robust negative binomial regression to model incident rate ratios (IRR) for medical attendances at 365, 30, and 14-day follow-up. We did similar analyses for the effect of antipyretics for a first medically attended upper respiratory tract infection (URI) on subsequent wheezing. RESULTS Compared with no antipyretic, treatment with acetaminophen or ibuprofen for a first episode of bronchiolitis was associated with decreased wheezing at 365-day follow-up (IRR 0.18, 95% CI 0.15-0.22), and ibuprofen plus acetaminophen over ibuprofen (IRR at 0.12, 95% CI 0.05-0.32). The results were similar at 30 and 14-day follow-up. Ibuprofen alone and ibuprofen plus acetaminophen were associated with decreased visits for subsequent wheezing at 365-day (IRR 0.79, 95% CI 0.68-0.92), but not earlier timepoints, when compared with acetaminophen. A smaller effect was seen for ibuprofen at one year if prescribed for a URI (IRR 0.87, 95% CI 0.76-1.00) but not at earlier follow-up. CONCLUSION Children who are prescribed antipyretics for a first episode of bronchiolitis may have less subsequent wheezing than those who are not. We found fewer visits for subsequent wheezing for those prescribed ibuprofen, and ibuprofen combined with acetaminophen, compared with acetaminophen alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Walsh
- Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Sutter Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Stephen J. Rothenberg
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
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A Mathematical Model for the Macrophage Response to Respiratory Viral Infection in Normal and Asthmatic Conditions. Bull Math Biol 2017; 79:1979-1998. [PMID: 28741104 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-017-0315-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections are common in the general population and one of the most important causes of asthma aggravation and exacerbation. Despite many studies, it is not well understood how viral infections cause more severe symptoms and exacerbations in asthmatics. We develop a mathematical model of two types of macrophages that play complementary roles in fighting viral infection: classically [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text] and alternatively activated macrophages [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text]. [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text] destroy infected cells and tissues to remove viruses, while [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text] repair damaged tissues. We show that a higher viral load or longer duration of infection provokes a stronger immune response from the macrophage system. By adjusting the parameters, we model the differences in response to respiratory viral infection in normal and asthmatic subjects and show how this skews the system toward a response that generates more severe symptoms in asthmatic patients.
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Zhuang L, Chen LF, Zhang YB, Liu Z, Xiao XH, Tang W, Wang GC, Song WJ, Li YL, Li MM. Watsonianone A from Rhodomyrtus tomentosa Fruit Attenuates Respiratory-Syncytial-Virus-Induced Inflammation In Vitro. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:3481-3489. [PMID: 28436225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the most common respiratory pathogens. Immoderate inflammation plays a great role in causing RSV-induced diseases. In the present study, watsonianone A, isolated from the fruit of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Ait.) Hassk, was found to show a good inhibitory effect on RSV-induced NO production, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 37.2 ± 1.6 μM. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses indicated that watsonianone A markedly reduced both mRNA and protein levels of tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 in RSV-infected RAW264.7 cells. Mechanistically, watsonianone A inhibited nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation by suppressing IκBα phosphorylation. Further analysis revealed that watsonianone A activated the thioredoxin system and decreased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, which are closely associated with NF-κB activation in RSV-infected cells. These results reveal that watsonianone A can attenuate RSV-induced inflammation via the suppression of ROS-sensitive inflammatory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhuang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, and ‡Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Feng Chen
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, and ‡Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Bo Zhang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, and ‡Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong Liu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, and ‡Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu-Hui Xiao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, and ‡Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Tang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, and ‡Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Cai Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, and ‡Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Jun Song
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, and ‡Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao-Lan Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, and ‡Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Man-Mei Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, and ‡Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
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Keegan AD, Shirey KA, Bagdure D, Blanco J, Viscardi RM, Vogel SN. Enhanced allergic responsiveness after early childhood infection with respiratory viruses: Are long-lived alternatively activated macrophages the missing link? Pathog Dis 2016; 74:ftw047. [PMID: 27178560 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftw047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Early childhood infection with respiratory viruses, including human rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza, is associated with an increased risk of allergic asthma and severe exacerbation of ongoing disease. Despite the long recognition of this relationship, the mechanism linking viral infection and later susceptibility to allergic lung inflammation is still poorly understood. We discuss the literature and provide new evidence demonstrating that these viruses induce the alternative activation of macrophages. Alternatively activated macrophages (AAM) induced by RSV or influenza infection persisted in the lungs of mice up to 90 days after initial viral infection. Several studies suggest that AAM contribute to allergic inflammatory responses, although their mechanism of action is unclear. In this commentary, we propose that virus-induced AAM provide a link between viral infection and enhanced responses to inhaled allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achsah D Keegan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore St., Rm 380, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA Research and Development Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Kari Ann Shirey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore St., Rm 380, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Dayanand Bagdure
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 29 South Greene St., Suite 1000, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jorge Blanco
- Department of Research and Development, Sigmovir Biosystems, Inc., 9650 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Rose M Viscardi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 29 South Greene St., Suite 1000, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Stefanie N Vogel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore St., Rm 380, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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26
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Guerrero CA, Acosta O. Inflammatory and oxidative stress in rotavirus infection. World J Virol 2016; 5:38-62. [PMID: 27175349 PMCID: PMC4861870 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v5.i2.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses are the single leading cause of life-threatening diarrhea affecting children under 5 years of age. Rotavirus entry into the host cell seems to occur by sequential interactions between virion proteins and various cell surface molecules. The entry mechanisms seem to involve the contribution of cellular molecules having binding, chaperoning and oxido-reducing activities. It appears to be that the receptor usage and tropism of rotaviruses is determined by the species, cell line and rotavirus strain. Rotaviruses have evolved functions which can antagonize the host innate immune response, whereas are able to induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, oxidative stress and inflammatory signaling. A networking between ER stress, inflammation and oxidative stress is suggested, in which release of calcium from the ER increases the generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to toxic accumulation of ROS within ER and mitochondria. Sustained ER stress potentially stimulates inflammatory response through unfolded protein response pathways. However, the detailed characterization of the molecular mechanisms underpinning these rotavirus-induced stressful conditions is still lacking. The signaling events triggered by host recognition of virus-associated molecular patterns offers an opportunity for the development of novel therapeutic strategies aimed at interfering with rotavirus infection. The use of N-acetylcysteine, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and PPARγ agonists to inhibit rotavirus infection opens a new way for treating the rotavirus-induced diarrhea and complementing vaccines.
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Walsh P, Behrens N, Carvallo Chaigneau FR, McEligot H, Agrawal K, Newman JW, Anderson M, Gershwin LJ. A Randomized Placebo Controlled Trial of Ibuprofen for Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in a Bovine Model. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152913. [PMID: 27073858 PMCID: PMC4830518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of bronchiolitis and hospital admission in infants. An analogous disease occurs in cattle and costs US agriculture a billion dollars a year. RSV causes much of its morbidity indirectly via adverse effects of the host response to the virus. RSV is accompanied by elevated prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) which is followed by neutrophil led inflammation in the lung. Ibuprofen is a prototypical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that decreases PGE2 levels by inhibiting cyclooxygenase. Hypotheses We hypothesized that treatment of RSV with ibuprofen would decrease PGE2 levels, modulate the immune response, decrease clinical illness, and decrease the histopathological lung changes in a bovine model of RSV. We further hypothesized that viral replication would be unaffected. Methods We performed a randomized placebo controlled trial of ibuprofen in 16 outbred Holstein calves that we infected with RSV. We measured clinical scores, cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase and endocannabinoid products in plasma and mediastinal lymph nodes and interleukin (Il)-4, Il-13, Il-17 and interferon-γ in mediastinal lymph nodes. RSV shedding was measured daily and nasal Il-6, Il-8 and Il-17 every other day. The calves were necropsied on Day 10 post inoculation and histology performed. Results One calf in the ibuprofen group required euthanasia on Day 8 of infection for respiratory distress. Clinical scores (p<0.01) and weight gain (p = 0.08) seemed better in the ibuprofen group. Ibuprofen decreased cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase, and cytochrome P450 products, and increased monoacylglycerols in lung lymph nodes. Ibuprofen modulated the immune response as measured by narrowed range of observed Il-13, Il-17 and IFN-γ gene expression in mediastinal lymph nodes. Lung histology was not different between groups, and viral shedding was increased in calves randomized to ibuprofen. Conclusions Ibuprofen decreased PGE2, modulated the immune response, and improved clinical outcomes. However lung histopathology was not affected and viral shedding was increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Walsh
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Sutter Medical Center Sacramento, Sacramento, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Nicole Behrens
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Francisco R. Carvallo Chaigneau
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, San Bernardino branch, 105 W Central Ave, San Bernardino, California, United States of America
| | - Heather McEligot
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Karan Agrawal
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, 95616 California, United States of America
- NIH West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - John W. Newman
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, 95616 California, United States of America
- NIH West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Mark Anderson
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, 620 W. Health Sciences Drive, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Laurel J. Gershwin
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, California, United States of America
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Procario MC, McCarthy MK, Levine RE, Molloy CT, Weinberg JB. Prostaglandin E2 production during neonatal respiratory infection with mouse adenovirus type 1. Virus Res 2016; 214:26-32. [PMID: 26795547 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal mice are more susceptible than adults to mouse adenovirus type 1 (MAV1) respiratory infection. In adult mice, MAV-1 respiratory infection induces production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a lipid mediator that exerts suppressive effects on a variety of host immune functions. We tested the hypothesis that exaggerated PGE2 production in neonatal mice contributes to increased susceptibility to MAV-1. PGE2 concentrations were lower in lungs of uninfected neonatal mice than in adults. PGE2 production was induced by both MAV-1 and a nonspecific stimulus to a greater degree in neonatal mice than in adults, but only in adults was PGE2 induced in a virus-specific manner. Lung viral loads were equivalent in PGE2-deficient neonatal mice and wild type controls, as was virus-induced expression of IFN-γ, IL-17A, and CCL5 in the lungs. PGE2 deficiency had minimal effect on production of virus-specific IgG or establishment of protective immunity in neonatal mice. Collectively, our data indicate that lung PGE2 production is exaggerated early in life, but this effect does not mediate increased susceptibility to MAV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan C Procario
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Mary K McCarthy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Rachael E Levine
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Caitlyn T Molloy
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jason B Weinberg
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
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Abstract
The immune response comprises not only pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory pathways but also pro-resolution mechanisms that serve to balance the need of the host to target microbial pathogens while preventing excess inflammation and bystander tissue damage. Specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) are enzymatically derived from essential fatty acids to serve as a novel class of immunoresolvents that limit acute responses and orchestrate the clearance of tissue pathogens, dying cells and debris from the battlefield of infectious inflammation. SPMs are composed of lipoxins, E-series and D-series resolvins, protectins and maresins. Individual members of the SPM family serve as agonists at cognate receptors to induce cell-type specific responses. Important regulatory roles for SPMs have been uncovered in host responses to several microorganisms, including bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic pathogens. SPMs also promote the resolution of non-infectious inflammation and tissue injury. Defects in host SPM pathways contribute to the development of chronic inflammatory diseases. With the capacity to enhance host defence and modulate inflammation, SPMs represent a promising translational approach to enlist host resolution programmes for the treatment of infection and excess inflammation.
Here, the authors detail our current understanding of specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), a family of endogenous mediators that have important roles in promoting the resolution of inflammation. With a focus on the lungs, they discuss the contribution of SPMs to infectious and chronic inflammatory diseases and their emerging therapeutic potential. Specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) are enzymatically derived from essential fatty acids and have important roles in orchestrating the resolution of tissue inflammation — that is, catabasis. Host responses to tissue infection elicit acute inflammation in an attempt to control invading pathogens. SPMs are lipid mediators that are part of a larger family of pro-resolving molecules, which includes proteins and gases, that together restrain inflammation and resolve the infection. These immunoresolvents are distinct from immunosuppressive molecules as they not only dampen inflammation but also promote host defence. Here, we focus primarily on SPMs and their roles in lung infection and inflammation to illustrate the potent actions these mediators play in restoring tissue homeostasis after an infection.
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Abstract
An effective host defense mechanism involves inflammation to eliminate pathogens from the site of infection, followed by the resolution of inflammation and the restoration of tissue homeostasis. Lipoxins are endogenous anti-inflammatory, pro-resolving molecules that play a vital role in reducing excessive tissue injury and chronic inflammation. In this review, the mechanisms of action of lipoxins at the site of inflammation and their interaction with other cellular signaling molecules and transcription factors are discussed. Emphasis has also been placed on immune modulatory role(s) of lipoxins. Lipoxins regulate components of both the innate and adaptive immune systems including neutrophils, macrophages, T-, and B-cells. Lipoxins also modulate levels of various transcription factors such as nuclear factor κB, activator protein-1, nerve growth factor-regulated factor 1A binding protein 1, and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ and control the expression of many inflammatory genes. Since lipoxins and aspirin-triggered lipoxins have clinical relevance, we discuss their important role in clinical research to treat a wide range of diseases like inflammatory disorders, renal fibrosis, cerebral ischemia, and cancer. A brief overview of lipoxins in viral malignancies and viral pathogenesis especially the unexplored role of lipoxins in Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpes virus biology is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayashree A Chandrasekharan
- HM Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Neelam Sharma-Walia
- HM Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
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Shirey KA, Lai W, Pletneva LM, Finkelman FD, Feola DJ, Blanco JCG, Vogel SN. Agents that increase AAM differentiation blunt RSV-mediated lung pathology. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 96:951-5. [PMID: 25009233 PMCID: PMC4226793 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4hi0414-226r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
RSV is the most significant cause of serious lower respiratory tract infection in infants and young children worldwide. There is currently no vaccine for the virus, and antiviral therapy (e.g., ribavirin) has shown no efficacy against the disease. We reported that alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs) mediate resolution of RSV-induced pathology. AAM differentiation requires macrophage-derived IL-4 and -13, autocrine/paracrine signaling through the type I IL-4 receptor, and STAT6 activation. Based on these findings, we reasoned that it would be possible to intervene therapeutically in RSV disease by increasing AAM differentiation, thereby decreasing lung pathology. Mice treated with the IL-4/anti-IL-4 immune complexes, shown previously to sustain levels of circulating IL-4, increased the RSV-induced AAM markers arginase-1 and mannose receptor and decreased the lung pathology. Induction of PPARγ, shown to play a role in AAM development, by the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone or treatment of mice with the macrolide antibiotic AZM, also reported to skew macrophage differentiation to an AAM phenotype, increased the AAM markers and mitigated RSV-induced lung pathology. Collectively, our data suggest that therapeutic manipulation of macrophage differentiation to enhance the AAM phenotype is a viable approach for ameliorating RSV-induced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Ann Shirey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Wendy Lai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Fred D Finkelman
- Department of Medicine, Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; and
| | - David J Feola
- University of Kentucky, College of Pharmacy, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | | | - Stefanie N Vogel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA;
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Shirey KA, Lai W, Pletneva LM, Karp CL, Divanovic S, Blanco JCG, Vogel SN. Role of the lipoxygenase pathway in RSV-induced alternatively activated macrophages leading to resolution of lung pathology. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:549-57. [PMID: 24064666 PMCID: PMC3965659 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Resolution of severe Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)-induced bronchiolitis is mediated by alternatively activated macrophages (AA-Mφ) that counteract cyclooxygenase (COX)-2-induced lung pathology. Herein, we report that RSV infection of 5-lipoxygenase (LO)(-/-) and 15-LO(-/-) macrophages or mice failed to elicit AA-Mφ differentiation and concomitantly exhibited increased COX-2 expression. Further, RSV infection of 5-LO(-/-) mice resulted in enhanced lung pathology. Pharmacologic inhibition of 5-LO or 15-LO also blocked differentiation of RSV-induced AA-Mφ in vitro and, conversely, treatment of 5-LO(-/-) macrophages with downstream products, lipoxin A4 and resolvin E1, but not leukotriene B4 or leukotriene D4, partially restored expression of AA-Mφ markers. Indomethacin blockade of COX activity in RSV-infected macrophages increased 5-LO and 15-LO, as well as arginase-1 mRNA expression. Treatment of RSV-infected mice with indomethacin also resulted not only in enhanced lung arginase-1 mRNA expression and decreased COX-2, but also decreased lung pathology in RSV-infected 5-LO(-/-) mice. Treatment of RSV-infected cotton rats with a COX-2-specific inhibitor resulted in enhanced lung 5-LO mRNA and AA-Mφ marker expression. Together, these data suggest a novel therapeutic approach for RSV that promotes AA-Mφ differentiation by activating the 5-LO pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Ann Shirey
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wendy Lai
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Christopher L. Karp
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Senad Divanovic
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Stefanie N. Vogel
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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McCarthy MK, Levine RE, Procario MC, McDonnell PJ, Zhu L, Mancuso P, Crofford LJ, Aronoff DM, Weinberg JB. Prostaglandin E2 induction during mouse adenovirus type 1 respiratory infection regulates inflammatory mediator generation but does not affect viral pathogenesis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77628. [PMID: 24147040 PMCID: PMC3797793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viruses cause substantial disease and are a significant healthcare burden. Virus-induced inflammation can be detrimental to the host, causing symptoms during acute infection and leading to damage that contributes to long-term residual lung disease. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a lipid mediator that is increased in response to many viral infections, and inhibition of PGE2 production during respiratory viral infection often leads to a decreased inflammatory response. We tested the hypothesis that PGE2 promotes inflammatory responses to mouse adenovirus type 1 (MAV-1) respiratory infection. Acute MAV-1 infection increased COX-2 expression and PGE2 production in wild type mice. Deficiency of the E prostanoid 2 receptor had no apparent effect on MAV-1 pathogenesis. Virus-induced induction of PGE2, IFN-γ, CXCL1, and CCL5 was reduced in mice deficient in microsomal PGE synthase-1 (mPGES-1-/- mice). However, there were no differences between mPGES-1+/+ and mPGES-1-/- mice in viral replication, recruitment of leukocytes to airways or lung inflammation. Infection of both mPGES‑1+/+ and mPGES-1-/- mice led to protection against reinfection. Thus, while PGE2 promotes the expression of a variety of cytokines in response to acute MAV-1 infection, PGE2 synthesis does not appear to be essential for generating pulmonary immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K. McCarthy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Rachael E. Levine
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Megan C. Procario
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Peter J. McDonnell
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Lingqiao Zhu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Peter Mancuso
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Leslie J. Crofford
- Department of Internal Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - David M. Aronoff
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jason B. Weinberg
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Obata K, Kojima T, Masaki T, Okabayashi T, Yokota S, Hirakawa S, Nomura K, Takasawa A, Murata M, Tanaka S, Fuchimoto J, Fujii N, Tsutsumi H, Himi T, Sawada N. Curcumin prevents replication of respiratory syncytial virus and the epithelial responses to it in human nasal epithelial cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70225. [PMID: 24058438 PMCID: PMC3776807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The human nasal epithelium is the first line of defense during respiratory virus infection. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the major cause of bronchitis, asthma and severe lower respiratory tract disease in infants and young children. We previously reported in human nasal epithelial cells (HNECs), the replication and budding of RSV and the epithelial responses, including release of proinflammatory cytokines and enhancement of the tight junctions, are in part regulated via an NF-κB pathway. In this study, we investigated the effects of the NF-κB in HNECs infected with RSV. Curcumin prevented the replication and budding of RSV and the epithelial responses to it without cytotoxicity. Furthermore, the upregulation of the epithelial barrier function caused by infection with RSV was enhanced by curcumin. Curcumin also has wide pharmacokinetic effects as an inhibitor of NF-κB, eIF-2α dephosphorylation, proteasome and COX2. RSV-infected HNECs were treated with the eIF-2α dephosphorylation blocker salubrinal and the proteasome inhibitor MG132, and inhibitors of COX1 and COX2. Treatment with salubrinal, MG132 and COX2 inhibitor, like curcumin, prevented the replication of RSV and the epithelial responses, and treatment with salubrinal and MG132 enhanced the upregulation of tight junction molecules induced by infection with RSV. These results suggest that curcumin can prevent the replication of RSV and the epithelial responses to it without cytotoxicity and may act as therapy for severe lower respiratory tract disease in infants and young children caused by RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazufumi Obata
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takashi Kojima
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Cell Science, Research Institute of Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Tomoyuki Masaki
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tamaki Okabayashi
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Shinichi Yokota
- Department of Microbiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hirakawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Nomura
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akira Takasawa
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masaki Murata
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tanaka
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jun Fuchimoto
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Fujii
- Department of Microbiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsutsumi
- Department of Pediatrics, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Himi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Norimasa Sawada
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Kirkby NS, Zaiss AK, Wright WR, Jiao J, Chan MV, Warner TD, Herschman HR, Mitchell JA. Differential COX-2 induction by viral and bacterial PAMPs: Consequences for cytokine and interferon responses and implications for anti-viral COX-2 directed therapies. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 438:249-56. [PMID: 23850620 PMCID: PMC3759847 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We report interactions of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) with COX enzymes in vivo. COX-2 was broadly induced by LPS (TLR4) but more locally by poly(I:C) (TLR3). COX-1/2 deletion modified the response to TLR activation in a TLR-specific manner. COX-2 deletion enhanced interferon responses to viral-type TLR3/7/9 ligands. COX-2 inhibition could provide a novel anti-viral therapeutic strategy.
Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX)-2 is induced by bacterial and viral infections and has complex, poorly understood roles in anti-pathogen immunity. Here, we use a knock-in luciferase reporter model to image Cox2 expression across a range of tissues in mice following treatment with the either the prototypical bacterial pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), LPS, which activates Toll-like receptor (TLR)4, or with poly(I:C), a viral PAMP, which activates TLR3. LPS induced Cox2 expression in all tissues examined. In contrast, poly(I:C) elicited a milder response, limited to a subset of tissues. A panel of cytokines and interferons was measured in plasma of wild-type, Cox1−/− and Cox2−/− mice treated with LPS, poly(I:C), MALP2 (TLR2/6), Pam3CSK4 (TLR2/1), R-848 (TLR7/8) or CpG ODN (TLR9), to establish whether/how each COX isoform modulates specific PAMP/TLR responses. Only LPS induced notable loss of condition in mice (inactivity, hunching, piloerection). However, all TLR agonists produced cytokine responses, many of which were modulated in specific fashions by Cox1 or Cox2 gene deletion. Notably we observed opposing effects of Cox2 gene deletion on the responses to the bacterial PAMP, LPS, and the viral PAMP, poly(I:C), consistent with the differing abilities of the PAMPs to induce Cox2 expression. Cox2 gene deletion limited the plasma IL-1β and interferon-γ responses and hypothermia produced by LPS. In contrast, in response to poly(I:C), Cox2−/− mice exhibited enhanced plasma interferon (IFNα,β,γ,λ) and related cytokine responses (IP-10, IL-12). These observations suggest that a COX-2 selective inhibitor, given early in infection, may enhance and/or prolong endogenous interferon responses, and thereby increase anti-viral immunity.
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Sun L, Cornell TT, LeVine A, Berlin AA, Hinkovska-Galcheva V, Fleszar AJ, Lukacs NW, Shanley TP. Dual role of interleukin-10 in the regulation of respiratory syncitial virus (RSV)-induced lung inflammation. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 172:263-79. [PMID: 23574323 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
RSV lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) are among the most common diseases necessitating hospital admission in children. In addition to causing acute respiratory failure, RSV infections are associated with sequelae such as secondary bacterial infections and reactive airway disease. One characteristic host response observed in severe RSV-induced LRTI and/or subsequent development of asthma is increased expression of interleukin (IL)-10. However, contradictory results have been reported regarding whether IL-10 inhibits asthmatic responses or intensifies the disease. We aimed to reconcile these discordant observations by elucidating the role of IL-10 in regulating the host response to RSV LRTI. In this study, we used a lung-specific, inducible IL-10 over-expression (OE) transgenic mouse model to address this question. Our results showed that the presence of IL-10 at the time of RSV infection not only attenuated acute inflammatory process (i.e. 24 h post-infection), but also late inflammatory changes [characterized by T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokine and chemokine expression]. While this result appears contradictory to some clinical observations where elevated IL-10 levels are observed in asthmatic patients, we also found that delaying IL-10 OE until the late immune response to RSV infection, additive effects rather than inhibitory effects were observed. Importantly, in non-infected, IL-10 OE mice, IL-10 OE alone induced up-regulation of Th2 cytokine (IL-13 and IL-5) and Th2-related chemokine [monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3 (CCL3) and regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES)] expression. We identified a subset of CD11b(+)CD11c(+)CD49b(+)F4/80(-)Gr-1(-) myeloid cells as a prinicipal source of IL-10-induced IL-13 production. Therefore, the augmented pathological responses observed in our 'delayed' IL-10 over-expression model could be attributed to IL-10 OE alone. Taken together, our study indicated dual roles of IL-10 on RSV-induced lung inflammation which appear to depend upon the timing of when elevated IL-10 is expressed in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sun
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, C.S Mott Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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37
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The cotton rat Sigmodon hispidus model of respiratory syncytial virus infection. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2013; 372:347-58. [PMID: 24362698 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-38919-1_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The cotton rat Sigmodon hispidus is a New World rodent that has become an important model of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. This small animal is relatively permissive to RSV and can be infected throughout life. It recapitulates the pathology associated with the FI-RSV vaccine-enhanced disease, the phenomenon of maternally transmitted immunity and the ability of passive immunity to suppress efficacy of RSV vaccines. Different highly susceptible human cohort scenarios have been modeled in the cotton rat, including RSV disease in infants, elderly, and immunosuppressed individuals. The cotton rat has accurately predicted efficacy and dose of antibody immunoprophylaxis, and the lack of efficacy of antibody immunotherapy for disease treatment. With the recent development of molecular reagents and tools for the model, the cotton rat is an important model of RSV infection to consider for vaccine and drug testing, and will continue to advance our understanding of RSV disease pathogenesis.
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Santos SV, Strefezzi RF, Pissinatti A, Takakura CFH, Kanamura C, Duarte MIS, Catão-Dias JL. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) pneumonia in a southern muriqui (Brachyteles arachnoides). J Med Primatol 2012; 41:403-6. [PMID: 22931057 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An adult male Brachyteles arachanoides, kept in captivity since 1990, was found dead without apparent clinical evidence. METHODS Necropsy report, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and ultrastructural examination were conducted. RESULTS Pulmonary syncytial cells were positive for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and ultrastructural examination revealed viral particles inside macrophages compatible with the Paramyxoviridae family. CONCLUSIONS Muriquis are susceptible to RSV pneumonia followed by respiratory distress syndrome and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Santos
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo (FMVZ-USP), São Paulo, Brazil
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McCarthy MK, Weinberg JB. Eicosanoids and respiratory viral infection: coordinators of inflammation and potential therapeutic targets. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:236345. [PMID: 22665949 PMCID: PMC3362132 DOI: 10.1155/2012/236345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are frequent causes of respiratory infection, and viral respiratory infections are significant causes of hospitalization, morbidity, and sometimes mortality in a variety of patient populations. Lung inflammation induced by infection with common respiratory pathogens such as influenza and respiratory syncytial virus is accompanied by increased lung production of prostaglandins and leukotrienes, lipid mediators with a wide range of effects on host immune function. Deficiency or pharmacologic inhibition of prostaglandin and leukotriene production often results in a dampened inflammatory response to acute infection with a respiratory virus. These mediators may, therefore, serve as appealing therapeutic targets for disease caused by respiratory viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K. McCarthy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jason B. Weinberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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40
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Griggs KM, Forsyth KD, Dixon DL. Nasopharyngeal prostaglandin E(2) in infant bronchiolitis. Exp Lung Res 2011; 37:600-5. [PMID: 22044353 DOI: 10.3109/01902148.2011.622427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism by which severe bronchiolitis can result in the development of recurrent childhood wheeze is unclear. However, mucosal inflammation and immune activation may play a major role. Prostaglandin (PG) E(2) has been highlighted as a possible therapeutic target for both the treatment of bronchiolitis and the prevention of subsequent airway hyperresponsiveness. The aim of this pilot study was to examine PGE(2) in the airways of infants hospitalised with bronchiolitis. Nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPA) were collected from 18 infants within 12 hours of admission and assayed by enzyme immunoassays for PGE(2), interleukin (IL)-10, and IL-12, as well as cyclooxygenase (COX) 1 and 2 activity. NPA PGE(2) concentration correlated with length of illness preadmission, but was not related to disease severity, causal virus, or IL-10. NPA COX 1 and 2 activity and IL-12 were all below the level of detection. Neither NPA PGE(2) nor disease severity was related to development of recurrent wheeze over 3 years following bronchiolitis. These data suggest that nasopharygeal PGE(2) at hospital admission may be neither directly causal or diagnostic of severity of infant bronchiolitis, or prognostic of development of recurrent wheeze. However, large-cohort temporal examinations are required to adequately define this mediator as a therapeutic target for bronchiolitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim M Griggs
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
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41
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Plüddemann A, Mukhopadhyay S, Gordon S. Innate immunity to intracellular pathogens: macrophage receptors and responses to microbial entry. Immunol Rev 2011; 240:11-24. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2010.00989.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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42
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Westerly BD, Peebles RS. Respiratory syncytial virus infections in the adult asthmatic--mechanisms of host susceptibility and viral subversion. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2010; 30:523-39, vi-vii. [PMID: 21029936 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2010.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a single-stranded RNA virus of the Paramyxoviridae family, is a major cause of bronchiolitis in infants and is also conjectured to be an early-life influence on the development of asthma. Although the data supporting a role for RSV in bronchiolitis in children are robust and evidence to support its role in juvenile asthmatics exists, RSV's role in asthma pathogenesis in adults is not as clearly defined. The authors review the literature to further elucidate RSV's impact on adult asthmatics, including its importance as a cause of asthma exacerbations. They examine the morbidity associated with RSV infection and how the immune response may differ between adult asthmatics and nonasthmatics. They review the responses by specific cell types from adults with asthma that are stimulated by RSV. They also consider the role of early-life exposure to RSV and its contribution to asthma in adults. Lastly, they review the mechanisms by which RSV evades normal host immune responses and subverts these responses to its benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blair D Westerly
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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43
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Goldmann O, Hertzén E, Hecht A, Schmidt H, Lehne S, Norrby-Teglund A, Medina E. Inducible cyclooxygenase released prostaglandin E2 modulates the severity of infection caused by Streptococcus pyogenes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:2372-81. [PMID: 20644176 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes is a significant human pathogen that can cause life-threatening invasive infections. Understanding the mechanism of disease is crucial to the development of more effective therapies. In this report, we explored the role of PGE(2), an arachidonic acid metabolite, and its rate-limiting enzyme cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) in the pathogenesis of severe S. pyogenes infections. We found that the COX-2 expression levels in tissue biopsies from S. pyogenes-infected patients, as well as in tissue of experimentally infected mice, strongly correlated with the severity of infection. This harmful effect was attributed to PGE(2)-mediated suppression of the bactericidial activity of macrophages through interaction with the G2-coupled E prostanoid receptor. The suppressive effect of PGE(2) was associated with enhanced intracellular cAMP production and was mimicked by the cAMP-elevating agent, forskolin. Activation of protein kinase A (PKA) was the downstream effector mechanisms of cAMP because treatment with PKI(14-22), a highly specific inhibitor of PKA, prevented the PGE(2)-mediated inhibition of S. pyogenes killing in macrophages. The inhibitory effect exerted by PKA in the generation of antimicrobial oxygen radical species seems to be the ultimate effector mechanism responsible for the PGE(2)-mediated downregulation of the macrophage bactericidal activity. Importantly, either genetic ablation of COX-2, pharmacological inhibition of COX-2 or treatment with the G2-coupled E prostanoid antagonist, AH6809, significantly improved the disease outcome in S. pyogenes infected mice. Therefore, the results of this study open up new perspectives on potential molecular pathways that are prone to pharmacological manipulation during severe streptococcal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Goldmann
- Infection Immunology Research Group, Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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Blanco JCG, Boukhvalova MS, Shirey KA, Prince GA, Vogel SN. New insights for development of a safe and protective RSV vaccine. HUMAN VACCINES 2010; 6:482-92. [PMID: 20671419 PMCID: PMC2965816 DOI: 10.4161/hv.6.6.11562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is the leading cause of pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants and children <1 year old, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. There is currently no RSV vaccine. In the 1960s, a formalin-inactivated RSV (FI-RSV) vaccine trial led to exacerbated disease upon natural infection of vaccinees, including two deaths. The causes involved in the disastrous results of these vaccine trials are still unclear but they remain the engine for searching new avenues to develop a safe vaccine that can provide long-term protection against this important pathogen. This article reviews some of the early history of RSV vaccine development,as well as more recent information on the interaction between RSV and the host innate and adaptive immune responses. A safe and efficacious vaccine for RSV will require "re-education" of the host immune response against RSV to prevent vaccine-enhanced or severe RSV disease.
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45
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Gordon S, Martinez FO. Alternative activation of macrophages: mechanism and functions. Immunity 2010; 32:593-604. [PMID: 20510870 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2010.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2915] [Impact Index Per Article: 208.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Revised: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The concept of an alternative pathway of macrophage activation has stimulated interest in its definition, mechanism, and functional significance in homeostasis and disease. We assess recent research in this field, argue for a restricted definition, and explore pathways by which the T helper 2 (Th2) cell cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13 mediate their effects on macrophage cell biology, their biosynthesis, and responses to a normal and pathological microenvironment. The stage is now set to gain deeper insights into the role of alternatively activated macrophages in immunobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siamon Gordon
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK.
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46
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Shirey KA, Pletneva LM, Puche AC, Keegan AD, Prince GA, Blanco JC, Vogel SN. Control of RSV-induced lung injury by alternatively activated macrophages is IL-4R alpha-, TLR4-, and IFN-beta-dependent. Mucosal Immunol 2010; 3:291-300. [PMID: 20404812 PMCID: PMC2875872 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2010.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-induced bronchiolitis has been associated with a mixed "Th1" and "Th2" cytokine storm. We hypothesized that differentiation of "alternatively activated" macrophages (AA-M phi) would mediate the resolution of RSV-induced lung injury. RSV induced interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 by murine lung and peritoneal macrophages, IL-4R alpha/STAT6-dependent AA-M phi differentiation, and significantly enhanced inflammation in the lungs of IL-4R alpha(-/-) mice. Adoptive transfer of wildtype macrophages to IL-4R alpha(-/-) mice restored RSV-inducible AA-M phi phenotype and diminished lung pathology. RSV-infected Toll-like receptor (TLR)4(-/-) and interferon (IFN)-beta(-/-) macrophages and mice also failed to express AA-M phi markers, but exhibited sustained proinflammatory cytokine production (e.g., IL-12) in vitro and in vivo and epithelial damage in vivo. TLR4 signaling is required for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma expression, a DNA-binding protein that induces AA-M phi genes, whereas IFN-beta regulates IL-4, IL-13, IL-4R alpha, and IL-10 expression in response to RSV. RSV-infected cotton rats treated with a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor increased expression of lung AA-M phi. These data suggest new treatment strategies for RSV that promote AA-M phi differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Ann Shirey
- Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore (UMB), Baltimore, MD 21201; USA
| | | | - Adam C. Puche
- Dept. of Anatomy and Neurobiology; University of Maryland, Baltimore (UMB), Baltimore, MD 21201; USA
| | - Achsah D. Keegan
- Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore (UMB), Baltimore, MD 21201; USA
| | | | | | - Stefanie N. Vogel
- Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore (UMB), Baltimore, MD 21201; USA
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Radi ZA, Meyerholz DK, Ackermann MR. Pulmonary cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and COX-2 cellular expression and distribution after respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus infection. Viral Immunol 2010; 23:43-8. [PMID: 20121401 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2009.0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandins (PGs) play an important role in pulmonary physiology and various pathophysiological processes following infection. The initial step in the biosynthesis of PGs is regulated by two distinct cyclooxygenase enzymes, cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and COX-2. The goal of this study was to investigate the pulmonary cellular localization and distribution of COX-1 and COX-2 in a neonatal lamb model following respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and parainfluenza virus 3 (PI3) infection, organisms that also cause significant respiratory disease in children. No significant differences were seen in pulmonary COX-1 expression at various microanatomical locations following RSV or PI3 infection compared to controls. In contrast, COX-2 was upregulated following RSV and PI3 infection. Strong expression was restricted to bronchial and bronchiolar epithelial cells and macrophages, while minimal expression was present in the same microanatomical locations in the uninfected lungs. Other microanatomical locations in both the controls and the infected lungs lacked expression. This work suggests that during RSV or PI3 infection: (1) COX-1 cellular expression is not altered, (2) COX-2 cellular expression is upregulated in airway bronchiolar and bronchial epithelial cells and macrophages, (3) respiratory epithelium along with macrophages are important microanatomical compartments regulating the host inflammatory response during viral infection, and (4) COX-2 may be a potential target for RSV and PI3 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaher A Radi
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Global Research and Development, St. Louis Laboratories, St. Louis, Missouri 63017, USA.
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48
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Oshansky CM, Zhang W, Moore E, Tripp RA. The host response and molecular pathogenesis associated with respiratory syncytial virus infection. Future Microbiol 2009; 4:279-97. [PMID: 19327115 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.09.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the isolation of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in 1956, its significance as an important human pathogen in infants, the elderly and the immunocompromised has been established. Many important mechanisms contributing to RSV infection, replication and disease pathogenesis have been uncovered; however, there is still insufficient knowledge in these and related areas, which must be addressed to facilitate the development of safe and effective vaccines and therapeutic treatments. A better understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of RSV infection, particularly the host-cell response and transcription profiles to RSV infection, is required to advance disease intervention strategies. Substantial information is accumulating regarding how RSV proteins modulate molecular signaling and regulation of cytokine and chemokine responses to infection, molecular signals regulating programmed cell death, and innate and adaptive immune responses to infection. This review discusses RSV manipulation of the host response to infection and related disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Oshansky
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Hashimoto K, Ishibashi K, Gebretsadik T, Hartert TV, Yamamoto A, Nakayama T, Ohashi K, Sakata H, Kawasaki Y, Katayose M, Sakuma H, Suzuki H, Hosoya M, Peebles RS, Suzutani T. Functional polymorphism of the promoter region of the prostacyclin synthase gene and severity of RSV infection in hospitalized children. J Med Virol 2008; 80:2015-22. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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50
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Differential effects of triptolide and tetrandrine on activation of COX-2, NF-kappaB, and AP-1 and virus production in dengue virus-infected human lung cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 589:288-98. [PMID: 18565510 PMCID: PMC7094504 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2007] [Revised: 04/09/2008] [Accepted: 04/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Most virus infections induce cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and subsequent prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production in cells, an inflammatory response that might be detrimental to virus replication and pathogenesis. This response in dengue virus infection remains to be elucidated. Triptolide and tetrandrine, compounds derived from two commonly used Chinese herbs, both demonstrate anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects partly through modulation of COX-2 expression and, hence, may have antiviral effects. In this study, we examined, firstly, the immune response to dengue virus infection with respect to COX-2 expression and PGE2 production in human lung cells (A549), liver cells (HepG2) and dendritic cells. Secondly, we assessed the potential antiviral effects of triptolide and tetrandrine on dengue virus infection vis-à-vis expression of COX-2, PGE2, transcription factors, as well as virus production. We found that dengue virus infection enhanced COX-2 expression and PGE2 production in A549 cells, similarly to the response in dendritic cells, but not in HepG2 cells. In dengue virus-infected A549 cells, nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and activator protein 1 (AP-1) were also activated, and both were dose-dependently inhibited by triptolide (0.5–4 ng/ml). Tetrandrine (1–10 μM) had no similar immunosuppressive effects and, moreover, at higher concentrations, enhanced NF-κB and AP-1 activity, COX-2 expression and PGE2 production. However, unexpectedly, tetrandrine, but not triptolide, dose-dependently suppressed dengue virus production in A549 cells, independent of PGE2 level. Our findings imply that triptolide and tetrandrine may attenuate dengue virus infection in human lung cells, but through distinct pathways.
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