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Benito JM, Jiménez-Carretero D, Restrepo C, Ligos JM, Valentín-Quiroga J, Mahillo I, Cabello A, López-Collazo E, Sánchez-Cabo F, Górgolas M, Estrada V, Rallón N. T Cell Homeostasis Disturbances in a Cohort of Long-Term Elite Controllers of HIV Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5937. [PMID: 38892124 PMCID: PMC11172696 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Elite controllers (ECs) are people living with HIV (PLWH) able to control HIV replication without antiretroviral therapy and have been proposed as a model of a functional HIV cure. Much evidence suggests that this spontaneous control of HIV has a cost in terms of T cell homeostasis alterations. We performed a deep phenotypic study to obtain insight into T cell homeostasis disturbances in ECs maintaining long-term virologic and immunologic control of HIV (long-term elite controllers; LTECs). Forty-seven PLWH were included: 22 LTECs, 15 non-controllers under successful antiretroviral therapy (onART), and 10 non-controllers not receiving ART (offART). Twenty uninfected participants (UCs) were included as a reference. T cell homeostasis was analyzed by spectral flow cytometry and data were analyzed using dimensionality reduction and clustering using R software v3.3.2. Dimensionality reduction and clustering yielded 57 and 54 different CD4 and CD8 T cell clusters, respectively. The offART group showed the highest perturbation of T cell homeostasis, with 18 CD4 clusters and 15 CD8 clusters significantly different from those of UCs. Most of these alterations were reverted in the onART group. Interestingly, LTECs presented several disturbances of T cell homeostasis with 15 CD4 clusters and 13 CD8 clusters different from UC. Moreover, there was a specific profile of T cell homeostasis alterations associated with LTECs, characterized by increases in clusters of naïve T cells, increases in clusters of non-senescent effector CD8 cells, and increases in clusters of central memory CD4 cells. These results demonstrate that, compared to ART-mediated control of HIV, the spontaneous control of HIV is associated with several disturbances in CD4 and CD8 T cell homeostasis. These alterations could be related to the existence of a potent and efficient virus-specific T cell response, and to the ability to halt disease progression by maintaining an adequate pool of CD4 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M. Benito
- HIV and Viral Hepatitis Research Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.R.); (N.R.)
- Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Móstoles, Spain
| | - Daniel Jiménez-Carretero
- Unidad de Bioinformática, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (D.J.-C.); (F.S.-C.)
| | - Clara Restrepo
- HIV and Viral Hepatitis Research Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.R.); (N.R.)
- Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Móstoles, Spain
| | | | - Jaime Valentín-Quiroga
- Grupo de Respuesta Inmune Innata, IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, 28046 Madrid, Spain; (J.V.-Q.); (E.L.-C.)
| | - Ignacio Mahillo
- Department of Statistics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Alfonso Cabello
- Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.); (M.G.)
| | - Eduardo López-Collazo
- Grupo de Respuesta Inmune Innata, IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, 28046 Madrid, Spain; (J.V.-Q.); (E.L.-C.)
| | - Fátima Sánchez-Cabo
- Unidad de Bioinformática, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (D.J.-C.); (F.S.-C.)
| | - Miguel Górgolas
- Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.); (M.G.)
| | - Vicente Estrada
- Hospital Universitario Clínico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Norma Rallón
- HIV and Viral Hepatitis Research Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.R.); (N.R.)
- Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Móstoles, Spain
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2
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Claireaux M, Robinot R, Kervevan J, Patgaonkar M, Staropoli I, Brelot A, Nouël A, Gellenoncourt S, Tang X, Héry M, Volant S, Perthame E, Avettand-Fenoël V, Buchrieser J, Cokelaer T, Bouchier C, Ma L, Boufassa F, Hendou S, Libri V, Hasan M, Zucman D, de Truchis P, Schwartz O, Lambotte O, Chakrabarti LA. Low CCR5 expression protects HIV-specific CD4+ T cells of elite controllers from viral entry. Nat Commun 2022; 13:521. [PMID: 35082297 PMCID: PMC8792008 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28130-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV elite controllers maintain a population of CD4 + T cells endowed with high avidity for Gag antigens and potent effector functions. How these HIV-specific cells avoid infection and depletion upon encounter with the virus remains incompletely understood. Ex vivo characterization of single Gag-specific CD4 + T cells reveals an advanced Th1 differentiation pattern in controllers, except for the CCR5 marker, which is downregulated compared to specific cells of treated patients. Accordingly, controller specific CD4 + T cells show decreased susceptibility to CCR5-dependent HIV entry. Two controllers carried biallelic mutations impairing CCR5 surface expression, indicating that in rare cases CCR5 downregulation can have a direct genetic cause. Increased expression of β-chemokine ligands upon high-avidity antigen/TCR interactions contributes to autocrine CCR5 downregulation in controllers without CCR5 mutations. These findings suggest that genetic and functional regulation of the primary HIV coreceptor CCR5 play a key role in promoting natural HIV control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Claireaux
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Rémy Robinot
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Kervevan
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Mandar Patgaonkar
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Staropoli
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Anne Brelot
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Nouël
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Stacy Gellenoncourt
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Xian Tang
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Héry
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Stevenn Volant
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, Department of Computational Biology, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Emeline Perthame
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, Department of Computational Biology, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Avettand-Fenoël
- AP-HP Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Laboratoire de Microbiologie clinique, Paris, France.,CNRS 8104, INSERM U1016, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
| | - Julian Buchrieser
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Cokelaer
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, Department of Computational Biology, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Biomics Platform, C2RT, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Christiane Bouchier
- Biomics Platform, C2RT, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Ma
- Biomics Platform, C2RT, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Faroudy Boufassa
- INSERM U1018, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Samia Hendou
- INSERM U1018, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Valentina Libri
- Cytometry and Biomarkers (CB UTechS), Translational Research Center, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Milena Hasan
- Cytometry and Biomarkers (CB UTechS), Translational Research Center, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Pierre de Truchis
- AP-HP, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Garches, France
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Lambotte
- INSERM U1184, Université Paris Sud, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,AP-HP, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Paris Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Lisa A Chakrabarti
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France. .,CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France.
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3
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Kervevan J, Chakrabarti LA. Role of CD4+ T Cells in the Control of Viral Infections: Recent Advances and Open Questions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E523. [PMID: 33430234 PMCID: PMC7825705 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells orchestrate adaptive immune responses through their capacity to recruit and provide help to multiple immune effectors, in addition to exerting direct effector functions. CD4+ T cells are increasingly recognized as playing an essential role in the control of chronic viral infections. In this review, we present recent advances in understanding the nature of CD4+ T cell help provided to antiviral effectors. Drawing from our studies of natural human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) control, we then focus on the role of high-affinity T cell receptor (TCR) clonotypes in mediating antiviral CD4+ T cell responses. Last, we discuss the role of TCR affinity in determining CD4+ T cell differentiation, reviewing the at times divergent studies associating TCR signal strength to the choice of a T helper 1 (Th1) or a T follicular helper (Tfh) cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Kervevan
- Control of Chronic Viral Infections Group (CIVIC), Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France;
- CNRS UMR, 3569 Paris, France
| | - Lisa A. Chakrabarti
- Control of Chronic Viral Infections Group (CIVIC), Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France;
- CNRS UMR, 3569 Paris, France
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4
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Mukhopadhyay M, Galperin M, Patgaonkar M, Vasan S, Ho DD, Nouël A, Claireaux M, Benati D, Lambotte O, Huang Y, Chakrabarti LA. DNA Vaccination by Electroporation Amplifies Broadly Cross-Restricted Public TCR Clonotypes Shared with HIV Controllers. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2017; 199:3437-3452. [PMID: 28993513 PMCID: PMC5675813 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Rare patients who spontaneously control HIV replication provide a useful model to inform HIV vaccine development. HIV controllers develop particularly efficient antiviral CD4+ T cell responses mediated by shared high-affinity TCRs. To determine whether the candidate DNA vaccine ADVAX could induce similar responses, we analyzed Gag-specific primary CD4+ T cells from healthy volunteers who received ADVAX DNA by electroporation. Vaccinated volunteers had an immunodominant response to the Gag293 epitope with a functional avidity intermediate between that of controllers and treated patients. The TCR repertoire of Gag293-specific CD4+ T cells proved highly biased, with a predominant usage of the TCRβ variable gene 2 (TRBV2) in vaccinees as well as controllers. TCRα variable gene (TRAV) gene usage was more diverse, with the dominance of TRAV29 over TRAV24 genes in vaccinees, whereas TRAV24 predominated in controllers. Sequence analysis revealed an unexpected degree of overlap between the specific repertoires of vaccinees and controllers, with the sharing of TRAV24 and TRBV2 public motifs (>30%) and of public clonotypes characteristic of high-affinity TCRs. MHC class II tetramer binding revealed a broad HLA-DR cross-restriction, explaining how Gag293-specific public clonotypes could be selected in individuals with diverse genetic backgrounds. TRAV29 clonotypes also proved cross-restricted, but conferred responses of lower functional avidity upon TCR transfer. In conclusion, DNA vaccination by electroporation primed for TCR clonotypes that were associated with HIV control, highlighting the potential of this vaccine delivery method. To our knowledge, this study provides the first proof-of-concept that clonotypic analysis may be used as a tool to monitor the quality of vaccine-induced responses and modulate these toward "controller-like" responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhura Mukhopadhyay
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogénie Virale, 75724 Paris, France
- INSERM U1108, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Moran Galperin
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogénie Virale, 75724 Paris, France
- INSERM U1108, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Mandar Patgaonkar
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogénie Virale, 75724 Paris, France
- INSERM U1108, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Sandhya Vasan
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, New York, NY 10016
| | - David D Ho
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, New York, NY 10016
| | - Alexandre Nouël
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogénie Virale, 75724 Paris, France
- INSERM U1108, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Claireaux
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogénie Virale, 75724 Paris, France
- INSERM U1108, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Daniela Benati
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogénie Virale, 75724 Paris, France
- INSERM U1108, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Lambotte
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, 94275 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Université Paris Sud, UMR 1184, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- DSV/iMETI, IDMIT, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; and
- INSERM U1184, Centre d'Immunologie des Infections Virales et Maladies Autoimmunes, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Yaoxing Huang
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, New York, NY 10016
| | - Lisa A Chakrabarti
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogénie Virale, 75724 Paris, France;
- INSERM U1108, 75015 Paris, France
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5
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Galperin M, Benati D, Claireaux M, Mukhopadhyay M, Chakrabarti LA. MHC Class II Tetramer Labeling of Human Primary CD4 + T Cells from HIV Infected Patients. Bio Protoc 2017; 7:e2187. [PMID: 34458496 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) tetramers have been used for two decades to detect, isolate and characterize T cells specific for various pathogens and tumor antigens. In the context of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection, antigen-specific CD8+ T cells have been extensively studied ex vivo, as they can be readily detected by HIV peptide-loaded MHC class I tetramers. In contrast, the detection of HIV-specific CD4+ T cells has proven more challenging, due to the intrinsically lower clonal expansion rates of CD4+ T cells, and to the preferential depletion of HIV-specific CD4+ T cells in the course of HIV infection. In the following protocol, we describe a simple method that facilitates the identification of CD4+ T cells specific for an HIV-1 capsid epitope using peptide-loaded MHC class II tetramers. Tetramer labeled CD4+ T cells can be analyzed for their cell surface phenotype and/or FACS-sorted for further downstream applications. A key point for successful detection of specific CD4+ T cells ex vivo is the choice of a peptide/MHC II combination that results in high-affinity T Cell Receptor (TCR) binding ( Benati et al., 2016 ). A second key point for reliable detection of MHC II tetramer-positive cells is the systematic use of a control tetramer loaded with an irrelevant peptide, with the sample and control tubes being processed in identical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moran Galperin
- Pasteur Institute, Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Paris, France
| | - Daniela Benati
- Center for Regenerative Medicine "Stefano Ferrari", Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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6
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Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are potent immune modulators, but their precise role in HIV pathogenesis remains incompletely understood. Most studies to date have focused on frequencies or phenotypes of 'bulk' Treg populations. However, although antigen-specific Tregs have been reported in other diseases, HIV-1 epitope-specific Tregs have not been described to date. We here report the first identification of functional HIV-1-Gag-specific regulatory T cells using human leukocyte antigen class II tetramer staining in HIV-1-infected individuals.
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HIV controllers maintain a population of highly efficient Th1 effector cells in contrast to patients treated in the long term. J Virol 2012; 86:10661-74. [PMID: 22837194 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00056-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV controllers are rare individuals who spontaneously control HIV replication in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. To identify parameters of the CD4 response that may contribute to viral control rather than merely reflect a persistently low viremia, we compared the T helper profiles in two groups of patients with more than 10 years of viral suppression: HIV controllers from the Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le SIDA et les Hépatites Virales (ANRS) CO18 cohort (n = 26) and efficiently treated patients (n = 16). Cells specific for immunodominant Gag and cytomegalovirus (CMV) peptides were evaluated for the production of 10 cytokines and cytotoxicity markers and were also directly quantified ex vivo by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II tetramer staining. HIV controller CD4(+) T cells were characterized by a higher frequency of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) production, perforin(+)/CD107a(+) expression, and polyfunctionality in response to Gag peptides. While interleukin 4 (IL-4), IL-17, and IL-21 production did not differ between groups, the cells of treated patients produced more IL-10 in response to Gag and CMV peptides, pointing to persistent negative immunoregulation after long-term antiretroviral therapy. Gag293 tetramer-positive cells were detected at a high frequency (0.12%) and correlated positively with IFN-γ-producing CD4(+) T cells in the controller group (R = 0.73; P = 0.003). Tetramer-positive cells were fewer in the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) group (0.04%) and did not correlate with IFN-γ production, supporting the notion of a persistent immune dysfunction in HIV-specific CD4(+) T cells of treated patients. In conclusion, HIV controllers maintained a population of highly efficient Th1 effectors directed against Gag in spite of a persistently low antigenemia, while patients treated in the long term showed a loss of CD4 effector functions.
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Glycosylation of simian immunodeficiency virus influences immune-tissue targeting during primary infection, leading to immunodeficiency or viral control. J Virol 2012; 86:9323-36. [PMID: 22718828 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00948-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycans of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) play pivotal roles in modulating virus-target cell interactions. We have previously reported that, whereas SIVmac239 is pathogenic, its deglycosylated essentially nonpathogenic mutant (Δ5G) serves as a live-attenuated vaccine, although both replicate similarly during primary infection. These findings prompted us to determine whether such a polarized clinical outcome was due to differences in the immune tissues targeted by these viruses, where functionally and phenotypically different memory CD4(+) T cells reside. The results showed that Δ5G replicates in secondary lymphoid tissue (SLT) at 1- to 2-log-lower levels than SIVmac239, whereas SIVmac239-infected but not Δ5G-infected animals deplete CXCR3(+) CCR5(+) transitional memory (TrM) CD4(+) T cells. An early robust Δ5G replication was localized to small intestinal tissue, especially the lamina propria (effector site) rather than isolated lymphoid follicles (inductive site) and was associated with the induction and depletion of CCR6(+) CXCR3(-) CCR5(+) effector memory CD4(+) T cells. These results suggest that differential glycosylation of Env dictates the type of tissue-resident CD4(+) T cells that are targeted, which leads to pathogenic infection of TrM-Th1 cells in SLT and nonpathogenic infection of Th17 cells in the small intestine, respectively.
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Lahey T, Ghosh M, Fahey JV, Shen Z, Mukura LR, Song Y, Cu-Uvin S, Mayer KH, Wright PF, Kappes JC, Ochsenbauer C, Wira CR. Selective impact of HIV disease progression on the innate immune system in the human female reproductive tract. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38100. [PMID: 22675510 PMCID: PMC3366961 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously demonstrated intrinsic anti-HIV activity in cervicovaginal lavage (CVL) from HIV-infected women with high CD4 counts and not on antiretroviral therapy. However, the impact of HIV disease progression on CVL innate immune responses has not been delineated. METHODS CVL from 57 HIV-infected women not on antiretroviral therapy were collected by washing the cervicovaginal area with 10 ml of sterile normal saline. We characterized subject HIV disease progression by CD4 count strata: >500 cells/µl, 200-500 cells/µl, or <200 cells/µl of blood. To assess CVL anti-HIV activity, we incubated TZM-bl cells with HIV plus or minus CVL. Antimicrobials, cytokines, chemokines and anti-gp160 HIV IgG antibodies were measured by ELISA and Luminex. RESULTS CVL exhibited broad anti-HIV activity against multiple laboratory-adapted and transmitted/founder (T/F) viruses, with anti-HIV activity ranging from 0 to 100% showing wide variation between viral strains. Although there was broad CVL inhibition of most both laboratory-adapted and T/F virus strains, there was practically no inhibition of T/F strain RHPA.c, which was isolated from a woman newly infected via heterosexual intercourse. HIV disease progression, measured by declining CD4 T cell counts, resulted in a selective reduction in intrinsic anti-HIV activity in CVL that paralleled CVL decreases in human beta-defensin 2 and increases in Elafin and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor. HIV disease progress predicted decreased CVL anti-HIV activity against both laboratory-adapted and T/F strains of HIV. Anti-HIV activity exhibited close associations with CVL levels of fourteen cytokines and chemokines. CONCLUSIONS Amid a multifaceted immune defense against HIV-1 and other sexually transmitted pathogens, HIV disease progression is associated with selective disturbances in both CVL anti-HIV activity and specific innate immune defenses in the human female reproductive tract (FRT). Overall, these studies indicate that innate immune protection in the FRT is compromised as women progress to AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Lahey
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America.
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Augmented HIV-specific interferon-gamma responses, but impaired lymphoproliferation during interruption of antiretroviral treatment initiated in primary HIV infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2011; 58:1-8. [PMID: 21637110 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e318224d0c7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antiretroviral therapy (ART) introduced during primary HIV infection followed by treatment interruption (TI) is postulated to enhance virologic control through induction of HIV-specific CD4 T cells, which foster virus-specific CD8+ T cells that suppress virus replication. This hypothesis was evaluated in 21 subjects enrolled in AIDS Clinical Trials Group 709, a substudy of AIDS Clinical Trials Group 371, which prospectively evaluated subjects who received ≥1 year of ART initiated in acute or recent HIV infection followed by TI. METHODS Lymphoproliferation was assessed by [methyl-H] thymidine incorporation and HIV-specific CD8+ T-cell interferon-gamma responses by enzyme-linked immunospot-forming assays. Virologic success was defined as sustained viral load <5000 copies per milliliter for 24 weeks after TI. RESULTS HIV-specific lymphoproliferative responses were detected at least once in 5 (24%) of 21 subjects, were generally transient, and were unrelated to HIV-specific interferon-gamma responses (P > 0.4). HIV-specific CD8+ interferon-gamma responses increased after 48 weeks of ART (P = 0.03), but failed to predict virologic success (P = 0.18). Compared with seronegative subjects, lymphoproliferation to Candida, cytomegalovirus, and alloantigens was similar in HIV-infected subjects during ART, but lower during TI (P ≤ 0.04). CONCLUSIONS HIV-specific CD8+ T-cell interferon-gamma responses expand during ART following primary HIV infection, but are not related to HIV-specific lymphoproliferative responses nor virologic success. Impaired non-HIV antigen-specific lymphoproliferation associated with TI suggests this strategy could be deleterious.
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11
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Ortiz AM, Klatt NR, Li B, Yi Y, Tabb B, Hao XP, Sternberg L, Lawson B, Carnathan PM, Cramer EM, Engram JC, Little DM, Ryzhova E, Gonzalez-Scarano F, Paiardini M, Ansari AA, Ratcliffe S, Else JG, Brenchley JM, Collman RG, Estes JD, Derdeyn CA, Silvestri G. Depletion of CD4⁺ T cells abrogates post-peak decline of viremia in SIV-infected rhesus macaques. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:4433-45. [PMID: 22005304 PMCID: PMC3204830 DOI: 10.1172/jci46023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells play a central role in the immunopathogenesis of HIV/AIDS, and their depletion during chronic HIV infection is a hallmark of disease progression. However, the relative contribution of CD4+ T cells as mediators of antiviral immune responses and targets for virus replication is still unclear. Here, we have generated data in SIV-infected rhesus macaques (RMs) that suggest that CD4+ T cells are essential in establishing control of virus replication during acute infection. To directly assess the role of CD4+ T cells during primary SIV infection, we in vivo depleted these cells from RMs prior to infecting the primates with a pathogenic strain of SIV. Compared with undepleted animals, CD4+ lymphocyte-depleted RMs showed a similar peak of viremia, but did not manifest any post-peak decline of virus replication despite CD8+ T cell- and B cell-mediated SIV-specific immune responses comparable to those observed in control animals. Interestingly, depleted animals displayed rapid disease progression, which was associated with increased virus replication in non-T cells as well as the emergence of CD4-independent SIV-envelopes. Our results suggest that the antiviral CD4+ T cell response may play an important role in limiting SIV replication, which has implications for the design of HIV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M. Ortiz
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Fredrick, Maryland, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Neurology and
Department of Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nichole R. Klatt
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Fredrick, Maryland, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Neurology and
Department of Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bing Li
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Fredrick, Maryland, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Neurology and
Department of Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yanjie Yi
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Fredrick, Maryland, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Neurology and
Department of Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brian Tabb
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Fredrick, Maryland, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Neurology and
Department of Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xing Pei Hao
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Fredrick, Maryland, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Neurology and
Department of Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lawrence Sternberg
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Fredrick, Maryland, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Neurology and
Department of Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Benton Lawson
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Fredrick, Maryland, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Neurology and
Department of Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Paul M. Carnathan
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Fredrick, Maryland, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Neurology and
Department of Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Cramer
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Fredrick, Maryland, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Neurology and
Department of Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jessica C. Engram
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Fredrick, Maryland, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Neurology and
Department of Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dawn M. Little
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Fredrick, Maryland, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Neurology and
Department of Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elena Ryzhova
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Fredrick, Maryland, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Neurology and
Department of Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Francisco Gonzalez-Scarano
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Fredrick, Maryland, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Neurology and
Department of Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Fredrick, Maryland, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Neurology and
Department of Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Aftab A. Ansari
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Fredrick, Maryland, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Neurology and
Department of Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sarah Ratcliffe
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Fredrick, Maryland, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Neurology and
Department of Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James G. Else
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Fredrick, Maryland, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Neurology and
Department of Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jason M. Brenchley
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Fredrick, Maryland, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Neurology and
Department of Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ronald G. Collman
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Fredrick, Maryland, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Neurology and
Department of Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jacob D. Estes
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Fredrick, Maryland, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Neurology and
Department of Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cynthia A. Derdeyn
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Fredrick, Maryland, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Neurology and
Department of Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Fredrick, Maryland, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Neurology and
Department of Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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12
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To understand the role of HIV-specific CD4 T cells in viral control and highlight recent progress in the field. RECENT FINDINGS HIV-specific CD4 T cells show higher functional avidity in elite controllers than in patients with progressive infection. There is an attrition of the HIV-specific CD4 T-cell population in the digestive mucosa of antiretroviral therapy (ART)-treated patients that contrasts with robust responses in individuals with spontaneous viral control. Secretion of the cytokine IL-21, by HIV-specific CD4 T cells, is associated with disease control and enhances the capacity of HIV-specific CD8 T cells to suppress viral replication. Studies of the PD-1, IL-10, and Tim-3 pathways provided insight into mechanisms of HIV-specific CD4 T-cell exhaustion and new evidence that manipulation of these networks may restore immune functions. Robust, polyfunctional CD4 T-cell responses can be elicited with novel HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) vaccines. SUMMARY These observations show that HIV-specific CD4 T-cell responses are different in elite controllers and individuals with progressive disease. Evidence suggests that HIV-specific CD4 T cells will be an important component of an effective HIV vaccine and significant efforts need to be made to further our understanding of HIV-specific CD4 T-cell functions in different body compartments.
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13
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Razooky BS, Weinberger LS. Mapping the architecture of the HIV-1 Tat circuit: A decision-making circuit that lacks bistability and exploits stochastic noise. Methods 2011; 53:68-77. [PMID: 21167940 PMCID: PMC4096296 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2010.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon infection of a CD4(+) T cell, HIV-1 appears to 'choose' between two alternate fates: active replication or a long-lived dormant state termed proviral latency. A transcriptional positive-feedback loop generated by the HIV-1 Tat protein appears sufficient to mediate this decision. Here, we describe a coupled wet-lab and computational approach that uses mathematical modeling and live-cell time-lapse microscopy to map the architecture of the HIV-1 Tat transcriptional regulatory circuit and generate predictive models of HIV-1 latency. This approach provided the first characterization of a 'decision-making' circuit that lacks bistability and instead exploits stochastic fluctuations in cellular molecules (i.e. noise) to generate a decision between an on or off transcriptional state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon S. Razooky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, U niversity of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive #0314, La Jolla, CA 92093-0314
| | - Leor S. Weinberger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, U niversity of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive #0314, La Jolla, CA 92093-0314
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14
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Frebel H, Richter K, Oxenius A. How chronic viral infections impact on antigen-specific T-cell responses. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:654-63. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.200940102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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Vingert B, Perez-Patrigeon S, Jeannin P, Lambotte O, Boufassa F, Lemaître F, Kwok WW, Theodorou I, Delfraissy JF, Thèze J, Chakrabarti LA. HIV controller CD4+ T cells respond to minimal amounts of Gag antigen due to high TCR avidity. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1000780. [PMID: 20195518 PMCID: PMC2829066 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV controllers are rare individuals who spontaneously control HIV replication in the absence of antiretroviral treatment. Emerging evidence indicates that HIV control is mediated through very active cellular immune responses, though how such responses can persist over time without immune exhaustion is not yet understood. To investigate the nature of memory CD4+ T cells responsible for long-term anti-HIV responses, we characterized the growth kinetics, Vbeta repertoire, and avidity for antigen of patient-derived primary CD4+ T cell lines. Specific cell lines were obtained at a high rate for both HIV controllers (16/17) and efficiently treated patients (19/20) in response to the immunodominant Gag293 peptide. However, lines from controllers showed faster growth kinetics than those of treated patients. After normalizing for growth rates, IFN-gamma responses directed against the immunodominant Gag293 peptide showed higher functional avidity in HIV controllers, indicating differentiation into highly efficient effector cells. In contrast, responses to Gag161, Gag263, or CMV peptides did not differ between groups. Gag293-specific CD4+ T cells were characterized by a diverse Vbeta repertoire, suggesting that multiple clones contributed to the high avidity CD4+ T cell population in controllers. The high functional avidity of the Gag293-specific response could be explained by a high avidity interaction between the TCR and the peptide-MHC complex, as demonstrated by MHC class II tetramer binding. Thus, HIV controllers harbor a pool of memory CD4+ T cells with the intrinsic ability to recognize minimal amounts of Gag antigen, which may explain how they maintain an active antiviral response in the face of very low viremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Vingert
- Unité d'Immunogénétique Cellulaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Patricia Jeannin
- Unité d'Immunogénétique Cellulaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Lambotte
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U802, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Bicêtre Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Université Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | | | - Fabrice Lemaître
- G5 Dynamiques des Réponses Immunes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM U668, Equipe Avenir, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - William W. Kwok
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | | | - Jean-François Delfraissy
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U802, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Bicêtre Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Université Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Jacques Thèze
- Unité d'Immunogénétique Cellulaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Lisa A. Chakrabarti
- Unité d'Immunogénétique Cellulaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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16
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To understand the potential benefits and limitations of the treatment of acute, or primary, HIV infection followed by supervised treatment interruptions as a strategy to augment immune responses. RECENT FINDINGS Although this strategy led to the short-term control of virus replication after treatment interruption, follow-up data showed limited durability of control, and additional studies of short-term treatment in primary HIV infection show either a modest or no long-term benefit on CD4 cell counts and viral loads when compared with no therapy. Studies of gut-associated lymphatic tissue provide insights into the limitations of this approach because there has already been a massive destruction of the CD4 memory T-cell compartment by the time of symptomatic primary HIV infection by AIDS-associated retroviruses, which occurs before the emergence of cellular immune responses. SUMMARY There is currently no confirmed benefit of treatment of primary HIV infection by antiviral therapy alone in terms of disease progression and HIV-specific T-cell responses once therapy is interrupted. Supervised treatment interruption in acute HIV infection treated by antiviral therapy alone should probably not be used as a therapeutic strategy. This approach should be differentiated from early treatment itself, with or without immune augmentation, which deserves further investigation.
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17
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Singh A, Weinberger LS. Stochastic gene expression as a molecular switch for viral latency. Curr Opin Microbiol 2009; 12:460-6. [PMID: 19595626 PMCID: PMC2760832 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2009.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2009] [Revised: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Stochastic 'noise' arises from random thermal fluctuations in the concentration of protein, RNA, or other molecules within the cell and is an unavoidable aspect of life at the single-cell level. Evidence is accumulating that this biochemical noise crucially influences cellular auto-regulatory circuits and can 'flip' genetic switches to drive probabilistic fate decisions in bacteria, viruses, cancer, and stem cells. Here, we review how stochastic gene expression in key auto-regulatory proteins can control fate determination between latency and productive replication in both phage-lambda and HIV-1. We highlight important new studies that synthetically manipulate auto-regulatory circuitry and noise, to bias HIV-1's ability to enter proviral latency. We argue that an appreciation of noise in gene expression may shed light on the mystery of animal virus latency and that strategies to manipulate noise may have impact on anti-viral therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhyudai Singh
- Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA 92093-0314
| | - Leor S. Weinberger
- Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA 92093-0314
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18
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Gag- and Nef-specific CD4+ T cells recognize and inhibit SIV replication in infected macrophages early after infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:9791-6. [PMID: 19478057 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0813106106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The precise immunological role played by CD4(+) T cells in retroviral infections is poorly defined. Here, we describe a new function of these cells, the elimination of retrovirus-infected macrophages. After experimental CD8(+) cell depletion, elite controlling macaques with set-point viral loads < or = 500 viral RNA copies/mL mounted robust Gag- and Nef-specific CD4(+) T cell responses during reestablishment of control with > or = 54% of all virus-specific CD4(+) T cells targeting these 2 proteins. Ex vivo, these simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-specific CD4(+) T cells neither recognized nor suppressed viral replication in SIV-infected CD4(+) T cells. In contrast, they recognized SIV-infected macrophages as early as 2 h postinfection because of presentation of epitopes derived from virion-associated Gag and Nef proteins. Furthermore, virus-specific CD4(+) T cells displayed direct effector function and eliminated SIV-infected macrophages. These results suggest that retrovirus-specific CD4(+) T cells may contribute directly to elite control by inhibiting viral replication in macrophages.
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19
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Abstract
Generation of memory T cells, which mediate immunity against microbes and cancers, relies, for optimal activity, on the interactions of multiple cell types that are highly regulated through the expression of soluble factors and negative and positive receptors. Their disruption will lead to aberrant immune responses, which can result in the invasion of the host by foreign pathogens. In chronic viral infections including HIV and hepatitis C virus, persistence of antigen and lack of CD4 help (HIV) disrupt memory T-cell function and induce defects in memory T-cell responses, which have been defined as T-cell exhaustion. In this review, we examine the molecular mechanisms involved in such T-cell dysfunction. Better understanding of these mechanisms will assist in the development of novel therapies to prevent the immune damage mediated by HIV infection.
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20
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Vollers SS, Stern LJ. Class II major histocompatibility complex tetramer staining: progress, problems, and prospects. Immunology 2008; 123:305-13. [PMID: 18251991 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02801.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) tetramers in the detection and analysis of antigen-specific T cells has become more widespread since its introduction 11 years ago. Early challenges in the application of tetramer staining to CD4+ T cells centred around difficulties in the expression of various class II MHC allelic variants and the detection of low-frequency T cells in mixed populations. As many of the technical obstacles to class II MHC tetramer staining have been overcome, the focus has returned to uncertainties concerning how oligomer valency and T-cell receptor/MHC affinity affect tetramer binding. Such issues have become more important with an increase in the number of studies relying on direct ex vivo analysis of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells. In this review we discuss which problems in class II MHC tetramer staining have been solved to date, and which matters remain to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina S Vollers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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21
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Weinberger LS, Dar RD, Simpson ML. Transient-mediated fate determination in a transcriptional circuit of HIV. Nat Genet 2008; 40:466-70. [PMID: 18344999 DOI: 10.1038/ng.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2007] [Accepted: 02/26/2008] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Steady-state behavior and bistability have been proposed as mechanisms for decision making in gene circuits. However, transient gene expression has also been proposed to control cell fate, with the decision arbitrated by the duration of a transient gene expression pulse. Here, using an HIV-1 model system, we directly quantify transcriptional feedback strength and its effects on both the duration of HIV-1 Tat transcriptional pulses and the fate of HIV-infected cells. By measuring shifts in the autocorrelation of noise inherent to gene expression, we found that transcriptional positive feedback extends the single-cell Tat expression lifetime two- to sixfold for both minimal Tat circuits and full length, actively replicating HIV-1. Notably, artificial weakening of Tat positive feedback shortened the duration of Tat expression transients and biased the probability in favor of latency. Thus, transcriptional positive feedback can modulate transient expression lifetime to a greater extent than protein half-life modulation, and it has a critical role in the cell-fate decision in HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leor S Weinberger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive 0314, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
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22
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Nose H, Kubota R, Seth NP, Goon PK, Tanaka Y, Izumo S, Usuku K, Ohara Y, Wucherpfennig KW, Bangham CRM, Osame M, Saito M. Ex vivo analysis of human T lymphotropic virus type 1-specific CD4+ cells by use of a major histocompatibility complex class II tetramer composed of a neurological disease-susceptibility allele and its immunodominant peptide. J Infect Dis 2008; 196:1761-72. [PMID: 18190256 DOI: 10.1086/522966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
HLA-DRB1*0101 is associated with susceptibility to human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Here, we used a synthetic tetramer of DRB1*0101 and its epitope peptide to analyze HTLV-1-specific CD4(+) T cells ex vivo. The frequency of tetramer(+)CD4(+) T cells was significantly greater in patients with HAM/TSP than in healthy HTLV-1 carriers (HCs) at a given proviral load and correlated with HTLV-1 tax messenger RNA expression in HCs but not in patients with HAM/TSP. These cells displayed an early to intermediate effector memory phenotype and were preferentially infected by HTLV-1. T cell receptor gene analyses of 2 unrelated DRB1*0101-positive patients with HAM/TSP showed similar Vbeta repertoires and amino acid motifs in complementarity-determining region 3. Our data suggest that efficient clonal expansion of virus-specific CD4(+) T cells in patients with HAM/TSP does not simply reflect higher viral burden but rather reflects a rapid turnover caused by preferential infection and/or in vivo stimulation by major histocompatibility complex-peptide complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohisa Nose
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
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23
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Pajot A, Schnuriger A, Moris A, Rodallec A, Ojcius DM, Autran B, Lemonnier FA, Lone YC. The Th1 immune response against HIV-1 Gag p24-derived peptides in mice expressing HLA-A02.01 and HLA-DR1. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37:2635-44. [PMID: 17668896 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200636819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Using HLA-DR1-transgenic H-2 class II knockout mice, we identified two new HLA-DR1-restricted HIV-1 Gag p24-derived epitopes (Gag(321-340 )and Gag(331-350)) and confirmed the immunogenicity of seven that have been previously described. The human relevance was confirmed for the two new ones (Gag(321-340 )and Gag(331-350)) assaying peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HLA-DR1(+) HIV-1-infected long-term asymptomatic subjects and showing that Gag(331-350) could prime CD4(+) T cells from two HLA-DR1(+) HIV-1 seronegative donors in vitro. Seven of these epitopes, structurally conserved among HIV-1 clade B isolates, were selected for a comparative evaluation of their Th1 helper potential by immunizing HLA-A02.01/HLA-DR1-transgenic, H-2 class I/class II knockout mice with recombinant mouse invariant chain constructs in which each helper epitope was inserted in association with two reporter HIV-1-derived HLA-A02.01-restricted CD8(+) T cell epitopes. A T helper effect was demonstrated in all cases, and was particularly strong with epitopes Gag(301-320),Gag(321-340 )and Gag(271-290), which should, therefore, be considered in the design of new vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Pajot
- Unité d'Immunité Cellulaire Antivirale, Département d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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24
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Lucas M, Ulsenheimer A, Pfafferot K, Heeg MH, Gaudieri S, Grüner N, Rauch A, Gerlach JT, Jung MC, Zachoval R, Pape GR, Schraut W, Santantonio T, Nitschko H, Obermeier M, Phillips R, Scriba TJ, Semmo N, Day C, Weber JN, Fidler S, Thimme R, Haberstroh A, Baumert TF, Klenerman P, Diepolder HM. Tracking virus-specific CD4+ T cells during and after acute hepatitis C virus infection. PLoS One 2007; 2:e649. [PMID: 17653276 PMCID: PMC1920556 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2007] [Accepted: 06/18/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD4+ T cell help is critical in maintaining antiviral immune responses and such help has been shown to be sustained in acute resolving hepatitis C. In contrast, in evolving chronic hepatitis C CD4+ T cell helper responses appear to be absent or short-lived, using functional assays. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here we used a novel HLA-DR1 tetramer containing a highly targeted CD4+ T cell epitope from the hepatitis C virus non-structural protein 4 to track number and phenotype of hepatitis C virus specific CD4+ T cells in a cohort of seven HLA-DR1 positive patients with acute hepatitis C in comparison to patients with chronic or resolved hepatitis C. We observed peptide-specific T cells in all seven patients with acute hepatitis C regardless of outcome at frequencies up to 0.65% of CD4+ T cells. Among patients who transiently controlled virus replication we observed loss of function, and/or physical deletion of tetramer+ CD4+ T cells before viral recrudescence. In some patients with chronic hepatitis C very low numbers of tetramer+ cells were detectable in peripheral blood, compared to robust responses detected in spontaneous resolvers. Importantly we did not observe escape mutations in this key CD4+ T cell epitope in patients with evolving chronic hepatitis C. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE During acute hepatitis C a CD4+ T cell response against this epitope is readily induced in most, if not all, HLA-DR1+ patients. This antiviral T cell population becomes functionally impaired or is deleted early in the course of disease in those where viremia persists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Lucas
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Clinical Immunology and Biomedical Statistics, Royal Perth Hospital and Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Axel Ulsenheimer
- Medical Department II and Institute for Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katja Pfafferot
- Centre for Clinical Immunology and Biomedical Statistics, Royal Perth Hospital and Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Malte H.J. Heeg
- Medical Department II and Institute for Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Silvana Gaudieri
- Centre for Clinical Immunology and Biomedical Statistics, Royal Perth Hospital and Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
- Centre for Forensic Science, School of Anatomy and Human Biology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Norbert Grüner
- Medical Department II and Institute for Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andri Rauch
- Centre for Clinical Immunology and Biomedical Statistics, Royal Perth Hospital and Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Berne, Switzerland
| | - J. Tilman Gerlach
- Medical Department II and Institute for Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maria-Christina Jung
- Medical Department II and Institute for Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Reinhart Zachoval
- Medical Department II and Institute for Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gerd R. Pape
- Medical Department II and Institute for Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Winfried Schraut
- Medical Department II and Institute for Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Hans Nitschko
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Department of Virology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Obermeier
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Department of Virology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Rodney Phillips
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas J. Scriba
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nasser Semmo
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Cheryl Day
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan N. Weber
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College, St. Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Fidler
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College, St. Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Helmut M. Diepolder
- Medical Department II and Institute for Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Lahey TP, Loisel SD, Wieland-Alter W. Glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor family-related protein triggering enhances HIV-specific CD4+ T cell cytokine secretion and protects HIV-specific CD4+ T cells from apoptosis. J Infect Dis 2007; 196:43-9. [PMID: 17538882 PMCID: PMC2872147 DOI: 10.1086/518613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2006] [Accepted: 02/02/2007] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific CD4(+) T cell cytokine secretion is characteristically weak during HIV infection, in part because HIV-specific CD4(+) T cells undergo massive apoptotic deletion. Glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family-related (GITR) protein triggering enhances murine antigen-specific T cell cytokine secretion by protecting T cells from apoptosis. Therefore, we investigated the impact of GITR triggering on HIV-specific CD4(+) T cell cytokine secretion and on apoptosis of HIV-specific CD4(+) T cells. In HIV-infected subjects, CD4(+) T cell surface expression of GITR was greater than that in uninfected control subjects, and phytohemagglutinin induction of additional GITR expression was impaired. However, antibody triggering of GITR significantly increased HIV-specific CD4(+) T cell expression of TNF- alpha and interferon (IFN)- gamma . The percentage increase in HIV-specific CD4(+) T cell expression of TNF- alpha correlated directly with the absolute peripheral CD4(+) T cell count. Furthermore, GITR triggering reduced the expression of intracellular activated caspase-3 in HIV-specific CD4(+) T cells. Taken together, these data suggest that, despite abnormal GITR expression during HIV infection, GITR triggering enhances HIV-specific CD4(+) T cell cytokine expression and protects HIV-specific CD4(+) T cells from apoptosis.
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26
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Boritz E, Rapaport EL, Campbell TB, Koeppe JR, Wilson CC. CD4+ T cell targeting of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) peptide sequences present in vivo during chronic, progressive HIV-1 disease. Virology 2006; 361:34-44. [PMID: 17169395 PMCID: PMC5058783 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2006] [Revised: 08/28/2006] [Accepted: 10/27/2006] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We previously detected HIV-1 Gag-specific CD4+ T cells recognizing reference strain viral epitopes in subjects with progressive, chronic infection. To test whether these CD4+ T cells persist in vivo by failing to recognize autologous HIV-1 epitopes, we compared autologous plasma HIV-1 p24 nucleotide sequences with targeted HXB.2 strain Gag p24 CD4+ T cell epitopes in nine chronically infected, untreated subjects. In five responding subjects, 10 of 26 HXB.2 strain p24 peptides targeted by CD4+ T cells exactly matched autologous plasma viral sequences. Four subjects with plasma viral loads >100,000 copies/mL had no measurable p24-specific CD4+ T cell responses despite carrying HIV-1 strains that matched HXB.2 sequences at predicted epitopes. These results show that HIV-1-specific CD4+ T cells can persist in chronic HIV-1 infection despite recognition of epitopes present in vivo. However, with high-level in vivo HIV-1 replication, CD4+ T cells targeting autologous HIV-1 may be non-responsive or absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Boritz
- Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO, USA.
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27
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Zaunders JJ, Ip S, Munier ML, Kaufmann DE, Suzuki K, Brereton C, Sasson SC, Seddiki N, Koelsch K, Landay A, Grey P, Finlayson R, Kaldor J, Rosenberg ES, Walker BD, Fazekas de St Groth B, Cooper DA, Kelleher AD. Infection of CD127+ (interleukin-7 receptor+) CD4+ cells and overexpression of CTLA-4 are linked to loss of antigen-specific CD4 T cells during primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J Virol 2006; 80:10162-72. [PMID: 17005693 PMCID: PMC1617311 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00249-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently found that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific CD4+ T cells express coreceptor CCR5 and activation antigen CD38 during early primary HIV-1 infection (PHI) but then rapidly disappear from the circulation. This cell loss may be due to susceptibility to infection with HIV-1 but could also be due to inappropriate apoptosis, an expansion of T regulatory cells, trafficking out of the circulation, or dysfunction. We purified CD38+++CD4+ T cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, measured their level of HIV-1 DNA by PCR, and found that about 10% of this population was infected. However, a small subset of HIV-specific CD4+) T cells also expressed CD127, a marker of long-term memory cells. Purified CD127+CD4+ lymphocytes contained fivefold more copies of HIV-1 DNA per cell than did CD127-negative CD4+ cells, suggesting preferential infection of long-term memory cells. We observed no apoptosis of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells in vitro and only a small increase in CD45RO+CD25+CD127dimCD4+ T regulatory cells during PHI. However, 40% of CCR5+CD38+++ CD4+ T cells expressed gut-homing integrins, suggesting trafficking through gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). Furthermore, 80% of HIV-specific CD4+ T cells expressed high levels of the negative regulator CTLA-4 in response to antigen stimulation in vitro, which was probably contributing to their inability to produce interleukin-2 and proliferate. Taken together, the loss of HIV-specific CD4+ T cells is associated with a combination of an infection of CCR5+ CD127+ memory CD4+ T cells, possibly in GALT, and a high expression of the inhibitory receptor CTLA-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Zaunders
- Centre for Immunology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia.
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Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) neuroinvasion occurs early (during period of initial viremia), leading to infection of a limited amount of susceptible cells with low CD4 expression. Protective cellular and humoral immunity eliminate and suppress viral replication relatively quickly due to peripheral immune responses and the low level of initial central nervous system (CNS) infection. Upregulation of the brain protective mechanisms against lymphocyte entry and survival (related to immune privilege) helps reduce viral load in the brain. The local immune compartment dictates local viral evolution as well as selection of cytotoxic lymphocytes and immunoglobulin G specificity. Such status can be sustained until peripheral immune anti-viral responses fail. Activation of microglia and astrocytes, due to local or peripheral triggers, increases chemokine production, enhances traffic of infected cells into the CNS, upregulates viral replication in resident brain macrophages, and significantly augments the spread of viral species. The combination of these factors leads to the development of HIV-1 encephalitis-associated neurocognitive decline and patient death. Understanding the immune-privileged state created by virus, the brain microenvironment, and the ability to enhance anti-viral immunity offer new therapeutic strategies for treatment of HIV-1 CNS infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Persidsky
- Center for Neurovirology and Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5215, USA.
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Brenchley JM, Ruff LE, Casazza JP, Koup RA, Price DA, Douek DC. Preferential infection shortens the life span of human immunodeficiency virus-specific CD4+ T cells in vivo. J Virol 2006; 80:6801-9. [PMID: 16809286 PMCID: PMC1489023 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00070-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4(+) T-cell help is essential for effective immune responses to viruses. In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, CD4(+) T cells specific for HIV are infected by the virus at higher frequencies than other memory CD4(+) T cells. Here, we demonstrate that HIV-specific CD4(+) T cells are barely detectable in most infected individuals and that the corresponding CD4(+) T cells exhibit an immature phenotype compared to both cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific CD4(+) T cells and other memory CD4(+) T cells. However, in two individuals, we observed a rare and diametrically opposed pattern in which HIV-specific CD4(+) T-cell populations of large magnitude exhibited a terminally differentiated immunophenotype; these cells were not preferentially infected in vivo. Clonotypic analysis revealed that the HIV-specific CD4(+) T cells from these individuals were cross-reactive with CMV. Thus, preferential infection can be circumvented in the presence of cross-reactive CD4(+) T cells driven to maturity by coinfecting viral antigens, and this physical proximity rather than activation status per se is an important determinant of preferential infection based on antigen specificity. These data demonstrate that preferential infection reduces the life span of HIV-specific CD4(+) T cells in vivo and thereby compromises the generation of effective immune responses to the virus itself; further, this central feature in the pathophysiology of HIV infection can be influenced by the cross-reactivity of responding CD4(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Brenchley
- Human Virology Section, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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The promise and challenge of anti-HIV cellular immunity. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2006; 1:277-85. [PMID: 19372822 DOI: 10.1097/01.coh.0000232342.85414.7c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We discuss recent studies giving insight into the promise of cell-mediated immunity for prophylactic HIV vaccine strategies, and challenges to be overcome for this approach to succeed. RECENT FINDINGS Advances in understanding of events in very early HIV infection and their importance in viral pathogenesis emphasize the rapidity with which vaccine-induced T-cell responses must act to modulate CD4 cell destruction, but also reveal an early window of opportunity when foci of infection are limited and could potentially be eliminated. Super-infection with diverse HIV strains is now appreciated to be relatively common, indicating that cell-mediated responses in most infected individuals do not confer protection. Recent studies suggest that T-cell correlates of good control of HIV replication may be a consequence rather than a cause of containment of viraemia. Analysis of features of HIV-specific T-cell responses restricted by human leukocyte antigen alleles associated with differential prognosis of infection is giving insight into correlates of protection. The importance of efficacious responses, escape from which incurs high fitness costs, is increasingly appreciated. SUMMARY There are many challenges to be overcome before the promise of cell-mediated immunity for HIV vaccines is realized.
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