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Marupudi N, Xiong MP. Genetic Targets and Applications of Iron Chelators for Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation. ACS BIO & MED CHEM AU 2024; 4:119-130. [PMID: 38911909 PMCID: PMC11191567 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomedchemau.3c00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) is a group of neurodegenerative diseases that are typically caused by a monogenetic mutation, leading to development of disordered movement symptoms such as dystonia, hyperreflexia, etc. Brain iron accumulation can be diagnosed through MRI imaging and is hypothesized to be the cause of oxidative stress, leading to the degeneration of brain tissue. There are four main types of NBIA: pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN), PLA2G6-associated neurodegeneration (PLAN), mitochondrial membrane protein-associated neurodegeneration (MKAN), and beta-propeller protein-associated neurodegeneration (BPAN). There are no causative therapies for these diseases, but iron chelators have been shown to have potential toward treating NBIA. Three chelators are investigated in this Review: deferoxamine (DFO), desferasirox (DFS), and deferiprone (DFP). DFO has been investigated to treat neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD); however, dose-related toxicity in these studies, as well as in PKAN studies, have shown that the drug still requires more development before it can be applied toward NBIA cases. Iron chelation therapies other than the ones currently in clinical use have not yet reached clinical studies, but they may possess characteristics that would allow them to access the brain in ways that current chelators cannot. Intranasal formulations are an attractive dosage form to study for chelation therapy, as this method of delivery can bypass the blood-brain barrier and access the CNS. Gene therapy differs from iron chelation therapy as it is a causal treatment of the disease, whereas iron chelators only target the disease progression of NBIA. Because the pathophysiology of NBIA diseases is still unclear, future courses of action should be focused on causative treatment; however, iron chelation therapy is the current best course of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neharika Marupudi
- Department of Pharmaceutical
& Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2352, United States
| | - May P. Xiong
- Department of Pharmaceutical
& Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2352, United States
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2
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Cohen Z, Lau L, Ahmed M, Jack CR, Liu C. Quantitative susceptibility mapping in the brain reflects spatial expression of genes involved in iron homeostasis and myelination. Hum Brain Mapp 2024; 45:e26688. [PMID: 38896001 PMCID: PMC11187871 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) is an MRI modality used to non-invasively measure iron content in the brain. Iron exhibits a specific anatomically varying pattern of accumulation in the brain across individuals. The highest regions of accumulation are the deep grey nuclei, where iron is stored in paramagnetic molecule ferritin. This form of iron is considered to be what largely contributes to the signal measured by QSM in the deep grey nuclei. It is also known that QSM is affected by diamagnetic myelin contents. Here, we investigate spatial gene expression of iron and myelin related genes, as measured by the Allen Human Brain Atlas, in relation to QSM images of age-matched subjects. We performed multiple linear regressions between gene expression and the average QSM signal within 34 distinct deep grey nuclei regions. Our results show a positive correlation (p < .05, corrected) between expression of ferritin and the QSM signal in deep grey nuclei regions. We repeated the analysis for other genes that encode proteins thought to be involved in the transport and storage of iron in the brain, as well as myelination. In addition to ferritin, our findings demonstrate a positive correlation (p < .05, corrected) between the expression of ferroportin, transferrin, divalent metal transporter 1, several gene markers of myelinating oligodendrocytes, and the QSM signal in deep grey nuclei regions. Our results suggest that the QSM signal reflects both the storage and active transport of iron in the deep grey nuclei regions of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Cohen
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer SciencesUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Laurance Lau
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer SciencesUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Maruf Ahmed
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer SciencesUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Clifford R. Jack
- Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and ResearchRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Chunlei Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer SciencesUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
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3
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Kittilukkana A, Intakhad J, Pilapong C. The role of labile iron on brain proteostasis; could it be an early event of neurodegenerative disease? Arch Biochem Biophys 2024; 756:110020. [PMID: 38692471 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2024.110020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Iron deposits in the brain are a natural consequence of aging. Iron accumulation, especially in the form of labile iron, can trigger a cascade of adverse effects, eventually leading to neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. Aging also increases the dysfunction of cellular proteostasis. The question of whether iron alters proteostasis is now being pondered. Herein, we investigated the effect of ferric citrate, considered as labile iron, on various aspects of proteostasis of neuronal cell lines, and also established an animal model having a labile iron diet in order to evaluate proteostasis alteration in the brain along with behavioral effects. According to an in vitro study, labile iron was found to activate lysosome formation but inhibits lysosomal clearance function. Furthermore, the presence of labile iron can alter autophagic flux and can also induce the accumulation of protein aggregates. RNA-sequencing analysis further reveals the upregulation of various terms related to proteostasis along with neurodegenerative disease-related terms. According to an in vivo study, a labile iron-rich diet does not induce iron overload conditions and was not detrimental to the behavior of male Wistar rats. However, an iron-rich diet can promote iron accumulation in a region-dependent manner. By staining for autophagic markers and misfolding proteins in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, an iron-rich diet was actually found to alter autophagy and induce an accumulation of misfolding proteins. These findings emphasize the importance of labile iron on brain cell proteostasis, which could be implicated in developing of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiyarin Kittilukkana
- Chiang Mai University, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Department of Radiologic Technology, Laboratory of BioMolecular Imaging, Molecular and Cellular Biology, 50200, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Jannarong Intakhad
- Chiang Mai University, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Department of Radiologic Technology, Laboratory of BioMolecular Imaging, Molecular and Cellular Biology, 50200, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Chalermchai Pilapong
- Chiang Mai University, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Department of Radiologic Technology, Laboratory of BioMolecular Imaging, Molecular and Cellular Biology, 50200, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
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Soltani S, Webb SM, Kroll T, King-Jones K. Drosophila Evi5 is a critical regulator of intracellular iron transport via transferrin and ferritin interactions. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4045. [PMID: 38744835 PMCID: PMC11094094 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48165-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Vesicular transport is essential for delivering cargo to intracellular destinations. Evi5 is a Rab11-GTPase-activating protein involved in endosome recycling. In humans, Evi5 is a high-risk locus for multiple sclerosis, a debilitating disease that also presents with excess iron in the CNS. In insects, the prothoracic gland (PG) requires entry of extracellular iron to synthesize steroidogenic enzyme cofactors. The mechanism of peripheral iron uptake in insect cells remains controversial. We show that Evi5-depletion in the Drosophila PG affected vesicle morphology and density, blocked endosome recycling and impaired trafficking of transferrin-1, thus disrupting heme synthesis due to reduced cellular iron concentrations. We show that ferritin delivers iron to the PG as well, and interacts physically with Evi5. Further, ferritin-injection rescued developmental delays associated with Evi5-depletion. To summarize, our findings show that Evi5 is critical for intracellular iron trafficking via transferrin-1 and ferritin, and implicate altered iron homeostasis in the etiology of multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sattar Soltani
- University of Alberta, Faculty of Science, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Samuel M Webb
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Thomas Kroll
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Kirst King-Jones
- University of Alberta, Faculty of Science, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada.
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5
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Sanabria-Castro A, Alape-Girón A, Flores-Díaz M, Echeverri-McCandless A, Parajeles-Vindas A. Oxidative stress involvement in the molecular pathogenesis and progression of multiple sclerosis: a literature review. Rev Neurosci 2024; 35:355-371. [PMID: 38163257 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2023-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune debilitating disease of the central nervous system caused by a mosaic of interactions between genetic predisposition and environmental factors. The pathological hallmarks of MS are chronic inflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration. Oxidative stress, a state of imbalance between the production of reactive species and antioxidant defense mechanisms, is considered one of the key contributors in the pathophysiology of MS. This review is a comprehensive overview of the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which oxidant species contribute to the initiation and progression of MS including mitochondrial dysfunction, disruption of various signaling pathways, and autoimmune response activation. The detrimental effects of oxidative stress on neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes, as well as the role of oxidants in promoting and perpetuating inflammation, demyelination, and axonal damage, are discussed. Finally, this review also points out the therapeutic potential of various synthetic antioxidants that must be evaluated in clinical trials in patients with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Sanabria-Castro
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, 10103, Costa Rica
- Departamento de Farmacología, Toxicología y Farmacodependencia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, 11501, Costa Rica
| | - Alberto Alape-Girón
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, Dulce Nombre Vázquez de Coronado, 11103, Costa Rica
| | - Marietta Flores-Díaz
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, Dulce Nombre Vázquez de Coronado, 11103, Costa Rica
| | - Ann Echeverri-McCandless
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, 10103, Costa Rica
| | - Alexander Parajeles-Vindas
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, 10103, Costa Rica
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Clínica Bíblica, San José, 10104, Costa Rica
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Yang J, Lv M, Han L, Li Y, Liu Y, Guo H, Feng H, Wu Y, Zhong J. Evaluation of brain iron deposition in different cerebral arteries of acute ischaemic stroke patients using quantitative susceptibility mapping. Clin Radiol 2024; 79:e592-e598. [PMID: 38320942 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2024.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
AIM To investigate differences in iron deposition between infarct and normal cerebral arterial regions in acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) patients using quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM). MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty healthy controls and 40 AIS patients were recruited, and their QSM images were obtained. There were seven regions of interest (ROIs) in AIS patients, including the infarct regions of responsible arteries (R1), the non-infarct regions of responsible arteries (R2), the contralateral symmetrical sites of lesions (R3), and the non-responsible cerebral arterial regions (R4, R5, R6, R7). For the healthy controls, the cerebral arterial regions corresponding to the AIS patient group were selected as ROIs. The differences in corresponding ROI susceptibilities between AIS patients and healthy controls and the differences in susceptibilities between infarcted and non-infarct regions in AIS patients were compared. RESULTS The susceptibilities of infarct regions in AIS patients were significantly higher than those in healthy controls (p<0.0001). There was no significant difference in non-infarct regions between the two groups (p>0.05). The susceptibility of the infarct regions in AIS patients was significantly higher than those of the non-infarct region of responsible artery and non-responsible cerebral arterial regions (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Abnormal iron deposition detected by QSM in the infarct regions of AIS patients may not affect iron levels in the non-infarct regions of responsible arteries and normal cerebral arteries, which may open the door for potential new diagnostic and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yang
- Department of Radiology, Zigong First People's Hospital, Zigong, China
| | - M Lv
- Department of Radiology, Zigong First People's Hospital, Zigong, China
| | - L Han
- North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Y Li
- Department of Radiology, Zigong First People's Hospital, Zigong, China
| | - Y Liu
- Department of Radiology, Zigong First People's Hospital, Zigong, China
| | - H Guo
- Department of Radiology, Zigong First People's Hospital, Zigong, China
| | - H Feng
- Department of Radiology, Zigong First People's Hospital, Zigong, China
| | - Y Wu
- MR Scientific Marketing, SIEMENS Healthineers Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - J Zhong
- Department of Radiology, Zigong First People's Hospital, Zigong, China.
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7
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Levi S, Ripamonti M, Moro AS, Cozzi A. Iron imbalance in neurodegeneration. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:1139-1152. [PMID: 38212377 PMCID: PMC11176077 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02399-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Iron is an essential element for the development and functionality of the brain, and anomalies in its distribution and concentration in brain tissue have been found to be associated with the most frequent neurodegenerative diseases. When magnetic resonance techniques allowed iron quantification in vivo, it was confirmed that the alteration of brain iron homeostasis is a common feature of many neurodegenerative diseases. However, whether iron is the main actor in the neurodegenerative process, or its alteration is a consequence of the degenerative process is still an open question. Because the different iron-related pathogenic mechanisms are specific for distinctive diseases, identifying the molecular mechanisms common to the various pathologies could represent a way to clarify this complex topic. Indeed, both iron overload and iron deficiency have profound consequences on cellular functioning, and both contribute to neuronal death processes in different manners, such as promoting oxidative damage, a loss of membrane integrity, a loss of proteostasis, and mitochondrial dysfunction. In this review, with the attempt to elucidate the consequences of iron dyshomeostasis for brain health, we summarize the main pathological molecular mechanisms that couple iron and neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Levi
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy.
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy.
| | | | - Andrea Stefano Moro
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Sigmund Freud University, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Cozzi
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
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8
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Ghasemi A, Eslami Ardakani M, Togha M, Yazdi N, Lang AE, Amini E, Rohani M, Alavi A. A Novel Homozygous Variant in the MCOLN1 Gene Associated With Severe Oromandibular Dystonia and Parkinsonism. Can J Neurol Sci 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38532569 DOI: 10.1017/cjn.2024.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucolipidosis type IV (MLIV) is a rare, progressive lysosomal storage disorder characterized by severe intellectual disability, delayed motor milestones and ophthalmologic abnormalities. MLIV is an autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in the MCOLN1 gene, encoding mucolipin-1 which is responsible for maintaining lysosomal function. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS Here, we report a family of four Iranian siblings with cognitive decline, progressive visual and pyramidal disturbances, and abnormal movements manifested by severe oromandibular dystonia and parkinsonism. MRI scans of the brain demonstrated signal abnormalities in the white matter and thinning of the corpus callosum. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Whole-exome sequencing identified a novel homozygous variant, c.362C > T:p. Thr121Met in the MCOLN1 gene consistent with a diagnosis of MLIV. The presentation of MLIV may overlap with a variety of other neurological diseases, and genetic analysis is an important strategy to clarify the diagnosis. This is an important point that clinicians should be familiar with. The novel variant c.362C > T:p. Thr121Met herein described may be related to a comparatively older age at onset. Our study also expands the clinical spectrum of MLIV associated with the MCOLN1 variants and introduces a novel likely pathogenic variant for testing in MLIV cases that remain unresolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Ghasemi
- Student Research Committee, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Genetics research center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Eslami Ardakani
- Neurology Ward, School of Medicine, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansoureh Togha
- Neurology Ward, School of Medicine, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Narges Yazdi
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Rasool Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anthony E Lang
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman. Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital and Division of Neurology, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Elahe Amini
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Rasool Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Skull Base Research Center, The Five Senses Health Institute Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rohani
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Rasool Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afagh Alavi
- Genetics research center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Dufour BD, Bartley T, McBride E, Allen E, McLennan YA, Hagerman RJ, Martínez-Cerdeño V. FXTAS Neuropathology Includes Widespread Reactive Astrogliosis and White Matter Specific Astrocyte Degeneration. Ann Neurol 2024; 95:558-575. [PMID: 38069470 PMCID: PMC10922917 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is a late-onset progressive genetic neurodegenerative disorder that occurs in FMR1 premutation carriers. The temporal, spatial, and cell-type specific patterns of neurodegeneration in the FXTAS brain remain incompletely characterized. Intranuclear inclusion bodies are the neuropathological hallmark of FXTAS, which are largest and occur most frequently in astrocytes, glial cells that maintain brain homeostasis. Here, we characterized neuropathological alterations in astrocytes in multiple regions of the FXTAS brain. METHODS Striatal and cerebellar sections from FXTAS cases (n = 12) and controls (n = 12) were stained for the astrocyte markers glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and aldehyde dehydrogenase 1L1 (ALDH1L1) using immunohistochemistry. Reactive astrogliosis severity, the prevalence of GFAP+ fragments, and astrocyte density were scored. Double label immunofluorescence was utilized to detect co-localization of GFAP and cleaved caspase-3. RESULTS FXTAS cases showed widespread reactive gliosis in both grey and white matter. GFAP staining also revealed remarkably severe astrocyte pathology in FXTAS white matter - characterized by a significant and visible reduction in astrocyte density (-38.7% in striatum and - 32.2% in cerebellum) and the widespread presence of GFAP+ fragments reminiscent of apoptotic bodies. White matter specific reductions in astrocyte density were confirmed with ALDH1L1 staining. GFAP+ astrocytes and fragments in white matter were positive for cleaved caspase-3, suggesting that apoptosis-mediated degeneration is responsible for reduced astrocyte counts. INTERPRETATION We have established that FXTAS neuropathology includes robust degeneration of astrocytes, which is specific to white matter. Because astrocytes are essential for maintaining homeostasis within the central nervous system, a loss of astrocytes likely further exacerbates neuropathological progression of other cell types in the FXTAS brain. ANN NEUROL 2024;95:558-575.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett D. Dufour
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine (IPRM), Shriner’s Hospital for Children and UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
- MIND Institute, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Trevor Bartley
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine (IPRM), Shriner’s Hospital for Children and UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Erin McBride
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine (IPRM), Shriner’s Hospital for Children and UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Erik Allen
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine (IPRM), Shriner’s Hospital for Children and UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Yingratana A. McLennan
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine (IPRM), Shriner’s Hospital for Children and UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Randi J. Hagerman
- MIND Institute, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Verónica Martínez-Cerdeño
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine (IPRM), Shriner’s Hospital for Children and UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
- MIND Institute, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
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Miao M, Han Y, Wang Y, Wang J, Zhu R, Yang Y, Fu N, Li N, Sun M, Zhang J. Dysregulation of iron homeostasis and ferroptosis in sevoflurane and isoflurane associated perioperative neurocognitive disorders. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14553. [PMID: 38334231 PMCID: PMC10853900 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, sevoflurane and isoflurane are the most popular anesthetics in general anesthesia for their safe, rapid onset, and well tolerant. Nevertheless, many studies reported their neurotoxicity among pediatric and aged populations. This effect is usually manifested as cognitive impairment such as perioperative neurocognitive disorders. The wide application of sevoflurane and isoflurane during general anesthesia makes their safety a major health concern. Evidence indicates that iron dyshomeostasis and ferroptosis may establish a role in neurotoxicity of sevoflurane and isoflurane. However, the mechanisms of sevoflurane- and isoflurane-induced neuronal injury were not fully understood, which poses a barrier to the treatment of its neurotoxicity. We, therefore, reviewed the current knowledge on mechanisms of iron dyshomeostasis and ferroptosis and aimed to promote a better understanding of their roles in sevoflurane- and isoflurane-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengrong Miao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative medicinePeople's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Henan UniversityZhengzhouHenan ProvinceChina
| | - Yaqian Han
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative medicinePeople's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Henan UniversityZhengzhouHenan ProvinceChina
| | - Yangyang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative medicinePeople's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Henan UniversityZhengzhouHenan ProvinceChina
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative medicinePeople's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Henan UniversityZhengzhouHenan ProvinceChina
| | - Ruilou Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative medicinePeople's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Henan UniversityZhengzhouHenan ProvinceChina
| | - Yitian Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative medicinePeople's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Henan UniversityZhengzhouHenan ProvinceChina
| | - Ningning Fu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative medicinePeople's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Henan UniversityZhengzhouHenan ProvinceChina
| | - Ningning Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative medicinePeople's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Henan UniversityZhengzhouHenan ProvinceChina
| | - Mingyang Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative medicinePeople's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Henan UniversityZhengzhouHenan ProvinceChina
| | - Jiaqiang Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative medicinePeople's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Henan UniversityZhengzhouHenan ProvinceChina
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11
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Pan S, Hale AT, Lemieux ME, Raval DK, Garton TP, Sadler B, Mahaney KB, Strahle JM. Iron homeostasis and post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus: a review. Front Neurol 2024; 14:1287559. [PMID: 38283681 PMCID: PMC10811254 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1287559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Iron physiology is regulated by a complex interplay of extracellular transport systems, coordinated transcriptional responses, and iron efflux mechanisms. Dysregulation of iron metabolism can result in defects in myelination, neurotransmitter synthesis, and neuronal maturation. In neonates, germinal matrix-intraventricular hemorrhage (GMH-IVH) causes iron overload as a result of blood breakdown in the ventricles and brain parenchyma which can lead to post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH). However, the precise mechanisms by which GMH-IVH results in PHH remain elusive. Understanding the molecular determinants of iron homeostasis in the developing brain may lead to improved therapies. This manuscript reviews the various roles iron has in brain development, characterizes our understanding of iron transport in the developing brain, and describes potential mechanisms by which iron overload may cause PHH and brain injury. We also review novel preclinical treatments for IVH that specifically target iron. Understanding iron handling within the brain and central nervous system may provide a basis for preventative, targeted treatments for iron-mediated pathogenesis of GMH-IVH and PHH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelei Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Andrew T. Hale
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Mackenzie E. Lemieux
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Dhvanii K. Raval
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Thomas P. Garton
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Brooke Sadler
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Kelly B. Mahaney
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer M. Strahle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
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Kittilukkana A, Carmona A, Pilapong C, Ortega R. TauSTED super-resolution imaging of labile iron in primary hippocampal neurons. Metallomics 2024; 16:mfad074. [PMID: 38148121 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfad074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Iron dyshomeostasis is involved in many neurological disorders, particularly neurodegenerative diseases where iron accumulates in various brain regions. Identifying mechanisms of iron transport in the brain is crucial for understanding the role of iron in healthy and pathological states. In neurons, it has been suggested that iron can be transported by the axon to different brain regions in the form of labile iron; a pool of reactive and exchangeable intracellular iron. Here we report a novel approach to imaging labile ferrous iron, Fe(II), in live primary hippocampal neurons using confocal and TauSTED (stimulated emission depletion) microscopy. TauSTED is based on super-resolution STED nanoscopy, which combines high spatial resolution imaging (<40 nm) with fluorescence lifetime information, thus reducing background noise and improving image quality. We applied TauSTED imaging utilizing biotracker FerroFarRed Fe(II) and found that labile iron was present as submicrometric puncta in dendrites and axons. Some of these iron-rich structures are mobile and move along neuritic pathways, arguing for a labile iron transport mechanism in neurons. This super-resolution imaging approach offers a new perspective for studying the dynamic mechanisms of axonal and dendritic transport of iron at high spatial resolution in living neurons. In addition, this methodology could be transposed to the imaging of other fluorescent metal sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiyarin Kittilukkana
- Chiang Mai University, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Department of Radiologic Technology, Center of Excellence for Molecular Imaging (CEMI), 50200 Chiang Mai, Thailand
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, LP2I Bordeaux, UMR 5797, Chemical Imaging and Speciation, F-33170 Gradignan, France
| | - Asuncion Carmona
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, LP2I Bordeaux, UMR 5797, Chemical Imaging and Speciation, F-33170 Gradignan, France
| | - Chalermchai Pilapong
- Chiang Mai University, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Department of Radiologic Technology, Center of Excellence for Molecular Imaging (CEMI), 50200 Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Richard Ortega
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, LP2I Bordeaux, UMR 5797, Chemical Imaging and Speciation, F-33170 Gradignan, France
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Arora S, Bajaj T, Kumar J, Goyal M, Singh A, Singh C. Recent Advances in Delivery of Peptide and Protein Therapeutics to the Brain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 388:54-66. [PMID: 37977811 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The classes of neuropharmaceuticals known as proteins and peptides serve as diagnostic tools and are involved in specific communication in the peripheral and central nervous systems. However, due to tight junctions resembling epithelial cells found in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in vivo, they are typically excluded from transport from the blood to the brain. The drugs having molecular weight of less than 400 Dalton are able to cross the BBB via lipid-mediated free diffusion. However, large molecule therapeutics are devoid of these characteristics. As an alternative, these substances may be carried via chimeric peptide drug delivery systems, and assist in transcytosis through BBB with the aid of linker strategies. With their recent developments, several forms of nanoparticles, including poly (ethylene glycol)-poly(ε-caprolactone) copolymers, nanogels, liposomes, nanostructured lipid carriers, poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles, chitosan, and solid lipid nanoparticles, have also been considered for their therapeutic applications. Moreover, the necessity for physiologic optimization of current drug delivery methods and their carriers to deliver therapeutic doses of medication into the brain for the treatment of various neurologic illnesses has also been emphasized. Therapeutic use of proteins and peptides has no neuroprotective impact in the absence of all these methods. Each tactic, however, has unique drawbacks and considerations. In this review, we discuss different drug delivery methods for therapeutic distribution of pharmaceuticals, primarily neuroproteins and neuropeptides, through endothelial capillaries via blood-brain barrier. Finally, we have also discussed the challenges and future perspective of protein and peptide therapeutics delivery to the brain. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Very few reports on the delivery of therapeutic protein and peptide nanoformulations are available in the literature. Herein, we attempted to discuss these nanoformulations of protein and peptide therapeutics used to treat brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanchit Arora
- Maa Saraswati College of Pharmacy, Abohar-Sito Road, VPO Kala Tibba, Punjab, India (S.A.); Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Punjab, India Affiliated to I.K. Gujral Punjab Technical University, formerly Punjab Technical University, Punjab, India (T.B., C.S.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Sciences, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (A Central University), Uttarakhand, India (J.K., M.G., C.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Punjab, India (A.S.)
| | - Tania Bajaj
- Maa Saraswati College of Pharmacy, Abohar-Sito Road, VPO Kala Tibba, Punjab, India (S.A.); Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Punjab, India Affiliated to I.K. Gujral Punjab Technical University, formerly Punjab Technical University, Punjab, India (T.B., C.S.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Sciences, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (A Central University), Uttarakhand, India (J.K., M.G., C.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Punjab, India (A.S.)
| | - Jayant Kumar
- Maa Saraswati College of Pharmacy, Abohar-Sito Road, VPO Kala Tibba, Punjab, India (S.A.); Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Punjab, India Affiliated to I.K. Gujral Punjab Technical University, formerly Punjab Technical University, Punjab, India (T.B., C.S.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Sciences, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (A Central University), Uttarakhand, India (J.K., M.G., C.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Punjab, India (A.S.)
| | - Manoj Goyal
- Maa Saraswati College of Pharmacy, Abohar-Sito Road, VPO Kala Tibba, Punjab, India (S.A.); Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Punjab, India Affiliated to I.K. Gujral Punjab Technical University, formerly Punjab Technical University, Punjab, India (T.B., C.S.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Sciences, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (A Central University), Uttarakhand, India (J.K., M.G., C.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Punjab, India (A.S.)
| | - Arti Singh
- Maa Saraswati College of Pharmacy, Abohar-Sito Road, VPO Kala Tibba, Punjab, India (S.A.); Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Punjab, India Affiliated to I.K. Gujral Punjab Technical University, formerly Punjab Technical University, Punjab, India (T.B., C.S.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Sciences, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (A Central University), Uttarakhand, India (J.K., M.G., C.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Punjab, India (A.S.)
| | - Charan Singh
- Maa Saraswati College of Pharmacy, Abohar-Sito Road, VPO Kala Tibba, Punjab, India (S.A.); Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Punjab, India Affiliated to I.K. Gujral Punjab Technical University, formerly Punjab Technical University, Punjab, India (T.B., C.S.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Sciences, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (A Central University), Uttarakhand, India (J.K., M.G., C.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Punjab, India (A.S.)
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Holst MR, de Wit NM, Ozgür B, Brachner A, Hyldig K, Appelt-Menzel A, Sleven H, Cader Z, de Vries HE, Neuhaus W, Jensen A, Brodin B, Nielsen MS. Subcellular trafficking and transcytosis efficacy of different receptor types for therapeutic antibody delivery at the blood‒brain barrier. Fluids Barriers CNS 2023; 20:82. [PMID: 37932749 PMCID: PMC10626680 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-023-00480-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we report an experimental setup to benchmark different receptors for targeted therapeutic antibody delivery at the blood-brain barrier. We used brain capillary endothelial-like cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC-BECs) as a model system and compared them to colon epithelial Caco-2 cells. This approach helped to identify favourable receptors for transport into the cell layer itself or for directing transport for transcytosis across the cell layer. The sorting receptors transferrin receptor and sortilin were shown to be efficient as antibody cargo receptors for intracellular delivery to the cell layer. In contrast, the cell surface receptors CD133 and podocalyxin were identified as static and inefficient receptors for delivering cargo antibodies. Similar to in vivo studies, the hiPSC-BECs maintained detectable transcytotic transport via transferrin receptor, while transcytosis was restricted using sortilin as a cargo receptor. Based on these findings, we propose the application of sortilin as a cargo receptor for delivering therapeutic antibodies into the brain microvascular endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nienke Marije de Wit
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Burak Ozgür
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Biotherapeutic Discovery, H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, 2500, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Brachner
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Competence Unit Molecular Diagnostics, Centre for Health and Bioresources, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kathrine Hyldig
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Biotherapeutic Discovery, H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, 2500, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Antje Appelt-Menzel
- Chair Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, Würzburg, Germany
- Translational Center Regenerative Therapies (TLC-RT), Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Röntgenring 12, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hannah Sleven
- Translational Molecular Neuroscience Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Zameel Cader
- Translational Molecular Neuroscience Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Helga Eveline de Vries
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Winfried Neuhaus
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Competence Unit Molecular Diagnostics, Centre for Health and Bioresources, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Medicine, Faculty Medicine and Dentistry, Private Danube University, 3500, Krems, Austria
| | - Allan Jensen
- Biotherapeutic Discovery, H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, 2500, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birger Brodin
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Wang L, Xu R, Huang C, Yi G, Li Z, Zhang H, Ye R, Qi S, Huang G, Qu S. Targeting the ferroptosis crosstalk: novel alternative strategies for the treatment of major depressive disorder. Gen Psychiatr 2023; 36:e101072. [PMID: 37901286 PMCID: PMC10603325 DOI: 10.1136/gpsych-2023-101072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a major contributor to poor global health and disability, with a recently increasing incidence. Although drug therapy is commonly used to treat depression, conventional antidepressant drugs have several disadvantages, including slow onset, low response rates and severe adverse effects. Therefore, developing effective therapies for depression remains challenging. Although various aetiological theories of depression exist, the underlying mechanisms of depression are complex, and further research is crucial. Moreover, oxidative stress (OS)-induced lipid peroxidation has been demonstrated to trigger ferroptosis. Both OS and ferroptosis are pivotal mechanisms implicated in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders, and investigation of the mediators involved in these processes has emerged as a prominent and active research direction. One previous study revealed that regulatory proteins involved in ferroptosis are implicated in the pathogenesis of depression, and antidepressant drugs could reverse depressive symptoms by inhibiting ferroptosis in vivo, suggesting an important role of ferroptosis in the pathogenesis of depression. Hence, our current comprehensive review offers an up-to-date perspective on the intricate mechanisms involved, specifically concerning ferroptosis and OS in the context of depression, along with promising prospects for using molecular mediators to target ferroptosis. We delineate the key targets of molecular mediators involved in OS and ferroptosis implicated in depression, most notably reactive oxygen species and iron overload. Considering the pivotal role of OS-induced ferroptosis in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders, delving deeper into the underlying subsequent mechanisms will contribute significantly to the identification of novel therapeutic targets for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- The Laboratory for Precision Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Rongyang Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- The Laboratory for Precision Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chengying Huang
- The Laboratory for Precision Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guozhong Yi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiyong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huayang Zhang
- The Laboratory for Precision Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Rongxu Ye
- The Laboratory for Precision Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Songtao Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Institute of Brain Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guanglong Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Institute of Brain Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shanqiang Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- The Laboratory for Precision Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Institute of Brain Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Luo Q, Zheng J, Fan B, Liu J, Liao W, Zhang X. Enriched environment attenuates ferroptosis after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by regulating iron metabolism. Brain Res Bull 2023; 203:110778. [PMID: 37812906 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.110778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Preventing neuronal death after ischemic stroke (IS) is crucial for neuroprotective treatment, yet current management options are limited. Enriched environment (EE) is an effective intervention strategy that promotes the recovery of neurological function after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Ferroptosis has been identified as one of the mechanisms of neuronal death during IS, and inhibiting ferroptosis can reduce cerebral I/R injury. Our previous research has demonstrated that EE reduced ferroptosis by inhibiting lipid peroxidation, but the underlying mechanism still needs to be investigated. This study aims to explore the potential molecular mechanisms by which EE modulates iron metabolism to reduce ferroptosis. The experimental animals were randomly divided into four groups based on the housing environment and the procedure the animals received: the sham-operated + standard environment (SSE) group, the sham-operated + enriched environment (SEE) group, the ischemia/reperfusion + standard environment (ISE) group, and the ischemia/reperfusion + enriched environment (IEE) group. The results showed that EE reduced IL-6 expression during cerebral I/R injury, hence reducing JAK2-STAT3 pathway activation and hepcidin expression. Reduced hepcidin expression led to decreased DMT1 expression and increased FPN1 expression in neurons, resulting in lower neuronal iron levels and alleviated ferroptosis. In addition, EE also reduced the expression of TfR1 in neurons. Our research suggested that EE played a neuroprotective role by modulating iron metabolism and reducing neuronal ferroptosis after cerebral I/R injury, which might be achieved by inhibiting inflammatory response and down-regulating hepcidin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihang Luo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Zheng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin Fan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingying Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weijing Liao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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Gustavsson J, Johansson J, Falahati F, Andersson M, Papenberg G, Avelar-Pereira B, Bäckman L, Kalpouzos G, Salami A. The iron-dopamine D1 coupling modulates neural signatures of working memory across adult lifespan. Neuroimage 2023; 279:120323. [PMID: 37582419 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain iron overload and decreased integrity of the dopaminergic system have been independently reported as brain substrates of cognitive decline in aging. Dopamine (DA), and iron are co-localized in high concentrations in the striatum and prefrontal cortex (PFC), but follow opposing age-related trajectories across the lifespan. DA contributes to cellular iron homeostasis and the activation of D1-like DA receptors (D1DR) alleviates oxidative stress-induced inflammatory responses, suggesting a mutual interaction between these two fundamental components. Still, a direct in-vivo study testing the iron-D1DR relationship and their interactions on brain function and cognition across the lifespan is rare. Using PET and MRI data from the DyNAMiC study (n=180, age=20-79, %50 female), we showed that elevated iron content was related to lower D1DRs in DLPFC, but not in striatum, suggesting that dopamine-rich regions are less susceptible to elevated iron. Critically, older individuals with elevated iron and lower D1DR exhibited less frontoparietal activations during the most demanding task, which in turn was related to poorer working-memory performance. Together, our findings suggest that the combination of elevated iron load and reduced D1DR contribute to disturbed PFC-related circuits in older age, and thus may be targeted as two modifiable factors for future intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan Gustavsson
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Sweden.
| | - Jarkko Johansson
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Sweden; Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Farshad Falahati
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - Micael Andersson
- Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Goran Papenberg
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - Bárbara Avelar-Pereira
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Sweden; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94304, USA
| | - Lars Bäckman
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - Grégoria Kalpouzos
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - Alireza Salami
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Sweden; Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Sweden
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Zhang MJ, Song ML, Zhang Y, Yang XM, Lin HS, Chen WC, Zhong XD, He CY, Li T, Liu Y, Chen WG, Sun HT, Ao HQ, He SQ. SNS alleviates depression-like behaviors in CUMS mice by regluating dendritic spines via NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 312:116360. [PMID: 37028613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Depression is one of the most common mood disturbances worldwide. The Si-ni-san formula (SNS) is a famous classic Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) widely used to treat depression for thousands of years in clinics. However, the mechanism underlying the therapeutic effect of SNS in improving depression-like behaviors following chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) remains unknown. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to investigate whether SNS alleviates depression-like behaviors in CUMS mice by regulating dendritic spines via NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy in vitro and in vivo. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS In vivo, mice were exposed to CUMS for 42 days, and SNS (4.9, 9.8, 19.6 g/kg/d), fluoxetine (10 mg/kg/d), 3-methyladenine (3-MA) (30 mg/kg/d), rapamycin(1 mg/kg/d), and deferoxamine (DFO) (200 mg/kg/d) were conducted once daily during the last 3 weeks of the CUMS procedure. In vitro, a depressive model was established by culture of SH-SY5Y cells with corticosterone, followed by treatment with different concentrations of freeze-dried SNS (0.001, 0.01, 0.1 mg/mL) and rapamycin (10 nM), NCOA4-overexpression, Si-NCOA4. After the behavioral test (open-field test (OFT), sucrose preference test (SPT), forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST), dendritic spines, GluR2 protein expression, iron concentration, and ferritinophagy-related protein levels (P62, FTH, NCOA4, LC3-II/LC3-I) were tested in vitro and in vivo using immunohistochemistry, golgi staining, immunofluorescence, and Western blot assays. Finally, HEK-293T cells were transfected by si-NCOA4 or GluR2-and NCOA4-overexpression plasmid and treated with corticosterone(100 μM), freeze-dried SNS(0.01 mg/mL), rapamycin(25 nM), and 3-MA(5 mM). The binding amount of GluR2, NCOA4, and LC3 was assessed by the co-immunoprecipitation (CO-IP) assay. RESULTS 3-MA, SNS, and DFO promoted depressive-like behaviors in CUMS mice during OFT, SPT, FST and TST, improved the amount of the total, thin, mushroom spine density and enhanced GluR2 protein expression in the hippocampus. Meanwhile, treatment with SNS decreased iron concentrations and inhibited NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy activation in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, 3-MA and SNS could prevent the binding of GluR2, NCOA4 and LC3 in corticosterone-treated HEK-293T, and rapamycin reversed this phenomenon after treatment with SNS. CONCLUSION SNS alleviates depression-like behaviors in CUMS mice by regulating dendritic spines via NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jia Zhang
- School Basic Medicine Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University(1), Zhejiang, 310053, PR China; Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China.
| | - Mao-Lin Song
- First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, PR China.
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Psychology, School of Economics and Management, Guang Zhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, PR China.
| | - Xue-Mei Yang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China.
| | - Hui-Shan Lin
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China.
| | - Wei-Cong Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Dan Zhong
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China.
| | - Chun-Yu He
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China.
| | - Tong Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China.
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China.
| | - Wei-Guang Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China.
| | - Hai-Tao Sun
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China.
| | - Hai-Qing Ao
- Department of Psychology, School of Economics and Management, Guang Zhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, PR China.
| | - Song-Qi He
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China.
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Wang Y, Wu S, Li Q, Sun H, Wang H. Pharmacological Inhibition of Ferroptosis as a Therapeutic Target for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Strokes. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2300325. [PMID: 37341302 PMCID: PMC10460905 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that ferroptosis, a unique regulated cell death modality that is morphologically and mechanistically different from other forms of cell death, plays a vital role in the pathophysiological process of neurodegenerative diseases, and strokes. Accumulating evidence supports ferroptosis as a critical factor of neurodegenerative diseases and strokes, and pharmacological inhibition of ferroptosis as a therapeutic target for these diseases. In this review article, the core mechanisms of ferroptosis are overviewed and the roles of ferroptosis in neurodegenerative diseases and strokes are described. Finally, the emerging findings in treating neurodegenerative diseases and strokes through pharmacological inhibition of ferroptosis are described. This review demonstrates that pharmacological inhibition of ferroptosis by bioactive small-molecule compounds (ferroptosis inhibitors) could be effective for treatments of these diseases, and highlights a potential promising therapeutic avenue that could be used to prevent neurodegenerative diseases and strokes. This review article will shed light on developing novel therapeutic regimens by pharmacological inhibition of ferroptosis to slow down the progression of these diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicineAerospace Center HospitalPeking University Aerospace School of Clinical MedicineBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Shuang Wu
- Department of NeurologyZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhan430000P. R. China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of NeurologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Chifeng UniversityChifeng024005P. R. China
| | - Huiyan Sun
- Chifeng University Health Science CenterChifeng024000P. R. China
| | - Hongquan Wang
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and HospitalNational Clinical Research Center for CancerTianjin's Clinical Research Center for CancerKey Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and TherapyTianjin300060P. R. China
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20
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Smith G, Sweeney ST, O’Kane CJ, Prokop A. How neurons maintain their axons long-term: an integrated view of axon biology and pathology. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1236815. [PMID: 37564364 PMCID: PMC10410161 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1236815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Axons are processes of neurons, up to a metre long, that form the essential biological cables wiring nervous systems. They must survive, often far away from their cell bodies and up to a century in humans. This requires self-sufficient cell biology including structural proteins, organelles, and membrane trafficking, metabolic, signalling, translational, chaperone, and degradation machinery-all maintaining the homeostasis of energy, lipids, proteins, and signalling networks including reactive oxygen species and calcium. Axon maintenance also involves specialised cytoskeleton including the cortical actin-spectrin corset, and bundles of microtubules that provide the highways for motor-driven transport of components and organelles for virtually all the above-mentioned processes. Here, we aim to provide a conceptual overview of key aspects of axon biology and physiology, and the homeostatic networks they form. This homeostasis can be derailed, causing axonopathies through processes of ageing, trauma, poisoning, inflammation or genetic mutations. To illustrate which malfunctions of organelles or cell biological processes can lead to axonopathies, we focus on axonopathy-linked subcellular defects caused by genetic mutations. Based on these descriptions and backed up by our comprehensive data mining of genes linked to neural disorders, we describe the 'dependency cycle of local axon homeostasis' as an integrative model to explain why very different causes can trigger very similar axonopathies, providing new ideas that can drive the quest for strategies able to battle these devastating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaynor Smith
- Cardiff University, School of Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sean T. Sweeney
- Department of Biology, University of York and York Biomedical Research Institute, York, United Kingdom
| | - Cahir J. O’Kane
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Prokop
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Xie F, Mao T, Tang J, Zhao L, Guo J, Lin H, Wang D, Zhou G. Evaluation of iron deposition in the motor CSTC loop of a Chinese family with paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia using quantitative susceptibility mapping. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1164600. [PMID: 37483438 PMCID: PMC10358764 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1164600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Previous studies have revealed structural, functional, and metabolic changes in brain regions inside the cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) loop in patients with paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD), whereas no quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM)-related studies have explored brain iron deposition in these areas. Methods A total of eight familial PKD patients and 10 of their healthy family members (normal controls) were recruited and underwent QSM on a 3T magnetic resonance imaging system. Magnetic susceptibility maps were reconstructed using a multi-scale dipole inversion algorithm. Thereafter, we specifically analyzed changes in local mean susceptibility values in cortical regions and subcortical nuclei inside the motor CSTC loop. Results Compared with normal controls, PKD patients had altered brain iron levels. In the cortical gray matter area involved with the motor CSTC loop, susceptibility values were generally elevated, especially in the bilateral M1 and PMv regions. In the subcortical nuclei regions involved with the motor CSTC loop, susceptibility values were generally lower, especially in the bilateral substantia nigra regions. Conclusion Our results provide new evidence for the neuropathogenesis of PKD and suggest that an imbalance in brain iron levels may play a role in PKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Xie
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ting Mao
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jingyi Tang
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Linmei Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiuqing Guo
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Huashan Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Diagnosis, GE Healthcare, Changsha, China
| | - Dongcui Wang
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Gaofeng Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Lin Q, Shahid S, Hone‐Blanchet A, Huang S, Wu J, Bisht A, Loring D, Goldstein F, Levey A, Crosson B, Lah J, Qiu D. Magnetic resonance evidence of increased iron content in subcortical brain regions in asymptomatic Alzheimer's disease. Hum Brain Mapp 2023; 44:3072-3083. [PMID: 36929676 PMCID: PMC10171513 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
While iron over-accumulation has been reported in late stage Alzheimer's disease (AD), whether this occurs early in the asymptomatic stage of AD remains unknown. We aimed to assess brain iron levels in asymptomatic AD using quantitative MR relaxometry of effective transverse relaxation rate (R2*) and longitudinal relaxation rate (R1), and recruited 118 participants comprised of three groups including healthy young participants, and cognitively normal older individuals without or with positive AD biomarkers based on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteomics analysis. Compared with the healthy young group, increased R2* was found in widespread cortical and subcortical regions in the older groups. Further, significantly higher levels of R2* were found in the cognitively normal older subjects with positive CSF AD biomarker (i.e., asymptomatic AD) compared with those with negative AD biomarker in subcortical regions including the left and right caudate, left and right putamen, and left and right globus pallidus (p < .05 for all regions), suggesting increased iron content in these regions. Subcortical R2* of some regions was found to significantly correlate with CSF AD biomarkers and neuropsychological assessments of visuospatial functions. In conclusion, R2* could be a valuable biomarker for studying early pathophysiological changes in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixiang Lin
- Department of Neurology, School of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Salman Shahid
- Department of Neurology, School of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | | | - Shuai Huang
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, School of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Junjie Wu
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, School of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Aditya Bisht
- Department of Neurology, School of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - David Loring
- Department of Neurology, School of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Felicia Goldstein
- Department of Neurology, School of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Goizueta Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Allan Levey
- Department of Neurology, School of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Goizueta Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Bruce Crosson
- Department of Neurology, School of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, School of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - James Lah
- Department of Neurology, School of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Goizueta Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Deqiang Qiu
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, School of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Goizueta Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Joint Department of Biomedical EngineeringEmory University and Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
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Mitra R, Premraj L, Khoo TK. Neuromelanin: Its role in the pathogenesis of idiopathic Parkinson's disease and potential as a therapeutic target. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2023:105448. [PMID: 37236833 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2023.105448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is an increasingly prevalent condition that involves the marked loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. These neurons pigmented with neuromelanin along with other regions of the brain are almost exclusively victims of neurodegeneration in the disease. The link between neuromelanin and Parkinson's disease has been widely studied for decades. While many studies have outlined the pigment's neuroprotective function as a potent free radical scavenger, antioxidant, and ion-chelator, it has also been observed to play a role in cell death due to mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, especially in the parkinsonian disease state. This is due to the damaging effects of neuromelanin precursors, neuromelanin-related ion dysregulation and intra- and extraneuronal neuromelanin accumulation. Current and emerging therapeutic endeavours guided by these pathological processes may include antioxidant therapy, proteostasis enhancement, ion chelation and neuromelanin-targeted immunotherapy to prevent the accumulation, formation and effects of neuromelanin and oxidative neuromelanin precursors. Some of these therapeutic strategies are already in nascent stages, while others have produced mixed results in clinical trials. This review aims to provide an update on how neuromelanin and neuromelanin-related substances may be linked to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease and how future therapeutic strategies may be able to hamper or prevent neuromelanin-related pathological processes and ultimately modify disease progression in Parkinson's.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritoban Mitra
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Lavienraj Premraj
- School of Medicine & Dentistry, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tien K Khoo
- School of Medicine & Dentistry, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia; Graduate School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
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Huo L, Liu C, Yuan Y, Liu X, Cao Q. Pharmacological inhibition of ferroptosis as a therapeutic target for sepsis-associated organ damage. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 257:115438. [PMID: 37269668 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is a complex clinical syndrome caused by dysfunctional host response to infection, which contributes to excess mortality and morbidity worldwide. The development of life-threatening sepsis-associated organ injury to the brain, heart, kidneys, lungs, and liver is a major concern for sepsis patients. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying sepsis-associated organ injury remain incompletely understood. Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent non-apoptotic form of cell death characterized by lipid peroxidation, is involved in sepsis and sepsis-related organ damage, including sepsis-associated encephalopathy, septic cardiomyopathy, sepsis-associated acute kidney injury, sepsis-associated acute lung injury, and sepsis-induced acute liver injury. Moreover, compounds that inhibit ferroptosis exert potential therapeutic effects in the context of sepsis-related organ damage. This review summarizes the mechanism by which ferroptosis contributes to sepsis and sepsis-related organ damage. We focus on the emerging types of therapeutic compounds that can inhibit ferroptosis and delineate their beneficial pharmacological effects for the treatment of sepsis-related organ damage. The present review highlights pharmacologically inhibiting ferroptosis as an attractive therapeutic strategy for sepsis-related organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Huo
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China.
| | - Chunfeng Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Yujun Yuan
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Xueyan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Qingjun Cao
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China.
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Wu L, Xian X, Tan Z, Dong F, Xu G, Zhang M, Zhang F. The Role of Iron Metabolism, Lipid Metabolism, and Redox Homeostasis in Alzheimer's Disease: from the Perspective of Ferroptosis. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:2832-2850. [PMID: 36735178 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03245-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD), cell death is common. Novel cell death form-ferroptosis is discovered in recent years. Ferroptosis is an iron-regulated programmed cell death mechanism and has been identified in AD clinical samples. Typical characteristics of ferroptosis involve the specific changes in cell morphology, iron-dependent aggregation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxides, loss of glutathione (GSH), inactivation of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), and a unique group of regulatory genes. Increasing evidence demonstrates that ferroptosis may be associated with neurological dysfunction in AD. However, the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. This article reviews the potential role of ferroptosis in AD, the involvement of ferroptosis in the pathological progression of AD through the mechanisms of iron metabolism, lipid metabolism, and redox homeostasis, as well as a range of potential therapies targeting ferroptosis for AD. Intervention strategies based on ferroptosis are promising for Alzheimer's disease treatment at present, but further researches are still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyu Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Xian
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, No. 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, People's Republic of China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and intervention, Shijiazhuang, 050051, People's Republic of China
| | - Zixuan Tan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Dong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyu Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, No. 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and intervention, Shijiazhuang, 050051, People's Republic of China.
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and intervention, Shijiazhuang, 050051, People's Republic of China.
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Jin Y, Ren L, Jing X, Wang H. Targeting ferroptosis as novel therapeutic approaches for epilepsy. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1185071. [PMID: 37124220 PMCID: PMC10133701 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1185071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic disorder of the central nervous system characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures resulting from excessive synchronous discharge of neurons in the brain. As one of the most common complications of many neurological diseases, epilepsy is an expensive and complex global public health issue that is often accompanied by neurobehavioral comorbidities, such as abnormalities in cognition, psychiatric status, and social-adaptive behaviors. Recurrent or prolonged seizures can result in neuronal damage and cell death; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying the epilepsy-induced damage to neurons remain unclear. Ferroptosis, a novel type of regulated cell death characterized by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, is involved in the pathophysiological progression of epilepsy. Emerging studies have demonstrated pharmacologically inhibiting ferroptosis can mitigate neuronal damage in epilepsy. In this review, we briefly describe the core molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis and the roles they play in contributing to epilepsy, highlight emerging compounds that can inhibit ferroptosis to treat epilepsy and associated neurobehavioral comorbidities, and outline their pharmacological beneficial effects. The current review suggests inhibiting ferroptosis as a therapeutic target for epilepsy and associated neurobehavioral comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzi Jin
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Lei Ren
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaoqing Jing
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Hongquan Wang
- Department of Pancreatic Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
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27
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Autolysis Affects the Iron Cargo of Ferritins in Neurons and Glial Cells at Different Rates in the Human Brain. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023:10.1007/s10571-023-01332-w. [PMID: 36920627 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01332-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Iron is known to accumulate in neurological disorders, so a careful balance of the iron concentration is essential for healthy brain functioning. An imbalance in iron homeostasis could arise due to the dysfunction of proteins involved in iron homeostasis. Here, we focus on ferritin-the primary iron storage protein of the brain. In this study, we aimed to improve a method to measure ferritin-bound iron in the human post-mortem brain, and to discern its distribution in particular cell types and brain regions. Though it is known that glial cells and neurons differ in their ferritin concentration, the change in the number and distribution of iron-filled ferritin cores between different cell types during autolysis has not been revealed yet. Here, we show the cellular and region-wide distribution of ferritin in the human brain using state-of-the-art analytical electron microscopy. We validated the concentration of iron-filled ferritin cores to the absolute iron concentration measured by quantitative MRI and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. We show that ferritins lose iron from their cores with the progression of autolysis whereas the overall iron concentrations were unaffected. Although the highest concentration of ferritin was found in glial cells, as the total ferritin concentration increased in a patient, ferritin accumulated more in neurons than in glial cells. Summed up, our findings point out the unique behaviour of neurons in storing iron during autolysis and explain the differences between the absolute iron concentrations and iron-filled ferritin in a cell-type-dependent manner in the human brain. The rate of loss of the iron-filled ferritin cores during autolysis is higher in neurons than in glial cells.
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Hamed SA, Abdulhamid SK, El-Hadad AF, Fawzy M, Abd-Elhamed MA. Restless leg syndrome in patients with chronic kidney disease: a hospital-based study from Upper Egypt. Int J Neurosci 2023; 133:257-268. [PMID: 33789073 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2021.1910256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common cause of restless leg syndrome (RLS). RLS is under-recognized, misdiagnosed and undertreated disorder in our locality. In this study, we aimed to determine the prevalence of RLS due to CKD and its predictors. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 520 patients [male = 200; female = 320; age: 48.45 ± 3.63yrs; uremia duration: 6.44 ± 1.65yrs; CKD5D = 400; CKD3D = 120). RLS diagnosis was done by clinical interviewing according to International RLS Study Group criteria. All underwent detailed biochemical testing and iron and ferritin levels' measurements. Insomnia, depression and anxiety severities were assessed using insomnia sleep index (ISI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Adults (STAI-AD) scales. RESULTS RLS was found in 22.31% [ESKD = 26%, CKD3D = 10%]. Insomnia, depression and anxiety were found in 76.15%, 91.15% and 44.23%, respectively. Insomnia was correlated with depression (r = 0.488, p = 0.001) and anxiety (r = 0.360, p = 0.006) but not RLS. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that ESKD (OR = 3.8, 95%CI = 2.5-8.5, p = 0.001), inadequate dialysis (OR = 4.6, 95%CI = 3.5-8.6, p = 0.001), hyperparathyroidism (OR = 5.1, 95%CI 3.2-13.7, p = 0.0001) and peripheral neuropathy (OR = 5.6, 95%CI = 3.8-12.8, p = 0.0001) were independently associated with RLS. CONCLUSION The prevalence of RLS with CKD is 22.31%. It is 2.6 times more frequent and severe with ESKD compared to CKD3D. It seems that RLS may occur early with CKD and becomes worse with progressive kidney impairment. Also, insomnia, depression and anxiety are common with CKD, however, their severities were not correlated with RLS. Predictors for RLS were ESKD, inadequacy of dialysis, hyperparathyroidism and peripheral neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherifa Ahmed Hamed
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Assiut University Hospital, Assiut, Egypt
| | | | | | - Mohamed Fawzy
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Assiut University Hospital, Assiut, Egypt
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Adams AR, Li X, Byanyima JI, Vesslee SA, Nguyen TD, Wang Y, Moon B, Pond T, Kranzler HR, Witschey WR, Shi Z, Wiers CE. Peripheral and Central Iron Measures in Alcohol Use Disorder and Aging: A Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping Pilot Study. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:4461. [PMID: 36901892 PMCID: PMC10002495 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic excessive alcohol use has neurotoxic effects, which may contribute to cognitive decline and the risk of early-onset dementia. Elevated peripheral iron levels have been reported in individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD), but its association with brain iron loading has not been explored. We evaluated whether (1) serum and brain iron loading are higher in individuals with AUD than non-dependent healthy controls and (2) serum and brain iron loading increase with age. A fasting serum iron panel was obtained and a magnetic resonance imaging scan with quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) was used to quantify brain iron concentrations. Although serum ferritin levels were higher in the AUD group than in controls, whole-brain iron susceptibility did not differ between groups. Voxel-wise QSM analyses revealed higher susceptibility in a cluster in the left globus pallidus in individuals with AUD than controls. Whole-brain iron increased with age and voxel-wise QSM indicated higher susceptibility with age in various brain areas including the basal ganglia. This is the first study to analyze both serum and brain iron loading in individuals with AUD. Larger studies are needed to examine the effects of alcohol use on iron loading and its associations with alcohol use severity, structural and functional brain changes, and alcohol-induced cognitive impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiden R. Adams
- Center for Studies of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market St Ste 500, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Xinyi Li
- Center for Studies of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market St Ste 500, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Juliana I. Byanyima
- Center for Studies of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market St Ste 500, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sianneh A. Vesslee
- Center for Studies of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market St Ste 500, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Thanh D. Nguyen
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 525 E 68th St, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 525 E 68th St, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Brianna Moon
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, South Pavilion, Room 11-155, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Timothy Pond
- Center for Studies of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market St Ste 500, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Henry R. Kranzler
- Center for Studies of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market St Ste 500, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Walter R. Witschey
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, South Pavilion, Room 11-155, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zhenhao Shi
- Center for Studies of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market St Ste 500, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Corinde E. Wiers
- Center for Studies of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market St Ste 500, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, South Pavilion, Room 11-155, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Kania B, Sotelo A, Ty D, Wisco JJ. The Prevention of Inflammation and the Maintenance of Iron and Hepcidin Homeostasis in the Gut, Liver, and Brain Pathologies. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 92:769-789. [PMID: 36846996 PMCID: PMC10116142 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
The human gut microbiome consists of a variety of microorganisms that inhabit the intestinal tract. This flora has recently been shown to play an important role in human disease. The crosstalk between the gut and brain axis has been investigated through hepcidin, derived from both hepatocytes and dendritic cells. Hepcidin could potentially play an anti-inflammatory role in the process of gut dysbiosis through a means of either a localized approach of nutritional immunity, or a systemic approach. Like hepcidin, mBDNF and IL-6 are part of the gut-brain axis: gut microbiota affects their levels of expression, and this relationship is thought to play a role in cognitive function and decline, which could ultimately lead to a number of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. This review will focus on the interplay between gut dysbiosis and the crosstalk between the gut, liver, and brain and how this is mediated by hepcidin through different mechanisms including the vagus nerve and several different biomolecules. This overview will also focus on the gut microbiota-induced dysbiotic state on a systemic level, and how gut dysbiosis can contribute to beginnings and the progression of Alzheimer's disease and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Kania
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University Aram V. Chobanian & Edward Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexis Sotelo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University Aram V. Chobanian & Edward Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Darren Ty
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University Aram V. Chobanian & Edward Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan J Wisco
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University Aram V. Chobanian & Edward Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Kelly CJ, Couch RK, Ha VT, Bodart CM, Wu J, Huff S, Herrel NT, Kim HD, Zimmermann AO, Shattuck J, Pan YC, Kaeberlein M, Grillo AS. Iron status influences mitochondrial disease progression in Complex I-deficient mice. eLife 2023; 12:e75825. [PMID: 36799301 PMCID: PMC10030112 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction caused by aberrant Complex I assembly and reduced activity of the electron transport chain is pathogenic in many genetic and age-related diseases. Mice missing the Complex I subunit NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 4 (NDUFS4) are a leading mammalian model of severe mitochondrial disease that exhibit many characteristic symptoms of Leigh Syndrome including oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, brain lesions, and premature death. NDUFS4 knockout mice have decreased expression of nearly every Complex I subunit. As Complex I normally contains at least 8 iron-sulfur clusters and more than 25 iron atoms, we asked whether a deficiency of Complex I may lead to iron perturbations, thereby accelerating disease progression. Consistent with this, iron supplementation accelerates symptoms of brain degeneration in these mice, while iron restriction delays the onset of these symptoms, reduces neuroinflammation, and increases survival. NDUFS4 knockout mice display signs of iron overload in the liver including increased expression of hepcidin and show changes in iron-responsive element-regulated proteins consistent with increased cellular iron that were prevented by iron restriction. These results suggest that perturbed iron homeostasis may contribute to pathology in Leigh Syndrome and possibly other mitochondrial disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- CJ Kelly
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Reid K Couch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Vivian T Ha
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Camille M Bodart
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Judy Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Sydney Huff
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Nicole T Herrel
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Hyunsung D Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Azaad O Zimmermann
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Jessica Shattuck
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Yu-Chen Pan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Matt Kaeberlein
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Anthony S Grillo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
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Chen LL, Fan YG, Zhao LX, Zhang Q, Wang ZY. The metal ion hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease and the anti-neuroinflammatory effect of metal chelators. Bioorg Chem 2023; 131:106301. [PMID: 36455485 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), characterized by the β-amyloid protein (Aβ) deposition and tau hyperphosphorylation, is the most common dementia with uncertain etiology. The clinical trials of Aβ monoclonal antibody drugs have almost failed, giving rise to great attention on the other etiologic hypothesis regarding AD such as metal ions dysmetabolism and chronic neuroinflammation. Mounting evidence revealed that the metal ions (iron, copper, and zinc) were dysregulated in the susceptible brain regions of AD patients, which was highly associated with Aβ deposition, tau hyperphosphorylation, neuronal loss, as well as neuroinflammation. Further studies uncovered that iron, copper and zinc could not only enhance the production of Aβ but also directly bind to Aβ and tau to promote their aggregations. In addition, the accumulation of iron and copper could respectively promote ferroptosis and cuproptosis. Therefore, the metal ion chelators were recognized as promising agents for treating AD. This review comprehensively summarized the effects of metal ions on the Aβ dynamics and tau phosphorylation in the progression of AD. Furthermore, taking chronic neuroinflammation contributes to the progression of AD, we also provided a summary of the mechanisms concerning metal ions on neuroinflammation and highlighted the metal ion chelators may be potential agents to alleviate neuroinflammation under the condition of AD. Nevertheless, more investigations regarding metal ions on neuroinflammation should be taken into practice, and the effects of metal ion chelators on neuroinflammation should gain more attention. Running title: Metal chelators against neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yong-Gang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Ling-Xiao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Zhan-You Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
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Directing the Way-Receptor and Chemical Targeting Strategies for Nucleic Acid Delivery. Pharm Res 2023; 40:47-76. [PMID: 36109461 PMCID: PMC9483255 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03385-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acid therapeutics have shown great potential for the treatment of numerous diseases, such as genetic disorders, cancer and infections. Moreover, they have been successfully used as vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic. In order to unfold full therapeutical potential, these nano agents have to overcome several barriers. Therefore, directed transport to specific tissues and cell types remains a central challenge to receive carrier systems with enhanced efficiency and desired biodistribution profiles. Active targeting strategies include receptor-targeting, mediating cellular uptake based on ligand-receptor interactions, and chemical targeting, enabling cell-specific delivery as a consequence of chemically and structurally modified carriers. With a focus on synthetic delivery systems including polyplexes, lipid-based systems such as lipoplexes and lipid nanoparticles, and direct conjugates optimized for various types of nucleic acids (DNA, mRNA, siRNA, miRNA, oligonucleotides), we highlight recent achievements, exemplified by several nucleic acid drugs on the market, and discuss challenges for targeted delivery to different organs such as brain, eye, liver, lung, spleen and muscle in vivo.
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Iron-induced cytotoxicity mediated by endolysosomal TRPML1 channels is reverted by TFEB. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:1047. [PMID: 36522443 PMCID: PMC9755144 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05504-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Increased brain iron content has been consistently reported in sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, and an increase in cytosolic free iron is known to cause oxidative stress and cell death. However, whether iron also accumulates in susceptible brain areas in humans or in mouse models of familial PD remains unknown. In addition, whilst the lysosome functions as a critical intracellular iron storage organelle, little is known about the mechanisms underlying lysosomal iron release and how this process is influenced by lysosome biogenesis and/or lysosomal exocytosis. Here, we report an increase in brain iron content also in PD patients due to the common G2019S-LRRK2 mutation as compared to healthy age-matched controls, whilst differences in iron content are not observed in G2019S-LRRK2 knockin as compared to control mice. Chemically triggering iron overload in cultured cells causes cytotoxicity via the endolysosomal release of iron which is mediated by TRPML1. TFEB expression reverts the iron overload-associated cytotoxicity by causing lysosomal exocytosis, which is dependent on a TRPML1-mediated increase in cytosolic calcium levels. Therefore, approaches aimed at increasing TFEB levels, or pharmacological TRPML1 activation in conjunction with iron chelation may prove beneficial against cell death associated with iron overload conditions such as those associated with PD.
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Geng RJ, Dai MS, Wang Y, Li HB, Wang H, Huang X. Evaluation the Therapeutic Effect of Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Chronic Mild Stress by Activating PEBP1-GPX4 Axis in Ferroptosis Using qRT-PCR, Fluorescence Microscope and Iron Determination Analysis. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2022. [DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2022.3475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
About 50% of depressive patients failed to respond to the treatment, mainly because of insufficient knowledge about the pathogenesis of depression. The current study’s objectives were to look into the potential role of ferroptosis in the etiology of depression in the mice model
of chronic mild stress (CMS) and investigate the effects of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) on PEBP1-GPX4 axis controlled ferroptosis in mice. We grouped the male C57BL/6 mice randomly as follows: normal control (NC), CMS, and CMS+ADSCs. The second two groups’ animals
were exposed to CMS for a total of six weeks. From the fourth week of modeling to the sixth week, cell therapy was given once a week. SPT, TST, FST, and NSFT behavior assessments were used to evaluate the depression-like behavior brought on by CMS. We selected the ferroptosis-related parameters,
including the expression of GPX4, FTH1, ACSL4, and COX2. The amount of iron was determined in the hippocampus of the model organism by using the iron assay kit. By measuring the PEBP1 and ERK1/2 levels, as well as evaluating the expression of GFAP and IBA1, we assessed the biological function
of astrocytes and microglia in mice hippocampus. It was found that six weeks after modeling in the CMS+ADSCs group, the mice’s depression-like behavior induced by CMS had significantly improved. We found a significantly changed level of genes, including GPX4, ACSL4, FTH1, COX2, ERK1/2,
GFAP, PEBP1 and IBA1. Also, we found the differentiated level of total and ferric iron in our model mice. All these findings demonstrated that ADSCs had a therapeutic effect on CMS-induced depression-like behavior, probably by activating the PEBP1-GPX4 axis in ferroptosis. This anti-depression
role of ADSCs may be associated with the activation of the PEBP1-GPX4 axis in ferroptosis, implying that regulation of ferroptosis is a crucial therapeutic target for depression.
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36
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Trigo D, Vitória JJ, da Cruz e Silva OAB. Novel therapeutic strategies targeting mitochondria as a gateway in neurodegeneration. Neural Regen Res 2022; 18:991-995. [PMID: 36254979 PMCID: PMC9827793 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.355750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, multiple disciplines have focused on mitochondrial biology and contributed to understanding its relevance towards adult-onset neurodegenerative disorders. These are complex dynamic organelles that have a variety of functions in ensuring cellular health and homeostasis. The plethora of mitochondrial functionalities confers them an intrinsic susceptibility to internal and external stressors (such as mutation accumulation or environmental toxins), particularly so in long-lived postmitotic cells such as neurons. Thus, it is reasonable to postulate an involvement of mitochondria in aging-associated neurological disorders, notably neurodegenerative pathologies including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. On the other hand, biological effects resulting from neurodegeneration can in turn affect mitochondrial health and function, promoting a feedback loop further contributing to the progression of neuronal dysfunction and cellular death. This review examines state-of-the-art knowledge, focus on current research exploring mitochondrial health as a contributing factor to neuroregeneration, and the development of therapeutic approaches aimed at restoring mitochondrial homeostasis in a pathological setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Trigo
- Neuroscience and Signalling Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal,Correspondence to: Diogo Trigo, .
| | - José João Vitória
- Neuroscience and Signalling Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Odete A. B. da Cruz e Silva
- Neuroscience and Signalling Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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37
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Zachariou V, Bauer CE, Pappas C, Gold BT. High cortical iron is associated with the disruption of white matter tracts supporting cognitive function in healthy older adults. Cereb Cortex 2022; 33:4815-4828. [PMID: 36182267 PMCID: PMC10110441 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with brain iron accumulation, which has been linked to cognitive decline. However, how brain iron affects the structure and function of cognitive brain networks remains unclear. Here, we explored the possibility that iron load in gray matter is associated with disruption of white matter (WM) microstructure within a network supporting cognitive function, in a cohort of 95 cognitively normal older adults (age range: 60-86). Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to localize a set of brain regions involved in working memory and diffusion tensor imaging based probabilistic tractography was used to identify a network of WM tracts connecting the functionally defined regions. Brain iron concentration within these regions was evaluated using quantitative susceptibility mapping and microstructural properties were assessed within the identified tracts using neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging. Results indicated that high brain iron concentration was associated with low neurite density (ND) within the task-relevant WM network. Further, regional associations were observed such that brain iron in cortical regions was linked with lower ND in neighboring but not distant WM tracts. Our results provide novel evidence suggesting that age-related increases in brain iron concentration are associated with the disruption of WM tracts supporting cognitive function in normal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentinos Zachariou
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, United States.,College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, United States
| | - Christopher E Bauer
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, United States.,College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, United States
| | - Colleen Pappas
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, United States.,College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, United States
| | - Brian T Gold
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, United States.,College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, United States.,Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, United States.,Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, United States
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38
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Pal A, Cerchiaro G, Rani I, Ventriglia M, Rongioletti M, Longobardi A, Squitti R. Iron in Alzheimer's Disease: From Physiology to Disease Disabilities. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1248. [PMID: 36139084 PMCID: PMC9496246 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a key role in the neurodegeneration processes. Increased oxidative stress damages lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids in brain tissue, and it is tied to the loss of biometal homeostasis. For this reason, attention has been focused on transition metals involved in several biochemical reactions producing ROS. Even though a bulk of evidence has uncovered the role of metals in the generation of the toxic pathways at the base of Alzheimer's disease (AD), this matter has been sidelined by the advent of the Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis. However, the link between metals and AD has been investigated in the last two decades, focusing on their local accumulation in brain areas known to be critical for AD. Recent evidence revealed a relation between iron and AD, particularly in relation to its capacity to increase the risk of the disease through ferroptosis. In this review, we briefly summarize the major points characterizing the function of iron in our body and highlight why, even though it is essential for our life, we have to monitor its dysfunction, particularly if we want to control our risk of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Pal
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Kalyani 741245, West Bengal, India
| | - Giselle Cerchiaro
- Center for Natural Sciences and Humanities, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Avenida dos Estados, 5001, Bl.B, Santo André 09210-580, SP, Brazil
| | - Isha Rani
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar University (MMU), Mullana, Ambala 133203, Haryana, India
| | - Mariacarla Ventriglia
- Fatebenefratelli Foundation for Health Research and Education, AFaR Division, 00186 Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Rongioletti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Research and Development Division, Fatebenefratelli Isola Tiberina, Gemelli Isola, 00186 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Longobardi
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy
| | - Rosanna Squitti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Research and Development Division, Fatebenefratelli Isola Tiberina, Gemelli Isola, 00186 Rome, Italy
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Targeting Molecular Mediators of Ferroptosis and Oxidative Stress for Neurological Disorders. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:3999083. [PMID: 35910843 PMCID: PMC9337979 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3999083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
With the acceleration of population aging, nervous system diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), anxiety, depression, stroke, and traumatic brain injury (TBI) have become a huge burden on families and society. The mechanism of neurological disorders is complex, which also lacks effective treatment, so relevant research is required to solve these problems urgently. Given that oxidative stress-induced lipid peroxidation eventually leads to ferroptosis, both oxidative stress and ferroptosis are important mechanisms causing neurological disorders, targeting mediators of oxidative stress and ferroptosis have become a hot research direction at present. Our review provides a current view of the mechanisms underlying ferroptosis and oxidative stress participate in neurological disorders, the potential application of molecular mediators targeting ferroptosis and oxidative stress in neurological disorders. The target of molecular mediators or agents of oxidative stress and ferroptosis associated with neurological disorders, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor-antioxidant response element (Nrf2-ARE), n-acetylcysteine (NAC), Fe2+, NADPH, and its oxidases NOX, has been described in this article. Given that oxidative stress-induced ferroptosis plays a pivotal role in neurological disorders, further research on the mechanisms of ferroptosis caused by oxidative stress will help provide new targets for the treatment of neurological disorders.
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40
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Activation of the Hepcidin-Ferroportin1 pathway in the brain and astrocytic-neuronal crosstalk to counteract iron dyshomeostasis during aging. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11724. [PMID: 35810203 PMCID: PMC9271044 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15812-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During physiological aging, iron accumulates in the brain with a preferential distribution in regions that are more vulnerable to age-dependent neurodegeneration such as the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. In the brain of aged wild-type mice, alteration of the Brain Blood Barrier integrity, together with a marked inflammatory and oxidative state lead to increased permeability and deregulation of brain-iron homeostasis. In this context, we found that iron accumulation drives Hepcidin upregulation in the brain and the inhibition of the iron exporter Ferroportin1. We also observed the transcription and the increase of NCOA4 levels in the aged brain together with the increase of light-chain enriched ferritin heteropolymers, more efficient as iron chelators. Interestingly, in cerebral cortex and hippocampus, Ferroportin1 is mainly expressed by astrocytes, while the iron storage protein ferritin light-chain by neurons. This differential distribution suggests that astrocytes mediate iron shuttling in the nervous tissue and that neurons are unable to metabolize it. Our findings highlight for the first time that Hepcidin/Ferroportin1 axis and NCOA4 are directly involved in iron metabolism in mice brain during physiological aging as a response to a higher brain iron influx.
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Gu X, Lai D, Liu S, Chen K, Zhang P, Chen B, Huang G, Cheng X, Lu C. Hub Genes, Diagnostic Model, and Predicted Drugs Related to Iron Metabolism in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:949083. [PMID: 35875800 PMCID: PMC9300955 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.949083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common neurodegenerative disease, remains unclear in terms of its underlying causative genes and effective therapeutic approaches. Meanwhile, abnormalities in iron metabolism have been demonstrated in patients and mouse models with AD. Therefore, this study sought to find hub genes based on iron metabolism that can influence the diagnosis and treatment of AD. First, gene expression profiles were downloaded from the GEO database, including non-demented (ND) controls and AD samples. Fourteen iron metabolism-related gene sets were downloaded from the MSigDB database, yielding 520 iron metabolism-related genes. The final nine hub genes associated with iron metabolism and AD were obtained by differential analysis and WGCNA in brain tissue samples from GSE132903. GO analysis revealed that these genes were mainly involved in two major biological processes, autophagy and iron metabolism. Through stepwise regression and logistic regression analyses, we selected four of these genes to construct a diagnostic model of AD. The model was validated in blood samples from GSE63061 and GSE85426, and the AUC values showed that the model had a relatively good diagnostic performance. In addition, the immune cell infiltration of the samples and the correlation of different immune factors with these hub genes were further explored. The results suggested that these genes may also play an important role in immunity to AD. Finally, eight drugs targeting these nine hub genes were retrieved from the DrugBank database, some of which were shown to be useful for the treatment of AD or other concomitant conditions, such as insomnia and agitation. In conclusion, this model is expected to guide the diagnosis of patients with AD by detecting the expression of several genes in the blood. These hub genes may also assist in understanding the development and drug treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Gu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Xuefeng Gu
| | - Donglin Lai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaijie Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Gang Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Gang Huang
| | - Xiaoqin Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Xiaoqin Cheng
| | - Changlian Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Changlian Lu
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42
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Yang XX, Yang R, Zhang F. Role of Nrf2 in Parkinson’s Disease: Toward New Perspectives. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:919233. [PMID: 35814229 PMCID: PMC9263373 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.919233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common and chronic degenerative diseases in the central nervous system. The main pathology of PD formation is the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra and the formation of α-synuclein-rich Lewy bodies. The pathogenesis of PD is not caused by any single independent factor. The diversity of these independent factors of PD, such as iron accumulation, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, age, environment, and heredity, makes the research progress of PD slow. Nrf2 has been well-known to be closely associated with the pathogenesis of PD and could regulate these induced factors development. Nrf2 activation could protect dopaminergic neurons and slow down the progression of PD. This review summarized the role of Nrf2 pathway on the pathogenesis of PD. Regulation of Nrf2 pathway might be one of the promising strategies to prevent and treat PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-xing Yang
- Laboratory Animal Center and Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Rong Yang
- Laboratory Animal Center and Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Laboratory Animal Center and Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- *Correspondence: Feng Zhang,
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Hassan W, Noreen H, Rehman S, Kamal MA, Teixeira da Rocha JB. Association of Oxidative Stress with Neurological Disorders. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:1046-1072. [PMID: 34781871 PMCID: PMC9886831 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666211111141246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGORUND Oxidative stress is one of the main contributing factors involved in cerebral biochemical impairment. The higher susceptibility of the central nervous system to reactive oxygen species mediated damage could be attributed to several factors. For example, neurons use a greater quantity of oxygen, many parts of the brain have higher concentraton of iron, and neuronal mitochondria produce huge content of hydrogen peroxide. In addition, neuronal membranes have polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are predominantly vulnerable to oxidative stress (OS). OS is the imbalance between reactive oxygen species generation and cellular antioxidant potential. This may lead to various pathological conditions and diseases, especially neurodegenerative diseases such as, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and Huntington's diseases. OBJECTIVES In this study, we explored the involvement of OS in neurodegenerative diseases. METHODS We used different search terms like "oxidative stress and neurological disorders" "free radicals and neurodegenerative disorders" "oxidative stress, free radicals, and neurological disorders" and "association of oxidative stress with the name of disorders taken from the list of neurological disorders. We tried to summarize the source, biological effects, and physiologic functions of ROS. RESULTS Finally, it was noted that more than 190 neurological disorders are associated with oxidative stress. CONCLUSION More elaborated studies in the future will certainly help in understanding the exact mechanism involved in neurological diseases and provide insight into revelation of therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Hassan
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan;,Address correspondence to this author at the Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan; E-mail:
| | - Hamsa Noreen
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Shakila Rehman
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;,Enzymoics, 7 Peterlee Place, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Australia
| | - Joao Batista Teixeira da Rocha
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
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Gustavsson J, Papenberg G, Falahati F, Laukka EJ, Kalpouzos G. Contributions of the Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Val158Met Polymorphism to Changes in Brain Iron Across Adulthood and Their Relationships to Working Memory. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:838228. [PMID: 35571998 PMCID: PMC9091601 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.838228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ageing is associated with excessive free brain iron, which may induce oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, likely causing cognitive deficits. Lack of dopamine may be a factor behind the increase of iron with advancing age, as it has an important role in cellular iron homoeostasis. We investigated the effect of COMT Val 158 Met (rs4680), a polymorphism crucial for dopamine degradation and proxy for endogenous dopamine, on iron accumulation and working memory in a longitudinal lifespan sample (n = 208, age 20–79 at baseline, mean follow-up time = 2.75 years) using structural equation modelling. Approximation of iron content was assessed using quantitative susceptibility mapping in striatum and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Iron accumulated in both striatum and DLPFC during the follow-up period. Greater iron accumulation in DLPFC was associated with more deleterious change in working memory. Older (age 50–79) Val homozygotes (with presumably lower endogenous dopamine) accumulated more iron than older Met carriers in both striatum and DLPFC, no such differences were observed among younger adults (age 20–49). In conclusion, individual differences in genetic predisposition related to low dopamine levels increase iron accumulation, which in turn may trigger deleterious change in working memory. Future studies are needed to better understand how dopamine may modulate iron accumulation across the human lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan Gustavsson
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Jonatan Gustavsson,
| | - Goran Papenberg
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Farshad Falahati
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erika J. Laukka
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Gerontology Research Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Grégoria Kalpouzos
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Grégoria Kalpouzos,
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45
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Nikparast F, Ganji Z, Danesh Doust M, Faraji R, Zare H. Brain pathological changes during neurodegenerative diseases and their identification methods: How does QSM perform in detecting this process? Insights Imaging 2022; 13:74. [PMID: 35416533 PMCID: PMC9008086 DOI: 10.1186/s13244-022-01207-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of iron is essential for many biological processes in the body. But sometimes, for various reasons, the amount of iron deposition in different areas of the brain increases, which leads to problems related to the nervous system. Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) is one of the newest magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based methods for assessing iron accumulation in target areas. This Narrative Review article aims to evaluate the performance of QSM compared to other methods of assessing iron deposition in the clinical field. Based on the results, we introduced related basic definitions, some neurodegenerative diseases, methods of examining iron deposition in these diseases, and their advantages and disadvantages. This article states that the QSM method can be introduced as a new, reliable, and non-invasive technique for clinical evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Nikparast
- Medical Physics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zohreh Ganji
- Medical Physics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Danesh Doust
- Medical Physics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reyhane Faraji
- Medical Physics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hoda Zare
- Medical Physics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. .,Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Ayerdem G, Bosma MJ, Vinke JSJ, Ziengs AL, Potgieser ARE, Gansevoort RT, Bakker SJL, De Borst MH, Eisenga MF. Association of Endogenous Erythropoietin Levels and Iron Status With Cognitive Functioning in the General Population. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:862856. [PMID: 35462689 PMCID: PMC9024369 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.862856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundEmerging data suggest that erythropoietin (EPO) promotes neural plasticity and that iron homeostasis is needed to maintain normal physiological brain function. Cognitive functioning could therefore be influenced by endogenous EPO levels and disturbances in iron status.ObjectiveTo determine whether endogenous EPO levels and disturbances in iron status are associated with alterations in cognitive functioning in the general population.Materials and MethodsCommunity-dwelling individuals from the Prevention of Renal and Vascular End-Stage Disease (PREVEND) study, a general population-based cohort in Groningen, Netherlands, were surveyed between 2003 and 2006. Additionally, endogenous EPO levels and iron status, consisting of serum iron, transferrin, ferritin, and transferrin saturation were analyzed. Cognitive function was assessed by scores on the Ruff Figural Fluency Test (RFFT), as a reflection of executive function, and the Visual Association Test (VAT), as a reflection of associative memory.ResultsAmong 851 participants (57% males; mean age 60 ± 13 years), higher endogenous EPO levels were independently associated with an improved cognitive function, reflected by RFFT scores (ß = 0.09, P = 0.008). In multivariable backward linear regression analysis, EPO levels were among the most important modifiable determinants of RFFT scores (ß = 0.09, P = 0.002), but not of VAT scores. Of the iron status parameters, only serum ferritin levels were inversely associated with cognitive function, reflected by VAT scores, in multivariable logistic regression analysis (odds ratio, 0.77; 95% confidence interval 0.63–0.95; P = 0.02 for high performance on VAT, i.e., ≥11 points). No association between iron status parameters and RFFT scores was identified.ConclusionThe findings suggest that endogenous EPO levels and serum ferritin levels are associated with specific cognitive functioning tests in the general population. Higher EPO levels are associated with better RFFT scores, implying better executive function. Serum ferritin levels, but not other iron status parameters, were inversely associated with high performance on the VAT score, implying a reduced ability to create new memories and recall recent past. Further research is warranted to unravel underlying mechanisms and possible benefits of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Ayerdem
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Matthijs J. Bosma
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Joanna Sophia J. Vinke
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Aaltje L. Ziengs
- Department of Neuropsychology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Adriaan R. E. Potgieser
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Ron T. Gansevoort
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Stephan J. L. Bakker
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Martin H. De Borst
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Michele F. Eisenga
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Michele F. Eisenga,
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Onukwufor JO, Dirksen RT, Wojtovich AP. Iron Dysregulation in Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Alzheimer’s Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040692. [PMID: 35453377 PMCID: PMC9027385 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a devastating progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by neuronal dysfunction, and decreased memory and cognitive function. Iron is critical for neuronal activity, neurotransmitter biosynthesis, and energy homeostasis. Iron accumulation occurs in AD and results in neuronal dysfunction through activation of multifactorial mechanisms. Mitochondria generate energy and iron is a key co-factor required for: (1) ATP production by the electron transport chain, (2) heme protein biosynthesis and (3) iron-sulfur cluster formation. Disruptions in iron homeostasis result in mitochondrial dysfunction and energetic failure. Ferroptosis, a non-apoptotic iron-dependent form of cell death mediated by uncontrolled accumulation of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation, is associated with AD and other neurodegenerative diseases. AD pathogenesis is complex with multiple diverse interacting players including Aβ-plaque formation, phosphorylated tau, and redox stress. Unfortunately, clinical trials in AD based on targeting these canonical hallmarks have been largely unsuccessful. Here, we review evidence linking iron dysregulation to AD and the potential for targeting ferroptosis as a therapeutic intervention for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- John O. Onukwufor
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (R.T.D.); (A.P.W.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Robert T. Dirksen
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (R.T.D.); (A.P.W.)
| | - Andrew P. Wojtovich
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (R.T.D.); (A.P.W.)
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Aspli KT, Holmøy T, Flaten TP, Whist JE, Aaseth JO. Skogholt's disease-A tauopathy precipitated by iron and copper? J Trace Elem Med Biol 2022; 70:126915. [PMID: 34959013 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2021.126915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been suggested that Skogholt's disease is a new neurological disease entity. The disease, confined to a family line in Hedmark county, Norway, usually affects both the brain and peripheral nerves. Typical findings are white matter lesions in the brain, myelin damage in peripheral nerves, and discolored cerebrospinal fluid with high concentrations of protein, copper, and iron. Little is known about the natural progression of the disease and its underlying cause, but the high level of copper and iron in the cerebrospinal fluid may cause or exacerbate inflammation in the central nervous system. METHODS The present clinical study further explores the disease progression with clinical chemistry analyses and mass spectrometry of blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients and controls. Findings are corroborated with cognitive assessments. RESULTS Pathological changes in CSF with low amyloid-β42 and high levels of tau proteins, total protein, copper, and iron, were discovered among Skogholt patients. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment identified 36 % of the patients as below normal range, while most patients performed slower than the norm mean time on the Trail Making Test. Mini-Mental Status Examination disclosed only minor deviations. CONCLUSION The findings in the present study strengthen our initial suggestion that Skogholt's disease most likely is a new neurological disorder and provide new clues to its cause: The disease may belong to the family of neurodegenerative disorders termed tauopathies. The increased level of copper and iron may contribute to neuroinflammation as these metals also have been associated with other neurodegenerative disorders. Although the causes of neurodegenerative disorders are currently largely unknown, studies on rare disease entities, such as the present one, may increase the understanding of neurodegeneration in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus T Aspli
- Department of Neurology, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway.
| | - Trygve Holmøy
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Norway
| | - Trond Peder Flaten
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jon Elling Whist
- Research Department, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Brumunddal, Norway
| | - Jan O Aaseth
- Research Department, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Brumunddal, Norway
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49
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Rahimian R, Belliveau C, Chen R, Mechawar N. Microglial Inflammatory-Metabolic Pathways and Their Potential Therapeutic Implication in Major Depressive Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:871997. [PMID: 35782423 PMCID: PMC9245023 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.871997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports the notion that neuroinflammation plays a critical role in the etiology of major depressive disorder (MDD), at least in a subset of patients. By virtue of their capacity to transform into reactive states in response to inflammatory insults, microglia, the brain's resident immune cells, play a pivotal role in the induction of neuroinflammation. Experimental studies have demonstrated the ability of microglia to recognize pathogens or damaged cells, leading to the activation of a cytotoxic response that exacerbates damage to brain cells. However, microglia display a wide range of responses to injury and may also promote resolution stages of inflammation and tissue regeneration. MDD has been associated with chronic priming of microglia. Recent studies suggest that altered microglial morphology and function, caused either by intense inflammatory activation or by senescence, may contribute to depression and associated impairments in neuroplasticity. In this context, modifying microglia phenotype by tuning inflammatory pathways might have important translational relevance to harness neuroinflammation in MDD. Interestingly, it was recently shown that different microglial phenotypes are associated with distinct metabolic pathways and analysis of the underlying molecular mechanisms points to an instrumental role for energy metabolism in shaping microglial functions. Here, we review various canonical pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory and metabolic pathways in microglia that may provide new therapeutic opportunities to control neuroinflammation in brain disorders, with a strong focus on MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Rahimian
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Verdun, QC, Canada
| | - Claudia Belliveau
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Verdun, QC, Canada.,Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rebecca Chen
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Verdun, QC, Canada.,Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Naguib Mechawar
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Verdun, QC, Canada.,Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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50
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Venkatesh A, Daugherty AM, Bennett IJ. Neuroimaging measures of iron and gliosis explain memory performance in aging. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:5761-5770. [PMID: 34520095 PMCID: PMC8559505 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence from animal and histological studies has indicated that accumulation of iron in the brain results in reactive gliosis that contributes to cognitive deficits. The current study extends these findings to human cognitive aging and suggests that magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques like quantitative relaxometry can be used to study iron and its effects in vivo. The effects of iron on microstructure and memory performance were examined using a combination of quantitative relaxometry and multicompartment diffusion imaging in 35 young (21.06 ± 2.18 years) and 28 older (72.58 ± 6.47 years) adults, who also completed a memory task. Replicating past work, results revealed age‐related increases in iron content (R2*) and diffusion, and decreases in memory performance. Independent of age group, iron content was significantly related to restricted (intracellular) diffusion in regions with low‐moderate iron (hippocampus, caudate) and to all diffusion metrics in regions with moderate‐high iron (putamen, globus pallidus). This pattern is consistent with different stages of iron‐related gliosis, ranging from astrogliosis that may influence intracellular diffusion to microglial proliferation and increased vascular permeability that may influence all sources of diffusion. Further, hippocampal restricted diffusion was significantly related to memory performance, with a third of this effect related to iron content; consistent with the hypothesis that higher iron‐related astrogliosis in the hippocampus is associated with poorer memory performance. These results demonstrate the sensitivity of MRI to iron‐related gliosis and extend our understanding of its impact on cognition by showing that this relationship also explains individual differences in memory performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Venkatesh
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Ana M Daugherty
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Ilana J Bennett
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
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