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Saito K, Yokawa S, Kurihara H, Yaoita E, Mizuta S, Tada K, Oda M, Hatakeyama H, Ohta Y. FilGAP controls cell-extracellular matrix adhesion and process formation of kidney podocytes. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23504. [PMID: 38421271 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301691rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The function of kidney podocytes is closely associated with actin cytoskeleton regulated by Rho small GTPases. Loss of actin-driven cell adhesions and processes is connected to podocyte dysfunction, proteinuria, and kidney diseases. FilGAP, a GTPase-activating protein for Rho small GTPase Rac1, is abundantly expressed in kidney podocytes, and its gene is linked to diseases in a family with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. In this study, we have studied the role of FilGAP in podocytes in vitro. Depletion of FilGAP in cultured podocytes induced loss of actin stress fibers and increased Rac1 activity. Conversely, forced expression of FilGAP increased stress fiber formation whereas Rac1 activation significantly reduced its formation. FilGAP localizes at the focal adhesion (FA), an integrin-based protein complex closely associated with stress fibers, that mediates cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion, and FilGAP depletion decreased FA formation and impaired attachment to the ECM. Moreover, in unique podocyte cell cultures capable of inducing the formation of highly organized processes including major processes and foot process-like projections, FilGAP depletion or Rac1 activation decreased the formation of these processes. The reduction of FAs and process formations in FilGAP-depleted podocyte cells was rescued by inhibition of Rac1 or P21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1), a downstream effector of Rac1, and PAK1 activation inhibited their formations. Thus, FilGAP contributes to both cell-ECM adhesion and process formation of podocytes by suppressing Rac1/PAK1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Saito
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Seiji Yokawa
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hidetake Kurihara
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aino University, Osaka, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Eishin Yaoita
- Kidney Research Center, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Sari Mizuta
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kanae Tada
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Moemi Oda
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Hatakeyama
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Ohta
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
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2
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Amirinejad A, Khayyatzadeh SS, Rezaeivandchali N, Gheibihayat SM. Efferocytosis and Metabolic Syndrome: A Narrative Review. Curr Mol Med 2024; 24:751-757. [PMID: 37431902 DOI: 10.2174/1566524023666230710120438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS), which is distinguished by the simultaneous presence of hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and central obesity, is a critical risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVDs), mortality, and illness burden. Eliminating about one million cells per second in the human body, apoptosis conserves homeostasis and regulates the life cycle of organisms. In the physiological condition, the apoptotic cells internalize to the phagocytes by a multistep process named efferocytosis. Any impairment in the clearance of these apoptotic cells results in conditions related to chronic inflammation, such as obesity, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. On the other hand, insulin resistance and MetS can disturb the efferocytosis process. Since no study investigated the relationship between efferocytosis and MetS, we decided to explore the different steps of efferocytosis and describe how inefficient dead cell clearance is associated with the progression of MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Amirinejad
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Sayyed Saeid Khayyatzadeh
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Noushin Rezaeivandchali
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Gheibihayat
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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3
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Levine AA, Liktor-Busa E, Balasubramanian S, Palomino SM, Burtman AM, Couture SA, Lipinski AA, Langlais PR, Largent-Milnes TM. Depletion of Endothelial-Derived 2-AG Reduces Blood-Endothelial Barrier Integrity via Alteration of VE-Cadherin and the Phospho-Proteome. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:531. [PMID: 38203706 PMCID: PMC10778805 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence supports the role of the endocannabinoid system in neurophysiology, including blood-brain barrier (BBB) function. Recent work has demonstrated that activation of endocannabinoid receptors can mitigate insults to the BBB during neurological disorders like traumatic brain injury, cortical spreading depression, and stroke. As alterations to the BBB are associated with worsening clinical outcomes in these conditions, studies herein sought to examine the impact of endocannabinoid depletion on BBB integrity. Barrier integrity was investigated in vitro via bEnd.3 cell monolayers to assess endocannabinoid synthesis, barrier function, calcium influx, junctional protein expression, and proteome-wide changes. Inhibition of 2-AG synthesis using DAGLα inhibition and siRNA inhibition of DAGLα led to loss of barrier integrity via altered expression of VE-cadherin, which could be partially rescued by exogenous application of 2-AG. Moreover, the deleterious effects of DAGLα inhibition on BBB integrity showed both calcium and PKC (protein kinase C)-dependency. These data indicate that disruption of 2-AG homeostasis in brain endothelial cells, in the absence of insult, is sufficient to disrupt BBB integrity thus supporting the role of the endocannabinoid system in neurovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan A. Levine
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (A.A.L.); (E.L.-B.); (S.B.); (S.M.P.); (A.M.B.); (S.A.C.)
| | - Erika Liktor-Busa
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (A.A.L.); (E.L.-B.); (S.B.); (S.M.P.); (A.M.B.); (S.A.C.)
| | - Shreya Balasubramanian
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (A.A.L.); (E.L.-B.); (S.B.); (S.M.P.); (A.M.B.); (S.A.C.)
| | - Seph M. Palomino
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (A.A.L.); (E.L.-B.); (S.B.); (S.M.P.); (A.M.B.); (S.A.C.)
| | - Anya M. Burtman
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (A.A.L.); (E.L.-B.); (S.B.); (S.M.P.); (A.M.B.); (S.A.C.)
| | - Sarah A. Couture
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (A.A.L.); (E.L.-B.); (S.B.); (S.M.P.); (A.M.B.); (S.A.C.)
| | - Austin A. Lipinski
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (A.A.L.); (P.R.L.)
| | - Paul R. Langlais
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (A.A.L.); (P.R.L.)
| | - Tally M. Largent-Milnes
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (A.A.L.); (E.L.-B.); (S.B.); (S.M.P.); (A.M.B.); (S.A.C.)
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4
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Saito K, Ozawa S, Chiba Y, Takahashi R, Ogomori R, Mukai K, Taguchi T, Hatakeyama H, Ohta Y. FilGAP, a GAP for Rac1, down-regulates invadopodia formation in breast cancer cells. Cell Struct Funct 2023; 48:161-174. [PMID: 37482421 DOI: 10.1247/csf.23032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Invadopodia are protrusive structures that mediate the extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation required for tumor invasion and metastasis. Rho small GTPases regulate invadopodia formation, but the molecular mechanisms of how Rho small GTPase activities are regulated at the invadopodia remain unclear. Here we have identified FilGAP, a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for Rac1, as a negative regulator of invadopodia formation in tumor cells. Depletion of FilGAP in breast cancer cells increased ECM degradation and conversely, overexpression of FilGAP decreased it. FilGAP depletion promoted the formation of invadopodia with ECM degradation. In addition, FilGAP depletion and Rac1 overexpression increased the emergence of invadopodia induced by epidermal growth factor, whereas FilGAP overexpression suppressed it. Overexpression of GAP-deficient FilGAP mutant enhanced invadopodia emergence as well as FilGAP depletion. The pleckstrin-homology (PH) domain of FilGAP binds phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate [PI(3,4)P2], which is distributed on membranes of the invadopodia. FilGAP localized to invadopodia in breast cancer cells on the ECM, but FilGAP mutant lacking PI(3,4)P2-binding showed low localization. Similarly, the decrease of PI(3,4)P2 production reduced the FilGAP localization. Our results suggest that FilGAP localizes to invadopodia through its PH domain binding to PI(3,4)P2 and down-regulates invadopodia formation by inactivating Rac1, inhibiting ECM degradation in invasive tumor cells.Key words: invadopodia, breast carcinoma, Rac1, FilGAP, PI(3,4)P2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Saito
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University
| | - Sakino Ozawa
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University
| | - Yosuke Chiba
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University
| | - Ruri Takahashi
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University
| | - Ryoya Ogomori
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University
| | - Kojiro Mukai
- Laboratory of Organelle Pathophysiology, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University
| | - Tomohiko Taguchi
- Laboratory of Organelle Pathophysiology, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University
| | | | - Yasutaka Ohta
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University
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5
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ARHGAP15 promotes metastatic colonization in gastric cancer by suppressing RAC1-ROS pathway. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010640. [PMID: 36802400 PMCID: PMC9983873 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanism of tumor metastasis, especially how metastatic tumor cells colonize in a distant site, remains poorly understood. Here we reported that ARHGAP15, a Rho GTPase activating protein, enhanced gastric cancer (GC) metastatic colonization, which was quite different from its reported role as a tumor suppressor gene in other cancers. It was upregulated in metastatic lymph nodes and significantly associated with a poor prognosis. Ectopic expression of ARHGAP15 promoted metastatic colonization of gastric cancer cells in murine lungs and lymph nodes in vivo or protected cells from oxidative-related death in vitro. However, genetic downregulation of ARHGAP15 had the opposite effect. Mechanistically, ARHGAP15 inactivated RAC1 and then decreased intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thus enhancing the antioxidant capacity of colonizing tumor cells under oxidative stress. This phenotype could be phenocopied by inhibition of RAC1 or rescued by the introduction of constitutively active RAC1 into cells. Taken together, these findings suggested a novel role of ARHGAP15 in promoting gastric cancer metastasis by quenching ROS through inhibiting RAC1 and its potential value for prognosis estimation and targeted therapy.
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6
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CdGAP maintains podocyte function and modulates focal adhesions in a Src kinase-dependent manner. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18657. [PMID: 36333327 PMCID: PMC9636259 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21634-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho GTPases are regulators of the actin cytoskeleton and their activity is modulated by GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) and guanine nucleotide exchanging factors (GEFs). Glomerular podocytes have numerous actin-based projections called foot processes and their alteration is characteristic of proteinuric kidney diseases. We reported previously that Rac1 hyperactivation in podocytes causes proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis in mice. However, which GAP and GEF modulate Rac1 activity in podocytes remains unknown. Here, using a proximity-based ligation assay, we identified CdGAP (ARHGAP31) and β-PIX (ARHGEF7) as the major regulatory proteins interacting with Rac1 in human podocytes. CdGAP interacted with β-PIX through its basic region, and upon EGF stimulation, they both translocated to the plasma membrane in podocytes. CdGAP-depleted podocytes had altered cell motility and increased basal Rac1 and Cdc42 activities. When stimulated with EGF, CdGAP-depleted podocytes showed impaired β-PIX membrane-translocation and tyrosine phosphorylation, and reduced activities of Src kinase, focal adhesion kinase, and paxillin. Systemic and podocyte-specific CdGAP-knockout mice developed mild but significant proteinuria, which was exacerbated by Adriamycin. Collectively, these findings show that CdGAP contributes to maintain podocyte function and protect them from injury.
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7
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Wisniewski É, Czárán D, Kovács F, Bahurek E, Németh A, Sasvári P, Szanda G, Pettkó-Szandtner A, Klement E, Ligeti E, Csépányi-Kömi R. A novel BRET-Based GAP assay reveals phosphorylation-dependent regulation of the RAC-specific GTPase activating protein ARHGAP25. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22584. [PMID: 36190314 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200689r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ARHGAP25, a RAC-specific GTPase activating protein (GAP), is an essential regulator of phagocyte effector functions such as phagocytosis, superoxide production, and transendothelial migration. Furthermore, its complex role in tumor behavior has recently been recognized. We previously demonstrated that phosphorylation of serine 363 in ARHGAP25 regulates hematopoietic stem cells and progenitor cells in mouse bone marrow. However, the significance of other potential phosphorylation sites of ARHGAP25 remained unknown. Now, we developed a novel, real-time bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) assay to monitor the GAP activity of ARHGAP25 in vitro. Using this approach, we revealed that phosphorylation of S363 and S488, but not that of S379-380, controls ARHGAP25's RACGAP activity. On the other hand, we found in granulocyte-differentiated human PLB-985 cells that superoxide production and actin depolymerization are regulated by residues S363 and S379-380. The present data demonstrate the value of our BRET-GAP assay and show that different phosphorylation patterns regulate ARHGAP25's GAP activity and its effect on superoxide production and phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éva Wisniewski
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Domonkos Czárán
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Fanni Kovács
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Enikő Bahurek
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Afrodité Németh
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Sasvári
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergő Szanda
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Eva Klement
- Laboratory of Proteomics Research, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary.,Single Cell Omics ACF, Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Ligeti
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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8
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Pillay LM, Yano JJ, Davis AE, Butler MG, Ezeude MO, Park JS, Barnes KA, Reyes VL, Castranova D, Gore AV, Swift MR, Iben JR, Kenton MI, Stratman AN, Weinstein BM. In vivo dissection of Rhoa function in vascular development using zebrafish. Angiogenesis 2022; 25:411-434. [PMID: 35320450 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-022-09834-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The small monomeric GTPase RHOA acts as a master regulator of signal transduction cascades by activating effectors of cellular signaling, including the Rho-associated protein kinases ROCK1/2. Previous in vitro cell culture studies suggest that RHOA can regulate many critical aspects of vascular endothelial cell (EC) biology, including focal adhesion, stress fiber formation, and angiogenesis. However, the specific in vivo roles of RHOA during vascular development and homeostasis are still not well understood. In this study, we examine the in vivo functions of RHOA in regulating vascular development and integrity in zebrafish. We use zebrafish RHOA-ortholog (rhoaa) mutants, transgenic embryos expressing wild type, dominant negative, or constitutively active forms of rhoaa in ECs, pharmacological inhibitors of RHOA and ROCK1/2, and Rock1 and Rock2a/b dgRNP-injected zebrafish embryos to study the in vivo consequences of RHOA gain- and loss-of-function in the vascular endothelium. Our findings document roles for RHOA in vascular integrity, developmental angiogenesis, and vascular morphogenesis in vivo, showing that either too much or too little RHOA activity leads to vascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Pillay
- Division of Developmental Biology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 6 Center Dr. Bethesda, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Joseph J Yano
- Division of Developmental Biology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 6 Center Dr. Bethesda, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Pennsylvania, 440 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Andrew E Davis
- Division of Developmental Biology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 6 Center Dr. Bethesda, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Matthew G Butler
- Division of Developmental Biology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 6 Center Dr. Bethesda, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Megan O Ezeude
- Division of Developmental Biology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 6 Center Dr. Bethesda, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jong S Park
- Division of Developmental Biology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 6 Center Dr. Bethesda, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Keith A Barnes
- Division of Developmental Biology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 6 Center Dr. Bethesda, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Vanessa L Reyes
- Division of Developmental Biology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 6 Center Dr. Bethesda, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Daniel Castranova
- Division of Developmental Biology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 6 Center Dr. Bethesda, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Aniket V Gore
- Division of Developmental Biology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 6 Center Dr. Bethesda, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Matthew R Swift
- Division of Developmental Biology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 6 Center Dr. Bethesda, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - James R Iben
- Division of Developmental Biology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 6 Center Dr. Bethesda, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Madeleine I Kenton
- Division of Developmental Biology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 6 Center Dr. Bethesda, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Amber N Stratman
- Division of Developmental Biology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 6 Center Dr. Bethesda, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Brant M Weinstein
- Division of Developmental Biology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 6 Center Dr. Bethesda, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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9
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Local synthesis of the phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate lipid drives focal adhesion turnover. Dev Cell 2022; 57:1694-1711.e7. [PMID: 35809565 PMCID: PMC7613278 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Focal adhesions are multifunctional organelles that couple cell-matrix adhesion to cytoskeletal force transmission and signaling and to steer cell migration and collective cell behavior. Whereas proteomic changes at focal adhesions are well understood, little is known about signaling lipids in focal adhesion dynamics. Through the characterization of cells from mice with a kinase-inactivating point mutation in the class II PI3K-C2β, we find that generation of the phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,4)P2) membrane lipid promotes focal adhesion disassembly in response to changing environmental conditions. We show that reduced growth factor signaling sensed by protein kinase N, an mTORC2 target and effector of RhoA, synergizes with the adhesion disassembly factor DEPDC1B to induce local synthesis of PtdIns(3,4)P2 by PI3K-C2β. PtdIns(3,4)P2 then promotes turnover of RhoA-dependent stress fibers by recruiting the PtdIns(3,4)P2-dependent RhoA-GTPase-activating protein ARAP3. Our findings uncover a pathway by which cessation of growth factor signaling facilitates cell-matrix adhesion disassembly via a phosphoinositide lipid switch.
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10
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Yazbeck P, Cullere X, Bennett P, Yajnik V, Wang H, Kawada K, Davis V, Parikh A, Kuo A, Mysore V, Hla T, Milstone D, Mayadas TN. DOCK4 Regulation of Rho GTPases Mediates Pulmonary Vascular Barrier Function. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2022; 42:886-902. [PMID: 35477279 PMCID: PMC9233130 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.122.317565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The vascular endothelium maintains tissue-fluid homeostasis by controlling the passage of large molecules and fluid between the blood and interstitial space. The interaction of catenins and the actin cytoskeleton with VE-cadherin (vascular endothelial cadherin) is the primary mechanism for stabilizing AJs (adherens junctions), thereby preventing lung vascular barrier disruption. Members of the Rho (Ras homology) family of GTPases and conventional GEFs (guanine exchange factors) of these GTPases have been demonstrated to play important roles in regulating endothelial permeability. Here, we evaluated the role of DOCK4 (dedicator of cytokinesis 4)-an unconventional Rho family GTPase GEF in vascular function. METHODS We generated mice deficient in DOCK4' used DOCK4 silencing and reconstitution approaches in human pulmonary artery endothelial cells' used assays to evaluate protein localization, endothelial cell permeability, and small GTPase activation. RESULTS Our data show that DOCK4-deficient mice are viable. However, these mice have hemorrhage selectively in the lung, incomplete smooth muscle cell coverage in pulmonary vessels, increased basal microvascular permeability, and impaired response to S1P (sphingosine-1-phosphate)-induced reversal of thrombin-induced permeability. Consistent with this, DOCK4 rapidly translocates to the cell periphery and associates with the detergent-insoluble fraction following S1P treatment, and its absence prevents S1P-induced Rac-1 activation and enhancement of barrier function. Moreover, DOCK4-silenced pulmonary artery endothelial cells exhibit enhanced basal permeability in vitro that is associated with enhanced Rho GTPase activation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that DOCK4 maintains AJs necessary for lung vascular barrier function by establishing the normal balance between RhoA (Ras homolog family member A) and Rac-1-mediated actin cytoskeleton remodeling, a previously unappreciated function for the atypical GEF family of molecules. Our studies also identify S1P as a potential upstream regulator of DOCK4 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Yazbeck
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Xavier Cullere
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Paul Bennett
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Vijay Yajnik
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02445
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Kenji Kawada
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02445
| | - Vanessa Davis
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Asit Parikh
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02445
| | - Andrew Kuo
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 20115
| | - Vijayashree Mysore
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Timothy Hla
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 20115
| | - David Milstone
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Tanya N. Mayadas
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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11
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Zhang Q, Huang X, Xiu Y, Quan Y, Muhetaer H, Liu T. Src Homology 2 Domain Containing Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase-2 (SHP2) Combined with Dental Pulp Stem Cells Promote the Effect of Angiogenesis. J BIOMATER TISS ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1166/jbt.2022.3040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Pulpitis is one of the most important dental diseases. How to improve the blood circulation in the infected and necrotic area of pulp is the current research hotspot in the treatment of pulpitis. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have similar regeneration and differentiation ability to
the pluripotent stem cells, and can differentiate into various tissues under certain induced conditions. Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) extracted from dental pulp, which have stronger proliferation ability and stability, and are more ideal seed cells for the treatment of pulpitis. Research
show that Src homology 2 domain containing SHP2 can promote blood vessel growth. In this subject, we studied the angiogenesis of SHP2 combined with dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) transplantation. SHP2 and DPSCs were co cultured with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The proliferation
and migration of endothelial cells were detected by Wound Healing Assays. At the same time, the effect of SHP2+DPSC on endothelial cell angiogenesis was examined by tube formation test. The expression of angiogenesis related cytokines including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF),
von willebrand factor (vWF), Angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) and Cdc42/Rac1 signal pathway were also detected by Western blot. Our results demonstrated that SHP2 combined with DPSCs can advance endothelial cell angiogenesis. Meanwhile, SHP2+ DPSC obviously increased VEGF, Ang-1 and vWF expression.
SHP2+DPSC significantly raise the Cdc42/Rac1 signal pathway in HUVECs. Our data illustrate that SHP2 combined with DPSCs can promote the effect of angiogenesis in pulpitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Department of Oncology Rehabilitation, Shenzhen Luohu People’s Hospital, The 3th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518001, P. R. China
| | - Xing Huang
- Department of Stomatology, Shenzhen Luohu People’s Hospital, The 3th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518001, P. R. China
| | - Yihong Xiu
- Somatotherapy Department, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518001, P. R. China
| | - Yaping Quan
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Luohu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, 518001, P. R. China
| | - Huojia Muhetaer
- Department of Stomatology, Shenzhen Luohu People’s Hospital, The 3th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518001, P. R. China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Oncology Rehabilitation, Shenzhen Luohu People’s Hospital, The 3th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518001, P. R. China
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12
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The Effect of Magnetic Field Gradient and Gadolinium-Based MRI Contrast Agent Dotarem on Mouse Macrophages. Cells 2022; 11:cells11050757. [PMID: 35269379 PMCID: PMC8909262 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is widely used in diagnostic medicine. MRI uses the static magnetic field to polarize nuclei spins, fast-switching magnetic field gradients to generate temporal and spatial resolution, and radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic waves to control the spin orientation. All these forms of magnetic static and electromagnetic RF fields interact with human tissue and cells. However, reports on the MRI technique's effects on the cells and human body are often inconsistent or contradictory. In both research and clinical MRI, recent progress in improving sensitivity and resolution is associated with the increased magnetic field strength of MRI magnets. Additionally, to improve the contrast of the images, the MRI technique often employs contrast agents, such as gadolinium-based Dotarem, with effects on cells and organs that are still disputable and not fully understood. Application of higher magnetic fields requires revisiting previously observed or potentially possible bio-effects. This article focuses on the influence of a static magnetic field gradient with and without a gadolinium-based MRI contrast agent (Dotarem) and the cellular and molecular effects of Dotarem on macrophages.
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13
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The Evolution of Biomineralization through the Co-Option of Organic Scaffold Forming Networks. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040595. [PMID: 35203246 PMCID: PMC8870065 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomineralization is the process in which organisms use minerals to generate hard structures like teeth, skeletons and shells. Biomineralization is proposed to have evolved independently in different phyla through the co-option of pre-existing developmental programs. Comparing the gene regulatory networks (GRNs) that drive biomineralization in different species could illuminate the molecular evolution of biomineralization. Skeletogenesis in the sea urchin embryo was extensively studied and the underlying GRN shows high conservation within echinoderms, larval and adult skeletogenesis. The organic scaffold in which the calcite skeletal elements form in echinoderms is a tubular compartment generated by the syncytial skeletogenic cells. This is strictly different than the organic cartilaginous scaffold that vertebrates mineralize with hydroxyapatite to make their bones. Here I compare the GRNs that drive biomineralization and tubulogenesis in echinoderms and in vertebrates. The GRN that drives skeletogenesis in the sea urchin embryo shows little similarity to the GRN that drives bone formation and high resemblance to the GRN that drives vertebrates’ vascular tubulogenesis. On the other hand, vertebrates’ bone-GRNs show high similarity to the GRNs that operate in the cells that generate the cartilage-like tissues of basal chordate and invertebrates that do not produce mineralized tissue. These comparisons suggest that biomineralization in deuterostomes evolved through the phylum specific co-option of GRNs that control distinct organic scaffolds to mineralization.
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14
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Herman KD, Wright CG, Marriott HM, McCaughran SC, Bowden KA, Collins MO, Renshaw SA, Prince LR. The EGFR/ErbB inhibitor neratinib modifies the neutrophil phosphoproteome and promotes apoptosis and clearance by airway macrophages. Front Immunol 2022; 13:956991. [PMID: 35967296 PMCID: PMC9371615 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.956991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated neutrophilic inflammation can be highly destructive in chronic inflammatory diseases due to prolonged neutrophil lifespan and continual release of histotoxic mediators in inflamed tissues. Therapeutic induction of neutrophil apoptosis, an immunologically silent form of cell death, may be beneficial in these diseases, provided that the apoptotic neutrophils are efficiently cleared from the tissue. Previous research in our group identified ErbB inhibitors as able to induce neutrophil apoptosis and reduce neutrophilic inflammation both in vitro and in vivo. Here, we extend that work using a clinical ErbB inhibitor, neratinib, which has the potential to be repurposed in inflammatory diseases. We show that neratinib reduces neutrophilic migration o an inflammatory site in zebrafish larvae. Neratinib upregulates efferocytosis and reduces the number of persisting neutrophil corpses in mouse models of acute, but not chronic, lung injury, suggesting that the drug may have therapeutic benefits in acute inflammatory settings. Phosphoproteomic analysis of human neutrophils shows that neratinib modifies the phosphorylation of proteins regulating apoptosis, migration, and efferocytosis. This work identifies a potential mechanism for neratinib in treating acute lung inflammation by upregulating the clearance of dead neutrophils and, through examination of the neutrophil phosphoproteome, provides important insights into the mechanisms by which this may be occurring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly D Herman
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, The Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease and The Bateson Centre, The Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Carl G Wright
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, The Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Helen M Marriott
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, The Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Sam C McCaughran
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, The Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Kieran A Bowden
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, The Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Mark O Collins
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen A Renshaw
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, The Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease and The Bateson Centre, The Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Lynne R Prince
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, The Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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15
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Chen PW, Gasilina A, Yadav MP, Randazzo PA. Control of cell signaling by Arf GTPases and their regulators: Focus on links to cancer and other GTPase families. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1869:119171. [PMID: 34774605 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.119171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The ADP-ribosylation factors (Arfs) comprise a family of regulatory GTP binding proteins. The Arfs regulate membrane trafficking and cytoskeleton remodeling, processes critical for eukaryotes and which have been the focus of most studies on Arfs. A more limited literature describes a role in signaling and in integrating several signaling pathways to bring about specific cell behaviors. Here, we will highlight work describing function of Arf1, Arf6 and several effectors and regulators of Arfs in signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Wen Chen
- Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, MA, United States of America
| | - Anjelika Gasilina
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States of America(1); Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Mukesh P Yadav
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Paul A Randazzo
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States of America.
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16
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Fratini E, Salvemini M, Lombardo F, Muzzi M, Molfini M, Gisondi S, Roma E, D'Ezio V, Persichini T, Gasperi T, Mariottini P, Di Giulio A, Bologna MA, Cervelli M, Mancini E. Unraveling the role of male reproductive tract and haemolymph in cantharidin-exuding Lydus trimaculatus and Mylabris variabilis (Coleoptera: Meloidae): a comparative transcriptomics approach. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:808. [PMID: 34749651 PMCID: PMC8576976 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08118-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Meloidae (blister beetles) are known to synthetize cantharidin (CA), a toxic and defensive terpene mainly stored in male accessory glands (MAG) and emitted outward through reflex-bleeding. Recent progresses in understanding CA biosynthesis and production organ(s) in Meloidae have been made, but the way in which self-protection is achieved from the hazardous accumulation and release of CA in blister beetles has been experimentally neglected. To provide hints on this pending question, a comparative de novo assembly transcriptomic approach was performed by targeting two tissues where CA is largely accumulated and regularly circulates in Meloidae: the male reproductive tract (MRT) and the haemolymph. Differential gene expression profiles in these tissues were examined in two blister beetle species, Lydus trimaculatus (Fabricius, 1775) (tribe Lyttini) and Mylabris variabilis (Pallas, 1781) (tribe Mylabrini). Upregulated transcripts were compared between the two species to identify conserved genes possibly involved in CA detoxification and transport. Results Based on our results, we hypothesize that, to avoid auto-intoxication, ABC, MFS or other solute transporters might sequester purported glycosylated CA precursors into MAG, and lipocalins could bind CA and mitigate its reactivity when released into the haemolymph during the autohaemorrhaging response. We also found an over-representation in haemolymph of protein-domains related to coagulation and integument repairing mechanisms that likely reflects the need to limit fluid loss during reflex-bleeding. Conclusions The de novo assembled transcriptomes of L. trimaculatus and M. variabilis here provided represent valuable genetic resources to further explore the mechanisms employed to cope with toxicity of CA in blister beetle tissues. These, if revealed, might help conceiving safe and effective drug-delivery approaches to enhance the use of CA in medicine. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-08118-8.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Salvemini
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Lombardo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Muzzi
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Molfini
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Gisondi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.,Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elia Roma
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Tecla Gasperi
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Emiliano Mancini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
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17
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Mostovenko E, Dahm MM, Schubauer-Berigan MK, Eye T, Erdely A, Young TL, Campen MJ, Ottens AK. Serum peptidome: diagnostic window into pathogenic processes following occupational exposure to carbon nanomaterials. Part Fibre Toxicol 2021; 18:39. [PMID: 34711247 PMCID: PMC8555107 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-021-00431-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing industrial use of carbon nanotubes and nanofibers (CNT/F) warrants consideration of human health outcomes. CNT/F produces pulmonary, cardiovascular, and other toxic effects in animals along with a significant release of bioactive peptides into the circulation, the augmented serum peptidome. While epidemiology among CNT/F workers reports on few acute symptoms, there remains concern over sub-clinical CNT/F effects that may prime for chronic disease, necessitating sensitive health outcome diagnostic markers for longitudinal follow-up. METHODS Here, the serum peptidome was assessed for its biomarker potential in detecting sub-symptomatic pathobiology among CNT/F workers using label-free data-independent mass spectrometry. Studies employed a stratified design between High (> 0.5 µg/m3) and Low (< 0.1 µg/m3) inhalable CNT/F exposures in the industrial setting. Peptide biomarker model building and refinement employed linear regression and partial least squared discriminant analyses. Top-ranked peptides were then sequence identified and evaluated for pathological-relevance. RESULTS In total, 41 peptides were found to be highly discriminatory after model building with a strong linear correlation to personal CNT/F exposure. The top-five peptide model offered ideal prediction with high accuracy (Q2 = 0.99916). Unsupervised validation affirmed 43.5% of the serum peptidomic variance was attributable to CNT/F exposure. Peptide sequence identification reveals a predominant association with vascular pathology. ARHGAP21, ADAM15 and PLPP3 peptides suggest heightened cardiovasculature permeability and F13A1, FBN1 and VWDE peptides infer a pro-thrombotic state among High CNT/F workers. CONCLUSIONS The serum peptidome affords a diagnostic window into sub-symptomatic pathology among CNT/F exposed workers for longitudinal monitoring of systemic health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Mostovenko
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 980709, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Matthew M Dahm
- Division of Field Studies and Engineering, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1090 Tusculum Avenue, MS-R12, Cincinnati, OH, 45226, USA
| | - Mary K Schubauer-Berigan
- Division of Field Studies and Engineering, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1090 Tusculum Avenue, MS-R12, Cincinnati, OH, 45226, USA
- Evidence Synthesis and Classification Section, International Agency for Research On Cancer, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372, Lyon, CEDEX 08, France
| | - Tracy Eye
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Aaron Erdely
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Tamara L Young
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico, MSC09 53601, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Matthew J Campen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico, MSC09 53601, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Andrew K Ottens
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 980709, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
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18
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Regulation of Rac1 Activation in Choroidal Endothelial Cells: Insights into Mechanisms in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092414. [PMID: 34572063 PMCID: PMC8469925 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide. Vision loss from the neovascular form is associated with the invasion of choroidal endothelial cells into the neural retina to form vision-threatening macular neovascularization (MNV). Anti-angiogenic agents are the current standard of care but are effective in only ~50% of AMD cases. The molecular mechanisms involved in invasive MNV point to the importance of regulating signaling pathways that lead to pathologic biologic outcomes. In studies testing the effects of AMD-related stresses, activation of the Rho GTPase, Rac1, was found to be important for the choroidal endothelial cell invasion into the neural retina. However, current approaches to prevent Rac1 activation are inefficient and less effective. We summarize active Rac1-mediated mechanisms that regulate choroidal endothelial cell migration. Specifically, we discuss our work regarding the role of a multidomain protein, IQ motif containing GTPase activating protein 1 (IQGAP1), in sustaining pathologic Rac1 activation and a mechanism by which active Rap1, a Ras-like GTPase, may prevent active Rac1-mediated choroidal endothelial cell migration.
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19
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Arhgef2 regulates mitotic spindle orientation in hematopoietic stem cells and is essential for productive hematopoiesis. Blood Adv 2021; 5:3120-3133. [PMID: 34406376 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
How hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) coordinate their divisional axis and whether this orientation is important for stem cell-driven hematopoiesis is poorly understood. Single-cell RNA sequencing data from patients with Shwachman-Diamond syndrome (SDS), an inherited bone marrow failure syndrome, show that ARHGEF2, a RhoA-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor and determinant of mitotic spindle orientation, is specifically downregulated in SDS hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). We demonstrate that transplanted Arhgef2-/- fetal liver and bone marrow cells yield impaired hematopoietic recovery and a production deficit from long-term HSCs, phenotypes that are not the result of differences in numbers of transplanted HSCs, their cell cycle status, level of apoptosis, progenitor output, or homing ability. Notably, these defects are functionally restored in vivo by overexpression of ARHGEF2 or its downstream activated RHOA GTPase. By using live imaging of dividing HSPCs, we show an increased frequency of misoriented divisions in the absence of Arhgef2. ARHGEF2 knockdown in human HSCs also impairs their ability to regenerate hematopoiesis, culminating in significantly smaller xenografts. Together, these data demonstrate a conserved role for Arhgef2 in orienting HSPC division and suggest that HSCs may divide in certain orientations to establish hematopoiesis, the loss of which could contribute to HSC dysfunction in bone marrow failure.
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20
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Phng LK, Belting HG. Endothelial cell mechanics and blood flow forces in vascular morphogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 120:32-43. [PMID: 34154883 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate cardiovascular system is made up by a hierarchically structured network of highly specialised blood vessels. This network emerges during early embryogenesis and evolves in size and complexity concomitant with embryonic growth and organ formation. Underlying this plasticity are actin-driven endothelial cell behaviours, which allow endothelial cells to change their shape and move within the vascular network. In this review, we discuss the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in vascular network formation and how these intrinsic mechanisms are influenced by haemodynamic forces provided by pressurized blood flow. While most of this review focusses on in vivo evidence from zebrafish embryos, we also mention complementary findings obtained in other experimental systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Kun Phng
- Laboratory for Vascular Morphogenesis, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Heinz-Georg Belting
- Department of Cell Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel 4056, Switzerland.
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21
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Miroshnikova YA, Manet S, Li X, Wickström SA, Faurobert E, Albiges-Rizo C. Calcium signaling mediates a biphasic mechanoadaptive response of endothelial cells to cyclic mechanical stretch. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:1724-1736. [PMID: 34081532 PMCID: PMC8684738 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-03-0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The vascular system is precisely regulated to adjust blood flow to organismal demand, thereby guaranteeing adequate perfusion under varying physiological conditions. Mechanical forces, such as cyclic circumferential stretch, are among the critical stimuli that dynamically adjust vessel distribution and diameter, but the precise mechanisms of adaptation to changing forces are unclear. We find that endothelial monolayers respond to cyclic stretch by transient remodeling of the vascular endothelial cadherin–based adherens junctions and the associated actomyosin cytoskeleton. Time-resolved proteomic profiling reveals that this remodeling is driven by calcium influx through the mechanosensitive Piezo1 channel, triggering Rho activation to increase actomyosin contraction. As the mechanical stimulus persists, calcium signaling is attenuated through transient down-regulation of Piezo1 protein. At the same time, filamins are phosphorylated to increase monolayer stiffness, allowing mechanoadaptation to restore junctional integrity despite continuing exposure to stretch. Collectively, this study identifies a biphasic response to cyclic stretch, consisting of an initial calcium-driven junctional mechanoresponse, followed by mechanoadaptation facilitated by monolayer stiffening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yekaterina A Miroshnikova
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Grenoble 38042, France.,INSERM U1209, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, F-38700 La Tronche, France.,CNRS UMR 5039, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, F-38700 La Tronche, France.,Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, D-50931 Cologne, Germany.,Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sandra Manet
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Grenoble 38042, France.,INSERM U1209, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, F-38700 La Tronche, France.,CNRS UMR 5039, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, F-38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Xinping Li
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Sara A Wickström
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, D-50931 Cologne, Germany.,Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eva Faurobert
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Grenoble 38042, France.,INSERM U1209, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, F-38700 La Tronche, France.,CNRS UMR 5039, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, F-38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Corinne Albiges-Rizo
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Grenoble 38042, France.,INSERM U1209, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, F-38700 La Tronche, France.,CNRS UMR 5039, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, F-38700 La Tronche, France
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22
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Kang N, Matsui TS, Deguchi S. Statistical profiling reveals correlations between the cell response to and the primary structure of Rho-GAPs. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2021; 78:67-76. [PMID: 33792196 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Rho-GTPase-activating proteins (Rho-GAPs) are essential upstream regulators of the Rho family of GTPases. Currently, it remains unclear if the phenotypic change caused by perturbations to a Rho-GAP is predictable from its amino acid sequence. Here we analyze the relationship between the morphological response of cells to the silencing of Rho-GAPs and their primary structure. For all possible pairs of 57 different Rho-GAPs expressed in MCF10A epithelial cells, the similarity in the Rho-GAP silencing-induced morphological change was quantified and compared to the similarity in the primary structure of the corresponding pairs. We found a distinct correlation between the morphological and sequence similarities in a specific group of RhoA-targeting Rho-GAPs. Thus, the family-wide analysis revealed a common feature shared by the specific Rho-GAPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Kang
- Division of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Tsubasa S Matsui
- Division of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Shinji Deguchi
- Division of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
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23
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Neves KB, Morris HE, Alves-Lopes R, Muir KW, Moreton F, Delles C, Montezano AC, Touyz RM. Peripheral arteriopathy caused by Notch3 gain-of-function mutation involves ER and oxidative stress and blunting of NO/sGC/cGMP pathway. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:753-773. [PMID: 33681964 DOI: 10.1042/cs20201412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Notch3 mutations cause Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL), which predisposes to stroke and dementia. CADASIL is characterised by vascular dysfunction and granular osmiophilic material (GOM) accumulation in cerebral small vessels. Systemic vessels may also be impacted by Notch3 mutations. However vascular characteristics and pathophysiological processes remain elusive. We investigated mechanisms underlying the peripheral vasculopathy mediated by CADASIL-causing Notch3 gain-of-function mutation. We studied: (i) small arteries and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from TgNotch3R169C mice (CADASIL model), (ii) VSMCs from peripheral arteries from CADASIL patients, and (iii) post-mortem brains from CADASIL individuals. TgNotch3R169C vessels exhibited GOM deposits, increased vasoreactivity and impaired vasorelaxation. Hypercontractile responses were normalised by fasudil (Rho kinase inhibitor) and 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA; endoplasmic-reticulum (ER) stress inhibitor). Ca2+ transients and Ca2+ channel expression were increased in CADASIL VSMCs, with increased expression of Rho guanine nucleotide-exchange factors (GEFs) and ER stress proteins. Vasorelaxation mechanisms were impaired in CADASIL, evidenced by decreased endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) phosphorylation and reduced cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) levels, with associated increased soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) oxidation, decreased sGC activity and reduced levels of the vasodilator hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In VSMCs from CADASIL patients, sGC oxidation was increased and cGMP levels decreased, effects normalised by fasudil and 4-PBA. Cerebral vessels in CADASIL patients exhibited significant oxidative damage. In conclusion, peripheral vascular dysfunction in CADASIL is associated with altered Ca2+ homoeostasis, oxidative stress and blunted eNOS/sGC/cGMP signaling, processes involving Rho kinase and ER stress. We identify novel pathways underlying the peripheral arteriopathy induced by Notch3 gain-of-function mutation, phenomena that may also be important in cerebral vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla B Neves
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K
| | - Hannah E Morris
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K
| | - Rhéure Alves-Lopes
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K
| | - Keith W Muir
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow and Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, U.K
| | - Fiona Moreton
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow and Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, U.K
| | - Christian Delles
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K
| | - Augusto C Montezano
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K
| | - Rhian M Touyz
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K
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24
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Sluiter TJ, van Buul JD, Huveneers S, Quax PHA, de Vries MR. Endothelial Barrier Function and Leukocyte Transmigration in Atherosclerosis. Biomedicines 2021; 9:328. [PMID: 33804952 PMCID: PMC8063931 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The vascular endothelium is a highly specialized barrier that controls passage of fluids and migration of cells from the lumen into the vessel wall. Endothelial cells assist leukocytes to extravasate and despite the variety in the specific mechanisms utilized by different leukocytes to cross different vascular beds, there is a general principle of capture, rolling, slow rolling, arrest, crawling, and ultimately diapedesis via a paracellular or transcellular route. In atherosclerosis, the barrier function of the endothelium is impaired leading to uncontrolled leukocyte extravasation and vascular leakage. This is also observed in the neovessels that grow into the atherosclerotic plaque leading to intraplaque hemorrhage and plaque destabilization. This review focuses on the vascular endothelial barrier function and the interaction between endothelial cells and leukocytes during transmigration. We will discuss the role of endothelial dysfunction, transendothelial migration of leukocytes and plaque angiogenesis in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijs J. Sluiter
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (T.J.S.); (P.H.A.Q.)
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap D. van Buul
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Stephan Huveneers
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Paul H. A. Quax
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (T.J.S.); (P.H.A.Q.)
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Margreet R. de Vries
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (T.J.S.); (P.H.A.Q.)
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
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25
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Abstract
The small GTPase RhoA participates in actin and microtubule machinery, cell migration and invasion, gene expression, vesicular trafficking and cell cycle, and its dysregulation is a determining factor in many pathological conditions. Similar to other Rho GTPases, RhoA is a key component of the wound-healing process, regulating the activity of different participating cell types. RhoA gets activated upon binding to guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), which catalyze the exchange of guanosine diphosphate (GDP) for guanosine triphosphate (GTP). GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) mediate the exchange of GTP to GDP, inactivating RhoA, whereas guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitors (GDIs) preserve the inactive pool of RhoA proteins in the cytosol. RhoA and Rho GEF activation is detected by protein pull-down assays, which use chimeric proteins with Rhotekin and G17A mutant RhoA as "bait" to pull down active RhoA and RhoA GEFs, respectively. In this chapter, we describe an optimized protocol for performing RhoA and GEF pull-down assays.
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26
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Saito K, Mori M, Kambara N, Ohta Y. FilGAP, a GAP protein for Rac, regulates front-rear polarity and tumor cell migration through the ECM. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21508. [PMID: 33710706 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002155r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Migrating tumor cells are characterized by a sustained front-rear asymmetry, with a front enriched in filamentous actin, which is induced by Rho small GTPase Rac. Regulation of Rac activity by its regulators should be required for effective motility. Here, we show that FilGAP, a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for Rac, controls front-rear polarity and contributes to maintain effective tumor cell migration through the extracellular matrix (ECM). Overexpression of FilGAP in breast cancer cells induced polarized morphology and led to increased migration speed in collagen matrices, while depletion of FilGAP impaired the cell polarity and migration. FilGAP localizes to the cell front through its pleckstrin-homology (PH) domain in a phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3)-dependent manner and appears to inactivate Rac at its site. We found that the affinity of PH domain to PIP3 is critically involved in the maintenance of cell polarity. Moreover, small GTPase ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (Arf6), which binds to the FilGAP PH domain, also regulates FilGAP-mediated cell polarity and migration of breast cancer cells. We propose that FilGAP regulates front-rear polarity through its PIP3 and Arf6 binding in tumor cell migration through the ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Saito
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Mamiko Mori
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Norito Kambara
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Ohta
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan
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27
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Benson CE, Southgate L. The DOCK protein family in vascular development and disease. Angiogenesis 2021; 24:417-433. [PMID: 33548004 PMCID: PMC8292242 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-021-09768-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The vascular network is established and maintained through the processes of vasculogenesis and angiogenesis, which are tightly regulated during embryonic and postnatal life. The formation of a functional vasculature requires critical cellular mechanisms, such as cell migration, proliferation and adhesion, which are dependent on the activity of small Rho GTPases, controlled in part by the dedicator of cytokinesis (DOCK) protein family. Whilst the majority of DOCK proteins are associated with neuronal development, a growing body of evidence has indicated that members of the DOCK family may have key functions in the control of vasculogenic and angiogenic processes. This is supported by the involvement of several angiogenic signalling pathways, including chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), in the regulation of specific DOCK proteins. This review summarises recent progress in understanding the respective roles of DOCK family proteins during vascular development. We focus on existing in vivo and in vitro models and known human disease phenotypes and highlight potential mechanisms of DOCK protein dysfunction in the pathogenesis of vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare E Benson
- Genetics Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Laura Southgate
- Genetics Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK. .,Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
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28
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Frye M, Stritt S, Ortsäter H, Hernandez Vasquez M, Kaakinen M, Vicente A, Wiseman J, Eklund L, Martínez-Torrecuadrada JL, Vestweber D, Mäkinen T. EphrinB2-EphB4 signalling provides Rho-mediated homeostatic control of lymphatic endothelial cell junction integrity. eLife 2020; 9:57732. [PMID: 32897857 PMCID: PMC7478896 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial integrity is vital for homeostasis and adjusted to tissue demands. Although fluid uptake by lymphatic capillaries is a critical attribute of the lymphatic vasculature, the barrier function of collecting lymphatic vessels is also important by ensuring efficient fluid drainage as well as lymph node delivery of antigens and immune cells. Here, we identified the transmembrane ligand EphrinB2 and its receptor EphB4 as critical homeostatic regulators of collecting lymphatic vessel integrity. Conditional gene deletion in mice revealed that EphrinB2/EphB4 signalling is dispensable for blood endothelial barrier function, but required for stabilization of lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) junctions in different organs of juvenile and adult mice. Studies in primary human LECs further showed that basal EphrinB2/EphB4 signalling controls junctional localisation of the tight junction protein CLDN5 and junction stability via Rac1/Rho-mediated regulation of cytoskeletal contractility. EphrinB2/EphB4 signalling therefore provides a potential therapeutic target to selectively modulate lymphatic vessel permeability and function. Lymph vessels are thin walled tubes that, similar to blood vessels, carry white blood cells, fluids and waste. Unlike veins and arteries, however, lymph vessels do not carry red blood cells and their main function is to remove excess fluid from tissues. The cells that line vessels in the body are called endothelial cells, and they are tightly linked together by proteins to control what goes into and comes out of the vessels. The chemical, physical and mechanical signals that control the junctions between endothelial cells are often the same in different vessel types, but their effects can vary. The endothelial cells of both blood and lymph vessels have two interacting proteins on their membrane known as EphrinB2 and its receptor, EphB4. When these two proteins interact, the EphB4 receptor becomes activated, which leads to changes in the junctions that link endothelial cells together. Frye et al. examined the role of EphrinB2 and EphB4 in the lymphatic system of mice. When either EphrinB2 or EphB4 are genetically removed in newborn or adult mice, lymph vessels become disrupted, but no significant effect is observed on blood vessels. The reason for the different responses in blood and lymph vessels is unknown. The results further showed that lymphatic endothelial cells need EphB4 and EphrinB2 to be constantly interacting to maintain the integrity of the lymph vessels. Further examination of human endothelial cells grown in the laboratory revealed that this constant signalling controls the internal protein scaffold that determines a cell’s shape and integrity. Changes in the internal scaffold affect the organization of the junctions that link neighboring lymphatic endothelial cells together. The loss of signalling between EphrinB2 and EphB4 in lymph vessels reflects the increase in vessel leakage seen in response to bacterial infections and in some genetic conditions such as lymphoedema. Finding ways to control the signalling between these two proteins could help treat these conditions by developing drugs that improve endothelial cell integrity in lymph vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Frye
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala, Sweden.,University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simon Stritt
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Henrik Ortsäter
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Andres Vicente
- Lymphatic Development Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Wiseman
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lauri Eklund
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Oulu Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | | | - Taija Mäkinen
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala, Sweden
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29
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Abstract
Rho GTPases are known to play an essential role in fundamental processes such as defining cell shape, polarity and migration. As such, the majority of Rho GTPases localize and function at, or close to, the plasma membrane. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that a number of Rho family proteins are also associated with the Golgi complex, where they not only regulate events at this organelle but also more widely across the cell. Given the central location of this organelle, and the numerous membrane trafficking pathways that connect it to both the endocytic and secretory systems of cells, it is clear that the Golgi is fundamental for maintaining cellular homoeostasis. In this review, we describe these GTPases in the context of how they regulate Golgi architecture, membrane trafficking into and away from this organelle, and cell polarity and migration. We summarize the key findings that show the growing importance of the pool of Rho GTPases associated with Golgi function, namely Cdc42, RhoA, RhoD, RhoBTB1 and RhoBTB3, and we discuss how they act in concert with other key families of molecules associated with the Golgi, including Rab GTPases and matrix proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaritha M Mysior
- Cell Screening Laboratory, School of Biology & Environmental Science, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin Ireland
| | - Jeremy C Simpson
- Cell Screening Laboratory, School of Biology & Environmental Science, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin Ireland
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30
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Milenkovic D, Paslawski R, Gomulkiewicz A, Gladine C, Janczak D, Grzegorek I, Jablonska K, Drozdz K, Chmielewska M, Piotrowska A, Janiszewski A, Dziegiel P, Mazur A, Paslawska U, Szuba A. Alterations of aorta intima and media transcriptome in swine fed high-fat diet over 1-year follow-up period and of the switch to normal diet. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2020; 30:1201-1215. [PMID: 32482453 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM We previously showed that 12-month high-fat diet (HFD) in pigs led to fattening and increased artery intima-media-thickness, which were partly reversed after 3-month return to control diet (CD). The aim of this study was to decipher underlying mechanism of action by using transcriptomic analyses of intima and media of aorta. METHODS AND RESULTS Thirty-two pigs were divided into three groups: CD for 12 months; HFD for 12 months; switch diet group (regression diet; RD): HFD for 9 months followed by CD for 3 months. After 12 months, RNA was isolated from aorta intima and media for nutrigenomic analyses. HFD significantly affected gene expression in intima, while RD gene expression profile was distinct from the CD group. This suggests that switch to CD is not sufficient to correct gene expression alterations induced by HFD but counteracted expression of a group of genes. HFD also affected gene expression in media and as for intima, the expression profile of media of pigs on RD differed from that of these on CD. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed nutrigenomic modifications induced by long-term HFD consumption on arterial intima and media. The return to CD was not sufficient to counteract the genomic effect of HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Milenkovic
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
| | - R Paslawski
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - A Gomulkiewicz
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - C Gladine
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - D Janczak
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - I Grzegorek
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - K Jablonska
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - K Drozdz
- Division of Angiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - M Chmielewska
- Amphibian Biology Group, Department of Evolutionary Biology and Conservation of Vertebrates, University of Wroclaw, Poland
| | - A Piotrowska
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - A Janiszewski
- Department of Internal Disease and Veterinary Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - P Dziegiel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - A Mazur
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - U Paslawska
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - A Szuba
- Division of Angiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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31
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Norden PR, Sabine A, Wang Y, Demir CS, Liu T, Petrova TV, Kume T. Shear stimulation of FOXC1 and FOXC2 differentially regulates cytoskeletal activity during lymphatic valve maturation. eLife 2020; 9:53814. [PMID: 32510325 PMCID: PMC7302880 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the transcription factor FOXC2 are predominately associated with lymphedema. Herein, we demonstrate a key role for related factor FOXC1, in addition to FOXC2, in regulating cytoskeletal activity in lymphatic valves. FOXC1 is induced by laminar, but not oscillatory, shear and inducible, endothelial-specific deletion impaired postnatal lymphatic valve maturation in mice. However, deletion of Foxc2 induced valve degeneration, which is exacerbated in Foxc1; Foxc2 mutants. FOXC1 knockdown (KD) in human lymphatic endothelial cells increased focal adhesions and actin stress fibers whereas FOXC2-KD increased focal adherens and disrupted cell junctions, mediated by increased ROCK activation. ROCK inhibition rescued cytoskeletal or junctional integrity changes induced by inactivation of FOXC1 and FOXC2 invitro and vivo respectively, but only ameliorated valve degeneration in Foxc2 mutants. These results identify both FOXC1 and FOXC2 as mediators of mechanotransduction in the postnatal lymphatic vasculature and posit cytoskeletal signaling as a therapeutic target in lymphatic pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter R Norden
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
| | - Amélie Sabine
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, United States
| | - Cansaran Saygili Demir
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Ting Liu
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
| | - Tatiana V Petrova
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Tsutomu Kume
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
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32
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Zheng YB, Gong JH, Zhen YS. Focal adhesion kinase is activated by microtubule-depolymerizing agents and regulates membrane blebbing in human endothelial cells. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:7228-7238. [PMID: 32452639 PMCID: PMC7339229 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule‐depolymerizing agents can selectively disrupt tumor vessels via inducing endothelial membrane blebbing. However, the mechanism regulating blebbing is largely unknown. IMB5046 is a newly discovered microtubule‐depolymerizing agent. Here, the functions of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) during IMB5046‐induced blebbing and the relevant mechanism are studied. We found that IMB5046 induced membrane blebbing and reassembly of focal adhesions in human vascular endothelial cells. Both FAK inhibitor and knock‐down expression of FAK inhibited IMB5046‐induced blebbing. Mechanism study revealed that IMB5046 induced the activation of FAK via GEF‐H1/ Rho/ ROCK/ MLC2 pathway. cRGD peptide, a ligand of integrin, also blocked IMB5046‐induced blebbing. After activation, FAK further promoted the phosphorylation of MLC2. This positive feedback loop caused more intensive actomyosin contraction and continuous membrane blebbing. FAK inhibitor blocked membrane blebbing via inhibiting actomyosin contraction, and stimulated stress fibre formation via promoting the phosphorylation of HSP27. Conclusively, these results demonstrate that FAK is a molecular switch controlling endothelial blebbing and stress fibre formation. Our study provides a new molecular mechanism for microtubule‐depolymerizing agents to be used as vascular disrupting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Bo Zheng
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Hua Gong
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Su Zhen
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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33
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Reciprocal integrin/integrin antagonism through kindlin-2 and Rho GTPases regulates cell cohesion and collective migration. Matrix Biol 2020; 93:60-78. [PMID: 32450218 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Collective cell behaviour during embryogenesis and tissue repair requires the coordination of intercellular junctions, cytoskeleton-dependent shape changes controlled by Rho GTPases, and integrin-dependent cell-matrix adhesion. Many different integrins are simultaneously expressed during wound healing, embryonic development, and sprouting angiogenesis, suggesting that there is extensive integrin/integrin cross-talk to regulate cell behaviour. Here, we show that fibronectin-binding β1 and β3 integrins do not act synergistically, but rather antagonize each other during collective cell processes in neuro-epithelial cells, placental trophoblasts, and endothelial cells. Reciprocal β1/β3 antagonism controls RhoA activity in a kindlin-2-dependent manner, balancing cell spreading, contractility, and intercellular adhesion. In this way, reciprocal β1/β3 antagonism controls cell cohesion and cellular plasticity to switch between extreme and opposing states, including epithelial versus mesenchymal-like phenotypes and collective versus individual cell migration. We propose that integrin/integrin antagonism is a universal mechanism to effectuate social cellular interactions, important for tissue morphogenesis, endothelial barrier function, trophoblast invasion, and sprouting angiogenesis.
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34
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Dos Santos PK, Altei WF, Danilucci TM, Lino RLB, Pachane BC, Nunes ACC, Selistre-de-Araujo HS. Alternagin-C (ALT-C), a disintegrin-like protein, attenuates alpha2beta1 integrin and VEGF receptor 2 signaling resulting in angiogenesis inhibition. Biochimie 2020; 174:144-158. [PMID: 32360415 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis, a crucial process in tumor progression, is mainly regulated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor, VEGFR2. Studies have shown the interaction between α2β1 integrin, a collagen receptor, and VEGFR2 in VEGF-driven angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Alternagin-C (ALT-C), an ECD-disintegrin-like protein from Bothrops alternatus snake venom, has high affinity for α2β1 integrin and shows antiangiogenic activity in concentrations higher than 100 nM. Despite previous results, its mechanism of action on angiogenic signaling pathways has not been addressed. Here we evaluate the antiangiogenic activity of ALT-C in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) associated or not with VEGF, as well as its interference in the α2β1/VEGFR2 crosstalk. ALT-C (1000 nM) affected actin cytoskeleton, decreased the number of cell filopodia, and strongly inhibited HUVEC tube formation, adhesion to type I collagen and cell migration. Down-regulation of α2β1/VEGFR2 crosstalk by ALT-C decreased the protein content and phosphorylation of VEGFR2 and β1 integrin subunit, inhibited ERK 1/2 and PI3K signaling and regulated FAK/Src and paxillin pathways. Furthermore, ALT-C increased the content of the autophagic markers LC3B and Beclin-1 in the presence of VEGF, which is associated with decreased angiogenesis. In conclusion, we suggest that ALT-C, after binding to α2β1 integrin, inhibits VEGF/VEGFR2 signaling, which results in impaired angiogenesis. These results demonstrate that ALT-C may be a potential candidate for the development of antiangiogenic therapies for tumor and metastasis treatment and help to understand the complexity and fundamental role of integrin inhibition in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patty K Dos Santos
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís, km 235 - SP-310 - São Carlos, São Paulo, CEP 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Wanessa F Altei
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís, km 235 - SP-310 - São Carlos, São Paulo, CEP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Taís M Danilucci
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís, km 235 - SP-310 - São Carlos, São Paulo, CEP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Rafael L B Lino
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís, km 235 - SP-310 - São Carlos, São Paulo, CEP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Bianca C Pachane
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís, km 235 - SP-310 - São Carlos, São Paulo, CEP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Ana C C Nunes
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís, km 235 - SP-310 - São Carlos, São Paulo, CEP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Heloisa S Selistre-de-Araujo
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís, km 235 - SP-310 - São Carlos, São Paulo, CEP 13565-905, Brazil
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van der Stoel M, Schimmel L, Nawaz K, van Stalborch AM, de Haan A, Klaus-Bergmann A, Valent ET, Koenis DS, van Nieuw Amerongen GP, de Vries CJ, de Waard V, Gloerich M, van Buul JD, Huveneers S. DLC1 is a direct target of activated YAP/TAZ that drives collective migration and sprouting angiogenesis. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs239947. [PMID: 31964713 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.239947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial YAP/TAZ (YAP is also known as YAP1, and TAZ as WWTR1) signaling is crucial for sprouting angiogenesis and vascular homeostasis. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms that explain how YAP/TAZ control the vasculature remain unclear. This study reveals that the focal adhesion protein deleted-in-liver-cancer 1 (DLC1) is a direct transcriptional target of the activated YAP/TAZ-TEAD complex. We find that substrate stiffening and VEGF stimuli promote expression of DLC1 in endothelial cells. In turn, DLC1 expression levels are YAP and TAZ dependent, and constitutive activation of YAP is sufficient to drive DLC1 expression. DLC1 is needed to limit F-actin fiber formation, integrin-based focal adhesion lifetime and integrin-mediated traction forces. Depletion of endothelial DLC1 strongly perturbs cell polarization in directed collective migration and inhibits the formation of angiogenic sprouts. Importantly, ectopic expression of DLC1 is sufficient to restore migration and angiogenic sprouting in YAP-depleted cells. Together, these findings point towards a crucial and prominent role for DLC1 in YAP/TAZ-driven endothelial adhesion remodeling and collective migration during angiogenesis.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miesje van der Stoel
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, location AMC, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lilian Schimmel
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Cellular Hemostasis, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kalim Nawaz
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Cellular Hemostasis, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marieke van Stalborch
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Cellular Hemostasis, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annett de Haan
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, location AMC, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandra Klaus-Bergmann
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), 10785 Berlin, Germany
| | - Erik T Valent
- Amsterdam UMC, Free University, location VUMC, Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Duco S Koenis
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, location AMC, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geerten P van Nieuw Amerongen
- Amsterdam UMC, Free University, location VUMC, Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carlie J de Vries
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, location AMC, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vivian de Waard
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, location AMC, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Gloerich
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Center for Molecular Medicine, Dept. Molecular Cancer Research, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap D van Buul
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Cellular Hemostasis, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy (LCAM), section Molecular Cytology at Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS) at University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephan Huveneers
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, location AMC, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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36
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Cerebral Cavernous Malformation Proteins in Barrier Maintenance and Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020675. [PMID: 31968585 PMCID: PMC7013531 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) is a disease characterized by mulberry shaped clusters of dilated microvessels, primarily in the central nervous system. Such lesions can cause seizures, headaches, and stroke from brain bleeding. Loss-of-function germline and somatic mutations of a group of genes, called CCM genes, have been attributed to disease pathogenesis. In this review, we discuss the impact of CCM gene encoded proteins on cellular signaling, barrier function of endothelium and epithelium, and their contribution to CCM and potentially other diseases.
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Inhibition of Protein Prenylation of GTPases Alters Endothelial Barrier Function. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010002. [PMID: 31861297 PMCID: PMC6981884 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The members of Rho family of GTPases, RhoA and Rac1 regulate endothelial cytoskeleton dynamics and hence barrier integrity. The spatial activities of these GTPases are regulated by post-translational prenylation. In the present study, we investigated the effect of prenylation inhibition on the endothelial cytoskeleton and barrier properties. The study was carried out in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and protein prenylation is manipulated with various pharmacological inhibitors. Inhibition of either complete prenylation using statins or specifically geranylgeranylation but not farnesylation has a biphasic effect on HUVEC cytoskeleton and permeability. Short-term treatment inhibits the spatial activity of RhoA/Rho kinase (Rock) to actin cytoskeleton resulting in adherens junctions (AJ) stabilization and ameliorates thrombin-induced barrier disruption whereas long-term inhibition results in collapse of endothelial cytoskeleton leading to increased basal permeability. These effects are reversed by supplementing the cells with geranylgeranyl but not farnesyl pyrophosphate. Moreover, long-term inhibition of protein prenylation results in basal hyper activation of RhoA/Rock signaling that is antagonized by a specific Rock inhibitor or an activation of cAMP signaling. In conclusion, inhibition of geranylgeranylation in endothelial cells (ECs) exerts biphasic effect on endothelial barrier properties. Short-term inhibition stabilizes AJs and hence barrier function whereas long-term treatment results in disruption of barrier properties.
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38
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Reinhard NR, Van Der Niet S, Chertkova A, Postma M, Hordijk PL, Gadella TWJ, Goedhart J. Identification of guanine nucleotide exchange factors that increase Cdc42 activity in primary human endothelial cells. Small GTPases 2019; 12:226-240. [PMID: 31469028 PMCID: PMC7939571 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2019.1658509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rho GTPase family is involved in actin dynamics and regulates the barrier function of the endothelium. One of the main barrier-promoting Rho GTPases is Cdc42, also known as cell division control protein 42 homolog. Currently, regulation of Cdc42-based signalling networks in endothelial cells (ECs) lack molecular details. To examine these, we focused on a subset of 15 Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), which are expressed in the endothelium. By performing single cell FRET measurements with Rho GTPase biosensors in primary human ECs, we monitored GEF efficiency towards Cdc42 and Rac1. A new, single cell-based analysis was developed and used to enable the quantitative comparison of cellular activities of the overexpressed full-length GEFs. Our data reveal GEF dependent activation of Cdc42, with the most efficient Cdc42 activation induced by PLEKHG2, FGD1, PLEKHG1 and PREX1 and the highest selectivity for FGD1. Additionally, we generated truncated GEF constructs that comprise only the catalytic dbl homology (DH) domain or together with the adjacent pleckstrin homology domain (DHPH). The DH domain by itself did not activate Cdc42, whereas the DHPH domain of ITSN1, ITSN2 and PLEKHG1 showed activity towards Cdc42. Together, our study characterized endothelial GEFs that may directly or indirectly activate Cdc42, which will be of great value for the field of vascular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie R Reinhard
- Molecular Cytology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne Van Der Niet
- Molecular Cytology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Chertkova
- Molecular Cytology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marten Postma
- Molecular Cytology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter L Hordijk
- Molecular Cytology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Physiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theodorus W J Gadella
- Molecular Cytology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joachim Goedhart
- Molecular Cytology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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39
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Possible cooption of a VEGF-driven tubulogenesis program for biomineralization in echinoderms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:12353-12362. [PMID: 31152134 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1902126116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomineralization is the process by which living organisms use minerals to form hard structures that protect and support them. Biomineralization is believed to have evolved rapidly and independently in different phyla utilizing preexisting components. The mechanistic understanding of the regulatory networks that drive biomineralization and their evolution is far from clear. Sea urchin skeletogenesis is an excellent model system for studying both gene regulation and mineral uptake and deposition. The sea urchin calcite spicules are formed within a tubular cavity generated by the skeletogenic cells controlled by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling. The VEGF pathway is essential for biomineralization in echinoderms, while in many other phyla, across metazoans, it controls tubulogenesis and vascularization. Despite the critical role of VEGF signaling in sea urchin spiculogenesis, the downstream program it activates was largely unknown. Here we study the cellular and molecular machinery activated by the VEGF pathway during sea urchin spiculogenesis and reveal multiple parallels to the regulation of vertebrate vascularization. Human VEGF rescues sea urchin VEGF knockdown, vesicle deposition into an internal cavity plays a significant role in both systems, and sea urchin VEGF signaling activates hundreds of genes, including biomineralization and interestingly, vascularization genes. Moreover, five upstream transcription factors and three signaling genes that drive spiculogenesis are homologous to vertebrate factors that control vascularization. Overall, our findings suggest that sea urchin spiculogenesis and vertebrate vascularization diverged from a common ancestral tubulogenesis program, broadly adapted for vascularization and specifically coopted for biomineralization in the echinoderm phylum.
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40
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Babar A, Mipam TD, Wu S, Xu C, Shah MA, Mengal K, Yi C, Luo H, Zhao W, Cai X, Luo X. Comparative iTRAQ Proteomics Identified Myocardium Proteins Associated with Hypoxia of Yak. CURR PROTEOMICS 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1570164616666190123151619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
<P>Background: Yaks inhabit high-altitude are well-adapted to the hypoxic environments.
Though, the mechanisms involved in regulatory myocardial protein expression at high-altitude were
not completely understood.
</P><P>
Objective: To revel the molecular mechanism of hypoxic adaptation in yak, here we have applied comparative
myocardial proteomics in between yak and cattle by isobaric Tag for Relative and Absolute
Quantitation (iTRAQ) labelling.
</P><P>
Methods: To understand the systematic protein expression variations in myocardial tissues that explain
the hypoxic adaptation in yak, we have performed iTRAQ analysis combined with Liquid Chromatography-
Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Bioinformatics analysis was performed to find the
association of these Differentially Expressed Proteins (DEPs) in different functions and pathways. Protein
to protein interaction was analyzed by using STRING database.
</P><P>
Results: 686 Differentially Expressed Proteins (DEPs) were identified in yak with respect to cattle.
From which, 480 DEPs were up-regulated and 206 were down-regulated in yak. Upregulated expression
of ASB4, STAT, HRG, RHO and TSP4 in yak may be associated with angiogenesis, cardiovascular
development, response to pressure overload to heart and regulation of myocardial contraction in response
to increased oxygen tension. The up-regulation of mitochondrial proteins, ACAD8, GPDH-M,
PTPMT1, and ALDH2, may have contributed to oxidation within mitochondria, hypoxia-induced cell
metabolism and protection of heart against cardiac ischemic injuries. Further, the upregulated expression
of SAA1, PTX, HP and MBL2 involved in immune response potentially helpful in myocardial
protection against ischemic injuries, extracellular matrix remodeling and free heme neutralization/
clearance in oxygen-deficient environment.
</P><P>
Conclusion: Therefore, the identification of these myocardial proteins in will be conducive to investigation
of the molecular mechanisms involved in hypoxic adaptations of yaks at high-altitude condition.</P>
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Babar
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, Sichuan, China
| | - Tserang Donko Mipam
- Institute of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Shixin Wu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, Sichuan, China
| | - Chuanfei Xu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, Sichuan, China
| | - Mujahid Ali Shah
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, Sichuan, China
| | - Kifayatullah Mengal
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, Sichuan, China
| | - Chuanping Yi
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, Sichuan, China
| | - Hui Luo
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, Sichuan, China
| | - Wangsheng Zhao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Cai
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuegang Luo
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, Sichuan, China
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41
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Bernardi L, Pinto AFM, Mendes E, Yates JR, Lamers ML. Lonomia obliqua bristle extract modulates Rac1 activation, membrane dynamics and cell adhesion properties. Toxicon 2019; 162:32-39. [PMID: 30849455 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Lonomia obliqua is a caterpillar of potential therapeutic interest whose venom is able to induce severe blood leakage and modulate leukocyte migration. Since both phenotypes are associated with changes in cytoskeleton dynamics and cell adhesion properties, the aim of this study was to analyze the effects of Lonomia obliqua bristle extract (LOBE) in cell adhesion and migration signaling. Proteomic analysis revealed that epithelial cells (CHO-K1) exposed to LOBE (30 μg/mL, 30 min) exhibited changes in levels of actin regulatory proteins, including RhoGTPases. These changes correlated with an increase in the activity of the RhoGTPase family member Rac as measured by Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). When plated in migration promoting conditions, CHO-K1 cells exposed to LOBE (10 μg/mL) showed an increase in membrane ruffling after short (30 min) period of incubation that was accompanied by changes in the distribution of the adhesion markers paxillin, vinculin and an increase of focal adhesion kinase autophosphorylation levels (Y397), suggesting changes in cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion properties and signaling. These data suggest that LOBE possesses bioactive molecules that are capable to modulated cell migration signaling, cytoskeletal dynamics and cell-ECM properties of several cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bernardi
- Basic Research Center, Dentistry School, Federal University of Rio Grande of Sul, Brazil; Department of Morphological Sciences, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - A F M Pinto
- Clayton Foundation Peptide Biology Lab, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, USA
| | - E Mendes
- Basic Research Center, Dentistry School, Federal University of Rio Grande of Sul, Brazil
| | - J R Yates
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, USA
| | - M L Lamers
- Basic Research Center, Dentistry School, Federal University of Rio Grande of Sul, Brazil; Department of Morphological Sciences, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Duarte A, André‐Grégoire G, Trillet K, Thys A, Bidère N, Ribeiro‐Silva A, Gavard J. Inhibition of mTOR in head and neck cancer cells alters endothelial cell morphology in a paracrine fashion. Mol Carcinog 2018; 58:161-168. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.22911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andressa Duarte
- CRCINATeam SOAPInsermCNRSUniversité de NantesUniversité d'AngersNantesFrance
- Laboratory of Cancer PathologyRibeirao Preto Medical SchoolUniversity of Sao PauloSao PauloBrazil
| | - Gwennan André‐Grégoire
- CRCINATeam SOAPInsermCNRSUniversité de NantesUniversité d'AngersNantesFrance
- Institut de Cancérologie de l'OuestSite René GauducheauSaint HerblainFrance
| | - Kilian Trillet
- CRCINATeam SOAPInsermCNRSUniversité de NantesUniversité d'AngersNantesFrance
| | - An Thys
- CRCINATeam SOAPInsermCNRSUniversité de NantesUniversité d'AngersNantesFrance
| | - Nicolas Bidère
- CRCINATeam SOAPInsermCNRSUniversité de NantesUniversité d'AngersNantesFrance
| | - Alfredo Ribeiro‐Silva
- Laboratory of Cancer PathologyRibeirao Preto Medical SchoolUniversity of Sao PauloSao PauloBrazil
| | - Julie Gavard
- CRCINATeam SOAPInsermCNRSUniversité de NantesUniversité d'AngersNantesFrance
- Institut de Cancérologie de l'OuestSite René GauducheauSaint HerblainFrance
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Braga V. Signaling by Small GTPases at Cell-Cell Junctions: Protein Interactions Building Control and Networks. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a028746. [PMID: 28893858 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A number of interesting reports highlight the intricate network of signaling proteins that coordinate formation and maintenance of cell-cell contacts. We have much yet to learn about how the in vitro binding data is translated into protein association inside the cells and whether such interaction modulates the signaling properties of the protein. What emerges from recent studies is the importance to carefully consider small GTPase activation in the context of where its activation occurs, which upstream regulators are involved in the activation/inactivation cycle and the GTPase interacting partners that determine the intracellular niche and extent of signaling. Data discussed here unravel unparalleled cooperation and coordination of functions among GTPases and their regulators in supporting strong adhesion between cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vania Braga
- Molecular Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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44
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Amado-Azevedo J, de Menezes RX, van Nieuw Amerongen GP, van Hinsbergh VWM, Hordijk PL. A functional siRNA screen identifies RhoGTPase-associated genes involved in thrombin-induced endothelial permeability. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201231. [PMID: 30048510 PMCID: PMC6062096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombin and other inflammatory mediators may induce vascular permeability through the disruption of adherens junctions between adjacent endothelial cells. If uncontrolled, hyperpermeability leads to an impaired barrier, fluid leakage and edema, which can contribute to multi-organ failure and death. RhoGTPases control cytoskeletal dynamics, adhesion and migration and are known regulators of endothelial integrity. Knowledge of the precise role of each RhoGTPase, and their associated regulatory and effector genes, in endothelial integrity is incomplete. Using a combination of a RNAi screen with electrical impedance measurements, we quantified the effect of individually silencing 270 Rho-associated genes on the barrier function of thrombin-activated, primary endothelial cells. Known and novel RhoGTPase-associated regulators that modulate the response to thrombin were identified (RTKN, TIAM2, MLC1, ARPC1B, SEPT2, SLC9A3R1, RACGAP1, RAPGEF2, RHOD, PREX1, ARHGEF7, PLXNB2, ARHGAP45, SRGAP2, ARHGEF5). In conclusion, with this siRNA screen, we confirmed the roles of known regulators of endothelial integrity but also identified new, potential key players in thrombin-induced endothelial signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Amado-Azevedo
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Renee X. de Menezes
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Victor W. M. van Hinsbergh
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter L. Hordijk
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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45
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SNAI1, an endothelial–mesenchymal transition transcription factor, promotes the early phase of ocular neovascularization. Angiogenesis 2018; 21:635-652. [DOI: 10.1007/s10456-018-9614-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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46
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Pannekoek WJ, Vliem MJ, Bos JL. Multiple Rap1 effectors control Epac1-mediated tightening of endothelial junctions. Small GTPases 2018; 11:346-353. [PMID: 29388865 PMCID: PMC7549671 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2018.1431512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Epac1 and Rap1 mediate cAMP-induced tightening of endothelial junctions. We have previously found that one of the mechanisms is the inhibition of Rho-mediated tension in radial stress fibers by recruiting the RhoGAP ArhGAP29 in a complex containing the Rap1 effectors Rasip1 and Radil. However, other mechanisms have been proposed as well, most notably the induction of tension in circumferential actin cables by Cdc42 and its GEF FGD5. Here, we have investigated how Rap1 controls FGD5/Cdc42 and how this interconnects with Radil/Rasip1/ArhGAP29. Using endothelial barrier measurements, we show that Rho inhibition is not sufficient to explain the barrier stimulating effect of Rap1. Indeed, Cdc42-mediated tension is induced at cell-cell contacts upon Rap1 activation and this is required for endothelial barrier function. Depletion of potential Rap1 effectors identifies AF6 to mediate Rap1 enhanced tension and concomitant Rho-independent barrier function. When overexpressed in HEK293T cells, AF6 is found in a complex with FGD5 and Radil. From these results we conclude that Rap1 utilizes multiple pathways to control tightening of endothelial junctions, possibly through a multiprotein effector complex, in which AF6 functions to induce tension in circumferential actin cables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem-Jan Pannekoek
- Oncode Institute, Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University , Universiteitsweg 100, CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein J Vliem
- Oncode Institute, Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University , Universiteitsweg 100, CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes L Bos
- Oncode Institute, Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University , Universiteitsweg 100, CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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47
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Lai KP, Li JW, Hsu CH, You MS, Chan TF, Tse WKF, Jiang YJ. Comparative transcriptomic characterization of a new mib mutant allele, mib nn2002, in zebrafish. Gene 2018; 642:51-57. [PMID: 29126925 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
mibnn2002, identified from an allele screen, shows early segmentation defect and severe cell death phenotypes, which are different from those of other described mib mutant alleles. We have previously reported its defects in somitogenesis and identified its origin of mutation, a large deletion in LG2. The report here is a continuous study, where we applied the bioinformatics analysis to profile the genetic background of mibnn2002 mutants. By comparing the transcriptomic data of mibnn2002 mutants with those of AB wild-type, a total of 1945 differentially expressed genes were identified, including 685 up- and 1260 down-regulated genes. The Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) analysis and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) identified the enriched pathways and their related biological functions. Our data further demonstrated that the defects in the somitogenesis were related to the down-regulated segmentation genes, such as foxc1a, smyhc1, myod1 and mylpfa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keng Po Lai
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jing-Woei Li
- Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Chia-Hao Hsu
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - May-Su You
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Fung Chan
- School of Life Sciences, State Key laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese Univesrity of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | | | - Yun-Jin Jiang
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan; Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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48
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The minor histocompatibility antigen 1 (HMHA1)/ArhGAP45 is a RacGAP and a novel regulator of endothelial integrity. Vascul Pharmacol 2017; 101:38-47. [PMID: 29174013 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells line the vasculature and act as gatekeepers that control the passage of plasma, macromolecules and cells from the circulation to the interstitial space. Dysfunction of the endothelial barrier can lead to uncontrolled leak or edema. Vascular leakage is a hallmark of a range of diseases and despite its large impact no specialized therapies are available to prevent or reduce it. RhoGTPases are known key regulators of cellular behavior that are directly involved in the regulation of the endothelial barrier. We recently performed a comprehensive analysis of the effect of all RhoGTPases and their regulators on basal endothelial integrity. In addition to novel positive regulators of endothelial barrier function, we also identified novel negative regulators, of which the ArhGAP45 (also known as HMHA1) was the most significant. We now demonstrate that ArhGAP45 acts as a Rac-GAP (GTPase-Activating Protein) in endothelial cells, which explains its negative effect on endothelial barrier function. Silencing ArhGAP45 not only promotes basal endothelial barrier function, but also increases cellular surface area and induces sprout formation in a 3D-fibrin matrix. Our data further shows that loss of ArhGAP45 promotes migration and shear stress adaptation. In conclusion, we identify ArhGAP45 (HMHA1) as a novel regulator, which contributes to the fine-tuning of the regulation of basal endothelial integrity.
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Ramos CJ, Lin C, Liu X, Antonetti DA. The EPAC-Rap1 pathway prevents and reverses cytokine-induced retinal vascular permeability. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:717-730. [PMID: 29158262 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.815381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased retinal vascular permeability contributes to macular edema, a leading cause of vision loss in eye pathologies such as diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and central retinal vein occlusions. Pathological changes in vascular permeability are driven by growth factors such as VEGF and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α. Identifying the pro-barrier mechanisms that block vascular permeability and restore the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) may lead to new therapies. The cAMP-dependent guanine nucleotide exchange factor (EPAC) exchange-protein directly activated by cAMP promotes exchange of GTP in the small GTPase Rap1. Rap1 enhances barrier properties in human umbilical endothelial cells by promoting adherens junction assembly. We hypothesized that the EPAC-Rap1 signaling pathway may regulate the tight junction complex of the BRB and may restore barrier properties after cytokine-induced permeability. Here, we show that stimulating EPAC or Rap1 activation can prevent or reverse VEGF- or TNF-α-induced permeability in cell culture and in vivo Moreover, EPAC activation inhibited VEGF receptor (VEGFR) signaling through the Ras/MEK/ERK pathway. We also found that Rap1B knockdown or an EPAC antagonist increases endothelial permeability and that VEGF has no additive effect, suggesting a common pathway. Furthermore, GTP-bound Rap1 promoted tight junction assembly, and loss of Rap1B led to loss of junctional border organization. Collectively, our results indicate that the EPAC-Rap1 pathway helps maintain basal barrier properties in the retinal vascular endothelium and activation of the EPAC-Rap1 pathway may therefore represent a potential therapeutic strategy to restore the BRB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla J Ramos
- From the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Chengmao Lin
- From the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Xuwen Liu
- From the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - David A Antonetti
- From the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
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50
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He Y, Luo J, Chen Y, Zhou X, Yu S, Jin L, Xiao X, Jia S, Liu Q. ARHGAP18 is a novel gene under positive natural selection that influences HbF levels in β-thalassaemia. Mol Genet Genomics 2017; 293:207-216. [DOI: 10.1007/s00438-017-1377-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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