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Henning KN, Omer RD, de Jesus JM, Giombi K, Silverman J, Neal E, Agurs-Collins T, Brown AGM, Pratt C, Yoon SSS, Ajenikoko F, Iturriaga E. Addressing the Harms of Structural Racism on Health in Incarcerated Youth Through Improved Nutrition and Exercise Programs. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2024:10.1007/s40615-024-02007-y. [PMID: 38647801 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-024-02007-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Every year, hundreds of thousands of youth across the country enter the juvenile legal system. A significantly disproportionate number of them are youth of color. While youth arrests have declined over the past several decades, racial disparities have increased and persist at every stage of the system. Many youth of color enter the juvenile legal system with a history of trauma and stress that compromises their health and well-being. Arrest, prosecution, and incarceration exacerbate these poor health outcomes. This paper examines several of the health impacts of structural racism in the policing and incarceration of youth of color. The paper begins by highlighting some of the most pressing social determinants of adolescent health and then considers how youth detention and incarceration contribute to unhealthy weight, hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease through unhealthy food environments, limited physical activity, and the added stress of the incarceration setting. This paper adds to the existing literature on the harms of youth detention and advocates for harms elimination strategies grounded in a public health approach to public safety and community-based alternatives to detention. For those youth who will remain in detention, the authors offer suggestions to reduce harms and improve the health of systems-involved youth, including opportunities for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin N Henning
- Georgetown Law Juvenile Justice Clinic & Initiative, 600 New Jersey Ave NW, Washington, DC, 20001, USA
| | - Rebba D Omer
- Georgetown Law Juvenile Justice Clinic & Initiative, 600 New Jersey Ave NW, Washington, DC, 20001, USA.
| | - Janet M de Jesus
- Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Jessi Silverman
- Center for Science in the Public Interest, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Elle Neal
- Multnomah County Health Department, Multnomah County, OR, USA
| | - Tanya Agurs-Collins
- National Cancer Institute, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Alison G M Brown
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Charlotte Pratt
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | - Erin Iturriaga
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, USA
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Kaur M, Bridi L, Kaki D, Albahsahli B, Bencheikh N, Saadi A, Bandoli G, Anderson CA, Sideman AB, Al-Rousan T. Funding for Refugee Health Research From the National Institutes of Health Between 2000 and 2020. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7:e2350837. [PMID: 38198139 PMCID: PMC10782235 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.50837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Importance The US has historically resettled more refugees than any other country, with over 3.5 million refugees since 1980. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is the largest public funder of biomedical research and development, but its role in mitigating many health disparities refugees experience through its funded research remains unknown. Objective To examine the NIH's research funding patterns on refugee health research over the last 2 decades. Design, Setting, and Participants Secondary analysis of NIH-funded grants between 2000 and 2020 using a cross-sectional study design. The NIH Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools database was used to find relevant grants. Data were analyzed from November 2021 to September 2022. Main Outcomes and Measures NIH grants awarded by year, state, grant type, research area, funding institute, grant duration, and amount funded. Results Of 1.7 million NIH grants funded over the 20-year study period, only 78 addressed refugee health. Funded grants were mostly training grants (23 grants [29%]), followed by hypothesis-driven research (R01 grants; 22 grants [28%]), pilot or preliminary investigation proposals (13 grants [17%]), and other types of grants (20 grants [26%]). The most studied research domain was mental health (36 grants [46%]), followed by refugee family dynamics and women's and children's health (14 grants [18%]). A total of 26 grants (33%) were funded by the National Institute of Mental Health and 15 (19%) were funded by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Most grants were US-based (60 grants [76%]) and the state of Massachusetts received the greatest amount of funding ($14 825 852 [18%]). In 2020, the NIH allocated about $2.3 million to refugee health research, or less than 0.01% of its $42 billion budget that year. The number of grants funded in each time period did not always reflect changes in the number of refugees resettled in the US over the years. Conclusions and Relevance This cross-sectional study found that there remain significant gaps in the understanding of and interventions in the health research needs of refugees locally and along the migratory route. To close these gaps, the NIH should increase its investments in comprehensive studies assessing the physical, mental, and social well-being of this expanding population. This can be achieved by ensuring that all NIH institutes allocate budgets specifically for refugee health research and extend support for the training of refugee researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehak Kaur
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Lana Bridi
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Dahlia Kaki
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Behnan Albahsahli
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Nissma Bencheikh
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Altaf Saadi
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gretchen Bandoli
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Cheryl A.M. Anderson
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | | | - Tala Al-Rousan
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
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McCauley EJ, LeMasters K, Behne MF, Brinkley-Rubinstein L. A Call to Action to Public Health Institutions and Teaching to Incorporate Mass Incarceration as a Sociostructural Determinant of Health. Public Health Rep 2023; 138:711-714. [PMID: 36062356 PMCID: PMC10467492 DOI: 10.1177/00333549221120243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Erin J. McCauley
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Katherine LeMasters
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michael F. Behne
- Re-Envisioning Health & Justice Lab, Department of Social Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lauren Brinkley-Rubinstein
- Department of Social Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Center for Health Equity Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Burkett WC, Iwai Y, Gehrig PA, Knittel AK. Fractured and delayed: A qualitative analysis of disruptions in care for gynecologic malignancies during incarceration. Gynecol Oncol 2023; 176:1-9. [PMID: 37393632 PMCID: PMC10528285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2023.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Women are experiencing growing rates of incarceration at twice the pace of that for men. Additionally, one-third will be older than 55 years of age by the end of the decade. Women who are incarcerated experience a higher prevalence of gynecologic malignancies and present with higher stage disease, which may be contributing to the greater mortality from cancer than the age-adjusted US population. Limited access to guideline-recommended screening and prevention and resource limitations across correctional facilities may result in gynecologic cancer disparities. Reasons for delayed gynecologic cancer care in prisons remain underexplored. Therefore, we sought to identify contributors to delayed gynecologic cancer care among women experiencing incarceration. METHODS Women at a single tertiary center in the Southeastern U.S. who were incarcerated and were diagnosed with a gynecologic cancer during 2014-2021 were identified in the electronic medical record. Note text was extracted and contributors to delay were identified and categorized using the RADaR method. Descriptive statistics were used to assess quantitative data. RESULTS 14 patients were identified with a total of 14,879 text excerpts. Data reduction was performed to identify excerpts that were relevant to the central research question resulting in 175 relevant note excerpts. Delays prior to the tertiary care visit included patient and institutional contributors. Delays during transition from the tertiary center to prison included discharge planning and loss to follow-up during/after incarceration. Transportation, authorization, and restraints were concrete contributors. Abstract contributors included communication, and the patient's emotional experience. CONCLUSIONS We identify myriad contributors to delayed or fractured gynecologic cancer care in women experiencing incarceration. The impact of these issues warrants further study and intervention to improve care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley C Burkett
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America.
| | - Yoshiko Iwai
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America.
| | - Paola A Gehrig
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America.
| | - Andrea K Knittel
- Division of General Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America.
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Cloud DH, Garcia-Grossman IR, Armstrong A, Williams B. Public Health and Prisons: Priorities in the Age of Mass Incarceration. Annu Rev Public Health 2023; 44:407-428. [PMID: 36542770 PMCID: PMC10128126 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-071521-034016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mass incarceration is a sociostructural driver of profound health inequalities in the United States. The political and economic forces underpinning mass incarceration are deeply rooted in centuries of the enslavement of people of African descent and the genocide and displacement of Indigenous people and is inextricably connected to labor exploitation, racial discrimination, the criminalization of immigration, and behavioral health problems such as mental illness and substance use disorders. This article focuses on major public health crises and advances in state and federal prisons and discusses a range of practical strategies for health scholars, practitioners, and activists to promote the health and dignity of incarcerated people. It begins by summarizing the historical and sociostructural factors that have led to mass incarceration in the United States. It then describes the ways in which prison conditions create or worsen chronic, communicable, and behavioral health conditions, while highlighting priority areas for public health research and intervention to improve the health of incarcerated people, including decarceral solutions that can profoundly minimize-and perhaps one day help abolish-the use of prisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Cloud
- Center for Vulnerable Populations, San Francisco School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA;
- Rollins School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral, Social, and Health Education Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ilana R Garcia-Grossman
- Center for Vulnerable Populations, San Francisco School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA;
| | - Andrea Armstrong
- College of Law, Loyola University New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Brie Williams
- Center for Vulnerable Populations, San Francisco School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA;
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Boch SJ, Murnan AW, Pollard JF, Nidey NL, Hardy RY, Iruka IU. Assessment of US Federal Funding of Incarceration-Related Research, 1985 to 2022. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e230803. [PMID: 36848087 PMCID: PMC9972190 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.0803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The US leads the world in the raw number of incarcerated persons as well as the rate of incarceration, with detrimental effects on individual-, family-, community-, and population-level health; as such, federal research has a critical role in documenting and addressing the health-related impacts of the US criminal legal system. How often incarceration-related research is funded at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Science Foundation (NSF), and US Department of Justice (DOJ) levels has a direct association with the public attention given to mass incarceration as well as the efficacy of strategies to mitigate negative effects and poor health related to incarceration. OBJECTIVE To understand how many incarceration-related projects have been funded at the NIH, NSF, and DOJ. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cross-sectional study used public historical project archives to search for relevant incarceration-related keywords (eg, incarceration, prison, parole) since January 1, 1985 (NIH and NSF), and since January 1, 2008 (DOJ). Quotations and Boolean operator logic were used. All searches and counts were conducted and double verified by 2 coauthors between December 12 and 17, 2022. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Number and prevalence of funded projects related to incarceration and prison keywords. RESULTS The term incarceration resulted in 3540 of 3 234 159 total project awards (0.11%) and prisoner-related terms resulted in 11 455 total project awards (0.35%) across the 3 federal agencies since 1985. Nearly a tenth of all projects funded at NIH since 1985 related to education (256 584 [9.62%]) compared with only 3373 projects (0.13%) that related to criminal legal or criminal justice or correctional system and 18 projects (0.0007%) that related to incarcerated parents. Only 1857 (0.07%) of all NIH-funded projects have been funded related to racism since 1985. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This cross-sectional study found that a very low number of projects about incarceration have historically been funded at the NIH, DOJ, and NSF. These findings reflect a dearth of federally funded studies investigating the effects of mass incarceration or intervention strategies to mitigate adverse effects. Given the consequences of the criminal legal system, it is undoubtedly time for researchers, and our nation, to invest more resources into studying whether this system should be maintained, the intergenerational effects of mass incarceration, and strategies to best mitigate its impact on public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J. Boch
- College of Nursing, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
- The James M. Anderson Center for Health Systems Excellence, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Aaron W. Murnan
- College of Nursing, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | | | - Nichole L. Nidey
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Rose Y. Hardy
- Center for Child Health Equity and Outcomes Research, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Iheoma U. Iruka
- Department of Public Policy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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Garcia-Grossman IR, Cenzer I, Steinman MA, Williams BA. History of Incarceration and Its Association With Geriatric and Chronic Health Outcomes in Older Adulthood. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2249785. [PMID: 36607638 PMCID: PMC9856648 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.49785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance Although incarcerated older adults experience higher rates of chronic disease and geriatric syndromes, it is unknown whether community-dwelling older adults with a history of incarceration are also at risk for worse health outcomes. Objective To evaluate the association between a history of incarceration and health outcomes, including chronic health conditions and geriatric syndromes, in older age. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study using population-based data from the nationally representative Health and Retirement Study included US community-dwelling adults aged 50 years or older who completed the 2012 or 2014 survey waves assessing self-reported history of incarceration. Statistical analysis was completed from December 2021 to July 2022. Exposures Self-reported history of incarceration. Main Outcomes and Measures Geriatric health outcomes included cognitive impairment, mobility impairment, vision impairment, hearing impairment, urinary incontinence, and impairment of activities of daily living (ADLs). Chronic health outcomes included high blood pressure, diabetes, chronic lung disease, heart disease, stroke, mental health conditions, heavy alcohol use, and self-reported health. Survey weights were applied to adjust for the survey design. Results Among 13 462 participants, 946 (7.6%) had experienced incarceration (mean [SD] age, 62.4 [7.8] years); compared with 12 516 people with no prior incarceration (mean [SD] age, 66.7 [10.0] years), previously incarcerated adults were more likely to be male (83.0% vs 42.8%; P < .001) and in the lowest quartile of wealth (44.1% vs 21.4%; overall P < .001). After adjusting for age, sex, race and ethnicity, wealth, educational attainment, and uninsured status, a history of incarceration was associated with a 20% to 80% increased risk of all geriatric syndromes evaluated, including impairment of ADLs (relative risk [RR], 1.62; 95% CI, 1.40-1.88) and hearing impairment (RR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.04-1.44). Incarceration was also associated with increased risk of some chronic diseases, including chronic lung disease (RR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.27-1.91), mental health conditions (RR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.55-2.08), and heavy alcohol use (RR, 2.13; 95% CI, 1.59-2.84). Prior incarceration was not associated with diabetes or cardiovascular conditions. Conclusions and Relevance In this study, at least 1 in 15 older US adults reported a history of incarceration in their lifetime. Past incarceration was associated with many chronic diseases and geriatric syndromes even after accounting for socioeconomic status. These findings suggest that attention to incarceration history may be an important consideration in understanding and mitigating health risks in older age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana R. Garcia-Grossman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
- National Clinician Scholars Program, Philip R. Lee Institute of Health Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco
- San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Irena Cenzer
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
- Division of Geriatrics, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Michael A. Steinman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
- San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California
- Division of Geriatrics, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Brie A. Williams
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
- Center for Vulnerable Populations, University of California, San Francisco
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Dhaliwal KK, Johnson NG, Lorenzetti DL, Campbell DJ. Diabetes in the context of incarceration: A scoping review. EClinicalMedicine 2023; 55:101769. [PMID: 36531980 PMCID: PMC9755063 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The burden of chronic conditions, like diabetes, is disproportionately carried by people facing social disadvantages (e.g., those with experiences of incarceration). A dearth of knowledge remains about this topic. We conducted a scoping review to determine the extent of literature about diabetes management and/or self-management in relation to incarceration. Methods We used the Arksey and O'Malley five stage process, recommendations by Levac et al., and the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews Checklist. Core search terms for diabetes were combined using the Boolean operator AND with terms relevant to incarceration. We initially searched the following electronic academic databases on January 5, 2021, and then updated these searches on September 7, 2022: APA PsycInfo, CINAHL, Criminal Justice Abstracts, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Scopus, and SocINDEX. There were no restrictions on language, study design, quality, location, time, and sex or gender differences. We searched for research articles, conference proceedings, dissertations and theses, government documents, and organization documents. We then searched for other forms of literature using an electronic database (ProQuest Dissertations and Theses - Global), the internet search engine Google, and various corrections and diabetes websites in August 2021 and then updated these searches in September 2022. We also reviewed the reference lists of the final selected documents to identify additional literature. Findings The search from the seven databases identified 3076 records. The search from other sources (e.g., websites) identified an additional 1077 records. A total of 40 documents met our final inclusion criteria and were included in this review. The type of research conducted was primarily quantitative in nature. Clinic and education interventions were most commonly investigated. Clinical outcomes were often reported. Most guidelines were targeted at healthcare providers. Much of the literature originated from high-income countries, which may not be fully applicable for different contexts like low-income countries. Many interventions were associated with improved outcomes. Interpretation Administrators can use our findings to develop appropriate policies for this population. Tailored diabetes education for this population and healthcare providers may improve management practices. Our findings offer key insights for improving diabetes care and outcomes for this underserved population. Addressing the diabetes-specific health needs of these people may improve overall public health. Funding KD has received the O'Brien Institute for Public Health Postdoctoral Scholarship (University of Calgary), Cumming School of Medicine Postdoctoral Scholarship (University of Calgary), and the Libin Cardiovascular Institute's 2021 Person to Population Seed Grant (University of Calgary).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirnvir K. Dhaliwal
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Nathan G. Johnson
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | | | - David J.T. Campbell
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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Ojeda VD, Berliant E, Parker T, Lyles M, Edwards TM, Jimenez C, Linke S, Hiller-Venegas S, Lister Z. Overview of a Pilot Health-focused Reentry Program for Racial/Ethnic Minority Probationers ages 18 to 26 in Southern California. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2022; 66:1303-1326. [PMID: 33980068 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x211013739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
There is a significant gap in reentry programming that is tailored to the needs of young adults ages 18 to 26 who are in a unique developmental life stage that involves ongoing maturity in their neurobiology, cognitive development, and social and financial transitions to adulthood and independence. This article describes the structure and approach of a 6-month health-focused reentry program designed for racial/ethnic minority young adult (YA) probationers in Southern California. The UCSD RELINK program includes service navigation and an optional psychoeducation health coaching program to build health literacy, problem-solving, and executive functioning skills relevant across multiple life domains. We describe participant characteristics and service needs at intake. Between 2017 and 2019, 122 YA probationers ages 18 to 26 responded to interviewer-administered baseline surveys. Participants needed basic services including housing, nutrition assistance, employment, and educational/vocational training. Depression and anxiety symptoms, Adverse Childhood Events, trauma, and unmet physical and mental health care needs were pervasive. Given the dearth of research on reentry programming for YA, this article documents the approaches taken in this multi-pronged health-focused reentry program to ensure that the program was tailored to YA reentrants' comprehensive needs. These data serve to concretely illustrate the range of needs and how YA reentrants view their own health and social needs in the context of multiple competing demands; such data may be useful for program planners and policymakers seeking to advance service delivery for YA minority reentrants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria D Ojeda
- University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, USA
| | - Emily Berliant
- University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, USA
| | - Tamara Parker
- University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, USA
| | - Maurice Lyles
- University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, USA
| | - Todd M Edwards
- University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, USA
- University of San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Cielo Jimenez
- University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, USA
| | - Sarah Linke
- University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, USA
| | | | - Zephon Lister
- University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, USA
- Loma Linda University, CA, USA
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Abou-Jaoude MM, Crawford J, Kryscio RJ, Moore DB. Accuracy of Ophthalmology Clinic Follow-Up in the Incarcerated Patient Population. JOURNAL OF ACADEMIC OPHTHALMOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1758562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose Incarcerated patients represent a uniquely vulnerable population in the outpatient ophthalmology setting, and the reliability of follow-up in this group is undetermined.
Methods This was a retrospective, observational chart review of consecutive incarcerated patients evaluated at the ophthalmology clinic of a single academic medical center between July 2012 and September 2016. For each encounter the following were recorded: patient age, gender, incarcerated status at the time of encounter (a subset of patients had encounters before/after incarceration), interventions performed, follow-up interval requested, urgency of follow-up, and actual time to subsequent follow-up. Primary outcome measures were no-show rate and timeliness, which was defined as follow-up within 1.5× the requested period.
Results There were 489 patients included during the study period, representing a total of 2,014 clinical encounters. Of the 489 patients, 189 (38.7%) were seen once. Of the remaining 300 patients with more than one encounter, 184 (61.3%) ultimately did not return and only 24 (8%) were always on time for every encounter. Of 1,747 encounters with specific follow-up requested, 1,072 were considered timely (61.3%). Factors significantly associated with subsequent loss to follow-up include whether a procedure was performed (p < 0.0001), urgency of follow-up (p < 0.0001), incarcerated status (p = 0.0408), and whether follow-up was requested (p < 0.0001).
Conclusion Almost two-thirds of incarcerated patients in our population requiring repeat examination were lost to follow-up, particularly those who underwent an intervention or required more urgent follow-up. Patients entering and exiting the penal system were less likely to follow-up while incarcerated. Further work is needed to understand how these gaps compare to those in the general population and to identify means of improving these outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M. Abou-Jaoude
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Jessica Crawford
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky
| | | | - Daniel B. Moore
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky
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Camplain R, Williamson HJ, Pinn TA, Shuman S, Robinson BM, Evans M, Luna C. Barriers and facilitators to attending and being physically active during recreation time among women incarcerated. BMC Womens Health 2022; 22:239. [PMID: 35715785 PMCID: PMC9205544 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-022-01831-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most women incarcerated in jail are not physically active and do not attend recreation time (rec-time), a time dedicated to being physically active, outside. The purpose of this study was to determine barriers and facilitators to attending and being physically active during rec-time among women incarcerated in jail. METHODS We recruited and distributed a cross-sectional questionnaire to 100 women incarcerated at the Coconino County Detention Facility (CCDF) in Flagstaff, Arizona from March to July 2020. Women were asked about their experience with rec-time at CCDF, including if they had ever attended, how often they attended, if they exercised at rec-time, activities they participated in, and facilitators, barriers, and benefits to attend rec-time. RESULTS Among 99 women who completed the questionnaire, 89% had ever attended rec-time. Most women identified environmental- and health-related facilitators to attending rec-time including enjoying natural light (74%), getting fresh air (83%), a change in environment (62%), and to move around and exercise (72%). Many women indicated environmental-, equipment-, clothing, and motivation-related barriers to attending rec-time. Specifically, women believed there was a lack of equipment (56%) and limited access to proper footwear (49%). CONCLUSIONS As health and environment are important facilitators and barriers to being physically active among women incarcerated in jail, it is important to identify appropriate environmental and policy interventions to increase the use of rec-time and physical activity. If a correctional facility does not offer rec-time or a similar alternative, one should be established, accessible, and welcoming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricky Camplain
- Center for Health Equity Research, Northern Arizona University, 1395 S. Knoles Drive, ARD Building, Suite 140, PO Box 4065, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011-4065, USA. .,Department of Health Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA.
| | - Heather J Williamson
- Center for Health Equity Research, Northern Arizona University, 1395 S. Knoles Drive, ARD Building, Suite 140, PO Box 4065, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011-4065, USA.,Department of Occupational Therapy, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Travis A Pinn
- Center for Health Equity Research, Northern Arizona University, 1395 S. Knoles Drive, ARD Building, Suite 140, PO Box 4065, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011-4065, USA
| | - Sara Shuman
- Department of Health Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Bethany M Robinson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Maribeth Evans
- Department of Psychology, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Crystal Luna
- Coconino County Sheriff's Office, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
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12
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Zaller N, Barry L, Dorotik J, James J, Knittel AK, Murillo F, Prost SG, Williams B. Guest editorial. Int J Prison Health 2022; 18:117-123. [PMID: 38899604 DOI: 10.1108/ijph-06-2022-117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nickolas Zaller
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Lisa Barry
- Psychiatry, UConn School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA, and UConn Center on Aging, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jane Dorotik
- California Coalition of Women Prisoners, Valley Center, California, USA
| | - Jennifer James
- Institute for Health and Aging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Andrea K Knittel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Fernando Murillo
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Stephanie Grace Prost
- Raymond A. Kent School of Social Work, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Brie Williams
- UCSF Center for Vulnerable Populations, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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13
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Prost SG, Golembeski C, Periyakoil VS, Arias J, Knittel AK, Ballin J, Oliver HD, Tran NT. Standardized outcome measures of mental health in research with older adults who are incarcerated. Int J Prison Health 2022; ahead-of-print:10.1108/IJPH-08-2021-0085. [PMID: 35362688 PMCID: PMC9328480 DOI: 10.1108/ijph-08-2021-0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The targeted use of standardized outcome measures (SOMs) of mental health in research with older adults who are incarcerated promotes a common language that enables interdisciplinary dialogue, contributes to the identification of disparities and supports data harmonization and subsequent synthesis. This paper aims to provide researchers with rationale for using "gold-standard" measures used in research with community-dwelling older adults, reporting associated study sample psychometric indexes, and detailing alterations in the approach or measure. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH The authors highlight the mental health of older adults who are incarcerated. They also discuss the benefits of SOMs in practice and research and then identify gold-standard measures of mental health used in research with community-dwelling older adults and measures used in research with older adults who are incarcerated. Finally, the authors provide several recommendations related to the use of SOMs of mental health in research with this population. FINDINGS Depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder are common among older adults who are incarcerated. Researchers have used a variety of measures to capture these mental health problems, some parallel to those used with community-dwelling samples. However, a more targeted use of SOMs of mental health in research with this population will contribute to important strides in this burgeoning field. ORIGINALITY/VALUE This review offers several practical recommendations related to SOMs of mental health in research with older adults who are incarcerated to contribute to a rigorous evidence base and thus inform practice and potentially improve the health and well-being of this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Grace Prost
- Raymond A. Kent School of Social Work, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Cynthia Golembeski
- Milano School of Policy, Management, and Environment, The New School, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Jalayne Arias
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Andrea K Knittel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jessica Ballin
- Department of Health Promotion and Sports Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Heather D Oliver
- Raymond A. Kent School of Social Work, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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14
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LeMasters K, Brinkley-Rubinstein L, Maner M, Peterson M, Nowotny K, Bailey Z. Carceral epidemiology: mass incarceration and structural racism during the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Public Health 2022; 7:e287-e290. [PMID: 35247354 PMCID: PMC8890762 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(22)00005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic and the ongoing epidemic of mass incarceration are closely intertwined, as COVID-19 entered US prisons and jails at astounding rates. Although observers warned of the swiftness with which COVID-19 could devastate people who are held and work in prisons and jails, their warnings were not heeded quickly enough. Incarcerated populations were deprioritised, and COVID-19 infected and killed those in jails and prisons at rates that outpaced the rates among the general population. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted what has been long-known: mass incarceration is a key component of structural racism that creates and exacerbates health inequities. It is imperative that the public health, particularly epidemiology, public policy, advocacy, and medical communities, are catalysed by the COVID-19 pandemic to drastically rethink the USA's criminal legal system and the public health emergency that it has created and to push for progressive reform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine LeMasters
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Center for Health Equity Research, Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Lauren Brinkley-Rubinstein
- Center for Health Equity Research, Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Morgan Maner
- Center for Health Equity Research, Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Meghan Peterson
- Center for Health Equity Research, Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kathryn Nowotny
- Department of Sociology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Zinzi Bailey
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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15
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Camplain R, Pinn TA, Becenti L, Williamson HJ, Pro G, Luna C, Bret J. Patterns of Physical Activity Among Women Incarcerated in Jail. JOURNAL OF CORRECTIONAL HEALTH CARE 2022; 28:6-11. [PMID: 34846925 PMCID: PMC8863360 DOI: 10.1089/jchc.20.05.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The physical and mental health benefits of physical activity in all populations are well established. In 2019, incarcerated women at a Southwest county jail were observed during "recreation time," a time when physical activity is encouraged, to identify the proportion of women who participated in recreation time and their physical activity levels. During observed recreation times, 28% of women attended; 56% were sedentary, 4% engaged in vigorous physical activity, and approximately 40% walked or performed similarly moderate physical activity. Future research should identify barriers to being physically active while incarcerated, leading to targeted interventions to promote physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricky Camplain
- Center for Health Equity Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA.,Department of Health Sciences and Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA.,*Address correspondence to: Ricky Camplain, PhD, Center for Health Equity Research, Northern Arizona University, PO Box 4065, Flagstaff, AZ 86011-4065, USA,
| | - Travis A. Pinn
- Center for Health Equity Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Lyle Becenti
- Center for Health Equity Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Heather J. Williamson
- Center for Health Equity Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA.,Department of Occupational Therapy, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - George Pro
- Center for Health Equity Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Crystal Luna
- Coconino County Sheriff's Office, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - James Bret
- Coconino County Sheriff's Office, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
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16
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Hawks L, Lopoo E, Puglisi L, Cellini J, Thompson K, Halberstam AA, Tolliver D, Martinez-Hamilton S, Wang EA. Community investment interventions as a means for decarceration: A scoping review. LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. AMERICAS 2021; 8:100150. [PMID: 36778729 PMCID: PMC9903691 DOI: 10.1016/j.lana.2021.100150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is growing support to reverse mass incarceration in the United States, especially in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. Little is known about what types and scale of community investments are most effective to support mass decarceration. Using a public health prevention framework, we conducted a scoping review to examine community-based programs that reduced criminal legal involvement. We searched PubMed, Embase and three EBSCO databases from 1990 through September 2019 for all experimental or quasi-experimental studies testing interventions pertaining to education, housing, healthcare, employment, or social support services and how they affected an individual's criminal legal outcomes. Our review identified 53 studies that demonstrated the efficacy of early childhood educational interventions and nurse-family partnership programs, post-secondary education for incarcerated students, navigation programs linking incarcerated people to community resources, and peer support upon release to reduce criminal legal system exposure. In concert with legislative action to end mass incarceration, additional research is needed to test interventions designed to achieve mass decarceration which cross multiple domains, interrogate community-level impacts and ascertain long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hawks
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI,Center for Advancing Population Science, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI,Corresponding Author: Laura Hawks, MD, MPH, Medical College of Wisconsin, Division of General Internal Medicine, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI 53226-3596. Tel: 414-955-7566; Fax: 414-805-0855.
| | - E Lopoo
- Square One Project, Columbia University Justice Lab, New York, NY
| | - L Puglisi
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT,SEICHE Center for Health and Justice, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - J Cellini
- Countway Library, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - K Thompson
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT,National Clinical Scholars Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | | | - D Tolliver
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT,National Clinical Scholars Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | | | - EA Wang
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT,SEICHE Center for Health and Justice, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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17
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Emerson A, Lipnicky A, Schuster B, Kelly PJ. Physical health programs and interventions with women during incarceration: a scoping review. Int J Prison Health 2021; 18:285-299. [PMID: 34555277 DOI: 10.1108/ijph-06-2021-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The USA outpaces most other countries in the world in the rates at which it incarcerates its citizens. The one million women held in US jails and prisons on any day in the USA face many physical health challenges, yet interventional work to address physical health in carceral settings is rare. This study's purpose was to summarize the literature on programs and interventions implemented with women in US carceral settings (jail or prison) that primarily addressed a physical health issue or need. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH A scoping review was conducted. The authors searched databases, reference lists, individual journals and websites for physical health program descriptions/evaluations and research studies, 2000-2020, that included women and were set in the USA. FINDINGS The authors identified 19 articles and a range of problem areas, designs, settings and samples, interventions/programs, outcomes and uses of theory. The authors identified two cross-cutting themes: the carceral setting as opportunity and challenges of ethics and logistics. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS/IMPLICATIONS Much potential remains for researchers to have an impact on health disparities by addressing physical health needs of women during incarceration. ORIGINALITY/VALUE Interventional and programmatic work to address physical health needs of women during incarceration is sparse and diversely focused. This review uniquely summarizes the existing work in a small and overlooked but important area of research and usefully highlights gaps in that literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Emerson
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Ashlyn Lipnicky
- School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Bernard Schuster
- Department of Population Healath, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Patricia J Kelly
- College of Nursing, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald M Berwick
- Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI), Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Suhas Gondi
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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19
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Galán CA, Bekele B, Boness C, Bowdring M, Call C, Hails K, McPhee J, Mendes SH, Moses J, Northrup J, Rupert P, Savell S, Sequeira S, Tervo-Clemmens B, Tung I, Vanwoerden S, Womack S, Yilmaz B. Editorial: A Call to Action for an Antiracist Clinical Science. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 50:12-57. [DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2020.1860066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Beza Bekele
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University
| | | | | | | | - Kate Hails
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh
| | | | | | | | | | - Petra Rupert
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh
| | | | | | | | - Irene Tung
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh
| | | | - Sean Womack
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia
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20
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Epidemiology of Incarceration: Characterizing Jail Incarceration for Public Health Research. Epidemiology 2020; 30:561-568. [PMID: 30985527 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0000000000001021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Each year, 9 million individuals cycle in and out of jails. The under-characterization of incarceration as an exposure poses substantial challenges to understanding how varying levels of exposure to jail may affect health. Thus, we characterized levels of jail incarceration including recidivism, number of incarcerations, total and average number of days incarcerated, and time to reincarceration. METHODS We created a cohort of 75,203 individuals incarcerated at the Coconino County Detention Facility in Flagstaff, Arizona, from 2001 to 2018 from jail intake and release records. RESULTS The median number of incarcerations during the study period was one (interquartile range [IQR] = 1-2). Forty percent of individuals had >1 incarceration. The median length of stay for first observed incarcerations was 1 day (IQR = 0-5). The median total days incarcerated was 3 (IQR = 1-23). Average length of stay increased by number of incarcerations. By 18 months, 27% of our sample had been reincarcerated. CONCLUSION Characteristics of jail incarceration have been largely left out of public health research. A better understanding of jail incarcerations can help design analyses to assess health outcomes of individuals incarcerated in jail. Our study is an early step in shaping an understanding of jail incarceration as an exposure for future epidemiologic research. See video abstract at, http://links.lww.com/EDE/B536.
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21
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Barnert E, Sun A, Abrams L, Chung PJ. Reproductive health needs of recently incarcerated youth during community reentry: a systematic review. BMJ SEXUAL & REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH 2020; 46:161-171. [PMID: 31722933 PMCID: PMC8262509 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsrh-2019-200386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Youth involved in the juvenile justice system have high reproductive health needs and, on exiting detention, face the challenging transition of reentry. We conducted a systematic literature review to describe what is known about youths' reproductive health needs during community reentry after incarceration. METHODS We searched PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar for articles containing key words with the concepts 'child or adolescent', 'incarcerated' and 'reentry'. In the search, we defined the concept of 'reentry' as within 1 month prior to release (to include interventions involving pre-release planning) and up to 18 months after release from incarceration. RESULTS Our search yielded 2187 articles. After applying all exclusion criteria, 14 articles on reproductive health remained for extraction. The articles provided data on the following aspects of youths' reproductive health: frequency of condom use (eight articles), sexual risk behaviours other than lack of condom use (seven articles), and prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (three articles). CONCLUSIONS The literature on the reproductive health needs of youth undergoing reentry is extremely limited. Current intervention studies yield mixed but promising results and more intervention studies that address both pre-release reentry planning and the post-incarceration period are needed. Given incarcerated youths' well-documented reproductive health disparities compared with non-incarcerated adolescents, the identified gaps represent important opportunities for future research and programmatic emphasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Barnert
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ava Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Laura Abrams
- Department of Social Welfare, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Paul J Chung
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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22
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Nowotny KM, Zielinski MJ, Stringer KL, Pugh T, Wu E, Metsch LR, El-Bassel N, Nunn AS, Beckwith CG. Training the Next Generation of Researchers Dedicated to Improving Health Outcomes for Justice-Involved Populations. Am J Public Health 2020; 110:S18-S20. [PMID: 31967875 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2019.305411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Nowotny
- Kathryn M. Nowotny is with the Department of Sociology, University of Miami, Miami, FL. Melissa J. Zielinski is with the College of Medicine, Psychiatric Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock. Kristi L. Stringer, Tracy Pugh, Elwin Wu, Lisa R. Metsch, and Nabila El-Bassel are with Columbia University, New York, NY. Amy S. Nunn is with Brown University School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Social Health Services, Providence, RI. Curt G. Beckwith is with the Department of Medicine, The Miriam Hospital/Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Melissa J Zielinski
- Kathryn M. Nowotny is with the Department of Sociology, University of Miami, Miami, FL. Melissa J. Zielinski is with the College of Medicine, Psychiatric Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock. Kristi L. Stringer, Tracy Pugh, Elwin Wu, Lisa R. Metsch, and Nabila El-Bassel are with Columbia University, New York, NY. Amy S. Nunn is with Brown University School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Social Health Services, Providence, RI. Curt G. Beckwith is with the Department of Medicine, The Miriam Hospital/Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Kristi L Stringer
- Kathryn M. Nowotny is with the Department of Sociology, University of Miami, Miami, FL. Melissa J. Zielinski is with the College of Medicine, Psychiatric Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock. Kristi L. Stringer, Tracy Pugh, Elwin Wu, Lisa R. Metsch, and Nabila El-Bassel are with Columbia University, New York, NY. Amy S. Nunn is with Brown University School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Social Health Services, Providence, RI. Curt G. Beckwith is with the Department of Medicine, The Miriam Hospital/Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Tracy Pugh
- Kathryn M. Nowotny is with the Department of Sociology, University of Miami, Miami, FL. Melissa J. Zielinski is with the College of Medicine, Psychiatric Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock. Kristi L. Stringer, Tracy Pugh, Elwin Wu, Lisa R. Metsch, and Nabila El-Bassel are with Columbia University, New York, NY. Amy S. Nunn is with Brown University School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Social Health Services, Providence, RI. Curt G. Beckwith is with the Department of Medicine, The Miriam Hospital/Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Elwin Wu
- Kathryn M. Nowotny is with the Department of Sociology, University of Miami, Miami, FL. Melissa J. Zielinski is with the College of Medicine, Psychiatric Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock. Kristi L. Stringer, Tracy Pugh, Elwin Wu, Lisa R. Metsch, and Nabila El-Bassel are with Columbia University, New York, NY. Amy S. Nunn is with Brown University School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Social Health Services, Providence, RI. Curt G. Beckwith is with the Department of Medicine, The Miriam Hospital/Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Lisa R Metsch
- Kathryn M. Nowotny is with the Department of Sociology, University of Miami, Miami, FL. Melissa J. Zielinski is with the College of Medicine, Psychiatric Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock. Kristi L. Stringer, Tracy Pugh, Elwin Wu, Lisa R. Metsch, and Nabila El-Bassel are with Columbia University, New York, NY. Amy S. Nunn is with Brown University School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Social Health Services, Providence, RI. Curt G. Beckwith is with the Department of Medicine, The Miriam Hospital/Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Nabila El-Bassel
- Kathryn M. Nowotny is with the Department of Sociology, University of Miami, Miami, FL. Melissa J. Zielinski is with the College of Medicine, Psychiatric Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock. Kristi L. Stringer, Tracy Pugh, Elwin Wu, Lisa R. Metsch, and Nabila El-Bassel are with Columbia University, New York, NY. Amy S. Nunn is with Brown University School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Social Health Services, Providence, RI. Curt G. Beckwith is with the Department of Medicine, The Miriam Hospital/Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Amy S Nunn
- Kathryn M. Nowotny is with the Department of Sociology, University of Miami, Miami, FL. Melissa J. Zielinski is with the College of Medicine, Psychiatric Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock. Kristi L. Stringer, Tracy Pugh, Elwin Wu, Lisa R. Metsch, and Nabila El-Bassel are with Columbia University, New York, NY. Amy S. Nunn is with Brown University School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Social Health Services, Providence, RI. Curt G. Beckwith is with the Department of Medicine, The Miriam Hospital/Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Curt G Beckwith
- Kathryn M. Nowotny is with the Department of Sociology, University of Miami, Miami, FL. Melissa J. Zielinski is with the College of Medicine, Psychiatric Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock. Kristi L. Stringer, Tracy Pugh, Elwin Wu, Lisa R. Metsch, and Nabila El-Bassel are with Columbia University, New York, NY. Amy S. Nunn is with Brown University School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Social Health Services, Providence, RI. Curt G. Beckwith is with the Department of Medicine, The Miriam Hospital/Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
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23
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Martin RA, Couture R, Tasker N, Carter C, Copeland DM, Kibler M, Whittle JS. Emergency medical care of incarcerated patients: Opportunities for improvement and cost savings. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232243. [PMID: 32339213 PMCID: PMC7185724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the United States (US), the lifetime incidence of incarceration is 6.6%, exceeding that of any other nation. Compared to the general US population, incarcerated individuals are disproportionally affected by chronic health conditions, mental illness, and substance use disorders. Barriers to accessing medical care are common in correctional facilities. We sought to characterize the local incarcerated patient population and explore barriers to medical care in these patients. We conducted a retrospective, observational cohort study by reviewing the medical records of incarcerated patients presenting to the adult emergency department (ED) of a single academic, tertiary care facility with medical or psychiatric (med/psych) and trauma-related emergencies between January 2012 and December 2014. Data on demographics, medical complexity, trauma intentionality, and barriers to medical care were analyzed using descriptive statistics, unpaired student’s t-test or one-way analysis of variance for continuous variables, and chi-square analysis or Fisher’s exact test as appropriate. Trauma patients were younger with fewer medical comorbidities and were less likely to be admitted to the hospital than med/psych patients. 47.8% of injuries resulted from violence or were self-inflicted. Most trauma-related complaints were managed by the emergency medicine physician in the ED. While barriers to medical care were not correlated with hospital admission, 5.4% of med/psych and 2.9% of trauma patients reported barriers as a contributing factor to the ED encounter. Med/psych patients commonly reported a lack of access to medications, while trauma patients reported a delay in medical care. Trauma-related presentations were less medically complex than med/psych-related complaints. Medical management of most injuries required no hospital resources outside of the ED, indicating a potential role for outpatient management of trauma-related complaints. Additional opportunities for health care improvement and cost savings include the implementation of programs that target violence, prevent injuries, and promote the continuity of medical care while incarcerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Martin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Medicine at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, Tennessee, United States of America
- Erlanger Health System, Chattanooga, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Rosanna Couture
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Medicine at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, Tennessee, United States of America
- Erlanger Health System, Chattanooga, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Nicole Tasker
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Medicine at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, Tennessee, United States of America
- Erlanger Health System, Chattanooga, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Christine Carter
- The University of Tennessee College of Medicine, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - David M. Copeland
- The University of Tennessee College of Medicine, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Mary Kibler
- Erlanger Health System, Chattanooga, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jessica S. Whittle
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Medicine at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, Tennessee, United States of America
- Erlanger Health System, Chattanooga, Tennessee, United States of America
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Camplain R, Pinn TA, Williamson HJ, Pro G, Becenti L, Bret J, Luna C, Baldwin JA. Adaptation of the System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC) for the Measurement of Physical Activity in Jail Settings. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17010349. [PMID: 31947914 PMCID: PMC6981919 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17010349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Over 9 million people are incarcerated in jail each year, but physical activity has not been assessed among incarcerated populations. Measuring physical activity in the jail setting is complicated as current physical activity measurement tools are not designed for use inside jail facilities. Therefore, we adapted an evidence-based physical activity measurement tool, the System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC), to assess physical activity within a jail facility. SOPARC was designed to obtain observational information on physical activity of individuals. The study team created a protocol for SOPARC for use in jail facilities. Unlike the original SOPARC, access to recreation time in jail required prior scheduling. Target areas were unnecessary as recreation spaces were enclosed. The adapted SOPARC protocol for jails included start and end times, the number of individuals that attended, and recreation time users’ physical activity levels, footwear, outerwear, uniform color, and use of mobility assistive devices. The use of SOPARC in the jail setting requires adaptation to adequately capture physical activity data among incarcerated individuals. Accurately measuring physical activity among incarcerated individuals and the environment in which they are active may allow for future development and testing of physical activity interventions in jail facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricky Camplain
- Center for Health Equity Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA; (T.A.P.); (H.J.W.); (G.P.); (L.B.); (J.A.B.)
- Department of Health Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-928-523-5165
| | - Travis A. Pinn
- Center for Health Equity Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA; (T.A.P.); (H.J.W.); (G.P.); (L.B.); (J.A.B.)
| | - Heather J. Williamson
- Center for Health Equity Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA; (T.A.P.); (H.J.W.); (G.P.); (L.B.); (J.A.B.)
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - George Pro
- Center for Health Equity Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA; (T.A.P.); (H.J.W.); (G.P.); (L.B.); (J.A.B.)
| | - Lyle Becenti
- Center for Health Equity Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA; (T.A.P.); (H.J.W.); (G.P.); (L.B.); (J.A.B.)
| | - James Bret
- Coconino County Sheriff’s Office, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA; (J.B.); (C.L.)
| | - Crystal Luna
- Coconino County Sheriff’s Office, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA; (J.B.); (C.L.)
| | - Julie A. Baldwin
- Center for Health Equity Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA; (T.A.P.); (H.J.W.); (G.P.); (L.B.); (J.A.B.)
- Department of Health Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
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25
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Binswanger IA, Maruschak LM, Mueller SR, Stern MF, Kinner SA. Principles to Guide National Data Collection on the Health of Persons in the Criminal Justice System. Public Health Rep 2019; 134:34S-45S. [PMID: 31059411 PMCID: PMC6505315 DOI: 10.1177/0033354919841593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid A Binswanger
- 1 Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
- 2 Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
- 3 Colorado Permanente Medical Group, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Laura M Maruschak
- 4 Bureau of Justice Statistics, US Department of Justice, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Shane R Mueller
- 1 Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Marc F Stern
- 5 Department of Health Services, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- 6 Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- 7 Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- 8 Mater Research Institute-UQ, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- 9 School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- 10 Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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26
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Lee C, Treacy S, Haggith A, Wickramasinghe ND, Cater F, Kuhn I, Van Bortel T. A systematic integrative review of programmes addressing the social care needs of older prisoners. HEALTH & JUSTICE 2019; 7:9. [PMID: 31134392 PMCID: PMC6717991 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-019-0090-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The number of older prisoners has risen exponentially over the last two decades, especially in high-income countries. Due to the increased and somewhat inadequately met health and social care needs of this group of prisoners, coupled with their vulnerability arising from higher levels of isolation, poverty and exploitation, financial costs have spiralled and human rights concerns have grown. This review aimed to present an overview of programmes that addressed older prisoners' social care needs, a particularly underdeveloped area, with a view to assessing the extent to which they could inform policy and practice. METHODS Following Whittemore and Knafl's (J Adv Nurs 52:546-553, 2005) integrative review approach, a comprehensive search - including 16 electronic databases and hand searching - was undertaken up to May 2017 using search terms related to context, function and disability. The quality of included papers was assessed, data were extracted using a review-specific form based on the PICO formula, and research questions addressed using a narrative synthesis approach. Additionally, reporting followed PRISMA guidelines. RESULTS A total of 29 papers were selected for inclusion, the majority of which focused on hospice programmes, with the remainder describing personal care-focused services, structured day programmes, and adaptations to prison operations (regime) and accommodation in support of prisoners' social care needs. Whilst the programmes were reported to have some positive impacts on prisoners and the prison overall, and programmes were perceived to be cost-effective or cost-neutral, outcomes regarding staff were more mixed. Findings were tempered by the methodological shortcomings of the included papers, with many assessed as low quality, with a lack of prisoner participation, and an absence of experimental studies. CONCLUSIONS The evidence base for programmes addressing older prisoners' social care needs appears to be at an embryonic stage. Further robust studies evaluating the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of programmes addressing older prisoners' social care needs are imperative in better informing policy and practice in support of this highly vulnerable group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Lee
- Cambridge Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Samantha Treacy
- Cambridge Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anna Haggith
- Cambridge Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe
- Cambridge Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Science, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka
| | - Frances Cater
- Cambridge Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Isla Kuhn
- Medical Library, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tine Van Bortel
- Cambridge Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Bui J, Wendt M, Bakos A. Understanding and Addressing Health Disparities and Health Needs of Justice-Involved Populations. Public Health Rep 2019; 134:3S-7S. [PMID: 31059414 DOI: 10.1177/0033354918813089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Juliet Bui
- 1 US Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Minority Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Minh Wendt
- 1 US Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Minority Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Alexis Bakos
- 1 US Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Minority Health, Rockville, MD, USA
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28
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Kinner SA, Young JT. Understanding and Improving the Health of People Who Experience Incarceration: An Overview and Synthesis. Epidemiol Rev 2018; 40:4-11. [PMID: 29860342 PMCID: PMC5982728 DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxx018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The world prison population is growing at a rate that exceeds the rate of population growth. This issue of Epidemiologic Reviews comprises articles in which researchers summarize what is known about some of the key health issues facing people in prison, particularly in relation to human immunodeficiency virus and other blood-borne viral infections. A key recurring theme is that addressing the health needs of people in prison is important to reducing health inequalities at the population level—that prisoner health is public health. The reviews also highlight some critical evidence gaps, notably the lack of evidence from low- and middle-income countries, and the limited number of longitudinal studies in which health behaviors, health outcomes, or health service experiences after release from prison are documented. Despite growing evidence of the poor health of detained adolescents, none of the included reviews considered this population. Further research on the health of young people who cycle through juvenile detention should be a priority. Despite a rapidly growing literature on the health of people who experience incarceration, some critical health issues remain poorly understood, and there has been insufficient attention devoted to co-occurring health conditions and the consequent need for coordinated care. Key populations in custodial settings remain understudied, limiting capacity to develop targeted, evidence-based responses to their health needs. The quality of many studies is suboptimal, and although rigorous, independent research in correctional settings can be challenging, it is not impossible and is critical to laying the groundwork for evidence-based reform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart A Kinner
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne Australia
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne Australia
- Mater Research Institute-UQ, University of Queensland, Brisbane Australia
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne Australia
- Correspondence to Stuart A. Kinner, Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville VIC 3052 Australia (e-mail: )
| | - Jesse T Young
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne Australia
- Centre for Health Services Research, School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth Australia
- National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth Australia
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29
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Skarupski KA, Gross A, Schrack JA, Deal JA, Eber GB. The Health of America's Aging Prison Population. Epidemiol Rev 2018; 40:157-165. [PMID: 29584869 DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxx020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Older incarcerated individuals comprise the fastest growing demographic in the US prison system. Unhealthy lifestyles among incarcerated individuals and inadequate health care lead to earlier onset and more rapid progression of many chronic conditions that are prevalent among community-living older adults. There are limited peer-reviewed epidemiologic data in this area; however, there is growing interest in identifying strategies for housing aging incarcerated individuals, delivering appropriate health care in prisons, and coordinating after-release health care. In this systematic review, we summarize the epidemiologic evidence of the health challenges facing the aging US prison population. Our comprehensive literature search focused on health outcomes, including diseases, comorbid conditions, mental health, cognition, and mobility. From 12,486 articles identified from the literature search, we reviewed 21 studies published between 2007 and 2017. All the studies were observational and cross-sectional, and most (n = 17) were based on regional samples. Sample sizes varied widely, ranging from 25 to 14,499 incarcerated people (median, 258). In general, compared with their younger counterparts, older incarcerated individuals reported high rates of diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular conditions, and liver disease. Mental health problems were common, especially anxiety, fear of desire for death or suicide, and depression. Activities of daily living were challenging for up to one-fifth of the population. We found no empirical data on cognition among older incarcerated individuals. The findings of this review reveal few empirical data in this area and highlight the need for new data to drive policy and practice patterns that address critical health issues related to the aging prison population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Skarupski
- School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Center on Aging and Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alden Gross
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Center on Aging and Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jennifer A Schrack
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Center on Aging and Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jennifer A Deal
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Center on Aging and Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gabriel B Eber
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Center for Public Health and Human Rights, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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30
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A Survey of Health Disparities, Social Determinants of Health, and Converging Morbidities in a County Jail: A Cultural-Ecological Assessment of Health Conditions in Jail Populations. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15112500. [PMID: 30413098 PMCID: PMC6267226 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15112500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The environmental health status of jail populations in the United States constitutes a significant public health threat for prisoners and the general population. The ecology of jails creates a dynamic condition in relation to general population health due to the concentrated potential exposure to infectious diseases, difficult access to treatment for chronic health conditions, interruption in continuity of care for serious behavioral health conditions, as well as on-going issues for the prevention and treatment of substance abuse disorders. This paper reports on elements of a cross-sectional survey embedded in a parent project, “Health Disparities in Jail Populations.” The overall project includes a comprehensive secondary data analysis of the health status of county jail populations, along with primary data collection that includes a cross-sectional health and health care services survey of incarcerated individuals, coupled with collection of biological samples to investigate infectious disease characteristics of a county jail population. This paper reports on the primary results of the survey data collection that indicate that this is a population with complex and interacting co-morbidities, as well as significant health disparities compared to the general population.
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31
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McConville S, Mooney AC, Williams BA, Hsia RY. How do ED patients with criminal justice contact compare with other ED users? A retrospective analysis of ED visits in California. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e020897. [PMID: 29929952 PMCID: PMC6042586 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the patterns of emergency department (ED) utilisation among those with and without criminal justice contact in California in 2014, comparing variation in ED use, visit frequency, diagnoses and insurance coverage. DESIGN Retrospective, cross-sectional study. SETTING Analyses included ED visits to all licensed hospitals in California using statewide data on all ED encounters in 2014. PARTICIPANTS Study participants included 3 757 870 non-elderly adult ED patients who made at least one ED visit in 2014. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES We assessed the patterns and characteristics of ED visits among those with criminal justice contact-patients who were either admitted to or discharged from the ED by a correctional institution-with patients who did not have criminal justice contact recorded during an ED visit. RESULTS ED patients with criminal justice contact had higher proportions of frequent ED users (27.2% vs 9.4%), were at higher risk of an ED visit resulting in hospitalisation (26.6% vs 15.2%) and had higher prevalence of mental health conditions (52.8% vs 30.4%) compared with patients with no criminal justice contact recorded during an ED visit. Of the top 10, four primary diagnoses among patients with criminal justice contact were related to behavioural health conditions, accounting for 19.0% of all primary diagnoses in this population. In contrast, behavioural health conditions were absent from the top 10 primary diagnoses in ED patients with no observed criminal justice contact. Despite a high burden of disease, a lack of health insurance coverage was more common among those with criminal justice contact than those without (41.3% vs 14.1%). CONCLUSIONS Given that a large proportion of ED patients with criminal justice contact are frequent users with considerable mental health conditions, current efforts in California's Medicaid programme to identify individuals in need of coordinated services could reduce costly ED utilisation among this group.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alyssa C Mooney
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Brie A Williams
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Renee Y Hsia
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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32
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Bedell PS, Spaulding AC, So M, Sarrett JC. The Names Have Been Changed to Protect the . . . Humanity: Person-First Language in Correctional Health Epidemiology. Am J Epidemiol 2018; 187:1140-1142. [PMID: 29697744 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwy073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
After objections surfaced following a call for papers on "Prisoner Health," the editors of Epidemiologic Reviews decided to rename this year's volume "Incarceration and Health." In this commentary, we trace the origins of person-first language and explain why using appropriate terms in correctional health, including correctional health epidemiology, matters. We discuss the potential consequences of person-first language for justice-involved individuals and how inclusive language might affect the social, emotional, and physical well-being of individuals, families, and communities. Future directions may include measuring health outcomes when language is systematically changed. The barriers that thwart successful reentry may wane when dehumanizing language disappears.
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Affiliation(s)
- Precious S Bedell
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Anne C Spaulding
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Marvin So
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jennifer C Sarrett
- Center for the Study of Human Health, Emory College of Arts and Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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33
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Ahalt C, Haney C, Kinner S, Williams B. Balancing the Rights to Protection and Participation: A Call for Expanded Access to Ethically Conducted Correctional Health Research. J Gen Intern Med 2018; 33:764-768. [PMID: 29404944 PMCID: PMC5910351 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-018-4318-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Incarcerated individuals, over 95% of whom are eventually released, experience high burdens of chronic disease and behavioral health and social risk factors. Understanding the health needs of this population is critical to ensuring that general medicine physicians in prisons and in the community are adequately prepared to meet those needs. However, people in prison are significantly underrepresented in health research. In response to historical exploitation of prisoners in medical experimentation, federal guidelines appropriately require additional oversight for, and limit the scope of, research in prisons. Yet, according to a 2006 Institute of Medicine report, these requirements have produced inconsistent local regulations that often limit opportunities for incarcerated individuals to participate in research, and can slow the development of innovative medical interventions to improve their health. In this article, we describe the historical context surrounding regulations on research involving individuals in prison, the harms that can arise from excessive limitations to research in such settings, and the benefits of greater access to ethically conducted research in prison. We conclude with recommended actions that can be taken by general medicine researchers, correctional leaders, and policymakers to achieve consistent access to health research for incarcerated populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrus Ahalt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Craig Haney
- Psychology Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Stuart Kinner
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia.,Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Brie Williams
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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34
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Metzger L, Ahalt C, Kushel M, Riker A, Williams B. Mobilizing cross-sector community partnerships to address the needs of criminal justice-involved older adults: a framework for action. Int J Prison Health 2017; 13:173-184. [PMID: 28914125 DOI: 10.1108/ijph-05-2017-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The rapidly increasing number of older adults cycling through local criminal justice systems (jails, probation, and parole) suggests a need for greater collaboration among a diverse group of local stakeholders including professionals from healthcare delivery, public health, and criminal justice and directly affected individuals, their families, and advocates. The purpose of this paper is to develop a framework that local communities can use to understand and begin to address the needs of criminal justice-involved older adults. Design/methodology/approach The framework included solicit input from community stakeholders to identify pressing challenges facing criminal justice-involved older adults, conduct needs assessments of criminal justice-involved older adults and professionals working with them; implement quick-response interventions based on needs assessments; share findings with community stakeholders and generate public feedback; engage interdisciplinary group to develop an action plan to optimize services. Findings A five-step framework for creating an interdisciplinary community response is an effective approach to action planning and broad stakeholder engagement on behalf of older adults cycling through the criminal justice system. Originality/value This study proposes the Criminal Justice Involved Older Adults in Need of Treatment Initiative Framework for establishing an interdisciplinary community response to the growing population of medically and socially vulnerable criminal justice-involved older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Metzger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Cyrus Ahalt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Margot Kushel
- Department of Medicine, Center for Vulnerable Population, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Alissa Riker
- San Francisco Sheriff's Department, Programs Division, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Brie Williams
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California, USA
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35
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Ahalt C, Sudore R, Bolano M, Metzger L, Darby AM, Williams B. "Teach-to-Goal" to Better Assess Informed Consent Comprehension among Incarcerated Clinical Research Participants. AMA J Ethics 2017; 19:862-872. [PMID: 28905727 DOI: 10.1001/journalofethics.2017.19.9.peer3-1709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Correctional health research requires important safeguards to ensure that research participation is ethically conducted. In addition to having disproportionately low educational attainment and low literacy, incarcerated people suffer from health-related conditions that can affect cognition (e.g., traumatic brain injury, substance use disorders, mental illness). Yet modified informed consent processes that assess participants' comprehension of the risks and benefits of participation are not required by relevant federal guidelines. A push to assess comprehension of informed consent documents is particularly timely given an increase in demand for correctional health research in the context of criminal justice reform. We argue that comprehension assessments can identify persons who should be excluded from research and help those who will ultimately participate in studies better understand the risks and benefits of their participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrus Ahalt
- A researcher and policy analyst in the Department of Medicine at the University of California, San Francisco
| | - Rebecca Sudore
- A professor of medicine at the University of California, San Francisco, where she serves as a geriatrician, palliative medicine physician, and clinician investigator
| | - Marielle Bolano
- A fourth-year medical student at the University of California, Davis School of Medicine, and worked at the University of California, San Francisco Division of Geriatrics as a research assistant
| | - Lia Metzger
- An assistant clinical research coordinator for the Division of Geriatrics at the University of California, San Francisco
| | - Anna M Darby
- A second-year emergency medicine resident at Los Angeles County + USC Medical Center, where she works in the dedicated Jail Emergency Department that serves Los Angeles County, and worked as a litigation assistant at the Prison Law Office advocating for prisoners' health care needs and as a National Institute on Aging Medical Student Training in Aging Research Fellow at the University of California, San Francisco
| | - Brie Williams
- A professor of medicine in the Division of Geriatrics at the University of California, San Francisco
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36
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Simpson PL, Guthrie J, Butler T. Prison health service directors’ views on research priorities and organizational issues in conducting research in prison: outcomes of a national deliberative roundtable. Int J Prison Health 2017; 13:113-123. [DOI: 10.1108/ijph-12-2016-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
Given that prisoners have significant health needs across most areas, the paucity of prisoner health research, and the difficulties involved in the conduct of research in this setting, there is a need to develop research priorities that align with key stakeholder groups. One such group are those responsible for health service provision in prisons – prison health service directors. The paper aims to discuss these issues.
Design/methodology/approach
Prison health service directors in each Australian state and territory were invited to participate in a national (deliberative) roundtable where the consensus building nominal group technique was utilized. This involved the identification of research priorities and organizational issues in conducting research with prisoners, and ranking research priorities. A thematic analysis was conducted on organizational issues.
Findings
In total, 13 participants attended the roundtable. Participants identified 28 research priorities and 12 organizational issues. Top ranked research priorities were mental health, cognitive and intellectual disability, post-release health maintenance, ageing prisoners, chronic health conditions and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health. Themes identified from the organizational issues included prisoner access to research participation, health and research literacy of custodial staff, and institutional protectionism in response to research that may discover negative information about the custodial setting.
Research limitations/implications
These findings should inform future efforts to improve research infrastructures to undertake research to improve the health of people in Australian prisons, and help to align researchers’ efforts with those of a key organizational stakeholder.
Originality/value
This is the first paper to determine the research priorities and organizational issues in conducting research in prisons of prison health service directors.
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Kouyoumdjian FG, McIsaac KE, Foran JE, Matheson FI. Canadian Institutes of Health Research funding of prison health research: a descriptive study. CMAJ Open 2017; 5:E14-E18. [PMID: 28401113 PMCID: PMC5378501 DOI: 10.9778/cmajo.20160064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health research provides a means to define health status and to identify ways to improve health. Our objective was to define the proportion of grants and funding from the Government of Canada's health research investment agency, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), that was awarded for prison health research, and to describe the characteristics of funded grants. METHODS In this descriptive study, we defined prison health research as research on the health and health care of people in prisons and at the time of their release. We searched the CIHR Funding Decisions Database by subject and by investigator name for funded grants for prison health research in Canada in all competitions between 2010 and 2014. We calculated the proportion of grants and funding awarded for prison health research, and described the characteristics of funded grants. RESULTS During the 5-year study period, 21 grants were awarded that included a focus on prison health research, for a total of $2 289 948. Six of these grants were operating grants and 6 supported graduate or fellowship training. In total, 0.13% of all grants and 0.05% of all funding was for prison health research. INTERPRETATION A relatively small proportion of CIHR grants and funding were awarded for prison health research between 2010 and 2014. If prison health is a priority for Canada, strategic initiatives that include funding opportunities could be developed to support prison health research in Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona G Kouyoumdjian
- Centre for Urban Health Solutions (Kouyoumdjian, Matheson), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Research Services (McIsaac), Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS; Department of Political Science (Foran) and Department of Family Medicine (Kouyoumdjian), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - Kathryn E McIsaac
- Centre for Urban Health Solutions (Kouyoumdjian, Matheson), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Research Services (McIsaac), Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS; Department of Political Science (Foran) and Department of Family Medicine (Kouyoumdjian), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - Jessica E Foran
- Centre for Urban Health Solutions (Kouyoumdjian, Matheson), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Research Services (McIsaac), Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS; Department of Political Science (Foran) and Department of Family Medicine (Kouyoumdjian), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - Flora I Matheson
- Centre for Urban Health Solutions (Kouyoumdjian, Matheson), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Research Services (McIsaac), Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS; Department of Political Science (Foran) and Department of Family Medicine (Kouyoumdjian), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrus Ahalt
- From the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - Brie Williams
- From the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco
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Lemon T, Spaulding A, Rich JD. State of Research Funding From the National Institutes of Health for Criminal Justice Health Research. Ann Intern Med 2015; 163:240. [PMID: 26237755 DOI: 10.7326/l15-5116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Lemon
- From Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Anne Spaulding
- From Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Josiah D. Rich
- From Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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Correction: the state of research funding from the national institutes of health for criminal justice health research. Ann Intern Med 2015; 162:600. [PMID: 25894040 DOI: 10.7326/l15-0078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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