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Solberg RB, Fretheim A, Elgersma IH, Fagernes M, Iversen BG, Hemkens LG, Rose CJ, Elstrøm P. Personal protective effect of wearing surgical face masks in public spaces on self-reported respiratory symptoms in adults: pragmatic randomised superiority trial. BMJ 2024; 386:e078918. [PMID: 39048132 PMCID: PMC11267995 DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2023-078918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the personal protective effects of wearing versus not wearing surgical face masks in public spaces on self-reported respiratory symptoms over a 14 day period. DESIGN Pragmatic randomised superiority trial. SETTING Norway. PARTICIPANTS 4647 adults aged ≥18 years: 2371 were assigned to the intervention arm and 2276 to the control arm. INTERVENTIONS Participants in the intervention arm were assigned to wear a surgical face mask in public spaces (eg, shopping centres, streets, public transport) over a 14 day period (mask wearing at home or work was not mentioned). Participants in the control arm were assigned to not wear a surgical face mask in public places. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome was self-reported respiratory symptoms consistent with a respiratory infection. Secondary outcomes included self-reported and registered covid-19 infection. RESULTS Between 10 February 2023 and 27 April 2023, 4647 participants were randomised of whom 4575 (2788 women (60.9%); mean age 51.0 (standard deviation 15.0) years) were included in the intention-to-treat analysis: 2313 (50.6%) in the intervention arm and 2262 (49.4%) in the control arm. 163 events (8.9%) of self-reported symptoms consistent with respiratory infection were reported in the intervention arm and 239 (12.2%) in the control arm. The marginal odds ratio was 0.71 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.58 to 0.87; P=0.001) favouring the face mask intervention. The absolute risk difference was -3.2% (95% CI -5.2% to -1.3%; P<0.001). No statistically significant effect was found on self- reported (marginal odds ratio 1.07, 95% CI 0.58 to 1.98; P=0.82) or registered covid-19 infection (effect estimate and 95% CI not estimable owing to lack of events in the intervention arm). CONCLUSION Wearing a surgical face mask in public spaces over 14 days reduces the risk of self-reported symptoms consistent with a respiratory infection, compared with not wearing a surgical face mask. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05690516.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runar Barstad Solberg
- Centre for Epidemic Interventions Research (CEIR), Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Atle Fretheim
- Centre for Epidemic Interventions Research (CEIR), Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingeborg Hess Elgersma
- Centre for Epidemic Interventions Research (CEIR), Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mette Fagernes
- Division of Infection Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn Gunnar Iversen
- Division of Infection Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars G Hemkens
- Pragmatic Evidence Lab, Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Christopher James Rose
- Centre for Epidemic Interventions Research (CEIR), Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Cluster for Reviews and Health Technology Assessments, Division for Health Services, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Petter Elstrøm
- Centre for Epidemic Interventions Research (CEIR), Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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Klimek P, Ledebur K, Thurner S. Epidemic modelling suggests that in specific circumstances masks may become more effective when fewer contacts wear them. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2024; 4:134. [PMID: 38971886 PMCID: PMC11227579 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-024-00561-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions to control the spread of SARS-CoV-2 depends on many contextual factors, including adherence. Conventional wisdom holds that the effectiveness of protective behaviours, such as wearing masks, increases with the number of people who adopt them. Here we show in a simulation study that this is not always true. METHODS We use a parsimonious network model based on the well-established empirical facts that adherence to such interventions wanes over time and that individuals tend to align their adoption strategies with their close social ties (homophily). RESULTS When these assumptions are combined, a broad dynamic regime emerges in which the individual-level reduction in infection risk for those adopting protective behaviour increases as adherence to protective behaviour decreases. For instance, at 10 % coverage, we find that adopters face nearly a 30 % lower infection risk than at 60 % coverage. Based on surgical mask effectiveness estimates, the relative risk reduction for masked individuals ranges from 5 % to 15 %, or a factor of three. This small coverage effect occurs when the outbreak is over before the pathogen is able to invade small but closely knit groups of individuals who protect themselves. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirm that lower coverage reduces protection at the population level while contradicting the common belief that masking becomes ineffective at the individual level as more people drop their masks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Klimek
- Section for Science of Complex Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Complexity Science Hub Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Supply Chain Intelligence Institute Austria, Vienna, Austria.
- Division of Insurance Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Katharina Ledebur
- Section for Science of Complex Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Complexity Science Hub Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Thurner
- Section for Science of Complex Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Complexity Science Hub Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA
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Greenhalgh T, MacIntyre CR, Baker MG, Bhattacharjee S, Chughtai AA, Fisman D, Kunasekaran M, Kvalsvig A, Lupton D, Oliver M, Tawfiq E, Ungrin M, Vipond J. Masks and respirators for prevention of respiratory infections: a state of the science review. Clin Microbiol Rev 2024; 37:e0012423. [PMID: 38775460 PMCID: PMC11326136 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00124-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYThis narrative review and meta-analysis summarizes a broad evidence base on the benefits-and also the practicalities, disbenefits, harms and personal, sociocultural and environmental impacts-of masks and masking. Our synthesis of evidence from over 100 published reviews and selected primary studies, including re-analyzing contested meta-analyses of key clinical trials, produced seven key findings. First, there is strong and consistent evidence for airborne transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and other respiratory pathogens. Second, masks are, if correctly and consistently worn, effective in reducing transmission of respiratory diseases and show a dose-response effect. Third, respirators are significantly more effective than medical or cloth masks. Fourth, mask mandates are, overall, effective in reducing community transmission of respiratory pathogens. Fifth, masks are important sociocultural symbols; non-adherence to masking is sometimes linked to political and ideological beliefs and to widely circulated mis- or disinformation. Sixth, while there is much evidence that masks are not generally harmful to the general population, masking may be relatively contraindicated in individuals with certain medical conditions, who may require exemption. Furthermore, certain groups (notably D/deaf people) are disadvantaged when others are masked. Finally, there are risks to the environment from single-use masks and respirators. We propose an agenda for future research, including improved characterization of the situations in which masking should be recommended or mandated; attention to comfort and acceptability; generalized and disability-focused communication support in settings where masks are worn; and development and testing of novel materials and designs for improved filtration, breathability, and environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha Greenhalgh
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - C Raina MacIntyre
- Biosecurity Program, The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael G Baker
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Shovon Bhattacharjee
- Biosecurity Program, The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Abrar A Chughtai
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - David Fisman
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mohana Kunasekaran
- Biosecurity Program, The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Amanda Kvalsvig
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Deborah Lupton
- Centre for Social Research in Health and Social Policy Research Centre, Faculty of Arts, Design and Architecture, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Matt Oliver
- Professional Standards Advocate, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Essa Tawfiq
- Biosecurity Program, The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mark Ungrin
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Joe Vipond
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Castonguay FM, Barnes A, Jeon S, Fornoff J, Adhikari BB, Fischer LS, Greening B, Hassan AO, Kahn EB, Kang GJ, Kauerauf J, Patrick S, Vohra S, Meltzer MI. Estimated public health impact of concurrent mask mandate and vaccinate-or-test requirement in Illinois, October to December 2021. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1013. [PMID: 38609903 PMCID: PMC11010411 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18203-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Facing a surge of COVID-19 cases in late August 2021, the U.S. state of Illinois re-enacted its COVID-19 mask mandate for the general public and issued a requirement for workers in certain professions to be vaccinated against COVID-19 or undergo weekly testing. The mask mandate required any individual, regardless of their vaccination status, to wear a well-fitting mask in an indoor setting. METHODS We used Illinois Department of Public Health's COVID-19 confirmed case and vaccination data and investigated scenarios where masking and vaccination would have been reduced to mimic what would have happened had the mask mandate or vaccine requirement not been put in place. The study examined a range of potential reductions in masking and vaccination mimicking potential scenarios had the mask mandate or vaccine requirement not been enacted. We estimated COVID-19 cases and hospitalizations averted by changes in masking and vaccination during the period covering October 20 to December 20, 2021. RESULTS We find that the announcement and implementation of a mask mandate are likely to correlate with a strong protective effect at reducing COVID-19 burden and the announcement of a vaccinate-or-test requirement among frontline professionals is likely to correlate with a more modest protective effect at reducing COVID-19 burden. In our most conservative scenario, we estimated that from the period of October 20 to December 20, 2021, the mask mandate likely prevented approximately 58,000 cases and 1,175 hospitalizations, while the vaccinate-or-test requirement may have prevented at most approximately 24,000 cases and 475 hospitalizations. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that mask mandates and vaccine-or-test requirements are vital in mitigating the burden of COVID-19 during surges of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- François M Castonguay
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Health Economics and Modeling Unit, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 7101 Avenue du Parc, Local 3180, QC H3N 1X9, Atlanta, Georgia.
- Contact Tracing and Innovation Section (CTIS), State Tribal Local and Territorial (STLT) Task Force, CDC COVID-19 Response; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Modeling Support Team, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia.
- Department of Health Management, Evaluation and Policy, University of Montreal School of Public Health, and Centre for Public Health Research - CReSP, 7101 Av du Parc, 3E Étage, Montréal, QC, H3N 1X9, Canada.
| | - Arti Barnes
- Illinois Department of Public Health, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - Seonghye Jeon
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Health Economics and Modeling Unit, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 7101 Avenue du Parc, Local 3180, QC H3N 1X9, Atlanta, Georgia
- Contact Tracing and Innovation Section (CTIS), State Tribal Local and Territorial (STLT) Task Force, CDC COVID-19 Response; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Modeling Support Team, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jane Fornoff
- Illinois Department of Public Health, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - Bishwa B Adhikari
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Health Economics and Modeling Unit, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 7101 Avenue du Parc, Local 3180, QC H3N 1X9, Atlanta, Georgia
- Contact Tracing and Innovation Section (CTIS), State Tribal Local and Territorial (STLT) Task Force, CDC COVID-19 Response; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Modeling Support Team, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Leah S Fischer
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Health Economics and Modeling Unit, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 7101 Avenue du Parc, Local 3180, QC H3N 1X9, Atlanta, Georgia
- Contact Tracing and Innovation Section (CTIS), State Tribal Local and Territorial (STLT) Task Force, CDC COVID-19 Response; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Modeling Support Team, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Bradford Greening
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Health Economics and Modeling Unit, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 7101 Avenue du Parc, Local 3180, QC H3N 1X9, Atlanta, Georgia
- Contact Tracing and Innovation Section (CTIS), State Tribal Local and Territorial (STLT) Task Force, CDC COVID-19 Response; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Modeling Support Team, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Emily B Kahn
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Health Economics and Modeling Unit, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 7101 Avenue du Parc, Local 3180, QC H3N 1X9, Atlanta, Georgia
- Contact Tracing and Innovation Section (CTIS), State Tribal Local and Territorial (STLT) Task Force, CDC COVID-19 Response; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Modeling Support Team, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Gloria J Kang
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Health Economics and Modeling Unit, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 7101 Avenue du Parc, Local 3180, QC H3N 1X9, Atlanta, Georgia
- Contact Tracing and Innovation Section (CTIS), State Tribal Local and Territorial (STLT) Task Force, CDC COVID-19 Response; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Modeling Support Team, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Judy Kauerauf
- Illinois Department of Public Health, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - Sarah Patrick
- Illinois Department of Public Health, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - Sameer Vohra
- Illinois Department of Public Health, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - Martin I Meltzer
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Health Economics and Modeling Unit, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 7101 Avenue du Parc, Local 3180, QC H3N 1X9, Atlanta, Georgia
- Contact Tracing and Innovation Section (CTIS), State Tribal Local and Territorial (STLT) Task Force, CDC COVID-19 Response; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Modeling Support Team, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia
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Constantin AM, Noertjojo K, Sommer I, Pizarro AB, Persad E, Durao S, Nussbaumer-Streit B, McElvenny DM, Rhodes S, Martin C, Sampson O, Jørgensen KJ, Bruschettini M. Workplace interventions to reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection outside of healthcare settings. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2024; 4:CD015112. [PMID: 38597249 PMCID: PMC11005086 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd015112.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although many people infected with SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) experience no or mild symptoms, some individuals can develop severe illness and may die, particularly older people and those with underlying medical problems. Providing evidence-based interventions to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection has become more urgent with the potential psychological toll imposed by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Controlling exposures to occupational hazards is the fundamental method of protecting workers. When it comes to the transmission of viruses, workplaces should first consider control measures that can potentially have the most significant impact. According to the hierarchy of controls, one should first consider elimination (and substitution), then engineering controls, administrative controls, and lastly, personal protective equipment. This is the first update of a Cochrane review published 6 May 2022, with one new study added. OBJECTIVES To assess the benefits and harms of interventions in non-healthcare-related workplaces aimed at reducing the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to other interventions or no intervention. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science Core Collections, Cochrane COVID-19 Study Register, World Health Organization (WHO) COVID-19 Global literature on coronavirus disease, ClinicalTrials.gov, the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, and medRxiv to 13 April 2023. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and non-randomised studies of interventions. We included adult workers, both those who come into close contact with clients or customers (e.g. public-facing employees, such as cashiers or taxi drivers), and those who do not, but who could be infected by coworkers. We excluded studies involving healthcare workers. We included any intervention to prevent or reduce workers' exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in the workplace, defining categories of intervention according to the hierarchy of hazard controls (i.e. elimination; engineering controls; administrative controls; personal protective equipment). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used standard Cochrane methods. Our primary outcomes were incidence rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection (or other respiratory viruses), SARS-CoV-2-related mortality, adverse events, and absenteeism from work. Our secondary outcomes were all-cause mortality, quality of life, hospitalisation, and uptake, acceptability, or adherence to strategies. We used the Cochrane RoB 2 tool to assess risk of bias, and GRADE methods to evaluate the certainty of evidence for each outcome. MAIN RESULTS We identified 2 studies including a total of 16,014 participants. Elimination-of-exposure interventions We included one study examining an intervention that focused on elimination of hazards, which was an open-label, cluster-randomised, non-inferiority trial, conducted in England in 2021. The study compared standard 10-day self-isolation after contact with an infected person to a new strategy of daily rapid antigen testing and staying at work if the test is negative (test-based attendance). The trialists hypothesised that this would lead to a similar rate of infections, but lower COVID-related absence. Staff (N = 11,798) working at 76 schools were assigned to standard isolation, and staff (N = 12,229) working at 86 schools were assigned to the test-based attendance strategy. The results between test-based attendance and standard 10-day self-isolation were inconclusive for the rate of symptomatic polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-positive SARS-CoV-2 infection (rate ratio (RR) 1.28, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.74 to 2.21; 1 study; very low-certainty evidence). The results between test-based attendance and standard 10-day self-isolation were inconclusive for the rate of any PCR-positive SARS-CoV-2 infection (RR 1.35, 95% CI 0.82 to 2.21; 1 study; very low-certainty evidence). COVID-related absenteeism rates were 3704 absence days in 566,502 days-at-risk (6.5 per 1000 working days) in the control group and 2932 per 539,805 days-at-risk (5.4 per 1000 working days) in the intervention group (RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.55 to 1.25). We downgraded the certainty of the evidence to low due to imprecision. Uptake of the intervention was 71% in the intervention group, but not reported for the control intervention. The trial did not measure our other outcomes of SARS-CoV-2-related mortality, adverse events, all-cause mortality, quality of life, or hospitalisation. We found seven ongoing studies using elimination-of-hazard strategies, six RCTs and one non-randomised trial. Administrative control interventions We found one ongoing RCT that aims to evaluate the efficacy of the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine in preventing COVID-19 infection and reducing disease severity. Combinations of eligible interventions We included one non-randomised study examining a combination of elimination of hazards, administrative controls, and personal protective equipment. The study was conducted in two large retail companies in Italy in 2020. The study compared a safety operating protocol, measurement of body temperature and oxygen saturation upon entry, and a SARS-CoV-2 test strategy with a minimum activity protocol. Both groups received protective equipment. All employees working at the companies during the study period were included: 1987 in the intervention company and 1798 in the control company. The study did not report an outcome of interest for this systematic review. Other intervention categories We did not find any studies in this category. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS We are uncertain whether a test-based attendance policy affects rates of PCR-positive SARS-CoV-2 infection (any infection; symptomatic infection) compared to standard 10-day self-isolation amongst school and college staff. A test-based attendance policy may result in little to no difference in absenteeism rates compared to standard 10-day self-isolation. The non-randomised study included in our updated search did not report any outcome of interest for this Cochrane review. As a large part of the population is exposed in the case of a pandemic, an apparently small relative effect that would not be worthwhile from the individual perspective may still affect many people, and thus become an important absolute effect from the enterprise or societal perspective. The included RCT did not report on any of our other primary outcomes (i.e. SARS-CoV-2-related mortality and adverse events). We identified no completed studies on any other interventions specified in this review; however, eight eligible studies are ongoing. More controlled studies are needed on testing and isolation strategies, and working from home, as these have important implications for work organisations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Marian Constantin
- Department of Internal Medicine Clinical Hospital Colentina, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila", Bucharest, Romania
- Cochrane Austria, Department for Evidence-based Medicine and Evaluation, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria
| | | | - Isolde Sommer
- Cochrane Austria, Department for Evidence-based Medicine and Evaluation, University for Continuing Education Krems, Krems, Austria
| | | | - Emma Persad
- Cochrane Austria, Department for Evidence-based Medicine and Evaluation, University for Continuing Education Krems, Krems, Austria
- Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Solange Durao
- Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Barbara Nussbaumer-Streit
- Cochrane Austria, Department for Evidence-based Medicine and Evaluation, University for Continuing Education Krems, Krems, Austria
| | - Damien M McElvenny
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sarah Rhodes
- Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | | | - Karsten Juhl Jørgensen
- Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine Odense (CEBMO) and Cochrane Denmark, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Matteo Bruschettini
- Cochrane Sweden, Department of Research and Education, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- Paediatrics, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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Sandlund J, Duriseti R, Ladhani SN, Stuart K, Noble J, Høeg TB. Child mask mandates for COVID-19: a systematic review. Arch Dis Child 2024; 109:e2. [PMID: 38050026 PMCID: PMC10894839 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2023-326215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mask mandates for children during the COVID-19 pandemic varied in different locations. A risk-benefit analysis of this intervention has not yet been performed. In this study, we performed a systematic review to assess research on the effectiveness of mask wearing in children. METHODS We performed database searches up to February 2023. The studies were screened by title and abstract, and included studies were further screened as full-text references. A risk-of-bias analysis was performed by two independent reviewers and adjudicated by a third reviewer. RESULTS We screened 597 studies and included 22 in the final analysis. There were no randomised controlled trials in children assessing the benefits of mask wearing to reduce SARS-CoV-2 infection or transmission. The six observational studies reporting an association between child masking and lower infection rate or antibody seropositivity had critical (n=5) or serious (n=1) risk of bias; all six were potentially confounded by important differences between masked and unmasked groups and two were shown to have non-significant results when reanalysed. Sixteen other observational studies found no association between mask wearing and infection or transmission. CONCLUSIONS Real-world effectiveness of child mask mandates against SARS-CoV-2 transmission or infection has not been demonstrated with high-quality evidence. The current body of scientific data does not support masking children for protection against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Sandlund
- Board-Certified Clinical Microbiologist and Independent Scholar, Alameda, California, USA
| | - Ram Duriseti
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Shamez N Ladhani
- Immunisation Department, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
- Centre for Neonatal and Paediatric Infection, St. George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Kelly Stuart
- SmallTalk Pediatric Therapy, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jeanne Noble
- Emergency Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Tracy Beth Høeg
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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7
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Nanque LM, Jensen AM, Diness A, Nielsen S, Cabral C, Cawthorne D, Martins JSD, Ca EJC, Jensen K, Martins CL, Rodrigues A, Fisker AB. Effect of distributing locally produced cloth facemasks on COVID-19-like illness and all-cause mortality-a cluster-randomised controlled trial in urban Guinea-Bissau. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 4:e0002901. [PMID: 38349910 PMCID: PMC10863890 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Facemasks have been employed to mitigate the spread of SARS-CoV-2. The community effect of providing cloth facemasks on COVID-19 morbidity and mortality is unknown. In a cluster randomised trial in urban Bissau, Guinea-Bissau, clusters (geographical areas with an average of 19 houses), were randomised to an intervention or control arm using computer-generated random numbers. Between 20 July 2020 and 22 January 2021, trial participants (aged 10+ years) living in intervention clusters (n = 90) received two 2-layer cloth facemasks, while facemasks were only distributed later in control clusters (n = 91). All participants received information on COVID-19 prevention. Trial participants were followed through a telephone interview for COVID-19-like illness (3+ symptoms), care seeking, and mortality for 4 months. End-of-study home visits ensured full mortality information and distribution of facemasks to the control group. Individual level information on outcomes by trial arm was compared in logistic regression models with generalised estimating equation-based correction for cluster. Facemasks use was mandated. Facemask use in public areas was assessed by direct observation. We enrolled 39,574 trial participants among whom 95% reported exposure to groups of >20 persons and 99% reported facemasks use, with no difference between trial arms. Observed use was substantially lower (~40%) with a 3%, 95%CI: 0-6% absolute difference between control and intervention clusters. Half of those wearing a facemask wore it correctly. Few participants (532, 1.6%) reported COVID-19-like illness; proportions did not differ by trial arm: Odds Ratio (OR) = 0.81, 95%CI: 0.57-1.15. 177 (0.6%) participants reported consultations and COVID-19-like illness (OR = 0.83, 95%CI: 0.56-1.24); 89 participants (0.2%) died (OR = 1.34, 95%CI: 0.89-2.02). Hence, though trial participants were exposed to many people, facemasks were mostly not worn or not worn correctly. Providing facemasks and messages about correct use did not substantially increase their use and had limited impact on morbidity and mortality. Trial registration: clinicaltrials.gov: NCT04471766.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line M. Nanque
- Bandim Health Project, INDEPTH Network, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
- Institute of Clinical Research, Bandim Health Project, Research Unit OPEN, Odense University Hospital/ University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Andreas M. Jensen
- Bandim Health Project, INDEPTH Network, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
- Institute of Clinical Research, Bandim Health Project, Research Unit OPEN, Odense University Hospital/ University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Arthur Diness
- Bandim Health Project, INDEPTH Network, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
| | - Sebastian Nielsen
- Bandim Health Project, INDEPTH Network, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
- Institute of Clinical Research, Bandim Health Project, Research Unit OPEN, Odense University Hospital/ University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Carlos Cabral
- Bandim Health Project, INDEPTH Network, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
| | - Dylan Cawthorne
- The Maersk Mc-Kinney Moller Institute, SDU Drone Center, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Engineers Without Borders Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Elsi J. C. Ca
- Bandim Health Project, INDEPTH Network, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
| | - Kjeld Jensen
- The Maersk Mc-Kinney Moller Institute, SDU Drone Center, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Engineers Without Borders Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Ane B. Fisker
- Bandim Health Project, INDEPTH Network, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
- Institute of Clinical Research, Bandim Health Project, Research Unit OPEN, Odense University Hospital/ University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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8
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Peng A, Bosco S, Simmons AE, Tuite AR, Fisman DN. Impact of community mask mandates on SARS-CoV-2 transmission in Ontario after adjustment for differential testing by age and sex. PNAS NEXUS 2024; 3:pgae065. [PMID: 38463611 PMCID: PMC10923507 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Mask use for prevention of respiratory infectious disease transmission is not new but has proven controversial during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. In Ontario, Canada, irregular regional introduction of community mask mandates in 2020 created a quasi-experiment useful for evaluating the impact of such mandates; however, Ontario SARS-CoV-2 case counts were likely biased by testing focused on long-term care facilities and healthcare workers. We developed a regression-based method that allowed us to adjust cases for under-testing by age and gender. We evaluated mask mandate effects using count-based regression models with either unadjusted cases, or testing-adjusted case counts, as dependent variables. Models were used to estimate mask mandate effectiveness, and the fraction of SARS-CoV-2 cases, severe outcomes, and costs, averted by mask mandates. Models using unadjusted cases as dependent variables identified modest protective effects of mask mandates (range 31-42%), with variable statistical significance. Mask mandate effectiveness in models predicting test-adjusted case counts was higher, ranging from 49% (95% CI 44-53%) to 76% (95% CI 57-86%). The prevented fraction associated with mask mandates was 46% (95% CI 41-51%), with 290,000 clinical cases, 3,008 deaths, and loss of 29,038 quality-adjusted life years averted from 2020 June to December, representing $CDN 610 million in economic wealth. Under-testing in younger individuals biases estimates of SARS-CoV-2 infection risk and obscures the impact of public health preventive measures. After adjustment for under-testing, mask mandates emerged as highly effective. Community masking saved substantial numbers of lives, and prevented economic costs, during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Ontario, Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Peng
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada
| | - Savana Bosco
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada
| | - Alison E Simmons
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada
| | - Ashleigh R Tuite
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada
- Centre for Immunization Programs, Public Health Agency of Canada, 130 Colonnade Road, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - David N Fisman
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada
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9
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Kivelä JM. Unpacked Cochrane Review on Masks: A Further Look. Am J Public Health 2024; 114:251-252. [PMID: 38335492 PMCID: PMC10862200 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2023.307526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesper M Kivelä
- Jesper M. Kivelä is with the HUS Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland
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10
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Li Z, Jiang K, Li S, Wang T, Zeng H, Sharma M, Shi Z, Zhao Y. Food safety-related practices among residents aged 18-75 years during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study in Southwest China. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:155. [PMID: 38212718 PMCID: PMC10782632 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17608-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Good food safety practices are essential to minimizing foodborne diseases. The present study explored the food safety-related practices of residents during the COVID-19 pandemic in Southwest China and identified the impacting factors. METHODS Residents aged 18-75 years from Guizhou, Yunnan, Sichuan, and Chongqing, China, were included in our study. The convenience sampling method was used to select participants, and face-to-face surveys were conducted in households and communities to collect data. Descriptive statistics including sociodemographic characteristics of respondents and weighted percentages were obtained and the log-binomial regression was used to evaluate the influencing factors associated with food safety-related practices. RESULTS Overall, 7,848 respondents were involved, with 97.5% efficacy. Disparities in food safety-related practices were observed between males and females, with the former performing poorer practices than the latter (70.5% vs. 68.0%, respectively). Notably, paying attention to nutrition labels when shopping for prepackaged foods was the worst practice. Age, ethnicity, region, occupation, education level, and income were identified as significant determinants of food safety-related practices. Moreover, in comparison to males, females were more likely to acquire pertinent knowledge from diverse sources, including social media, family members/ friends, books/ newspapers/ magazines, experts, and food sales staff (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Males performed inferior food safety-related practices than females during the COVID-19 pandemic in Southwest China. It is suggested that future food safety education programs should incorporate diverse targeted approaches, with emphasis on males. The role of mainstream media in promoting food safety practices should be expanded and prioritized in the forthcoming initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhourong Li
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Research Center for Public Health Security, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Nutrition Innovation Platform-Sichuan and Chongqing, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Ke Jiang
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Research Center for Public Health Security, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Nutrition Innovation Platform-Sichuan and Chongqing, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Shengping Li
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Research Center for Public Health Security, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Nutrition Innovation Platform-Sichuan and Chongqing, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Tiankun Wang
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Research Center for Public Health Security, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Nutrition Innovation Platform-Sichuan and Chongqing, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Huan Zeng
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Research Center for Public Health Security, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Nutrition Innovation Platform-Sichuan and Chongqing, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Manoj Sharma
- Department of Social and Behavioral Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, NV, 89119, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, NV, 89102, USA
| | - Zumin Shi
- Human Nutrition Department, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
| | - Yong Zhao
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
- Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
- Research Center for Public Health Security, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Nutrition and Health, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China.
- Nutrition Innovation Platform-Sichuan and Chongqing, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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11
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Quinn GA, Connolly M, Fenton NE, Hatfill SJ, Hynds P, ÓhAiseadha C, Sikora K, Soon W, Connolly R. Influence of Seasonality and Public-Health Interventions on the COVID-19 Pandemic in Northern Europe. J Clin Med 2024; 13:334. [PMID: 38256468 PMCID: PMC10816378 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13020334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most government efforts to control the COVID-19 pandemic revolved around non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) and vaccination. However, many respiratory diseases show distinctive seasonal trends. In this manuscript, we examined the contribution of these three factors to the progression of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS Pearson correlation coefficients and time-lagged analysis were used to examine the relationship between NPIs, vaccinations and seasonality (using the average incidence of endemic human beta-coronaviruses in Sweden over a 10-year period as a proxy) and the progression of the COVID-19 pandemic as tracked by deaths; cases; hospitalisations; intensive care unit occupancy and testing positivity rates in six Northern European countries (population 99.12 million) using a population-based, observational, ecological study method. FINDINGS The waves of the pandemic correlated well with the seasonality of human beta-coronaviruses (HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-HKU1). In contrast, we could not find clear or consistent evidence that the stringency of NPIs or vaccination reduced the progression of the pandemic. However, these results are correlations and not causations. IMPLICATIONS We hypothesise that the apparent influence of NPIs and vaccines might instead be an effect of coronavirus seasonality. We suggest that policymakers consider these results when assessing policy options for future pandemics. LIMITATIONS The study is limited to six temperate Northern European countries with spatial and temporal variations in metrics used to track the progression of the COVID-19 pandemic. Caution should be exercised when extrapolating these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerry A. Quinn
- Centre for Molecular Biosciences, Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK
| | | | - Norman E. Fenton
- School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | | | - Paul Hynds
- Spatiotemporal Environmental Epidemiology Research (STEER) Group, Environmental Sustainability & Health Institute, Technological University Dublin, D07 H6K8 Dublin, Ireland
- Irish Centre for Research in Applied Geoscience, University College Dublin, D04 F438 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Coilín ÓhAiseadha
- Spatiotemporal Environmental Epidemiology Research (STEER) Group, Environmental Sustainability & Health Institute, Technological University Dublin, D07 H6K8 Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Public Health, Health Service Executive, Dr Steevens’ Hospital, D08 W2A8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Karol Sikora
- Department of Medicine, University of Buckingham Medical School, Buckingham MK18 1EG, UK
| | - Willie Soon
- Institute of Earth Physics and Space Science (ELKH EPSS), H-9400 Sopron, Hungary
- Center for Environmental Research and Earth Sciences (CERES), Salem, MA 01970, USA
| | - Ronan Connolly
- Independent Researcher, D08 Dublin, Ireland
- Center for Environmental Research and Earth Sciences (CERES), Salem, MA 01970, USA
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12
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Ragan I, Perez J, Davenport W, Hartson L, Doyle B. UV-C Light Intervention as a Barrier against Airborne Transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Viruses 2024; 16:89. [PMID: 38257789 PMCID: PMC10820972 DOI: 10.3390/v16010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 continues to impact human health globally, with airborne transmission being a significant mode of transmission. In addition to tools like vaccination and testing, countermeasures that reduce viral spread in indoor settings are critical. This study aims to assess the efficacy of UV-C light, utilizing the Violett sterilization device, as a countermeasure against airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the highly susceptible Golden Syrian hamster model. METHODS Two cohorts of naïve hamsters were subjected to airborne transmission from experimentally infected hamsters; one cohort was exposed to air treated with UV-C sterilization, while the other cohort was exposed to untreated air. RESULTS Treatment of air with UV-C light prevented the airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from the experimentally exposed hamster to naïve hamsters. Notably, this protection was sustained over a multi-day exposure period during peak viral shedding by hamsters. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate the efficacy of the UV-C light to mitigate against airborne SARS-CoV-2 transmission. As variants continue to emerge, UV-C light holds promise as a tool for reducing infections in diverse indoor settings, ranging from healthcare facilities to households. This study reinforces the urgency of implementing innovative methods to reduce airborne disease transmission and safeguard public health against emerging biological threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Ragan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | | | | | - Lindsay Hartson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
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13
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Kampf G. Effect of Face Masking on Transmission of SARS-CoV-2. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1458:175-199. [PMID: 39102197 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-61943-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
The efficacy of face masking for the public is not convincing to prevent the transmission of respiratory tract viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 when the criteria of evidence-based medicine are applied. This finding is mainly explained by the results from randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) when a high prevalence of the infection and a high compliance in mask wearing was assured. Throughout these studies no significant protective effect was observed. Observational studies with surgical masks describe a significant protective effect, but are prone to confounders such as physical distance. Respirators do not provide an additional health benefit compared to surgical or medical masks (RCTs). Community masks can even increase the risk of infection (RCTs). Based on the categories of evidence-based medicine, the efficacy results can best be categorized as conflicting evidence. Many relevant adverse events are described when masks are worn for hours such as dyspnea (12.2-52.8%), headache (3.9-73.4%), pruritus (0.0-60.0%), and skin reactions (0.0-85.0%). Their frequency is often higher with respirators. In future pandemics, masks should only be recommended or mandated for settings in which a clinically relevant health benefit can be expected, defined as the prevention of severe, critical or fatal disease, that clearly outweighs the expectable associated adverse reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter Kampf
- University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Strasse, 17475, Greifswald, Germany.
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14
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Wu G, Ji Q, Shi Y. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of N95 respirators and surgical masks for protection against COVID-19. Prev Med Rep 2023; 36:102414. [PMID: 37736310 PMCID: PMC10509348 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2023.102414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Former meta-analyses concluded that there was not sufficient evidence to determine the effect of surgical masks and N95 respirators. We collected randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy of N95 respirators and surgical masks for protection against COVID-19. We retrieved relevant RCTs published between January 2019 and January 2023 by searching the PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane CENTRAL. Study quality was evaluated using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool with the RevMan 5.4 software. Meta-analyses were conducted to calculate pooled estimates using the RevMan 5.4 software. A total of six RCTs were finally included. The findings revealed that wearing a mark made little difference in preventing COVID-19 [odds ratio (OR) = 0.10; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.01-0.93; P = 0.04]. Subgroup analysis showed that the heterogeneity of data was I2 = 64% (OR = 0.32; 95% CI: 0.06-1.77; P = 0.19) for surgical mask use and I2 = 0% (OR = 0.03; 95 %CI: 0.01-0.15; P < 0.01) for N95 respirator use. The heterogeneity of data for medical staff was I2 = 0% (OR = 0.03; 95 %CI: 0.01-0.12; P < 0.01). Meta-analysis indicated a protective effect of N95 respirators against COVID-19, particularly for medical staff. The use of surgical masks is not associated with a lower risk of COVID-19. However, the subgroup using N95 respirators, particularly medical staff, showed a significant protective. These findings suggest that N95 respirators should be reserved for high-risk medical staff in the absence of sufficient resources during an epidemic. But the number of included studies was small, more studies in future analyses is required to reduce the risk of distribution bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaohong Wu
- Department of Neonatology, Zhuhai Center for Maternal and Child Health Care, Zhuhai, China
- Department of Neonatology Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China Chongqing, China
| | - Qingyang Ji
- Department of Breast Surgery, Zhuhai Center for Maternal and Child Health Care, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yuan Shi
- Department of Neonatology Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China Chongqing, China
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15
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Khan NA, El-Menyar A, Asim M, Abdurahiman S, Al Musleh AA, Al-Thani H. Academic and healthcare efforts from Cessation to complete resumption of professional football tournaments during COVID-19 pandemic: A narrative review. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22519. [PMID: 38046158 PMCID: PMC10686895 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus led to over 626 million infections and 6.5 million deaths worldwide and forced to cancel or postpone several sporting events. Effective control techniques are therefore urgently required to avoid COVID-19 spread at these local and global events. This narrative review addressed the healthcare and research efforts on the intersections between COVID-19 and major professional sports leagues worldwide, with special reference to the FIFA World Cup football 2022. This explained how the broader transformation of COVID-19 from being a potential risk to an urgent pandemic public health emergency, caused the world of Football to halt between February and March 2020. This review could add to the growing literature on the importance of scientific research in understanding the relationship between mass sports events and COVID-19 trajectory, concerning studies conducted globally and particularly for the recommencement of major professional football competitions. The information outlined in the article may help sports organizations understand the risks associated with sports and their settings and improve their preparedness for future events under unprecedented circumstances. There were tremendous global healthcare and research efforts to deal with this unprecedented pandemic. The successful FIFA World Cup football tournament was an indicator of the success of these efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naushad Ahmad Khan
- Department of Surgery, Trauma &Vascular Surgery, Clinical Research, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ayman El-Menyar
- Department of Surgery, Trauma &Vascular Surgery, Clinical Research, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammad Asim
- Department of Surgery, Trauma &Vascular Surgery, Clinical Research, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sameer Abdurahiman
- Clinical Information Systems (CIS), Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Hassan Al-Thani
- Department of Surgery, Trauma and Vascular Surgery, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
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16
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Chen J, Wang Y, Yu H, Wang R, Yu X, Huang H, Ai L, Zhang T, Huang B, Liu M, Ding T, Luo Y, Chen P. Epidemiological and laboratory characteristics of Omicron infection in a general hospital in Guangzhou: a retrospective study. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1289668. [PMID: 38094227 PMCID: PMC10716230 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1289668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has emerged as a major global public health concern. In November 2022, Guangzhou experienced a significant outbreak of Omicron. This study presents detailed epidemiological and laboratory data on Omicron infection in a general hospital in Guangzhou between December 1, 2022, and January 31, 2023. Out of the 55,296 individuals tested, 12,346 were found to be positive for Omicron. The highest prevalence of positive cases was observed in the 20 to 39 age group (24.6%), while the lowest was in children aged 0 to 9 years (1.42%). Females had a higher incidence of infection than males, accounting for 56.6% of cases. The peak time of Omicron infection varied across different populations. The viral load was higher in older adults and children infected with Omicron, indicating age-related differences. Spearman's rank correlation analysis revealed positive correlations between Ct values and laboratory parameters in hospitalized patients with Omicron infection. These parameters included CRP (rs = 0.059, p = 0.009), PT (rs = 0.057, p = 0.009), INR (rs = 0.055, p = 0.013), AST (rs = 0.067, p = 0.002), LDH (rs = 0.078, p = 0.001), and BNP (rs = 0.063, p = 0.014). However, EO (Eosinophil, rs = -0.118, p < 0.001), BASO (basophil, rs = -0.093, p < 0.001), and LY (lymphocyte, rs = -0.069, p = 0.001) counts showed negative correlations with Ct values. Although statistically significant, the correlation coefficients between Ct values and these laboratory indices were very low. These findings provide valuable insights into the epidemiology of Omicron infection, including variations in Ct values across gender and age groups. However, caution should be exercised when utilizing Ct values in clinical settings for evaluating Omicron infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingrou Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongwei Yu
- Department of Radiation Hygiene and Protection, Guangdong Province Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruizhi Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuegao Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Ai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianruo Zhang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Medical College of Jiaying University, Meizhou, China
| | - Bin Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Ding
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifeng Luo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peisong Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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17
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Li X, Liu W, Kong W, Zhao W, Wang H, Tian D, Jiao J, Yu Z, Liu S. Prediction of outpatient waiting time: using machine learning in a tertiary children's hospital. Transl Pediatr 2023; 12:2030-2043. [PMID: 38130586 PMCID: PMC10730972 DOI: 10.21037/tp-23-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Accurately predicting waiting time for patients is crucial for effective hospital management. The present study examined the prediction of outpatient waiting time in a Chinese pediatric hospital through the use of machine learning algorithms. If patients are informed about their waiting time in advance, they can make more informed decisions and better plan their visit on the day of admission. Methods First, a novel classification method for the outpatient clinic in the Chinese pediatric hospital was proposed, which was based on medical knowledge and statistical analysis. Subsequently, four machine learning algorithms [linear regression (LR), random forest (RF), gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT), and K-nearest neighbor (KNN)] were used to construct prediction models of the waiting time of patients in four department categories. Results The three machine learning algorithms outperformed LR in the four department categories. The optimal model for Internal Medicine Department I was the RF model, with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 5.03 minutes, which was 47.60% lower than that of the LR model. The optimal model for the other three categories was the GBDT model. The MAE of the GBDT model was decreased by 28.26%, 35.86%, and 33.10%, respectively compared to that of the LR model. Conclusions Machine learning can predict the outpatient waiting time of pediatric hospitals well and ease patient anxiety when waiting in line without medical appointments. This study offers key insights into enhancing healthcare services and reaffirms the dedication of Chinese pediatric hospitals to providing efficient and patient-centric care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Li
- Hainan Branch, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Sanya, China
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiyu Liu
- Center for Biomedical Data Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiming Kong
- Center for Biomedical Data Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenqing Zhao
- Division of Information Department, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hansong Wang
- Division of Hospital Management, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Tian
- Division of Hospital Management, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiali Jiao
- Center for Biomedical Data Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhangsheng Yu
- Center for Biomedical Data Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- SJTU-Yale Joint Center for Biostatistics and Data Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Clinical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shijian Liu
- Hainan Branch, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Sanya, China
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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18
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Elgersma IH, Fretheim A, Elstrøm P, Aavitsland P. Association between face mask use and risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection: Cross-sectional study. Epidemiol Infect 2023; 151:e194. [PMID: 37952983 PMCID: PMC10728967 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268823001826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the association between face masks and risk of infection with SARS-CoV-2 using cross-sectional data from 3,209 participants in a randomized trial exploring the effectiveness of glasses in reducing the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Face mask use was based on participants' response to the end-of-follow-up survey. We found that the incidence of self-reported COVID-19 was 33% (aRR 1.33; 95% CI 1.03-1.72) higher in those wearing face masks often or sometimes, and 40% (aRR 1.40; 95% CI 1.08-1.82) higher in those wearing face masks almost always or always, compared to participants who reported wearing face masks never or almost never. We believe the observed increase in the incidence of infection associated with wearing a face mask is likely due to unobservable and hence nonadjustable differences between those wearing and not wearing a mask. Observational studies reporting on the relationship between face mask use and risk of respiratory infections should be interpreted cautiously, and more randomized trials are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingeborg Hess Elgersma
- Centre for Epidemic Intervention Research, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Atle Fretheim
- Centre for Epidemic Intervention Research, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Petter Elstrøm
- Centre for Epidemic Intervention Research, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Preben Aavitsland
- Division of Infection Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Pandemic Centre, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Yi H, Choudhury M, Hicks C. A Transparent Mask and Clear Speech Benefit Speech Intelligibility in Individuals With Hearing Loss. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2023; 66:4558-4574. [PMID: 37788660 DOI: 10.1044/2023_jslhr-22-00636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the study is to investigate the impacts of a surgical mask and a transparent mask on audio-only and audiovisual speech intelligibility in noise (i.e., 0 dB signal-to-noise ratio) in individuals with mild-to-profound hearing loss. The study also examined if individuals with hearing loss can benefit from using a transparent mask and clear speech for speech understanding in noise. METHOD Thirty-one individuals with hearing loss (from 22 to 74 years old) completed keyword identification tasks to measure face-masked speech intelligibility in noise. A mixed-effects logistic regression model was used to examine the effects of face masks (no mask, transparent mask, surgical mask), presentation modes (audio only, audiovisual), speaking styles (conversational, clear), noise type (speech-shaped noise [SSN], four-talker babble [4-T babble]), hearing groups (mild hearing loss [MHL], greater than MHL: GHL), and their interactions on binary accuracy of keyword identification. RESULTS In the audio-only mode, the GHL group showed reduced speech intelligibility regardless of other factors, whereas the MHL group showed decreased speech intelligibility for the transparent mask more than for the surgical mask. The use of a transparent mask was advantageous for both hearing loss groups. Clear speech remediated the detrimental effects of face masks on speech intelligibility in noise. Both groups tended to perform better in SSN versus 4-T babble. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicate that, when using face masks, either a transparent mask or a surgical mask negatively affects speech understanding in noise for individuals with hearing loss. Using a transparent mask and clear speech could be a potential solution to improve speech intelligibility in communication with face masks in noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoyoung Yi
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock
| | - Moumita Choudhury
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock
| | - Candace Hicks
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock
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Al-Thani H, Al Musleh AA, Khan NA, Asim M, Abdurahiman S, Morad YA, Massey A, El-Menyar A. FIFA Arab Cup tournament with full capacity of spectators during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2023; 7:337-346. [PMID: 35950342 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2022.2110276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We sought to assess the risk of COVID-19 and seasonal flu including respiratory syncytial (RSV) and influenza viruses during the FIFA Arab Cup 2021 in Qatar with full capacity of spectators. We also, evaluated the post-event attitude toward resumption of mass football events. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study in which spectators (age ≥ 18 years) were invited for reverse-transcription PCR testing for COVID-19 and seasonal flu. At the same time, between 7 and 14 days after the event, the participants completed a self-administered questionnaire regarding their concerns during the tournament. RESULTS The tournament included 16 international football teams from the Arab countries. As per the study protocol, 10,000 spectators were approached and 6,475 participated. Among the participants, 4,195 (65.1%), 2,253 (34.9%) and 27 (0.4%) were vaccinated with 2 doses, vaccinated with 3 doses, and recovered from SARS-Cov-2 infection, respectively. There were 61 (0.9%), 41(0.6%) and 11(0.2%) participants who tested positive for COVID-19, RSV and influenza (A/B), respectively. The average cycle threshold (Ct) value for COVID-19 positive cases was 26.1±7.3. Among those who were electronically approached, 6,102 completed the survey whereas 373 had incomplete survey. Overall, 2069 (33.9%) participants reported symptoms that theoretically could be related to COVID-19, of them 39 had positive PCR test (1.9%). Spectators (94.3%) were optimistic about returning sport events to the pre-pandemic status. CONCLUSIONS There was no significant increase in the daily COVID-19 cases during FIFA Arab Cup 2021 with a full capacity of spectators. Therefore, upcoming mass football events can be held safely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Al-Thani
- Department of Surgery, Trauma and Vascular Surgery, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Naushad Ahmad Khan
- Department of Surgery, Trauma &vascular Clinical Research, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammad Asim
- Department of Surgery, Trauma &vascular Clinical Research, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sameer Abdurahiman
- Department of Clinical Information Systems (CIS); Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Yasmin Ali Morad
- Corporate Project management, Primary Health Care Corporation &Corporate Project Management Office, Doha, Qatar
| | - Andrew Massey
- Department of Medicine, Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ayman El-Menyar
- Department of Surgery, Trauma &vascular Clinical Research, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar
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21
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Boulos L, Curran JA, Gallant A, Wong H, Johnson C, Delahunty-Pike A, Saxinger L, Chu D, Comeau J, Flynn T, Clegg J, Dye C. Effectiveness of face masks for reducing transmission of SARS-CoV-2: a rapid systematic review. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2023; 381:20230133. [PMID: 37611625 PMCID: PMC10446908 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2023.0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
This rapid systematic review of evidence asks whether (i) wearing a face mask, (ii) one type of mask over another and (iii) mandatory mask policies can reduce the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection, either in community-based or healthcare settings. A search of studies published 1 January 2020-27 January 2023 yielded 5185 unique records. Due to a paucity of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), observational studies were included in the analysis. We analysed 35 studies in community settings (three RCTs and 32 observational) and 40 in healthcare settings (one RCT and 39 observational). Ninety-five per cent of studies included were conducted before highly transmissible Omicron variants emerged. Ninety-one per cent of observational studies were at 'critical' risk of bias (ROB) in at least one domain, often failing to separate the effects of masks from concurrent interventions. More studies found that masks (n = 39/47; 83%) and mask mandates (n = 16/18; 89%) reduced infection than found no effect (n = 8/65; 12%) or favoured controls (n = 1/65; 2%). Seven observational studies found that respirators were more protective than surgical masks, while five found no statistically significant difference between the two mask types. Despite the ROB, and allowing for uncertain and variable efficacy, we conclude that wearing masks, wearing higher quality masks (respirators), and mask mandates generally reduced SARS-CoV-2 transmission in these study populations. This article is part of the theme issue 'The effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions on the COVID-19 pandemic: the evidence'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Boulos
- Maritime SPOR SUPPORT Unit, Nova Scotia Health, 5790 University Avenue, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 1V7, Canada
- IWK Health Centre, 5980 University Avenue, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3K 6R8, Canada
| | - Janet A. Curran
- IWK Health Centre, 5980 University Avenue, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3K 6R8, Canada
- School of Nursing, Dalhousie University, 6299 South Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Allyson Gallant
- IWK Health Centre, 5980 University Avenue, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3K 6R8, Canada
- Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, 6299 South Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Helen Wong
- IWK Health Centre, 5980 University Avenue, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3K 6R8, Canada
- Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, 6299 South Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Catherine Johnson
- IWK Health Centre, 5980 University Avenue, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3K 6R8, Canada
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Services, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | | | - Lynora Saxinger
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Departments of Medicine and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, 116 Street & 85 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Derek Chu
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
- The Research Institute of St Joe's Hamilton, St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, 50 Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, Ontario L8N A46, Canada
| | - Jeannette Comeau
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Dalhousie University, 6299 South Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Trudy Flynn
- Patient/Public Partner, University of Oxford, 11A Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Julie Clegg
- Patient/Public Partner, University of Oxford, 11A Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Christopher Dye
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, 11A Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
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22
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Yu L, Guo S, Ji W, Sun H, Lee S, Zhang D. Intervention Effects of Physical Activity on Type 2 Diabetic Patients Potentially Infected with COVID-19. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1772. [PMID: 37893490 PMCID: PMC10608032 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59101772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has clearly had a great influence on the lifestyles of the population, especially on patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. During the COVID-19 outbreak, many countries/regions implemented social-isolation measures, leading to an increase in negative behaviors and impairing the capability of diabetic patients to resist COVID-19, ultimately causing severe prognoses. Moreover, as the epidemic progressed, multiple studies emphasized the significance of physical exercise in the management of type 2 diabetic patients infected with COVID-19. In this study, we selected research from 1 December 2019 to 9 August 2023 that focused on COVID-19-infected diabetic patients to investigate the impact of type 2 diabetes on the immune functions, inflammation factor levels, lung injuries, and mental disorders of such patients, as well as to assess the risk of novel coronavirus pneumonia in these patients. Additionally, the effects of high-intensity, moderate-intensity, and low-intensity exercises on novel coronavirus pneumonia infection in type 2 diabetic patients and the mechanisms of the effects of such exercise were considered. We concluded that elderly diabetic patients with COVID-19 should perform low-intensity exercises to facilitate their recoveries. This study offers guidance for a proper understanding of the dangers of diabetes and the use of appropriate measures to reduce the risk of novel coronavirus pneumonia infections in type 2 diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Yu
- College of Arts and Sports, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; (L.Y.)
- Institute of Public Foundations, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Sainyu Guo
- College of Arts and Sports, Myongji University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Wen Ji
- College of Arts and Sports, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; (L.Y.)
| | - Hailian Sun
- College of Arts and Sports, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; (L.Y.)
| | - Seongno Lee
- College of Arts and Sports, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; (L.Y.)
| | - Deju Zhang
- Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, 0000, Hong Kong
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23
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Cash-Goldwasser S, Reingold AL, Luby SP, Jackson LA, Frieden TR. Masks During Pandemics Caused by Respiratory Pathogens-Evidence and Implications for Action. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2339443. [PMID: 37906187 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.39443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance As demonstrated by the influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2, viruses spread by the respiratory route can cause deadly pandemics, and face masks can reduce the spread of these pathogens. The effectiveness of responses to future epidemics and pandemics will depend at least in part on whether evidence on masks, including from the COVID-19 pandemic, is utilized. Observations Well-designed observational studies have demonstrated the association of mask use with reduced transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in community settings, and rigorous evaluations of mask mandates have found substantial protection. Disagreement about whether face masks reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2 has been exacerbated by a focus on randomized trials, which are limited in number, scope, and statistical power. Many effective public health policies have never been assessed in randomized clinical trials; such trials are not the gold standard of evidence for the efficacy of all interventions. Masking in the community to reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2 is supported by robust evidence from diverse settings and populations. Data on the epidemiologic, environmental, and mask design parameters that influence the effectiveness of masking provide insights on when and how masks should be used to prevent transmission. Conclusions and Relevance During the next epidemic or pandemic caused by a respiratory pathogen, decision-makers will need to rely on existing evidence as they implement interventions. High-quality studies have shown that use of face masks in the community is associated with reduced transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and is likely to be an important component of an effective response to a future respiratory threat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephen P Luby
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Lisa A Jackson
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle
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24
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Yang Q, Zhou Q, Guo Z, Song L, Meng F, Tong Z, Zhan X, Liu Q, Ren Y, Zhang Q. A Facile Strategy to Construct Anti-Swelling, Antibacterial, and Antifogging Coatings for Protection of Medical Goggles. Macromol Biosci 2023; 23:e2300099. [PMID: 37263296 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202300099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 (Corona Virus Disease 2019) pandemic, traditional medical goggles are not only easy to attach bacteria and viruses in long-term exposure, but easy to fogged up, which increases the risk of infection and affects productivity. Bacterial adhesion and fog can be significantly inhibited through the hydrogel coatings, owing to super hydrophilic properties. On the one hand, hydrogel coatings are easy to absorb water and swell in wet environment, resulting in reduced mechanical properties, even peeling off. On the other hand, the hydrogel coatings don't have intrinsic antibacterial properties, which still poses a potential risk of bacterial transmission. Herein, an anti-swelling and antibacterial hydrogel coating is synthesized by 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), acrylamide (AM), dimethylaminoethyl acrylate bromoethane (IL-Br), and poly(sodium-p-styrenesulfonate) (PSS). Due to the self-driven entropy reduction effect of polycation and polyanion, an ion cross-linking network is formed, which endows the hydrogel coating with excellent antiswelling performance. Moreover, because of the synergistic effect of highly hydrated surfaces and the active bactericidal effect from quaternary ammonium cations, the hydrogel coating exhibits outstanding antifouling performances. This work develops a facile strategy to fabricate anti-swelling, antifouling, and antifogging hydrogel coatings for the protection of medical goggles, and also for biomedical and marine antifouling fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Zhejiang Provincial Innovation Center of Advanced Chemicals Technology, Quzhou, 324000, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Zhejiang Jinhua New Material Co., LTD., Quzhou, 324004, China
| | - Ziyi Guo
- Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Lina Song
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Zhejiang Provincial Innovation Center of Advanced Chemicals Technology, Quzhou, 324000, China
| | - Fandong Meng
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Zhejiang Provincial Innovation Center of Advanced Chemicals Technology, Quzhou, 324000, China
| | - Zheming Tong
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhan
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Zhejiang Provincial Innovation Center of Advanced Chemicals Technology, Quzhou, 324000, China
| | - Quan Liu
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Zhejiang Provincial Innovation Center of Advanced Chemicals Technology, Quzhou, 324000, China
| | - Yongyuan Ren
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Zhejiang Provincial Innovation Center of Advanced Chemicals Technology, Quzhou, 324000, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Zhejiang Provincial Innovation Center of Advanced Chemicals Technology, Quzhou, 324000, China
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25
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Tangpaisarn T, Chaiyakot N, Saenpan K, Sriphrom S, Owattanapanich N, Kotruchin P, Phungoen P. Surgical mask-to-mouth ventilation as an alternative ventilation technique during CPR: A crossover randomized controlled trial. Am J Emerg Med 2023; 72:158-163. [PMID: 37536087 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2023.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chest compression with rescue breathing improves outcomes in cardiac arrest. However, the efficacy of rescue breathing through surgical masks has not been investigated. OBJECTIVE We aimed to compare the tidal volume generated by mouth-to-mouth ventilation (MMV) with that generated by surgical mask-to-mouth ventilation (SMV), mouth-to-surgical mask ventilation (MSV), and surgical mask-to-surgical mask ventilation (SSV) in a manikin. METHODS A crossover randomized controlled trial was conducted in 42 medical personnel volunteers randomly assigned to perform four ventilation techniques: MMV (no protective equipment), SMV (participant wearing a mask), MSV (manikin wearing a mask), and SSV, (both participant and manikin wearing a mask). The average tidal volume and the proportion of adequate ventilation, evaluated using a manikin, were compared across different ventilation methods. RESULTS The average tidal volume of MMV (828 ± 278 ml) was significantly higher than those of the MSV (648 ± 250 ml, P < 0.001) and SSV (466 ± 301 ml, P < 0.001), but not SMV (744 ± 288 ml, P = 0.054). Adequate ventilation was achieved in 144/168 (85.7%) cases in the MMV group, a proportion significantly higher than in the SMV (77.4%, P = 0.02), MSV (66.7%, P < 0.001) and SSV (39.3%, P < 0.001) groups. The willingness to perform SMV was higher than that to perform MMV. CONCLUSIONS MMV resulted in a superior average tidal volume when compared to both MSV and SSV. However, SMV achieved a comparable average tidal volume to MMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanat Tangpaisarn
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand.
| | - Narubet Chaiyakot
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand.
| | - Konglar Saenpan
- CPR training unit, Srinagarind Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand.
| | - Sumana Sriphrom
- CPR training unit, Srinagarind Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand.
| | - Natthida Owattanapanich
- Division of Trauma Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Praew Kotruchin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand.
| | - Pariwat Phungoen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand.
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26
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Judson TJ, Zhang S, Lindan CP, Boothroyd D, Grumbach K, Bollyky JB, Sample HA, Huang B, Desai M, Gonzales R, Maldonado Y, Rutherford G. Association of protective behaviors with SARS-CoV-2 infection: results from a longitudinal cohort study of adults in the San Francisco Bay Area. Ann Epidemiol 2023; 86:1-7. [PMID: 37524216 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2023.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In an effort to decrease transmission during the first years of the COVID-19 pandemic, public health officials encouraged masking, social distancing, and working from home, and restricted travel. However, many studies of the effectiveness of these measures had significant methodologic limitations. In this analysis, we used data from the TrackCOVID study, a longitudinal cohort study of a population-based sample of 3846 adults in the San Francisco Bay Area, to evaluate the association between self-reported protective behaviors and incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODS Participants without SARS-CoV2 infection were enrolled from August to December 2020 and followed monthly with testing and surveys (median of four visits). RESULTS A total of 118 incident infections occurred (3.0% of participants). At baseline, 80.0% reported always wearing a mask; 56.0% avoided contact with nonhousehold members some/most of the time; 9.6% traveled outside the state; and 16.0% worked 20 or more hours per week outside the home. Factors associated with incident infection included being Black or Latinx, having less than a college education, and having more household residents. The only behavioral factor associated with incident infection was working outside the home (adjusted hazard ratio 1.62, 95% confidence interval 1.02-2.59). CONCLUSIONS Focusing on protecting people who cannot work from home could help prevent infections during future waves of COVID-19, or future pandemics from respiratory viruses. This focus must be balanced with the known importance of directing resources toward those at risk of severe infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Judson
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco.
| | - Shiqi Zhang
- Quantitative Sciences Unit, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Christina P Lindan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - Derek Boothroyd
- Quantitative Sciences Unit, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Kevin Grumbach
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - Jennifer B Bollyky
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Hannah A Sample
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles
| | - Beatrice Huang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - Manisha Desai
- Quantitative Sciences Unit, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Ralph Gonzales
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - Yvonne Maldonado
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - George Rutherford
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco
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27
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Gurbaxani BM, Hill AN, Patel P. Unpacking Cochrane's Update on Masks and COVID-19. Am J Public Health 2023; 113:1074-1078. [PMID: 37672741 PMCID: PMC10484132 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2023.307377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Gurbaxani
- Brian M. Gurbaxani and Pragna Patel are with the National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. Brian M. Gurbaxani is also with the Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta. Andrew N. Hill is with the Global Health Center, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, CDC, and the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Department, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA. Pragna Patel is also with the Department of Medicine, Emory University
| | - Andrew N Hill
- Brian M. Gurbaxani and Pragna Patel are with the National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. Brian M. Gurbaxani is also with the Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta. Andrew N. Hill is with the Global Health Center, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, CDC, and the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Department, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA. Pragna Patel is also with the Department of Medicine, Emory University
| | - Pragna Patel
- Brian M. Gurbaxani and Pragna Patel are with the National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. Brian M. Gurbaxani is also with the Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta. Andrew N. Hill is with the Global Health Center, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, CDC, and the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Department, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA. Pragna Patel is also with the Department of Medicine, Emory University
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Abstract
COVID-19, the illness caused by SARS-CoV-2, became a worldwide pandemic in 2020. Initial clinical manifestations range from asymptomatic infection to mild upper respiratory illness but may progress to pulmonary involvement with hypoxemia and, in some cases, multiorgan involvement, shock, and death. Older adults, pregnant persons, those with common comorbidities, and those with immunosuppression are at greatest risk for progression. Vaccination is effective in preventing symptomatic infection and reducing risk for severe disease, hospitalization, and death. Antiviral treatment and immunomodulators have been shown to benefit certain patients. This article summarizes current recommendations on prevention, diagnosis, management, and treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roy M Gulick
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York (K.M.M., R.M.G.)
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Wang Z, Wu P, Wang L, Li B, Liu Y, Ge Y, Wang R, Wang L, Tan H, Wu CH, Laine M, Salje H, Song H. Marginal effects of public health measures and COVID-19 disease burden in China: A large-scale modelling study. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1011492. [PMID: 37721947 PMCID: PMC10538769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
China had conducted some of the most stringent public health measures to control the spread of successive SARS-CoV-2 variants. However, the effectiveness of these measures and their impacts on the associated disease burden have rarely been quantitatively assessed at the national level. To address this gap, we developed a stochastic age-stratified metapopulation model that incorporates testing, contact tracing and isolation, based on 419 million travel movements among 366 Chinese cities. The study period for this model began from September 2022. The COVID-19 disease burden was evaluated, considering 8 types of underlying health conditions in the Chinese population. We identified the marginal effects between the testing speed and reduction in the epidemic duration. The findings suggest that assuming a vaccine coverage of 89%, the Omicron-like wave could be suppressed by 3-day interval population-level testing (PLT), while it would become endemic with 4-day interval PLT, and without testing, it would result in an epidemic. PLT conducted every 3 days would not only eliminate infections but also keep hospital bed occupancy at less than 29.46% (95% CI, 22.73-38.68%) of capacity for respiratory illness and ICU bed occupancy at less than 58.94% (95% CI, 45.70-76.90%) during an outbreak. Furthermore, the underlying health conditions would lead to an extra 2.35 (95% CI, 1.89-2.92) million hospital admissions and 0.16 (95% CI, 0.13-0.2) million ICU admissions. Our study provides insights into health preparedness to balance the disease burden and sustainability for a country with a population of billions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengmiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Center for Global Change and Public Health, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Peiyi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Center for Global Change and Public Health, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Bingying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Center for Global Change and Public Health, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yonghong Liu
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxi Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Center for Global Change and Public Health, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruixue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Center for Global Change and Public Health, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Ligui Wang
- Center of Disease Control and Prevention, PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Tan
- Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chieh-Hsi Wu
- Mathematical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Marko Laine
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Meteorological Research Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henrik Salje
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hongbin Song
- Center of Disease Control and Prevention, PLA, Beijing, China
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30
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Fogh K, Graakjær Larsen T, Martel CJM, Trier Møller F, Skafte Vestergaard L, Trebbien R, Vangsted AM, Grove Krause T. Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 infection based on self-administered swabs, Denmark, May to July 2022: evaluation of a pilot study. Euro Surveill 2023; 28:2200907. [PMID: 37733236 PMCID: PMC10515494 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2023.28.38.2200907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, the Danish National Institute for Infectious Disease, Statens Serum Institute (SSI) developed a home-based SARS-CoV-2 surveillance system.AimsWe wanted to determine whether a cohort of individuals performing self-administered swabs for PCR at home could support surveillance of SARS-CoV-2, including detection and assessment of new variants. We also aimed to evaluate the logistical setup.MethodsFrom May to July 2022, 10,000 blood donors were invited to participate, along with their household members. Participation required performing a self-swab for 4 consecutive weeks and answering symptom questionnaires via a web app. Swabs were sent by post to SSI for PCR analysis and whole genome sequencing. After study completion, participants were asked to complete a questionnaire concerning their experience.ResultsIn total, 2,186 individuals enrolled (47.4% blood donors), and 1,333 performed self-swabbing (53.0 blood donors), of whom 48 had at least one SARS-CoV-2-positive sample. Fourteen different Omicron subvariants, primarily BA.5 subvariants, were identified by whole genome sequencing (WGS). In total, 29 of the 63 SARS-CoV-2-positive samples were taken from individuals who were asymptomatic at the time of swabbing. Participants collected 2.9 swabs on average, with varying intervals between swabs. Transmission within households was observed in only three of 25 households.ConclusionParticipants successfully performed self-swabs and answered symptom questionnaires. Also, WGS analysis of samples was possible. The system can support surveillance of respiratory pathogens and also holds potential as a diagnostic tool, easing access to test for at-risk groups, while also reducing the burden on healthcare system resources.
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31
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Joffe AR, Elliott A. Long COVID as a functional somatic symptom disorder caused by abnormally precise prior expectations during Bayesian perceptual processing: A new hypothesis and implications for pandemic response. SAGE Open Med 2023; 11:20503121231194400. [PMID: 37655303 PMCID: PMC10467233 DOI: 10.1177/20503121231194400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This review proposes a model of Long-COVID where the constellation of symptoms are in fact genuinely experienced persistent physical symptoms that are usually functional in nature and therefore potentially reversible, that is, Long-COVID is a somatic symptom disorder. First, we describe what is currently known about Long-COVID in children and adults. Second, we examine reported "Long-Pandemic" effects that create a risk for similar somatic symptoms to develop in non-COVID-19 patients. Third, we describe what was known about somatization and somatic symptom disorder before the COVID-19 pandemic, and suggest that by analogy, Long-COVID may best be conceptualized as one of these disorders, with similar symptoms and predisposing, precipitating, and perpetuating factors. Fourth, we review the phenomenon of mass sociogenic (functional) illness, and the concept of nocebo effects, and suggest that by analogy, Long-COVID is compatible with these descriptions. Fifth, we describe the current theoretical model of the mechanism underlying functional disorders, the Bayesian predictive coding model for perception. This model accounts for moderators that can make symptom inferences functionally inaccurate and therefore can explain how to understand common predisposing, precipitating, and perpetuating factors. Finally, we discuss the implications of this framework for improved public health messaging during a pandemic, with recommendations for the management of Long-COVID symptoms in healthcare systems. We argue that the current public health approach has induced fear of Long-COVID in the population, including from constant messaging about disabling symptoms of Long-COVID and theorizing irreversible tissue damage as the cause of Long-COVID. This has created a self-fulfilling prophecy by inducing the very predisposing, precipitating, and perpetuating factors for the syndrome. Finally, we introduce the term "Pandemic-Response Syndrome" to describe what previously was labeled Long-COVID. This alternative perspective aims to stimulate research and serve as a lesson learned to avoid a repeat performance in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari R Joffe
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - April Elliott
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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32
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Beauchamp JD, Mayhew CA. Revisiting the rationale of mandatory masking. J Breath Res 2023; 17:042001. [PMID: 37548323 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/acdf12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
In this perspective, we review the evidence for the efficacy of face masks to reduce the transmission of respiratory viruses, specifically severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and consider the value of mandating universal mask wearing against the widespread negative impacts that have been associated with such measures. Before the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, it was considered that there was little to no benefit in healthy people wearing masks as prophylaxis against becoming infected or as unwitting vectors of viral transmission. This accepted policy was hastily reversed early on in the pandemic, when districts and countries throughout the world imposed stringent masking mandates. Now, more than three years since the start of the pandemic, the amassed studies that have investigated the use of masks to reduce transmission of SARS-CoV-2 (or other pathogens) have led to conclusions that are largely inconsistent and contradictory. There is no statistically significant or unambiguous scientific evidence to justify mandatory masking for general, healthy populations with the intention of lessening the viral spread. Even if mask wearing could potentially reduce the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in individual cases, this needs to be balanced against the physical, psychological and social harms associated with forced mask wearing, not to mention the negative impact of innumerable disposed masks entering our fragile environment. Given the lack of unequivocal scientific proof that masks have any effect on reducing transmission, together with the evident harms to people and the environment through the use of masks, it is our opinion that the mandatory use of face masks in the general population is unjustifiable and must be abandoned in future pandemic countermeasures policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Beauchamp
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Str. 35, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Chris A Mayhew
- Institute for Breath Research, Leopold-Franzens-Universität, Innsbruck, Innrain 66, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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33
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Haslam A, Prasad V. Evidence Base for Health Care Strategies to Protect Vulnerable Patients During the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA Oncol 2023; 9:1150. [PMID: 37261802 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2023.1517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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34
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Soriano-Arandes A, Brett A, Buonsenso D, Emilsson L, de la Fuente Garcia I, Gkentzi D, Helve O, Kepp KP, Mossberg M, Muka T, Munro A, Papan C, Perramon-Malavez A, Schaltz-Buchholzer F, Smeesters PR, Zimmermann P. Policies on children and schools during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Western Europe. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1175444. [PMID: 37564427 PMCID: PMC10411527 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1175444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
During the pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), mitigation policies for children have been a topic of considerable uncertainty and debate. Although some children have co-morbidities which increase their risk for severe coronavirus disease (COVID-19), and complications such as multisystem inflammatory syndrome and long COVID, most children only get mild COVID-19. On the other hand, consistent evidence shows that mass mitigation measures had enormous adverse impacts on children. A central question can thus be posed: What amount of mitigation should children bear, in response to a disease that is disproportionally affecting older people? In this review, we analyze the distinct child versus adult epidemiology, policies, mitigation trade-offs and outcomes in children in Western Europe. The highly heterogenous European policies applied to children compared to adults did not lead to significant measurable differences in outcomes. Remarkably, the relative epidemiological importance of transmission from school-age children to other age groups remains uncertain, with current evidence suggesting that schools often follow, rather than lead, community transmission. Important learning points for future pandemics are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Soriano-Arandes
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Brett
- Infectious Diseases Unit and Emergency Service, Hospital Pediátrico, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Danilo Buonsenso
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Louise Emilsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
- Department of General Practice, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Isabel de la Fuente Garcia
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, National Pediatric Center, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Despoina Gkentzi
- Department of Paediatrics, Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece
| | - Otto Helve
- Department of Health Security, Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Pediatric Research Center, Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kasper P. Kepp
- Section of Biophysical and Biomedicinal Chemistry, DTU Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Maria Mossberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Taulant Muka
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Epistudia, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alasdair Munro
- NIHR Southampton Clinical Research Facility and Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Cihan Papan
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Aida Perramon-Malavez
- Computational Biology and Complex Systems (BIOCOM-SC) Group, Department of Physics, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC·BarcelonaTech), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Pierre R. Smeesters
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Brussels, Academic Children’s Hospital Queen Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Molecular Bacteriology Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Petra Zimmermann
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Paediatrics, Fribourg Hospital, Fribourg, Switzerland
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35
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Tatzber F, Wonisch W, Resch U, Strohmaier W, Lindschinger M, Mörkl S, Cvirn G. Thinking beyond Vaccination: Promising Add-On Strategies to Active Immunization and Vaccination in Pandemics-A Mini-Review. Viruses 2023; 15:1372. [PMID: 37376671 DOI: 10.3390/v15061372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
There is little doubt that final victories over pandemics, such as COVID-19, are attributed to herd immunity, either through post-disease convalescence or active immunization of a high percentage of the world's population with vaccines, which demonstrate protection from infection and transmission and are available in large quantities at reasonable prices. However, it is assumable that humans with immune defects or immune suppression, e.g., as a consequence of allograft transplantation, cannot be immunized actively nor produce sufficient immune responses to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infections. These subjects desperately need other strategies, such as sophisticated protection measures and passive immunization. Hypertonic salt solutions attack vulnerable core areas of viruses; i.e., salt denatures surface proteins and thus prohibits virus penetration of somatic cells. It has to be ensured that somatic proteins are not affected by denaturation regarding this unspecific virus protection. Impregnating filtering facepieces with hypertonic salt solutions is a straightforward way to inactivate viruses and other potential pathogens. As a result of the contact of salt crystals on the filtering facepiece, these pathogens become denatured and inactivated almost quantitatively. Such a strategy could be easily applied to fight against the COVID-19 pandemic and other ones that may occur in the future. Another possible tool to fight the COVID-19 pandemic is passive immunization with antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, preferably from human origin. Such antibodies can be harvested from human patients' sera who have successfully survived their SARS-CoV-2 infection. The disadvantage of a rapid decrease in the immunoglobulin titer after the infection ends can be overcome by immortalizing antibody-producing B cells via fusion with, e.g., mouse myeloma cells. The resulting monoclonal antibodies are then of human origin and available in, at least theoretically, unlimited amounts. Finally, dry blood spots are a valuable tool for surveilling a population's immunity. The add-on strategies were selected as examples for immediate, medium and long-term assistance and therefore did not raise any claim to completeness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Tatzber
- Omnignostica Ltd., 3421 Höflein an der Danube, Austria
| | | | - Ulrike Resch
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Meinrad Lindschinger
- Outpatient Clinic Laßnitzhöhe, Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases, 8301 Laßnitzhöhe, Austria
| | - Sabrina Mörkl
- Division of Medical Psychology, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Gerhard Cvirn
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Physiological Chemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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36
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Yeung AWK, Parvanov ED, Horbańczuk JO, Kletecka-Pulker M, Kimberger O, Willschke H, Atanasov AG. Public interest in different types of masks and its relationship with pandemic and policy measures during the COVID-19 pandemic: a study using Google Trends data. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1010674. [PMID: 37361173 PMCID: PMC10286862 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1010674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Google Trends data have been used to investigate various themes on online information seeking. It was unclear if the population from different parts of the world shared the same amount of attention to different mask types during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to reveal which types of masks were frequently searched by the public in different countries, and evaluated if public attention to masks could be related to mandatory policy, stringency of the policy, and transmission rate of COVID-19. By referring to an open dataset hosted at the online database Our World in Data, the 10 countries with the highest total number of COVID-19 cases as of 9th of February 2022 were identified. For each of these countries, the weekly new cases per million population, reproduction rate (of COVID-19), stringency index, and face covering policy score were computed from the raw daily data. Google Trends were queried to extract the relative search volume (RSV) for different types of masks from each of these countries. Results found that Google searches for N95 masks were predominant in India, whereas surgical masks were predominant in Russia, FFP2 masks were predominant in Spain, and cloth masks were predominant in both France and United Kingdom. The United States, Brazil, Germany, and Turkey had two predominant types of mask. The online searching behavior for masks markedly varied across countries. For most of the surveyed countries, the online searching for masks peaked during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic before the government implemented mandatory mask wearing. The search for masks positively correlated with the government response stringency index but not with the COVID-19 reproduction rate or the new cases per million.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Wai Kan Yeung
- Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Digital Health and Patient Safety, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Emil D. Parvanov
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Digital Health and Patient Safety, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Translational Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute of the Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Jarosław Olav Horbańczuk
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Magdalenka, Poland
| | - Maria Kletecka-Pulker
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Digital Health and Patient Safety, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute for Ethics and Law in Medicine, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver Kimberger
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Digital Health and Patient Safety, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Willschke
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Digital Health and Patient Safety, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Atanas G. Atanasov
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Digital Health and Patient Safety, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Magdalenka, Poland
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37
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Benito PJ, Gutiérrez Á, Rojo-Tirado MA. The real bacterial filtration efficiency to evaluate the effective protection of facemasks used for the prevention of respiratory diseases. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8997. [PMID: 37277420 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35071-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The real protection offered by facemasks to control the transmission of respiratory viruses is still undetermined. Most of the manufacturing regulations, as well as scientific studies, have focused on studying the filtration capacity of the fabrics from which they are made, ignoring the air that escapes through the facial misalignments, and which depends on the respiratory frequencies and volumes. The objective of this work was to define a Real Bacterial Filtration Efficiency for each type of facemask, considering the bacterial filtration efficiency of the manufacturers and the air that passes through them. Nine different facemasks were tested on a mannequin with three gas analyzers (measuring inlet, outlet, and leak volumes) inside a polymethylmethacrylate box. In addition, the differential pressure was measured to determine the resistance offered by the facemasks during the inhalation and exhalation processes. Air was introduced with a manual syringe for 180 s simulating inhalations and exhalations at rest, light, moderate and vigorous activities (10, 60, 80 and 120 L/min, respectively). Statistical analysis showed that practically half of the air entering to the system is not filtered by the facemasks in all intensities (p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.971). They also showed that the hygienic facemasks filter more than 70% of the air, and their filtration does not depend on the simulated intensity, while the rest of the facemasks show an evidently different response, influenced by the amount of air mobilized. Therefore, the Real Bacterial Filtration Efficiency can be calculated as a modulation of the Bacterial Filtration Efficiencies that depends on the type of facemask. The real filtration capacity of the facemasks has been overestimated during last years since the filtration of the fabrics is not the real filtration when the facemask is worn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J Benito
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Science, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Álvaro Gutiérrez
- ETSI Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Av. Complutense 30, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Rojo-Tirado
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Science, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Moschovis PP, Lombay J, Rooney J, Schenkel SR, Singh D, Rezaei SJ, Salo N, Gong A, Yonker LM, Shah J, Hayden D, Hibberd PL, Demokritou P, Kinane TB. The effect of activity and face masks on exhaled particles in children. Pediatr Investig 2023; 7:75-85. [PMID: 37324601 PMCID: PMC10262878 DOI: 10.1002/ped4.12376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance Despite the high burden of respiratory infections among children, the production of exhaled particles during common activities and the efficacy of face masks in children have not been sufficiently studied. Objective To determine the effect of type of activity and mask usage on exhaled particle production in children. Methods Healthy children were asked to perform activities that ranged in intensity (breathing quietly, speaking, singing, coughing, and sneezing) while wearing no mask, a cloth mask, or a surgical mask. The concentration and size of exhaled particles were assessed during each activity. Results Twenty-three children were enrolled in the study. Average exhaled particle concentration increased by intensity of activity, with the lowest particle concentration during tidal breathing (1.285 particles/cm3 [95% CI 0.943, 1.627]) and highest particle concentration during sneezing (5.183 particles/cm3 [95% CI 1.911, 8.455]). High-intensity activities were associated with an increase primarily in the respirable size (≤ 5 µm) particle fraction. Surgical and cloth masks were associated with lower average particle concentration compared to no mask (P = 0.026 for sneezing). Surgical masks outperformed cloth masks across all activities, especially within the respirable size fraction. In a multivariable linear regression model, we observed significant effect modification of activity by age and by mask type. Interpretation Similar to adults, children produce exhaled particles that vary in size and concentration across a range of activities. Production of respirable size fraction particles (≤ 5 µm), the dominant mode of transmission of many respiratory viruses, increases significantly with coughing and sneezing and is most effectively reduced by wearing surgical face masks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter P. Moschovis
- Department of PediatricsMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jesiel Lombay
- Department of PediatricsMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jennifer Rooney
- Department of PediatricsMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Sara R. Schenkel
- Department of PediatricsMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Dilpreet Singh
- Department of Environmental HealthHarvard T. H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringRutgers University School of Public HealthNew BrunswickNew JerseyUSA
| | - Shawheen J. Rezaei
- Department of PediatricsMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Nora Salo
- Department of PediatricsMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Amanda Gong
- David Geffen School of Medicinethe University of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Lael M. Yonker
- Department of PediatricsMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jhill Shah
- Department of PediatricsMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Douglas Hayden
- Department of PediatricsMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Patricia L. Hibberd
- Department of Global HealthBoston University School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Department of Environmental HealthHarvard T. H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringRutgers University School of Public HealthNew BrunswickNew JerseyUSA
| | - T. Bernard Kinane
- Department of PediatricsMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
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Chou R, Dana T. Major Update: Masks for Prevention of SARS-CoV-2 in Health Care and Community Settings-Final Update of a Living, Rapid Review. Ann Intern Med 2023; 176:827-835. [PMID: 37186920 PMCID: PMC10234287 DOI: 10.7326/m23-0570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optimal use of masks for preventing COVID-19 is unclear. PURPOSE To update an evidence synthesis on N95, surgical, and cloth mask effectiveness in community and health care settings for preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE, EMBASE, medRxiv (3 June 2022 to 2 January 2023), and reference lists. STUDY SELECTION Randomized trials of interventions to increase mask use and risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection and observational studies of mask use that controlled for potential confounders. DATA EXTRACTION Two investigators sequentially abstracted study data and rated quality. DATA SYNTHESIS Three randomized trials and 21 observational studies were included. In community settings, mask use may be associated with a small reduced risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection versus no mask use, on the basis of 2 randomized trials and 7 observational studies. In routine patient care settings, surgical masks and N95 respirators may be associated with similar risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection, on the basis of 1 new randomized trial with some imprecision and 4 observational studies. Evidence from observational studies was insufficient to evaluate other mask comparisons due to methodological limitations and inconsistency. LIMITATION Few randomized trials, studies had methodological limitations and some imprecision, suboptimal adherence and pragmatic aspects of randomized trials potentially attenuated benefits, very limited evidence on harms, uncertain applicability to Omicron variant predominant era, meta-analysis not done due to heterogeneity, unable to formally assess for publication bias, and restricted to English-language articles. CONCLUSION Updated evidence suggests that masks may be associated with a small reduction in risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection in community settings. Surgical masks and N95 respirators may be associated with similar infection risk in routine patient care settings, but a beneficial effect of N95 respirators cannot be ruled out. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Chou
- Pacific Northwest Evidence-based Practice Center and the Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon (R.C., T.D.)
| | - Tracy Dana
- Pacific Northwest Evidence-based Practice Center and the Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon (R.C., T.D.)
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Laine C, Chang S. Getting to the Truth About the Effectiveness of Masks in Preventing COVID-19. Ann Intern Med 2023. [PMID: 37186919 DOI: 10.7326/m23-1120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Laine
- Editor in Chief, Annals of Internal Medicine and American College of Physicians, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephanie Chang
- Deputy Editor, Annals of Internal Medicine and American College of Physicians, Washington, DC
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Murphy C, Wong JY, Cowling BJ. Nonpharmaceutical interventions for managing SARS-CoV-2. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2023; 29:184-190. [PMID: 36856551 PMCID: PMC10090342 DOI: 10.1097/mcp.0000000000000949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Initial response strategies to the COVID-19 pandemic were heavily reliant on nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), a set of measures implemented to slow or even stop the spread of infection. Here, we reviewed key measures used during the COVID-19 pandemic. RECENT FINDINGS Some NPIs were successful in reducing the transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Personal protective measures such as face masks were widely used, and likely had some effect on transmission. The development and production of rapid antigen tests allowed self-diagnosis in the community, informing isolation and quarantine measures. Community-wide measures such as school closures, workplace closures and complete stay-at-home orders were able to reduce contacts and prevent transmission. They were widely used in the pandemic and contributed to reduce transmission in the community; however, there were also negative unintended consequences in the society and economy. SUMMARY NPIs slowed the spread of SARS-CoV-2 and are essential for pandemic preparedness and response. Understanding which measures are more effective at reducing transmission with lower costs is imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitriona Murphy
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam
| | - Jessica Y. Wong
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam
| | - Benjamin J. Cowling
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Limited, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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Vogt RL, Heck PR, Mestechkin RM, Heydari P, Chabris CF, Meyer MN. Experiment aversion among clinicians and the public - an obstacle to evidence-based medicine and public health. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.04.05.23288189. [PMID: 37066423 PMCID: PMC10104223 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.05.23288189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Background Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are essential for determining the safety and efficacy of healthcare interventions. However, both laypeople and clinicians often demonstrate experiment aversion: preferring to implement either of two interventions for everyone rather than comparing them to determine which is best. We studied whether clinician and layperson views of pragmatic RCTs for Covid-19 or other interventions became more positive early in the pandemic, which increased both the urgency and public discussion of RCTs. Methods We conducted several survey studies with laypeople (total n=2,909) and two with clinicians (n=895; n=1,254) in 2020 and 2021. Participants read vignettes in which a hypothetical decision-maker who sought to improve health could choose to implement intervention A for all, implement intervention B for all, or experimentally compare A and B and implement the superior intervention. Participants rated and ranked the appropriateness of each decision. Results Compared to our pre-pandemic results, we found no decrease in laypeople's aversion to non-Covid-19 experiments involving catheterization checklists and hypertension drugs. Nor were either laypeople or clinicians less averse to Covid-19 RCTs (concerning corticosteroid drugs, vaccines, intubation checklists, proning, school reopening, and mask protocols), on average. Across all vignettes and samples, levels of experiment aversion ranged from 28% to 57%, while levels of experiment appreciation (in which the RCT is rated higher than the participant's highest-rated intervention) ranged from only 6% to 35%. Conclusions Advancing evidence-based medicine through pragmatic RCTs will require anticipating and addressing experiment aversion among both patients and healthcare professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randi L. Vogt
- Department of Bioethics & Decision Sciences, Geisinger
| | | | | | - Pedram Heydari
- Department of Bioethics & Decision Sciences, Geisinger
- Department of Economics, University of Pittsburgh
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Kisielinski K, Hirsch O, Wagner S, Wojtasik B, Funken S, Klosterhalfen B, Kanti Manna S, Prescher A, Sukul P, Sönnichsen A. Physio-metabolic and clinical consequences of wearing face masks—Systematic review with meta-analysis and comprehensive evaluation. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1125150. [PMID: 37089476 PMCID: PMC10116418 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1125150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundAs face masks became mandatory in most countries during the COVID-19 pandemic, adverse effects require substantiated investigation.MethodsA systematic review of 2,168 studies on adverse medical mask effects yielded 54 publications for synthesis and 37 studies for meta-analysis (on n = 8,641, m = 2,482, f = 6,159, age = 34.8 ± 12.5). The median trial duration was only 18 min (IQR = 50) for our comprehensive evaluation of mask induced physio-metabolic and clinical outcomes.ResultsWe found significant effects in both medical surgical and N95 masks, with a greater impact of the second. These effects included decreased SpO2 (overall Standard Mean Difference, SMD = −0.24, 95% CI = −0.38 to −0.11, p < 0.001) and minute ventilation (SMD = −0.72, 95% CI = −0.99 to −0.46, p < 0.001), simultaneous increased in blood-CO2 (SMD = +0.64, 95% CI = 0.31–0.96, p < 0.001), heart rate (N95: SMD = +0.22, 95% CI = 0.03–0.41, p = 0.02), systolic blood pressure (surgical: SMD = +0.21, 95% CI = 0.03–0.39, p = 0.02), skin temperature (overall SMD = +0.80 95% CI = 0.23–1.38, p = 0.006) and humidity (SMD +2.24, 95% CI = 1.32–3.17, p < 0.001). Effects on exertion (overall SMD = +0.9, surgical = +0.63, N95 = +1.19), discomfort (SMD = +1.16), dyspnoea (SMD = +1.46), heat (SMD = +0.70), and humidity (SMD = +0.9) were significant in n = 373 with a robust relationship to mask wearing (p < 0.006 to p < 0.001). Pooled symptom prevalence (n = 8,128) was significant for: headache (62%, p < 0.001), acne (38%, p < 0.001), skin irritation (36%, p < 0.001), dyspnoea (33%, p < 0.001), heat (26%, p < 0.001), itching (26%, p < 0.001), voice disorder (23%, p < 0.03), and dizziness (5%, p = 0.01).DiscussionMasks interfered with O2-uptake and CO2-release and compromised respiratory compensation. Though evaluated wearing durations are shorter than daily/prolonged use, outcomes independently validate mask-induced exhaustion-syndrome (MIES) and down-stream physio-metabolic disfunctions. MIES can have long-term clinical consequences, especially for vulnerable groups. So far, several mask related symptoms may have been misinterpreted as long COVID-19 symptoms. In any case, the possible MIES contrasts with the WHO definition of health.ConclusionFace mask side-effects must be assessed (risk-benefit) against the available evidence of their effectiveness against viral transmissions. In the absence of strong empirical evidence of effectiveness, mask wearing should not be mandated let alone enforced by law.Systematic review registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021256694, identifier: PROSPERO 2021 CRD42021256694.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Kisielinski
- Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Clinical Medicine, Private Practice, Düsseldorf, Germany
- *Correspondence: Kai Kisielinski
| | - Oliver Hirsch
- Department of Psychology, Fachhochschule für Oekonomie und Management (FOM) University of Applied Sciences, Siegen, Germany
| | - Susanne Wagner
- Veterinary Medicine, Wagner Medical Science Liason (MSL) Management, Blankenfelde-Mahlow, Germany
| | - Barbara Wojtasik
- Department of Genetics and Biosystematics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Stefan Funken
- Internal Medicine, Clinical Medicine, Private Practice, Moers, Germany
| | | | - Soumen Kanti Manna
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India
| | - Andreas Prescher
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy (MOCA), Rhine-Westphalia Technical University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Pritam Sukul
- Rostock Medical Breath Research Analytics and Technologies (ROMBAT), Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Pritam Sukul
| | - Andreas Sönnichsen
- Internal Medicine, Clinical Medicine, Private Practice, Gesundheit für Österreich e.V. (Health for Austria), Vienna, Austria
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Kisielinski K, Wagner S, Hirsch O, Klosterhalfen B, Prescher A. Possible toxicity of chronic carbon dioxide exposure associated with face mask use, particularly in pregnant women, children and adolescents - A scoping review. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14117. [PMID: 37057051 PMCID: PMC9981272 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction During the SARS-CoV-2-pandemic, face masks have become one of the most important ubiquitous factors affecting human breathing. It increases the resistance and dead space volume leading to a re-breathing of CO2. So far, this phenomenon and possible implications on early life has not been evaluated in depth. Method As part of a scoping review, literature was systematically reviewed regarding CO2 exposure and facemask use. Results Fresh air has around 0.04% CO2, while wearing masks more than 5 min bears a possible chronic exposure to carbon dioxide of 1.41% to 3.2% of the inhaled air. Although the buildup is usually within the short-term exposure limits, long-term exceedances and consequences must be considered due to experimental data. US Navy toxicity experts set the exposure limits for submarines carrying a female crew to 0.8% CO2 based on animal studies which indicated an increased risk for stillbirths. Additionally, mammals who were chronically exposed to 0.3% CO2 the experimental data demonstrate a teratogenicity with irreversible neuron damage in the offspring, reduced spatial learning caused by brainstem neuron apoptosis and reduced circulating levels of the insulin-like growth factor-1. With significant impact on three readout parameters (morphological, functional, marker) this chronic 0.3% CO2 exposure has to be defined as being toxic. Additional data exists on the exposure of chronic 0.3% CO2 in adolescent mammals causing neuron destruction, which includes less activity, increased anxiety and impaired learning and memory. There is also data indicating testicular toxicity in adolescents at CO2 inhalation concentrations above 0.5%. Discussion There is a possible negative impact risk by imposing extended mask mandates especially for vulnerable subgroups. Circumstantial evidence exists that extended mask use may be related to current observations of stillbirths and to reduced verbal motor and overall cognitive performance in children born during the pandemic. A need exists to reconsider mask mandates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Kisielinski
- Independent Researcher, Surgeon, Private Practice, 40212 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Susanne Wagner
- Non Clinical Expert, Veterinarian, Wagner MSL Management, 15831 Mahlow, Germany
| | - Oliver Hirsch
- Department of Psychology, FOM University of Applied Sciences, 57078 Siegen, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Prescher
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy (MOCA), 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Martín Sánchez FJ, Martínez-Sellés M, Molero García JM, Moreno Guillén S, Rodríguez-Artalejo FJ, Ruiz-Galiana J, Cantón R, De Lucas Ramos P, García-Botella A, García-Lledó A, Hernández-Sampelayo T, Gómez-Pavón J, González Del Castillo J, Martín-Delgado MC, Bouza E. Insights for COVID-19 in 2023. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE QUIMIOTERAPIA : PUBLICACION OFICIAL DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE QUIMIOTERAPIA 2023. [PMID: 36510683 DOI: 10.3701/req/059.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Predictions for a near end of the pandemic by the World Health Organization should be interpreted with caution. Current evidence indicates that the efficacy of a fourth dose of classical mRNA vaccines (BT162b2 or mRNA-1273) is low and short-lived in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection in its predominant variant (Omicron). However, its efficacy is high against severe symptomatic infection, hospitalization and death. The new vaccines being introduced are bivalent and active against the Omicron variants. Potential new vaccines to be introduced in the coming year include a vaccine based on a recombinant protein that emulates the receptor binding domain of the Spike protein under development by the Spanish company Hipra, as well as vaccines for nasal or oral administration. Available information suggests that vaccines against COVID-19 can be administered in association with influenza vaccination without particular complications. New drugs against COVID-19, both antiviral and anti-inflammatory, are under investigation, but this does not seem to be the case with monoclonal antibodies. The indication to use masks in some circumstances will be maintained next year in view of the accumulation of scientific data on their efficacy. Finally, the long COVID or Post-COVID syndrome may continue to affect a very high proportion of patients who have had the disease, requiring combined diagnostic and therapeutic resources.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - E Bouza
- Servicio de Microbiología Clínica y Enfermedades Infecciosas del Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Universidad Complutense. CIBERES. Ciber de Enfermedades Respiratorias. Madrid, Spain.
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Gallego Borghini L. Mascarilla o mascarada. REVISTA IBEROAMERICANA DE BIOÉTICA 2023. [DOI: 10.14422/rib.i21.y2023.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Por su omnipresencia, la mascarilla se ha convertido en un símbolo de esta época de pandemia. En algunos países, como España, la obligación de llevarla se ha extendido incluso a los espacios abiertos y a las escuelas. Hemos aceptado el sacrificio de cubrir nuestros rostros como medida de contención de la epidemia, es decir, para salvar vidas. Sin embargo, en el momento de adoptar esta medida no había datos suficientes que la justificasen y los datos que van apareciendo parecen corroborar lo que se dijo entonces. Si no hay datos científicos que avalen con rotundidad una medida tan intrusiva, la justificación se desvanece. Debemos exigir que se analicen con sinceridad los datos para aclarar si el sacrificio realmente ha servido de algo.
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Tjaden AH, Gibbs M, Runyon M, Weintraub WS, Taylor YJ, Edelstein SL. Association between self-reported masking behavior and SARS-CoV-2 infection wanes from Pre-Delta to Omicron-predominant periods - North Carolina COVID-19 Community Research Partnership (NC-CCRP). Am J Infect Control 2023; 51:261-267. [PMID: 36209944 PMCID: PMC9537112 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2022.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wearing a face mask is a primary public health method to reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission. METHODS We performed a nested case-control analysis within the North Carolina COVID-19 Community Research Partnership (NC-CCRP) of adults who completed daily surveillance surveys, April 2020 - February 2022. We assessed the association between self-reported mask wearing behavior during nonhousehold interactions and COVID-19 infection during 3 pandemic periods using conditional logistic regression models of risk of infection that were adjusted for demographics, vaccination status, and recent known exposure to COVID-19. RESULTS Among 3,901 cases and 27,813 date-matched controls, there was a significant interaction between mask use and time period (P < .001). Prior to July 2021, the odds of a reported infection were 66% higher (aOR = 1.66, 95% CI = 1.43-1.91) among participants reporting ≥1 day not wearing a mask compared to those who reported no days (1,592 cases, 11,717 controls). During the Delta-predominant period, the results were similar (aOR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.23-1.89; 659 cases, 4,649 controls). This association was attenuated during the Omicron-predominant period, where odds of an infection was 16% higher (aOR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.03-1.32; 1,563 cases, 10,960 controls). CONCLUSIONS While the effect of not wearing a mask remains significant, during the Omicron-predominant period we observed a decrease in the association between self-reported mask wearing and risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley H. Tjaden
- Biostatistics Center, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Rockville, MD,Address correspondence to Ashley H. Tjaden, COVID-19 Community Research Partnership Coordinating Center, Biostatistics Center, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, 6110 Executive Blvd., Suite 750, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Michael Gibbs
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC
| | - Michael Runyon
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC
| | | | - Yhenneko J. Taylor
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC
| | - Sharon L. Edelstein
- Biostatistics Center, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Rockville, MD
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Francis NA, Becque T, Willcox M, Hay AD, Lown M, Clarke R, Stuart B, Yardley L, Moore M, Houriet J, Little P. Non-pharmaceutical interventions and risk of COVID-19 infection: survey of U.K. public from November 2020 - May 2021. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:389. [PMID: 36829127 PMCID: PMC9951136 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15209-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), such as handwashing, social distancing and face mask wearing, have been widely promoted to reduce the spread of COVID-19. This study aimed to explore the relationship between self-reported use of NPIs and COVID-19 infection. METHODS We conducted an online questionnaire study recruiting members of the UK public from November 2020 to May 2021. The association between self-reported COVID-19 illness and reported use of NPIs was explored using logistic regression and controlling for participant characteristics, month of questionnaire completion, and vaccine status. Participants who had been exposed to COVID-19 in their household in the previous 2 weeks were excluded. RESULTS Twenty-seven thousand seven hundred fifty-eight participants were included and 2,814 (10.1%) reported having a COVID-19 infection. The odds of COVID-19 infection were reduced with use of a face covering in unadjusted (OR 0.17 (95% CI: 0.15 to 0.20) and adjusted (aOR 0.19, 95% CI 0.16 to 0.23) analyses. Social distancing (OR 0.27, 95% CI: 0.22 to 0.31; aOR 0.35, 95% CI 0.28 to 0.43) and handwashing when arriving home (OR 0.57, 95% CI 0.46 to 0.73; aOR 0.63, 95% CI: 0.48 to 0.83) also reduced the odds of COVID-19. Being in crowded places of 10-100 people (OR 1.89, 95% CI: 1.70 to 2.11; aOR 1.62, 95% CI: 1.42 to 1.85) and > 100 people (OR 2.33, 95% CI: 2.11 to 2.58; aOR 1.73, 95% CI: 1.53 to 1.97) were both associated with increased odds of COVID-19 infection. Handwashing before eating, avoiding touching the face, and cleaning things with virus on were all associated with increased odds of COVID-19 infections. CONCLUSIONS This large observational study found evidence for strong protective effects for individuals from use of face coverings, social distancing (including avoiding crowded places) and handwashing on arriving home on developing COVID-19 infection. We also found evidence for an increased risk associated with other behaviours, possibly from recall bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick A Francis
- Primary Care Research Centre, School of Primary Care, Population Sciences and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, NIHR School for Primary Care Research, University of Southampton, Aldermoor Health Centre, Southampton, SO16 5ST, UK.
| | - Taeko Becque
- Primary Care Research Centre, School of Primary Care, Population Sciences and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, NIHR School for Primary Care Research, University of Southampton, Aldermoor Health Centre, Southampton, SO16 5ST, UK
| | - Merlin Willcox
- Primary Care Research Centre, School of Primary Care, Population Sciences and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, NIHR School for Primary Care Research, University of Southampton, Aldermoor Health Centre, Southampton, SO16 5ST, UK
| | - Alastair D Hay
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, Bristol Medical School: Population Health Sciences, NIHR School for Primary Care Research, University of Bristol, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK
| | - Mark Lown
- Primary Care Research Centre, School of Primary Care, Population Sciences and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, NIHR School for Primary Care Research, University of Southampton, Aldermoor Health Centre, Southampton, SO16 5ST, UK
| | - Richard Clarke
- School of Natural and Social Sciences, University of Gloucestershire, Francis Close Hall, Swindon Road, Cheltenham, GL50 4AZ, UK
| | - Beth Stuart
- Pragmatic Clinical Trials Unit, Queen Mary University of London, Yvonne Carter Building, 58 Turner Street, London, E1 2AB, UK
| | - Lucy Yardley
- School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.,School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, 12A Priory Road, Bristol, BS8 1TR, UK
| | - Michael Moore
- Primary Care Research Centre, School of Primary Care, Population Sciences and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, NIHR School for Primary Care Research, University of Southampton, Aldermoor Health Centre, Southampton, SO16 5ST, UK
| | - Joëlle Houriet
- Antenna Foundation, Avenue de La Grenade 24, 1207, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paul Little
- Primary Care Research Centre, School of Primary Care, Population Sciences and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, NIHR School for Primary Care Research, University of Southampton, Aldermoor Health Centre, Southampton, SO16 5ST, UK
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Fogh K, Eriksen ARR, Larsen TG, Hasselbalch RB, Bundgaard H, Scharff BFSS, Nielsen SD, Jørgensen CS, Erikstrup C, Østergaard L, Ellermann-Eriksen S, Andersen B, Nielsen H, Johansen IS, Wiese L, Hindhede L, Mikkelsen S, Sækmose SG, Aagaard B, Holm DK, Harritshøj L, Simonsen L, Fischer TK, Folke F, Lippert F, Ostrowski SR, Benfield T, Mølbak K, Ethelberg S, Koch A, Vangsted AM, Krause TG, Fomsgaard A, Ullum H, Skov R, Iversen K. A Cross-Sectional Study of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies and Risk Factors for Seropositivity in Staff in Day Care Facilities and Preschools in Denmark. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0417422. [PMID: 36546864 PMCID: PMC9927135 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04174-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to provide information about immunity against COVID-19 along with risk factors and behavior among employees in day care facilities and preschools (DCS) in Denmark. In collaboration with the Danish Union of Pedagogues, during February and March 2021, 47,810 members were offered a point-of-care rapid SARS-CoV-2 antibody test (POCT) at work and were invited to fill in an electronic questionnaire covering COVID-19 exposure. Seroprevalence data from Danish blood donors (total Ig enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA]) were used as a proxy for the Danish population. A total of 21,018 (45%) DCS employees completed the questionnaire and reported their POCT result {median age, 44.3 years (interquartile range [IQR], [32.7 to 53.6]); females, 84.1%}, of which 20,267 (96.4%) were unvaccinated and included in analysis. A total of 1,857 (9.2%) participants tested seropositive, significantly higher than a seroprevalence at 7.6% (risk ratio [RR], 1.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.14 to 1.27) among 40,541 healthy blood donors (median age, 42 years [IQR, 28 to 53]; males, 51.3%). Exposure at work (RR, 2.9; 95% CI, 2.3 to 3.6) was less of a risk factor than exposure within the household (RR, 12.7; 95% CI, 10.2 to 15.8). Less than 25% of participants reported wearing face protection at work. Most of the participants expressed some degree of fear of contracting COVID-19 both at work and outside work. SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence was slightly higher in DCS staff than in blood donors, but possible exposure at home was associated with a higher risk than at work. DCS staff expressed fear of contracting COVID-19, though there was limited use of face protection at work. IMPORTANCE Identifying at-risk groups and evaluating preventive interventions in at-risk groups is imperative for the ongoing pandemic as well as for the control of future epidemics. Although DCS staff have a much higher risk of being infected within their own household than at their workplace, most are fearful of being infected with COVID-19 or bringing COVID-19 to work. This represents an interesting dilemma and an important issue which should be addressed by public health authorities for risk communication and pandemic planning. This study design can be used in a strategy for ongoing surveillance of COVID-19 immunity or other infections in the population. The findings of this study can be used to assess the need for future preventive interventions in DCS, such as the use of personal protective equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamille Fogh
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexandra R. R. Eriksen
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Rasmus B. Hasselbalch
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henning Bundgaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Bibi F. S. S. Scharff
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Susanne D. Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | | | - Christian Erikstrup
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lars Østergaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Svend Ellermann-Eriksen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Berit Andersen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- University Research Clinic for Cancer Screening, Randers Regional Hospital, Randers, Denmark
| | - Henrik Nielsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Odense, Denmark
| | - Isik S. Johansen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lothar Wiese
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Lotte Hindhede
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Susan Mikkelsen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Susanne G. Sækmose
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Zealand University Hospital, Koege, Denmark
| | - Bitten Aagaard
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Dorte K. Holm
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lene Harritshøj
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Lone Simonsen
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Thea K. Fischer
- Department of Clinical Research, North Zealand Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fredrik Folke
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Copenhagen Emergency Medical Services, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Freddy Lippert
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Copenhagen Emergency Medical Services, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sisse R. Ostrowski
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Thomas Benfield
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Kåre Mølbak
- Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Steen Ethelberg
- Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Koch
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
- Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kasper Iversen
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Munro APS, Hughes RC. Face coverings have little utility for young school-aged children. Arch Dis Child 2023; 108:77-78. [PMID: 36328440 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2022-324809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alasdair P S Munro
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK .,NIHR Southampton Clinical Research Facility and NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Robert C Hughes
- Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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