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Kriikku P, Kankaanpää A, Gunnar T, Ojanperä I. Comparison of poisoning deaths with wastewater-based consumption estimates and assessment of fatal toxicity for amphetamine-type stimulant drugs. Drug Test Anal 2024; 16:641-649. [PMID: 37933709 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Among several established indicators that are used to monitor the illicit drug scene, drug-related deaths and wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) stand out for population-level coverage. In this study, we aimed to compare temporal trends with respect to amphetamine, methamphetamine and methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) revealed by these indicators and explore the differences in fatal toxicity between the stimulants. All deaths in which poisoning caused by amphetamine, methamphetamine or MDMA was either the underlying or contributing cause of death in Finland in 2012, 2014, 2016, 2018 and 2020 were included in the study. Consumption of the studied drugs was measured by WBE in the same years. There was a significant correlation between poisoning and drug consumption for all three stimulants, and for amphetamine and MDMA, these figures increased over the study period. The highest fatal toxicity, as expressed by the number of deaths per million doses, was obtained for methamphetamine at an estimated dose of 50 mg, followed by MDMA (100 mg dose) and with amphetamine (50 mg dose). The fatal toxicity found here for the stimulants was close to that previously reported for many prescription opioids and tricyclic antidepressants. Our study is the first to quantitatively investigate the fatal toxicity of amphetamine-type stimulants by comparing deaths with consumption estimates derived from WBE. It shows that amphetamine, methamphetamine and MDMA possess a quite similar capacity to cause death. This new approach adds to the earlier methods of estimating drug-related harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pirkko Kriikku
- Forensic Chemistry Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aino Kankaanpää
- Forensic Chemistry Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teemu Gunnar
- Forensic Chemistry Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilkka Ojanperä
- Forensic Chemistry Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Karjalainen K, Gunnar T, Hakkarainen P, Kankaanpää A, Rönkä S. Analysis of illicit stimulant use triangulating wastewater, general population survey and web survey data. Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 2022; 40:160-175. [PMID: 37063821 PMCID: PMC10101165 DOI: 10.1177/14550725221122150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We analysed illicit stimulant use in Finland by comparing three separate datasets collected at the same time. Methods: The data used were wastewater analysis (2014 and 2018), population-based drug surveys (2014 and 2018) and European Web Survey on Drugs (2018, Finnish data). Proportions, prevalence levels and trends of stimulant use as well as their consumption were measured. Factors associated with stimulant use were assessed for past-year stimulant or amphetamine use as an outcome measure in regression analyses. Results: Both population-based drug survey and wastewater data showed that stimulant use has increased in Finland between 2014 and 2018. Disadvantaged socio-demographic background and other substance use were associated with past-year stimulant use, with no geographical variation in Finland. The socio-demographics of those reporting amphetamine use differed between population-based drug survey and web survey. In the web survey, infrequent and occasional users of amphetamine were quite alike, whereas frequent users were more likely to be unemployed or use injection as the route of administration. Conclusion: Analysis of three different data revealed findings that would have been missed and conclusions that could not have been made by using only one dataset. Putting findings from different methods into dialogue raises new questions and opens new interpretations. This analysis emphasises the importance of the prevention of frequent use and associated harm, as well as the impact of versatile drug treatment and harm reduction services on it.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Teemu Gunnar
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland
| | | | | | - Sanna Rönkä
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland
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3
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Gunnar T, Kankaanpää A. Wastewater-based epidemiology combined with forensic toxicological information: trends in drug use and impact of law enforcement activities. Toxicologie Analytique et Clinique 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2022.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Hokajärvi AM, Rytkönen A, Tiwari A, Kauppinen A, Oikarinen S, Lehto KM, Kankaanpää A, Gunnar T, Al-Hello H, Blomqvist S, Miettinen IT, Savolainen-Kopra C, Pitkänen T. The detection and stability of the SARS-CoV-2 RNA biomarkers in wastewater influent in Helsinki, Finland. Sci Total Environ 2021; 770:145274. [PMID: 33513496 PMCID: PMC7825999 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater-based surveillance of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is used to monitor the population-level prevalence of the COVID-19 disease. In many cases, due to lockdowns or analytical delays, the analysis of wastewater samples might only be possible after prolonged storage. In this study, the effect of storage conditions on the RNA copy numbers of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in wastewater influent was studied and compared to the persistence of norovirus over time at 4 °C, -20 °C, and -75 °C using the reverse-transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) assays E-Sarbeco, N2, and norovirus GII. For the first time in Finland, the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA was tested in 24 h composite influent wastewater samples collected from Viikinmäki wastewater treatment plant, Helsinki, Finland. The detected and quantified SARS-CoV-2 RNA copy numbers of the wastewater sample aliquots taken during 19-20 April 2020 and stored for 29, 64, and 84 days remained surprisingly stable. In the stored samples, the SARS betacoronavirus and SARS-CoV-2 copy numbers, but not the norovirus GII copy numbers, seemed slightly higher when analyzed from the pre-centrifuged pellet-that is, the particulate matter of the influent-as compared with the supernatant (i.e., water fraction) used for ultrafiltration, although the difference was not statistically significant. Furthermore, when wastewater was spiked with SARS-CoV-2, linear decay at 4 °C was observed on the first 28 days, while no decay was visible within 58 days at -20 °C or -75 °C. In conclusion, freezing temperatures should be used for storage when immediate SARS-CoV-2 RNA analysis from the wastewater influent is not possible. Analysis of the particulate matter of the sample, in addition to the water fraction, can improve the detection frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maria Hokajärvi
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Expert Microbiology Unit, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Annastiina Rytkönen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Expert Microbiology Unit, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ananda Tiwari
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Expert Microbiology Unit, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ari Kauppinen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Expert Microbiology Unit, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sami Oikarinen
- Tampere University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kirsi-Maarit Lehto
- Tampere University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Aino Kankaanpää
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Forensic Toxicology Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teemu Gunnar
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Forensic Toxicology Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Haider Al-Hello
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Expert Microbiology Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Soile Blomqvist
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Expert Microbiology Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilkka T Miettinen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Expert Microbiology Unit, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Tarja Pitkänen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Expert Microbiology Unit, Kuopio, Finland; University of Helsinki, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Dept. Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Finland.
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Löve ASC, Baz-Lomba JA, Reid MJ, Kankaanpää A, Gunnar T, Dam M, Ólafsdóttir K, Thomas KV. Analysis of stimulant drugs in the wastewater of five Nordic capitals. Sci Total Environ 2018; 627:1039-1047. [PMID: 29426122 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology is an efficient way to assess illicit drug use, complementing currently used methods retrieved from different data sources. The aim of this study is to compare stimulant drug use in five Nordic capital cities that include for the first time wastewater samples from Torshavn in the Faroe Islands. Currently there are no published reports that compare stimulant drug use in these Nordic capitals. All wastewater samples were analyzed using solid phase extraction and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The results were compared with data published by the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction based on illicit drugs in wastewater from over 50 European cities. Confirming previous reports, the results showed high amphetamine loads compared with other European countries. Very little apparent abuse of stimulant drugs was detected in Torshavn. Methamphetamine loads were the highest from Helsinki of the Nordic countries, indicating substantial fluctuations in the availability of the drug compared with previous studies. Methamphetamine loads from Oslo confirmed that the use continues to be high. Estimated cocaine use was found to be in the lower range compared with other cities in the southern and western part of Europe. Ecstasy and cocaine showed clear variations between weekdays and weekends, indicating recreational use. This study further demonstrates geographical trends in the stimulant drug market in five Nordic capitals, which enables a better comparison with other areas of the continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arndís Sue Ching Löve
- University of Iceland, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hofsvallagata 53, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | | | - Malcolm J Reid
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Aino Kankaanpää
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Forensic Toxicology Unit, Mannerheimintie 166, FI-00300 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teemu Gunnar
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Forensic Toxicology Unit, Mannerheimintie 166, FI-00300 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Dam
- Environment Agency, Traðagøta 38, FO-165 Argir, Faroe Islands
| | - Kristín Ólafsdóttir
- University of Iceland, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hofsvallagata 53, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway; Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), 39 Keesels Road, Coopers Plains, 4108, Queensland, Australia
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6
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Rovio SP, Yang X, Kankaanpää A, Aalto V, Hirvensalo M, Telama R, Pahkala K, Hutri-Kähönen N, Viikari JSA, Raitakari OT, Tammelin TH. Longitudinal physical activity trajectories from childhood to adulthood and their determinants: The Young Finns Study. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2017; 28:1073-1083. [PMID: 28981988 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Determining lifelong physical activity (PA) trajectories and their determinants is essential to promote a physically active lifestyle throughout the life-course. We aimed to identify PA trajectories from childhood to midlife and their determinants in a longitudinal population-based cohort. This study is a part of the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. From 1980, a population-based cohort (N = 3596; 1764 boys/1832 girls, age 3-18 years) has been followed up for 31 years. PA indices were formed based on self-reported data (between age 9-49 years) on frequency, duration, and intensity of leisure (during childhood) or high-intensity (at later age) PA and on sports club participation/competitions. PA trajectories were analyzed using group-based trajectory modeling. Childhood (age 12 years), young adulthood (age 24 years), and early midlife (age 37 years) determinants were analyzed. Five PA trajectories were identified: persistently active (6.6%), decreasingly active (13.9%), increasingly active (13.5%), persistently low active (51.4%, reference group), persistently inactive (14.6%). In childhood, rural residential area (OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.21-0.96) and high academic performance (OR 2.18; 95% CI 1.58-3.00) associated with persistently active group. In early midlife, smoking (OR 1.66; 95% CI 1.07-2.58) associated with persistently inactive group, regular alcohol drinking (OR 2.91; 95% CI 1.12-7.55) with persistently active group and having children (OR 2.07; 95% CI 1.27-3.38) with decreasingly active group. High adulthood education associated with both decreasingly (OR 1.87; 95% CI 1.05-3.35) and increasingly (OR 2.09; 95% CI 1.19-3.68) active groups. We identified five PA trajectories from childhood into midlife. Most prominent determinants were academic achievement, education, having children and health habits (i.e. smoking/alcohol use).
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Rovio
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - X Yang
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - A Kankaanpää
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - V Aalto
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - M Hirvensalo
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - R Telama
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - K Pahkala
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sports & Exercise Medicine Unit, Department of Health and Physical Activity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - N Hutri-Kähönen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - J S A Viikari
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - O T Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - T H Tammelin
- LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Kankaanpää A, Ariniemi K, Heinonen M, Kuoppasalmi K, Gunnar T. Current trends in Finnish drug abuse: Wastewater based epidemiology combined with other national indicators. Sci Total Environ 2016; 568:864-874. [PMID: 27335163 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
No single measure is able to provide a complete picture of population- or community-level drug abuse and its current trends. Therefore, a multi-indicator approach is needed. The aim of this study was to combine wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) with data from other national indicators, namely driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) statistics, drug seizures, and drug use surveys. Furthermore, drug market size estimates and a comparison of confiscated drugs to drugs actually consumed by users were performed using the WBE approach. Samples for wastewater analysis were collected during one-week sampling periods in 2012, 2014 and 2015, with a maximum of 14 cities participating. The samples were analysed with a validated ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric (UHPLC-MS/MS) methodology for various common drugs of abuse. The results were then compared with data from other national indicators available. Joint interpretation of the data shows that the use of amphetamine and MDMA has increased in Finland from 2012 to 2014. A similar trend was also observed for cocaine, although its use remains at a very low level compared to many other European countries. Heroin was practically absent from the Finnish drug market during the study period. The retail market for the most common stimulant drugs were estimated to have been worth EUR 70 million for amphetamine and around EUR 10 million for both methamphetamine and cocaine, in 2014 in Finland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aino Kankaanpää
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Forensic Toxicology, Mannerheimintie 166, FI-00300 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kari Ariniemi
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Forensic Toxicology, Mannerheimintie 166, FI-00300 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mari Heinonen
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services HSY, Hernepellontie 24, FI-00560 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kimmo Kuoppasalmi
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Forensic Toxicology, Mannerheimintie 166, FI-00300 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teemu Gunnar
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Forensic Toxicology, Mannerheimintie 166, FI-00300 Helsinki, Finland.
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8
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Tanner JA, Novalen M, Jatlow P, Huestis MA, Murphy SE, Kaprio J, Kankaanpää A, Galanti L, Stefan C, George TP, Benowitz NL, Lerman C, Tyndale RF. Nicotine metabolite ratio (3-hydroxycotinine/cotinine) in plasma and urine by different analytical methods and laboratories: implications for clinical implementation. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015; 24:1239-46. [PMID: 26014804 PMCID: PMC4526326 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-1381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The highly genetically variable enzyme CYP2A6 metabolizes nicotine to cotinine (COT) and COT to trans-3'-hydroxycotinine (3HC). The nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR, 3HC/COT) is commonly used as a biomarker of CYP2A6 enzymatic activity, rate of nicotine metabolism, and total nicotine clearance; NMR is associated with numerous smoking phenotypes, including smoking cessation. Our objective was to investigate the impact of different measurement methods, at different sites, on plasma and urinary NMR measures from ad libitum smokers. METHODS Plasma (n = 35) and urine (n = 35) samples were sent to eight different laboratories, which used similar and different methods of COT and 3HC measurements to derive the NMR. We used Bland-Altman analysis to assess agreement, and Pearson correlations to evaluate associations, between NMR measured by different methods. RESULTS Measures of plasma NMR were in strong agreement between methods according to Bland-Altman analysis (ratios, 0.82-1.16) and were highly correlated (all Pearson r > 0.96, P < 0.0001). Measures of urinary NMR were in relatively weaker agreement (ratios 0.62-1.71) and less strongly correlated (Pearson r values of 0.66-0.98, P < 0.0001) between different methods. Plasma and urinary COT and 3HC concentrations, while weaker than NMR, also showed good agreement in plasma, which was better than that in urine, as was observed for NMR. CONCLUSIONS Plasma is a very reliable biologic source for the determination of NMR, robust to differences in these analytical protocols or assessment site. IMPACT Together this indicates a reduced need for differential interpretation of plasma NMR results based on the approach used, allowing for direct comparison of different studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie-Anne Tanner
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria Novalen
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter Jatlow
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Marilyn A Huestis
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sharon E Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland. Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aino Kankaanpää
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laurence Galanti
- Department of Clinical Biology, Mont-Godinne University Hospital, Yvoir, Belgium
| | - Cristiana Stefan
- Clinical Laboratory and Diagnostic Services, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tony P George
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Division of Brain and Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Neal L Benowitz
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Caryn Lerman
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Kankaanpää A, Ariniemi K, Heinonen M, Kuoppasalmi K, Gunnar T. Use of illicit stimulant drugs in Finland: a wastewater study in ten major cities. Sci Total Environ 2014; 487:696-702. [PMID: 24331163 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Estimations of drug use at the national level are generally based on various sources of information, such as drug seizures, socio-scientific studies, toxicological data and hospital records. Nevertheless, all of these approaches have limitations that cannot be overcome, even if conclusions are drawn from combined data retrieved from different sources. Drug epidemiology through wastewater analysis has the potential to provide unique perspectives, internationally comparable data, and up-to-date information on the use of both traditional illicit drugs and new psychoactive substances (NPSs). In Finland, no large-scale studies on regional illicit drug consumption, based on a wastewater approach, have been reported. In this study, 24-h influent composite samples were collected during two 1-week study periods from ten different wastewater treatment plants in May and November-December 2012. The cities included in the study represent the geographical areas throughout Finland and cover 40% of the Finnish population. The samples were analyzed with an in-house validated, ultra high-performance liquid-chromatography mass spectrometric (UHPLC-MS/MS) method for various common illicit drugs and some NPS type stimulant drugs. The results were also compared with available statistics, information on drug seizures and laboratory-confirmed toxicological data, as well as other studies available based on wastewater analysis. The data show that illicit stimulant drug use is more common in the larger cities of Southern Finland. Amphetamine was the most commonly used drug in all 10 cities during both collection periods (excluding the collection period in May in Lappeenranta). Cocaine consumption remains very low in Finland in comparison to other European countries; it was concentrated in the biggest cities in Southern Finland. This study shows interesting temporal and spatial differences in drug use in Finland, as well as the possibilities of using wastewater analytics to reveal local hotspots of NPS consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aino Kankaanpää
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Department of Alcohol, Drugs and Addiction, Mannerheimintie 166, FI-00300 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kari Ariniemi
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Department of Alcohol, Drugs and Addiction, Mannerheimintie 166, FI-00300 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mari Heinonen
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services HSY, Hernepellontie 24, FI-00560 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kimmo Kuoppasalmi
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Department of Alcohol, Drugs and Addiction, Mannerheimintie 166, FI-00300 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teemu Gunnar
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Department of Alcohol, Drugs and Addiction, Mannerheimintie 166, FI-00300 Helsinki, Finland.
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10
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Kantomaa M, Stamatakis E, Kankaanpää A, Kaakinen M, Rodriguez A, Taanila A, Ahonen T, Järvelin M, Tammelin T. Do childhood motor problems predict later academic achievement through physical activity, fitness and obesity? J Sci Med Sport 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2012.11.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Broms U, Pennanen M, Patja K, Ollila H, Korhonen T, Kankaanpää A, Haukkala A, Tuulio-Henriksson A, Koskenvuo M, Kronholm E, Laatikainen T, Peltonen M, Partonen T, Kaprio J. Diurnal Evening Type is Associated with Current Smoking, Nicotine Dependence and Nicotine Intake in the Population Based National FINRISK 2007 Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; S2. [PMID: 22905332 DOI: 10.4172/2155-6105.s2-002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
AIMS: To examine whether smoking habits, nicotine dependence (ND) and plasma cotinine levels differ by diurnal type. DESIGN: Data originated from the national FINRISK 2007 survey. Regression analyses were calculated to examine the association between diurnal type and smoking status, ND, and nicotine intake. PARTICIPANTS: 7091 FINRISK participants with smoking and diurnal type information and a subset of 1746 ever smokers with detailed smoking, and ND assessments. MEASUREMENTS: Diurnal type assessed with a six-item sum scale was categorized as morning, intermediate and evening type. Smoking status was determined as current (daily or occasional), former, and never smokers. ND was measured with the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), the Hooked on Nicotine Checklist (HONC), and the Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale (NDSS). For current smokers, plasma cotinine was analyzed as biochemical measurement of nicotine intake. FINDINGS: Evening type was associated with current smoking (OR=1.66, 95% CI 1.40, 1.97). A significant association with diurnal type was seen for FTND among men (beta= -0.46, 95% CI -0.72, -0.21), sexes combined for HONC (beta= -0.31, 95% CI -0.52, -0.11) and NDSS (beta= -0.86, 95% CI -1.43, -0.29) and for cotinine among men (beta= -0.73, 95% CI -1.16, -0.29). Adjustment for depressive symptoms attenuated the association of diurnal type with NDSS to be non-significant. CONCLUSIONS: Diurnal type was associated with multiple ND measures and nicotine intake, interestingly more so among men. Evening type persons are at higher risk of dependence, but depressive symptoms attenuates this association clearly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulla Broms
- Hjelt Institute, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Kailanto S, Kankaanpää A, Seppälä T. Subchronic steroid administration induces long lasting changes in neurochemical and behavioral response to cocaine in rats. Steroids 2011; 76:1310-6. [PMID: 21745486 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2011.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The abuse of anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs), such as nandrolone, is not only a problem in the world of sports but is associated with the polydrug use of non-athletes. Among other adverse effects, AAS abuse has been associated with long term or even persistent psychiatric problems. We have previously found that nandrolone decanoate treatment could produce prolonged changes in rats' brain reward circuits associated to drug dependence. The aim in this study was to evaluate whether AAS-induced neurochemical and behavioral changes are reversible. The increases in extracellular dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) concentration, as well as stereotyped behavior and locomotor activity (LMA) evoked by cocaine were attenuated by pretreatment with nandrolone. The recovery period, which was needed for the DA system to return back to the basic level, was fairly long compared to the dosing period of the steroid. In the 5-HT system, the time that system needed to return back to the basal level, was even longer than in the DA system. The attenuation was still seen though there were no detectable traces of nandrolone in the blood samples. Given that accumbal outflow of DA and 5-HT, as well as LMA and stereotyped behavior are all related to reward of stimulant drugs, this study suggests that nandrolone decanoate has significant, long-lasting but reversible effects on the rewarding properties of cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Kailanto
- Department of Alcohol, Drugs and Addiction, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
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13
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Kurling-Kailanto S, Kankaanpää A, Seppälä T. Subchronic nandrolone administration reduces cocaine-induced dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine outflow in the rat nucleus accumbens. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2010; 209:271-81. [PMID: 20186395 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-010-1796-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The abuse of anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) is not only a problem in the world of sports but is associated with the polydrug use of nonathletes. Investigations of the neurochemical effects of AAS have focused in part on the monoaminergic systems, involving, among other things, the development of dependence. We have previously shown that pretreatment with nandrolone decanoate attenuates dose-dependently the increase in extracellular dopamine (DA) concentration evoked by amphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioyxymethamphetamine in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate whether the nandrolone pre-exposure modulates the acute neurochemical and behavioral effects of cocaine in rats and whether the effects are long lasting. METHODS DA, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and their metabolites were measured from samples collected from the NAc by microdialysis. The behavior of the animals was recorded. RESULTS The present study demonstrates that five injections of nandrolone (5 and 20 mg/kg) inhibited cocaine-evoked DA and 5-HT outflow in the NAc, locomotor activity (LMA), and stereotyped behavior in experimental animals, and that these effects are seen even after elimination of nandrolone from bloodstream. CONCLUSIONS Given that accumbal outflow of DA and 5-HT, as well as LMA and stereotyped behavior, is related to gratification of stimulant drugs, this study suggests that nandrolone, at the doses tested, has a significant effect on the pleasurable properties of cocaine. Furthermore, because neurochemical and behavioral responses were still attenuated after a fairly long recovery period, it seems that nandrolone may induce long-lasting changes in the brains of rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Kurling-Kailanto
- Department of Alcohol, Drugs and Addiction, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, 00271, Helsinki, Finland.
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14
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Kurling-Kailanto S, Kankaanpää A, Hautaniemi J, Seppälä T. Blockade of androgen or estrogen receptors reduces nandrolone's ability to modulate acute reward-related neurochemical effects of amphetamine in rat brain. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2010; 95:422-7. [PMID: 20211643 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2010.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Revised: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Previously we have reported that sub-chronic administration of nandrolone modifies reward-related neurochemical effects of psychomotor stimulant drugs of abuse. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether the ability of nandrolone (19-nortestosterone) to attenuate the effects of amphetamine depends on activation of androgen (AR) or estrogen receptors (ER). We used an in vivo microdialysis technique in fully conscious rats to monitor whether administration of the AR-antagonist flutamide (7x50 mg/kg) or the ER-antagonist clomiphene (7x20 mg/kg), attenuates nandrolone-induced modulation of dopaminergic and serotonergic effects of acute injections of amphetamine (1 mg/kg). Dopamine (DA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and their metabolites were measured from the samples using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Blocking the androgen receptors with flutamide abolished the attenuating effect of nandrolone pre-treatment on amphetamine-induced elevation of extracellular DA concentration. Blocking the estrogen receptors with clomiphene did the same but to a lesser extent. In conclusion, the results of this study show that the ability of nandrolone to attenuate the effects of amphetamine depends on activation of androgen receptors or to a lesser extent, on estrogen receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Kurling-Kailanto
- Department of Alcohol, Drugs and Addiction, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
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15
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Kurling S, Kankaanpää A, Seppälä T. Sub-chronic nandrolone treatment modifies neurochemical and behavioral effects of amphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in rats. Behav Brain Res 2008; 189:191-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2007.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2007] [Accepted: 12/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Rantamäki T, Hendolin P, Kankaanpää A, Mijatovic J, Piepponen P, Domenici E, Chao MV, Männistö PT, Castrén E. Pharmacologically diverse antidepressants rapidly activate brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor TrkB and induce phospholipase-Cgamma signaling pathways in mouse brain. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007; 32:2152-62. [PMID: 17314919 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies suggest that brain-derived neurotrophic factor and its receptor TrkB are critically involved in the therapeutic actions of antidepressant drugs. We have previously shown that the antidepressants imipramine and fluoxetine produce a rapid autophosphorylation of TrkB in the rodent brain. In the present study, we have further examined the biochemical and functional characteristics of antidepressant-induced TrkB activation in vivo. We show that all the antidepressants examined, including inhibitors of monoamine transporters and metabolism, activate TrkB rapidly in the rodent anterior cingulate cortex and hippocampus. Furthermore, the results indicate that acute and long-term antidepressant treatments induce TrkB-mediated activation of phospholipase-Cgamma1 (PLCgamma1) and increase the phosphorylation of cAMP-related element binding protein, a major transcription factor mediating neuronal plasticity. In contrast, we have not observed any modulation of the phosphorylation of TrkB Shc binding site, phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase or AKT by antidepressants. We also show that in the forced swim test, the behavioral effects of specific serotonergic antidepressant citalopram, but not those of the specific noradrenergic antidepressant reboxetine, are crucially dependent on TrkB signaling. Finally, brain monoamines seem to be critical mediators of antidepressant-induced TrkB activation, as antidepressants reboxetine and citalopram do not produce TrkB activation in the brains of serotonin- or norepinephrine-depleted mice. In conclusion, our data suggest that rapid activation of the TrkB neurotrophin receptor and PLCgamma1 signaling is a common mechanism for all antidepressant drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomi Rantamäki
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, PO box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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17
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Kankaanpää A, Liukkonen R, Ariniemi K. Determination of γ-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and its precursors in blood and urine samples: A salting-out approach. Forensic Sci Int 2007; 170:133-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
1-Benzylpiperazine (also known as 'Legal X', 'Legal E', or 'A2') is a psychoactive compound increasingly encountered on the clandestine market. Previous experimental data suggest that the compound possesses addictive properties. In the present study, we used the conditioned place preference method in the rat to test whether 1-benzylpiperazine possesses rewarding properties. Furthermore, the mechanisms of the 1-benzylpiperazine reward were investigated using selected dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonists. 1-Benzylpiperazine (1.25, 5, and 20 mg/kg) induced dose-dependently place preference. This place preference was attenuated by the antagonists SCH23390 (0.2 mg/kg; dopamine D1-like receptors) and MDL72222 (1.0 mg/kg; serotonin3 receptors), but not by raclopride (0.8 mg/kg; dopamine D2-like receptors) or ketanserin (2 mg/kg; preferentially serotonin2 receptors). Our results show that 1-benzylpiperazine possesses rewarding properties in the rat, which suggests the compound to be susceptible to human abuse. The brain dopaminergic and serotonergic systems appear to be involved in the 1-benzylpiperazine reward.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Behavior, Animal/physiology
- Benzazepines/pharmacology
- Conditioning, Psychological
- Dopamine Antagonists/pharmacology
- Dopamine D2 Receptor Antagonists
- Ketanserin/pharmacology
- Male
- Piperidines/pharmacology
- Psychotropic Drugs/pharmacology
- Raclopride/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/physiology
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/physiology
- Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT2/physiology
- Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT3/physiology
- Reward
- Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists
- Serotonin 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonists
- Serotonin Antagonists/pharmacology
- Substance-Related Disorders
- Tropanes/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Esa Meririnne
- Drug Research Unit, Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, National Public Health Institute, Mannerheimintie 166, FIN-00300 Helsinki 30, Finland.
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19
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Meririnne E, Kajos M, Kankaanpää A, Koistinen M, Kiianmaa K, Seppälä T. Rewarding properties of the stereoisomers of 4-methylaminorex: Involvement of the dopamine system. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2005; 81:715-24. [PMID: 15982727 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2005.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2004] [Revised: 03/20/2005] [Accepted: 04/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
4-Methylaminorex is a potential psychostimulant drug of abuse that exists as four stereoisomers: cis-4R,5S, cis-4S,5R, trans-4S,5S, and trans-4R,5R. The racemic mixture of the cis-isomers has been encountered in illicit samples, but previous animal studies suggest that also the trans-isomers could have similar stimulant-like properties. We tested whether the stereoisomers possess rewarding properties and compared their potency using the conditioned place preference method in rats. Furthermore, the involvement of the brain dopaminergic system in the 4-methylaminorex reward was tested with the dopamine D1- and D2-receptor antagonists SCH 23390 and raclopride administered systemically, or with the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine injected into the nucleus accumbens. All the four isomers induced place preference, with no apparent differences in their potency. SCH 23990 and raclopride attenuated 4-methylaminorex-induced increase in place preference, and 6-hydroxydopamine also tended to be efficacious. These findings indicate that all the four stereoisomers of 4-methylaminorex possess rewarding properties and thus abuse potential; the trans-isomers are at least as potent as the cis-isomers. Furthermore, the brain dopaminergic system appears to be involved in the 4-methylaminorex-reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esa Meririnne
- Drug Research Unit, National Public Health Institute, Mannerheimintie 166, FIN-00300 Helsinki 30, Finland.
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20
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Kurling S, Kankaanpää A, Ellermaa S, Karila T, Seppälä T. The effect of sub-chronic nandrolone decanoate treatment on dopaminergic and serotonergic neuronal systems in the brains of rats. Brain Res 2005; 1044:67-75. [PMID: 15862791 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2004] [Revised: 02/21/2005] [Accepted: 02/24/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs) are widely abused by adolescents, although persistent AAS use can cause several adverse physical and mental effects, including drug dependence. The first aim of the present study was to study the action of nandrolone decanoate on dopaminergic and serotonergic activities in the brains of rats. In order to evaluate the anabolic or toxic effects of the dosing regimens used, selected peripheral effects were monitored as well. Male Wistar rats were treated for 2 weeks. Injections containing nandrolone (5 and 20 mg/kg, i.m.) or vehicle were given once daily, 5 days a week. The levels of dopamine (DA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and their metabolites were assayed from dissected brain regions 3 days after the last injection. Blood was collected for chemical assays before, after 1 week treatment and at decapitation. Both doses of nandrolone significantly increased the levels of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), a metabolite of DA in the cerebral cortex, and the higher dose of nandrolone increased the concentrations of 5-HT in the cerebral cortex compared with the vehicle. In addition, after nandrolone treatment, the levels of hemoglobin and erythrocytes increased, and reticulocyte levels decreased. The results suggest that nandrolone at supraphysiological doses, high enough to induce erythropoiesis, induces changes in the dopaminergic and serotonergic neuronal system in the brains of rats. These phenomena may account to some of the observed central stimulatory properties that have been reported following AAS abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Kurling
- Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, National Public Health Institute, Mannerheimintie 166, FIN-00300 Helsinki, Finland.
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21
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Kankaanpää A, Gunnar T, Ariniemi K, Lillsunde P, Mykkänen S, Seppälä T. Single-step procedure for gas chromatography–mass spectrometry screening and quantitative determination of amphetamine-type stimulants and related drugs in blood, serum, oral fluid and urine samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2004; 810:57-68. [PMID: 15358308 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2004] [Accepted: 07/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We describe a rapid GC/MS assay for amphetamine-type stimulant drugs (ATSs) and structurally related common medicaments in blood, serum, oral fluid and urine samples. The drugs were extracted from their matrices and derivatized with heptafluorobutyric anhydride (HFBA) in a single step, using the following procedure: 100 microl (oral fluid) or 200 microl (blood, serum, urine) of the sample were mixed with 50 microl of alkaline buffer and 500 microl of extraction-derivatization reagent (toluene + HFBA + internal standard), centrifuged, and injected into a GC/MS apparatus. As revealed by the validation data this procedure, with its limit of quantitation being set at 20 ng/ml for oral fluid, 25 ng/ml for blood or 200 ng/ml for urine, is suitable for screening, identification and quantitative determination of the ATSs and related drugs in all the matrices examined. Thus, time-consuming and expensive multiple analyses are not needed, unless specifically required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aino Kankaanpää
- Drug Research Unit and Laboratory of Substance Abuse, Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, National Public Health Institute, Mannerheimintie 166, FIN-00300 Helsinki, Finland.
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22
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Vekovischeva OY, Aitta-Aho T, Echenko O, Kankaanpää A, Seppälä T, Honkanen A, Sprengel R, Korpi ER. Reduced aggression in AMPA-type glutamate receptor GluR-A subunit-deficient mice. Genes Brain Behav 2004; 3:253-65. [PMID: 15344919 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-1848.2004.00075.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The importance of AMPA-type glutamate receptors has been demonstrated in neuronal plasticity and in adaptation to drugs of abuse. We studied the involvement of AMPA receptors in social interaction and anxiety and found that in several paradigms of agonistic behavior naïve male mice deficient for the GluR-A subunit- containing AMPA receptors are less aggressive than wild-type littermates. GluR-A deficient mice and wild-type littermates exhibited similar basic behavior and reflexes as monitored by observational Irwin's test, but they tended to be less anxious in elevated plus-maze and light-dark tests. Maternal aggression or male-female encounters were not affected which suggests that male hormones are involved in the expression of suppressed aggressiveness. However, testosterone levels and brain monoamines can be excluded and found to be similar between GluR-A deficient and wild-type littermates. The reduced AMPA receptor levels caused by the lack of the GluR-A subunit, and measured by a 30% reduction in hippocampal [3H]-S-AMPA binding, seem to be the reason for suppressed male aggressiveness. When we analyzed mice with reduced number of functional AMPA receptors mediated by the genomic introduced GluR-A(Q582R) channel mutation, we observed again male-specific suppressed aggression, providing additional evidence for GluR-A subunit-containing AMPA receptor involvement in aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Y Vekovischeva
- Institute of Biomedicine/Pharmacology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Finland
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23
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Meririnne E, Ellermaa S, Kankaanpää A, Bardy A, Seppälä T. Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Distribution of the Stereoisomers of 4-Methylaminorex in the Rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004; 309:1198-205. [PMID: 14742748 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.103.060053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
4-Methylaminorex, a potential psychostimulant drug of abuse, exists as four stereoisomers: cis-4R,5S, cis-4S,5R, trans-4S,5S, and trans-4R,5R, which were shown previously to possess stereospecific effects. This study characterized their pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution profiles, and metabolic turnover to norephedrine and norpseudoephedrine, in male Wistar rats. The rats received each isomer intravenously, intraperitoneally, or orally, followed by blood sample collection via cannula (pharmacokinetic study), or tissue sample collection at predetermined time points (tissue distribution study). The samples were analyzed for cis- and trans-isomers, and when appropriate for norephedrine and norpseudoephedrine, with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Trans-4S,5S-, cis-4R,5S-, and cis-4S,5R-isomers behaved comparably kinetically (volume of distribution 1.7-2.3 l/kg, distribution half-life 3.8-7.0 min, elimination half-life 35-42 min, and bioavailability 32-57% intraperitoneally or 4-16% orally), whereas trans-4R,5R-isomer differed from the others, with a longer elimination half-life (118-169 min) and higher bioavailability (100% intraperitoneally or 83% orally). The highest isomer concentrations were observed in the kidney followed most frequently by the liver, brain, muscle, and last by fat and blood. The elimination half-lives of the stereoisomers from the tissues were generally similar to those in blood. No pharmacologically significant amounts of norephedrine or norpseudoephedrine were detected in blood or the brain. In conclusion, differences between the stereoisomers of 4-methylaminorex in the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution are described. However, these differences are not compatible with, and thus may not account for, the distinct behavioral and neurochemical effects of the stereoisomers demonstrated previously. Furthermore, metabolic turnover to norephedrine and norpseudoephedrine does not seem to contribute significantly to 4-methylaminorex pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esa Meririnne
- Drug Research Unit, Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, National Public Health Institute, Mannerheimintie 166, FIN-00300 Helsinki, Finland.
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24
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Ojanen S, Koistinen M, Bäckström P, Kankaanpää A, Tuomainen P, Hyytiä P, Kiianmaa K. Differential behavioural sensitization to intermittent morphine treatment in alcohol-preferring AA and alcohol-avoiding ANA rats: role of mesolimbic dopamine. Eur J Neurosci 2003; 17:1655-63. [PMID: 12752383 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02589.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol-preferring AA (Alko Alcohol) and alcohol-avoiding ANA (Alko Non-Alcohol) rats have well-documented differences in their voluntary ethanol consumption and brain opioidergic systems. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether these rat lines differ in their susceptibility to morphine-induced behavioural and neurochemical sensitization. The rats were given 15 injections of morphine (10 mg/kg, s.c.) or saline every other day. Locomotor activity and release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens were monitored after a challenge with additional morphine injections (10 mg/kg) 1 and 5 weeks after withdrawal from the repeated treatment. Morphine increased locomotion more in the previously morphine-treated rats than in the saline-treated controls. Furthermore, AA rats were more sensitive to this effect of morphine than ANA rats. Accumbal morphine-induced dopamine release was significantly higher in the morphine-treated AA than ANA rats after the first challenge injection 1 week from withdrawal, but no differences were observed after the second challenge. The brain and plasma concentrations of morphine were similar among the lines suggesting that the differences in the effects of morphine cannot be explained in terms of differential pharmacokinetics of morphine in these lines. These data show that AA rats are more susceptible to morphine-induced behavioural sensitization than ANA rats. Furthermore, it suggests that mesolimbic dopamine has at best only a transient role in the expression of opioid-induced behavioural sensitization. The relationship between the mechanisms underlying the differential sensitivity of these rat lines to the effects of repeated morphine and voluntary ethanol drinking remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Ojanen
- Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, National Public Health Institute, POB 33, 00251 Helsinki, Finland
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25
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Kankaanpää A, Meririnne E, Seppälä T. 5-HT3 receptor antagonist MDL 72222 attenuates cocaine- and mazindol-, but not methylphenidate-induced neurochemical and behavioral effects in the rat. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2002; 159:341-50. [PMID: 11823886 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-001-0939-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2000] [Accepted: 09/11/2001] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE It has previously been demonstrated that the 5-HT(3) receptors located in the mesolimbic brain areas are able to modulate the dopaminergic effects of various abused drugs, including cocaine (COC). OBJECTIVES The present experiments investigated the role of 5-HT(3) receptors in the actions of selected monoamine uptake inhibitors. METHODS The ability of the 5-HT(3) receptor antagonist MDL 72222 (MDL; 0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg) to modify the neurochemical and behavioral changes induced by COC (20 mg/kg), mazindol (MAZ; 10 mg/kg), and methylphenidate (MP; 5.0 or 10, and 20 mg/kg) was assessed with an in vivo microdialysis technique, a conditioned place preference method, and motor activity measurements. RESULTS MDL robustly attenuated the elevation of extracellular dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens, acquisition of place preference, and motor activity induced by COC and MAZ, but not those induced by MP, the only drug with no significant effect on 5-HT. In contrast, expression of COC-induced place preference was not attenuated by MDL. CONCLUSIONS These results show that COC- and MAZ-induced reward-related neurochemical and behavioral effects, preferentially those implicated in development of conditioned reward, are modified by the 5-HT(3) blockade. In contrast to COC and MAZ, the changes induced by MP, which has less effect on the serotonergic system, remain unchanged. Thus it appears that involvement of a serotonergic component in the mechanism of action of a drug could be a prerequisite for effective antagonism by 5-HT(3) receptor blockers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aino Kankaanpää
- Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, Drug Research Unit, National Public Health Institute, Mannerheimintie 166, 00300 Helsinki, Finland.
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26
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Kankaanpää A, Ellermaa S, Meririnne E, Hirsjärvi P, Seppälä T. Acute neurochemical and behavioral effects of stereoisomers of 4-methylaminorex in relation to brain drug concentrations. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002; 300:450-9. [PMID: 11805204 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.300.2.450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
4-Methylaminorex is a stimulant drug of abuse that exists as four stereoisomers: cis-4R,5S, cis-4S,5R, trans-4S,5S, and trans-4R,5R. These isomers have previously been shown to differ markedly in various respects. In the present study we assessed the effects of the isomers of 4-methylaminorex (2.5, 5.0, and 10 mg/kg i.p.) on extracellular dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) levels in the nucleus accumbens, as well as behavior in the rats simultaneously. The relative concentrations of the isomers in the brain were also measured. The samples were collected by in vivo microdialysis and then analyzed for neurotransmitters with high-performance liquid chromatography/electrochemical detection and for cis- and trans-4-methylaminorex with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The behavioral effects of the isomers were assessed from videotapes recorded during the microdialysis experiments. All isomers elevated the extracellular levels of both dopamine and 5-HT, with the exception of trans-4R,5R. The rank order of potency for elevating dopamine was trans-4S,5S > cis-4S,5R approximately cis-4R,5S > trans-4R,5R, and for elevating 5-HT cis-4S,5R > trans-4S,5S approximately cis-4R,5S > trans-4R,5R. Analysis of the behavioral data, together with the neurochemical data, suggests that behavioral effects of the isomers of 4-methylaminorex are related to drug-induced dopamine release and, in the case of higher doses of the most efficacious isomers, to 5-HT as well. The brain concentrations of the isomers did not reflect their neurochemical efficacy, which implies that their differences are pharmacodynamic rather than pharmacokinetic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aino Kankaanpää
- Drug Research Unit, Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland.
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Kankaanpää A, Meririnne E, Ellermaa S, Ariniemi K, Seppälä T. Detection and assay of cis- and trans-isomers of 4-methylaminorex in urine, plasma and tissue samples. Forensic Sci Int 2001; 121:57-64. [PMID: 11516888 DOI: 10.1016/s0379-0738(01)00453-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The 4-methylaminorex (4-MAX) is an amphetamine-related psychostimulant drug that has appeared on the clandestine market with a street name of "U4Euh". This compound exists as four stereoisomers, trans-4R,5R, trans-4S,5S, cis-4R,5S and cis-4S,5R, of which the cis forms have been classified as Schedule I substances in the US. The increasing variety of designer drugs has highlighted the importance of detection, identification, and quantitative measurement of these drugs, including 4-MAX, in biological samples. In the present study, the isomers of 4-MAX were detected in urine of rats treated with the drugs by some but not all of the on-site immunoassays tested, mainly as amphetamine or methamphetamine. To facilitate identification of 4-MAX by laboratories specialized in drug analysis, the electron-ionization mass spectrum and TLC data for underivatized 4-MAX using a routine laboratory drug-screening procedure is provided. In addition, a GC/MS method is described for the quantitative determination of cis- and trans-4-MAX as tert-butyldimethylsilyl-derivatives in plasma, urine and tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kankaanpää
- Research Unit on Substance Abuse, Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, National Public Health Institute, Mannerheimintie 166, FIN-00300 Helsinki, Finland.
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Meririnne E, Kankaanpää A, Seppälä T. Rewarding properties of methylphenidate: sensitization by prior exposure to the drug and effects of dopamine D1- and D2-receptor antagonists. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2001; 298:539-50. [PMID: 11454915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In drug addiction, a sensitization phenomenon has been postulated to play a critical role. The aim of our study was to evaluate whether sensitization occurs to the rewarding properties of methylphenidate, a psychostimulant drug known to possess abuse potential, as assessed with the biased conditioned place preference method in rats. In addition, since the brain dopaminergic system is considered to be important in drug-reward, the involvement of dopamine D1- and D2-receptors both in the rewarding properties of methylphenidate and in sensitization to these properties was assessed. Conditioning with methylphenidate at doses of 1.25 to 20 mg/kg increased preference for the paired environment, whereas a dose of 0.31 mg/kg was ineffective. However, following the 7-day sensitization treatment with methylphenidate (0.62-20 mg/kg), conditioning with a dose of 0.31 mg/kg resulted in an increased preference for the paired environment, i.e., the rewarding properties of methylphenidate appeared to be sensitized. Control experiments indicated that the enhancement of preference was not due to attenuation of sensitization treatment-induced withdrawal nor to tolerance to aversive properties of methylphenidate. When conditioned with methylphenidate, D1-antagonist SCH 23390 but not D2-antagonist raclopride prevented place preference. However, when coadministered with methylphenidate during the sensitization treatment, both SCH 23390 and raclopride prevented the development of sensitization. These data indicate that the rewarding properties of methylphenidate are sensitized by prior exposure to the drug and that both D1- and D2-receptors, the latter of which possibly more specifically, appear to be involved in the development of this sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Meririnne
- National Public Health Institute, Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, Drug Research Unit, Helsinki, Finland.
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Kankaanpää A, Meririnne E, Ariniemi K, Seppälä T. Oxalic acid stabilizes dopamine, serotonin, and their metabolites in automated liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 2001; 753:413-9. [PMID: 11334358 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00553-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Use of antioxidative agents is required in automated LC assay of microdialysis samples, due to rapid degradation of the monoamine neurotransmitters and their metabolites. Addition of oxalic acid prevented degradation of dopamine, serotonin, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid efficiently: after a 24-h incubation at room temperature the decreases in peak heights were less than 10%. The long-term stability of the analytes, however, was still enhanced when acetic acid and L-cysteine were included in the solution. Using this antioxidative solution, the monoamine neurotransmitters and their metabolites could be determined with an automated LC assay even at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kankaanpää
- National Public Health Institute, Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, Research Unit of Substance Abuse, Helsinki, Finland.
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Meririnne E, Kankaanpää A, Vanakoski J, Lillsunde P, Seppälä T. The effects of quinine and 4-aminopyridine on conditioned place preference and changes in motor activity induced by morphine in rats. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1999; 23:713-30. [PMID: 10390729 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-5846(99)00030-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
1. The effects of two unselective potassium (K(+)-) channel blockers, quinine (12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg) and 4-aminopyridine (1 and 2 mg/kg), on conditioned place preference and biphasic changes in motor activity induced by morphine (10 mg/kg) were tested in Wistar rats. Quinine is known to block voltage-, calcium- and ATP-sensitive K(+)-channels while 4-aminopyridine is known to block voltage-sensitive K(+)-channels. 2. In the counterbalanced method, quinine attenuated morphine-induced place preference, whereas 4-aminopyridine was ineffective. In the motor activity test measured with an Animex-activity meter neither of the K(+)-channel blockers affected morphine-induced hypoactivity, but both K(+)-channel blockers prevented morphine-induced secondary hyperactivity. 3. These results suggest the involvement of quinine-sensitive but not 4-aminopyridine-sensitive K(+)-channels in morphine reward. It is also suggested that the blockade of K(+)-channels sensitive to these blockers is not sufficient to prevent morphine-induced hypoactivity whereas morphine-induced hyperactivity seems to be connected to both quinine- and 4-aminopyridine-sensitive K(+)-channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Meririnne
- Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, Laboratory of Substance Abuse, Helsinki, Finland
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Abstract
Drugs such as benzodiazepines, which enhance the effects of inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), are known to modulate the mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic system, which is considered to mediate the rewarding effects of psychostimulants. The effects of diazepam, a benzodiazepine that binds unspecifically to omega 1- (omega1-) and omega2-receptors, and zolpidem, a nonbenzodiazepine drug that binds preferentially to omega1-receptors, on cocaine- and amphetamine-induced place preference were evaluated in Wistar rats. In tests using the counterbalanced method, neither diazepam (0.2, 1, and 5 mg/kg) nor zolpidem (2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg) alone induced place preference or place aversion. Diazepam pretreatment prevented both cocaine- and amphetamine-induced (15 and 9 mg/kg, respectively) place preference; however, at doses that were earlier shown to cause sedation and amnesia, zolpidem failed to prevent either cocaine- or amphetamine-induced place preference. These results suggest that diazepam interferes with the rewarding properties of the psychostimulants, whereas zolpidem is less effective in this respect, possibly due to differential distribution of omega1- and omega2-receptors in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Meririnne
- National Public Health Institute, Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, Helsinki, Finland
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Kankaanpää A, Meririnne E, Lillsunde P, Seppälä T. The acute effects of amphetamine derivatives on extracellular serotonin and dopamine levels in rat nucleus accumbens. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1998; 59:1003-9. [PMID: 9586861 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-3057(97)00527-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The acute effects of amphetamine derivatives on extracellular concentration of serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine in the nucleus accumbens were studied with in vivo microdialysis using conscious, freely moving rats. 5-HT, dopamine, and their major metabolites were measured by HPLC with electrochemical detection. Amphetamine (1.0-9.0 mg/kg) elevated dopamine levels considerably, but failed to affect the levels of 5-HT, except at the highest dose administered. 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA, 1.0-9.0 mg/kg) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 1.0-9.0 mg/kg) elevated both 5-HT and dopamine levels dose dependently. The failure of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM, 0.5-1.0 mg/kg) to affect the 5-HT levels suggests that extracellular levels of 5-HT play a minor role in hallucinogenic activity. The strong effects of MDA and MDMA on levels of 5-HT indicate that their actions on serotonergic mechanisms are different from those of the hallucinogens. In addition, methylenedioxyamphetamines may act via dopaminergic mechanisms similar to those of amphetamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kankaanpää
- National Public Health Institute, Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, Laboratory of Substance Abuse, Helsinki, Finland
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Kankaanpää A, Lillsunde P, Ruotsalainen M, Ahtee L, Seppâlä T. 5-HT3 receptor antagonist MDL 72222 dose-dependently attenuates cocaine- and amphetamine-induced elevations of extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens and the dorsal striatum. Pharmacol Toxicol 1996; 78:317-21. [PMID: 8737967 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1996.tb01382.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The effects of a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist MDL 72222 on cocaine- and amphetamine-induced increases in extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens and the dorsal striatum were studied with microdialysis technique using halothane anaesthesized rats. Dopamine and its metabolites were measured by HPLC with electrochemical detection. Cocaine elevated extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens and to a lesser extent in the dorsal striatum, but it did not affect dopamine metabolites, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid. Pretreatment with MDL 72222 (25-100 micrograms/kg) dose-dependently attenuated cocaine-induced elevation of dopamine in both of the nuclei studied. Amphetamine elevated extracellular dopamine and reduced DOPAC and homovanillic acid equally in the nucleus accumbens and in the dorsal striatum. MDL 72222 also attenuated the amphetamine-induced elevation of extracellular dopamine concentration in both brain areas studied, but first at a dose of 100 micrograms/kg. The different potencies of the interactions of the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist with cocaine and amphetamine could be related to the different mechanisms by which these drugs primarily elevate extracellular dopamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kankaanpää
- National Public Health Institute, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Helsinki, Finland
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Abstract
To make bovine embryo sexing under farm conditions more feasible we developed a simplified protocol utilizing manual biopsy and detection of the Y chromosome directly from polymerase chain reaction (PCR) reaction tubes. Twenty-four embryos (morulae and blastocysts) were biopsied manually into 2 to 4 samples. One sample of each original embryo was diagnosed for sex, based on restriction fragment length polymorphism of PCR-amplified DNA of the ZFX/ZFY locus. The remaining 44 samples were diagnosed using the tube detection assay. In this assay the biopsies were pipetted into 0.5 -ml reaction tubes containing lysis mixture, incubated 10 to 60 min at 37 degrees C and inactivated 10 min at 98 degrees C. Then the PCR mixture was added containing buffer, DNA polymerase, ethidium bromide and primers designed to amplify the highly repeated btDYZ-1 region of the bovine Y chromosome. After 50 cycles of PCR, the reaction tubes were examined under UV illumination for pink fluorescence indicating the presence of Y-chromosomal DNA. All sexing results from the replicates were in agreement with the ZFX/ZFY assay, with 12 of the original embryos diagnosed as females and 12 as males. We conclude that highly efficient and accurate PCR-sexing of embryos can be accomplished without the use of micromanipulators, control primers and electrophoresis. The 2 reaction mixtures needed for sex diagnosis can be stored at -20 degrees C and -196 degrees C, respectively. The tube detection assay minimizes the risk of carryover contamination by previously amplified products as there is no need to open the tubes following PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bredbacka
- Department of Animal Breeding, Agricultural Research Station, FIN-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
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Lilius EM, Kankaanpää A, Lahti R. Leukocytes as immunosensors: an immunoassay without labelled reagents. J Biolumin Chemilumin 1992; 7:117-22. [PMID: 1598847 DOI: 10.1002/bio.1170070204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A novel quantitative nonlabel immunoassay is described. It is based on the recognition of antigen-antibody complexes by the Fc-receptors of phagocytic leukocytes and the subsequent activation of these cells. Activation which is proportional to the amount of immune complexes present can be detected by measuring the intensity of chemiluminescence emitted by the activated cells. In addition to determinations of an antigen and an antibody, the binding capacity of complement to antigen-antibody complexes can be estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Lilius
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Finland
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lahti
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Finland
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