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Davies KL, Miles J, Camm EJ, Smith DJ, Barker P, Taylor K, Forhead AJ, Fowden AL. Prenatal cortisol exposure impairs adrenal function but not glucose metabolism in adult sheep. J Endocrinol 2024; 260:e230326. [PMID: 38109257 PMCID: PMC10895281 DOI: 10.1530/joe-23-0326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Adverse environmental conditions before birth are known to programme adult metabolic and endocrine phenotypes in several species. However, whether increments in fetal cortisol concentrations of the magnitude commonly seen in these conditions can cause developmental programming remains unknown. Thus, this study investigated the outcome of physiological increases in fetal cortisol concentrations on glucose-insulin dynamics and pituitary-adrenal function in adult sheep. Compared with saline treatment, intravenous fetal cortisol infusion for 5 days in late gestation did not affect birthweight but increased lamb body weight at 1-2 weeks after birth. Adult glucose dynamics, insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion were unaffected by prenatal cortisol overexposure, assessed by glucose tolerance tests, hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamps and acute insulin administration. In contrast, prenatal cortisol infusion induced adrenal hypo-responsiveness in adulthood with significantly reduced cortisol responses to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia and exogenous adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) administration relative to saline treatment. The area of adrenal cortex expressed as a percentage of the total cross-sectional area of the adult adrenal gland was also lower after prenatal cortisol than saline infusion. In adulthood, basal circulating ACTH but not cortisol concentrations were significantly higher in the cortisol than saline-treated group. The results show that cortisol overexposure before birth programmes pituitary-adrenal development with consequences for adult stress responses. Physiological variations in cortisol concentrations before birth may, therefore, have an important role in determining adult phenotypical diversity and adaptability to environmental challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Davies
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK
| | - J Miles
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK
| | - E J Camm
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
| | - D J Smith
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK
| | - P Barker
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Mouse Biochemistry Laboratory, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - K Taylor
- Endocrine Laboratory, Blood Sciences, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - A J Forhead
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - A L Fowden
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK
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2
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Newton SL, Franke A, Zahl A, Molinaro G, Kenwright A, Smith DJ, Ivanovic-Burmazovic I, Britton MM, Peacock AFA. Understanding the mechanism by which Gd(III) coiled coils achieve magnetic resonance relaxivity - a study into the water coordination chemistry. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:15665-15668. [PMID: 37882137 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02909c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
A class of Gd(III) coiled coils achieve high MRI relaxivity, in part due to their slow rotational correlation time. However, extending their length is unable to further enhance performance, as the mechanism by which relaxivity is achieved is dominated by the presence of three inner sphere waters in rapid exchange, through an associative mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Newton
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK.
- PSIBS, School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
| | - A Franke
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - A Zahl
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - G Molinaro
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - A Kenwright
- School of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - D J Smith
- School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
| | - I Ivanovic-Burmazovic
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - M M Britton
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - A F A Peacock
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK.
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3
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Smith DJ, Wynn-Thompson TM, Stremler MA, Williams MA, Seiler JR, Hession WC. Root reinforcement and extracellular products reduce streambank fluvial erosion. Sci Total Environ 2023; 896:165125. [PMID: 37392881 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
A detailed understanding of the factors that impact bank erodibility is necessary to effectively model changes in channel form. This study evaluated the combined contributions of roots and soil microorganisms to soil resistance against fluvial erosion. To do this, three flume walls were constructed to simulate unvegetated and rooted streambanks. Unamended and organic material (OM) amended soil treatments with either no-roots (bare soil), synthetic (inert) roots, or living roots (Panicum virgatum) were created and tested with the corresponding flume wall treatment. OM stimulated the production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and appeared to increase the applied stress required to initiate soil erosion. Synthetic fibers alone provided a base reduction in soil erosion, regardless of the flow rate used. When used in combination, synthetic roots and OM-amendments reduced erosion rates by 86 % or more compared to bare soil; this reduction was identical to the live rooted treatments (95 % to 100 %). In summary, a synergistic relationship between roots and organic carbon inputs can significantly reduce soil erosion rates due to fiber reinforcement and EPS production. These results indicate that root-biochemical interactions, like root physical mechanisms, play an important role in influencing channel migration rates due to reductions in streambank erodibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Smith
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, 220 Ag Quad Lane, Latham Hall Rm 512, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
| | | | - M A Stremler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, USA
| | - M A Williams
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, 220 Ag Quad Lane, Latham Hall Rm 512, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - J R Seiler
- Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Tech, USA
| | - W C Hession
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, USA
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Davies KL, Camm EJ, Smith DJ, Vaughan OR, Forhead AJ, Murray AJ, Fowden AL. Glucocorticoid maturation of mitochondrial respiratory capacity in skeletal muscle before birth. J Endocrinol 2021; 251:53-68. [PMID: 34321363 PMCID: PMC8428072 DOI: 10.1530/joe-21-0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In adults, glucocorticoids act to match the supply and demand for energy during physiological challenges, partly through actions on tissue mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) capacity. However, little is known about the role of the natural prepartum rise in fetal glucocorticoid concentrations in preparing tissues for the increased postnatal energy demands. This study examined the effect of manipulating cortisol concentrations in fetal sheep during late gestation on mitochondrial OXPHOS capacity of two skeletal muscles with different postnatal locomotive functions. Mitochondrial content, biogenesis markers, respiratory rates and expression of proteins and genes involved in the electron transfer system (ETS) and OXPHOS efficiency were measured in the biceps femoris (BF) and superficial digital flexor (SDF) of fetuses either infused with cortisol before the prepartum rise or adrenalectomised to prevent this increment. Cortisol infusion increased mitochondrial content, biogenesis markers, substrate-specific respiration rates and abundance of ETS complex I and adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT1) in a muscle-specific manner that was more pronounced in the SDF than BF. Adrenalectomy reduced mitochondrial content and expression of PGC1α and ANT1 in both muscles, and ETS complex IV abundance in the SDF near term. Uncoupling protein gene expression was unaffected by cortisol manipulations in both muscles. Gene expression of the myosin heavy chain isoform, MHCIIx, was increased by cortisol infusion and reduced by adrenalectomy in the BF alone. These findings show that cortisol has a muscle-specific role in prepartum maturation of mitochondrial OXPHOS capacity with important implications for the health of neonates born pre-term or after intrauterine glucocorticoid overexposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Davies
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - E J Camm
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
| | - D J Smith
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - O R Vaughan
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - A J Forhead
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - A J Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - A L Fowden
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Correspondence should be addressed to A L Fowden:
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Gallagher MT, Cupples G, Ooi EH, Kirkman-Brown JC, Smith DJ. Rapid sperm capture: high-throughput flagellar waveform analysis. Hum Reprod 2020; 34:1173-1185. [PMID: 31170729 PMCID: PMC6613345 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dez056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Can flagellar analyses be scaled up to provide automated tracking of motile sperm, and does knowledge of the flagellar waveform provide new insight not provided by routine head tracking? SUMMARY ANSWER High-throughput flagellar waveform tracking and analysis enable measurement of experimentally intractable quantities such as energy dissipation, disturbance of the surrounding medium and viscous stresses, which are not possible by tracking the sperm head alone. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY The clinical gold standard for sperm motility analysis comprises a manual analysis by a trained professional, with existing automated sperm diagnostics [computer-aided sperm analysis (CASA)] relying on tracking the sperm head and extrapolating measures. It is not currently possible with either of these approaches to track the sperm flagellar waveform for large numbers of cells in order to unlock the potential wealth of information enclosed within. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION The software tool in this manuscript has been developed to enable high-throughput, repeatable, accurate and verifiable analysis of the sperm flagellar beat. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Using the software tool [Flagellar Analysis and Sperm Tracking (FAST)] described in this manuscript, we have analysed 176 experimental microscopy videos and have tracked the head and flagellum of 205 progressive cells in diluted semen (DSM), 119 progressive cells in a high-viscosity medium (HVM) and 42 stuck cells in a low-viscosity medium. Unscreened donors were recruited at Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust after giving informed consent. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE We describe fully automated tracking and analysis of flagellar movement for large cell numbers. The analysis is demonstrated on freely motile cells in low- and high-viscosity fluids and validated on published data of tethered cells undergoing pharmacological hyperactivation. Direct analysis of the flagellar beat reveals that the CASA measure 'beat cross frequency' does not measure beat frequency; attempting to fit a straight line between the two measures gives ${\mathrm{R}}^2$ values of 0.042 and 0.00054 for cells in DSM and HVM, respectively. A new measurement, track centroid speed, is validated as an accurate differentiator of progressive motility. Coupled with fluid mechanics codes, waveform data enable extraction of experimentally intractable quantities such as energy dissipation, disturbance of the surrounding medium and viscous stresses. We provide a powerful and accessible research tool, enabling connection of the mechanical activity of the sperm to its motility and effect on its environment. LARGE SCALE DATA The FAST software package and all documentation can be downloaded from www.flagellarCapture.com. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The FAST software package has only been tested for use with negative phase contrast microscopy. Other imaging modalities, with bright cells on a dark background, have not been tested but may work. FAST is not designed to analyse raw semen; it is specifically for precise analysis of flagellar kinematics, as that is the promising area for computer use. Flagellar capture will always require that cells are at a dilution where their paths do not frequently cross. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Combining tracked flagella with mathematical modelling has the potential to reveal new mechanistic insight. By providing the capability as a free-to-use software package, we hope that this ability to accurately quantify the flagellar waveform in large populations of motile cells will enable an abundant array of diagnostic, toxicological and therapeutic possibilities, as well as creating new opportunities for assessing and treating male subfertility. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) M.T.G., G.C., J.C.K-B. and D.J.S. gratefully acknowledge funding from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, Healthcare Technologies Challenge Award (Rapid Sperm Capture EP/N021096/1). J.C.K-B. is funded by a National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) and Health Education England, Senior Clinical Lectureship Grant: The role of the human sperm in healthy live birth (NIHRDH-HCS SCL-2014-05-001). This article presents independent research funded in part by the NIHR and Health Education England. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health. The data for experimental set (2) were funded through a Wellcome Trust-University of Birmingham Value in People Fellowship Bridging Award (E.H.O.).The authors declare no competing interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Gallagher
- School of Mathematics.,Institute for Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Centre for Human Reproductive Science, Birmingham Women's and Children's National Health Service Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - G Cupples
- School of Mathematics.,Institute for Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Centre for Human Reproductive Science, Birmingham Women's and Children's National Health Service Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - E H Ooi
- School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - J C Kirkman-Brown
- Institute for Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Centre for Human Reproductive Science, Birmingham Women's and Children's National Health Service Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - D J Smith
- School of Mathematics.,Institute for Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Centre for Human Reproductive Science, Birmingham Women's and Children's National Health Service Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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6
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Thomson W, Jabbari S, Taylor AE, Arlt W, Smith DJ. Simultaneous parameter estimation and variable selection via the logit-normal continuous analogue of the spike-and-slab prior. J R Soc Interface 2020; 16:20180572. [PMID: 30958174 PMCID: PMC6364637 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2018.0572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We introduce a Bayesian prior distribution, the logit-normal continuous analogue of the spike-and-slab, which enables flexible parameter estimation and variable/model selection in a variety of settings. We demonstrate its use and efficacy in three case studies—a simulation study and two studies on real biological data from the fields of metabolomics and genomics. The prior allows the use of classical statistical models, which are easily interpretable and well known to applied scientists, but performs comparably to common machine learning methods in terms of generalizability to previously unseen data.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Thomson
- 1 School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - S Jabbari
- 1 School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK.,2 Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - A E Taylor
- 3 Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK.,4 Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners , Birmingham B15 2TT , UK
| | - W Arlt
- 3 Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK.,4 Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners , Birmingham B15 2TT , UK
| | - D J Smith
- 1 School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK.,3 Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK.,4 Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners , Birmingham B15 2TT , UK
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7
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Gallagher MT, Montenegro-Johnson TD, Smith DJ. Simulations of particle tracking in the oligociliated mouse node and implications for left-right symmetry-breaking mechanics. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 375:20190161. [PMID: 31884925 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of internal anatomical asymmetry is familiar-usually in humans the heart is on the left and the liver is on the right; however, how does the developing embryo know to produce this consistent laterality? Symmetry-breaking initiates with left-right asymmetric cilia-driven fluid mechanics in a small fluid-filled structure called the ventral node in mice. However, the question of what converts this flow into left-right asymmetric development remains unanswered. A leading hypothesis is that flow transports morphogen-containing vesicles within the node, the absorption of which results in asymmetrical gene expression. To investigate how vesicle transport might result in the situs patterns observe in wild-type and mutant experiments, we extend the open-source Stokes flow package, NEAREST, to consider the hydrodynamic and Brownian motion of particles in a mouse model with flow driven by one, two and 112 beating cilia. Three models for morphogen-containing particle released are simulated to assess their compatibility with observed results in oligociliated and wild-type mouse embryos: uniformly random release, localized cilium stress-induced release and localized release from motile cilia themselves. Only the uniformly random release model appears consistent with the data, with neither localized release model resulting in significant transport in the oligociliated embryo. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Unity and diversity of cilia in locomotion and transport'.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Gallagher
- School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | | | - D J Smith
- School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT UK
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Smith DJ, Young KR, Nelson JR, West RP. The Effect of a Self-Management Procedure on the Classroom and Academic Behavior of Students with Mild Handicaps. School Psychology Review 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/02796015.1992.12085595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Niedzwiedz CL, Robb KA, Katikireddi SV, Pell JP, Smith DJ. Depressive symptoms, neuroticism and participation in breast and cervical cancer screening in the UK. Eur J Public Health 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckz185.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Globally, more than 2 million women are diagnosed with breast or cervical cancer every year. Depressive symptoms and personality traits have been implicated in cancer-related mortality, but the potential mechanisms through which these associations may operate are not well understood. We aimed to assess how depressive symptoms and neuroticism are associated with participation in breast and cervical cancer screening.
Methods
273 402 women in the UK Biobank cohort who were eligible for breast cancer screening (aged 50-70 years) and/or cervical cancer screening (<65 years) at baseline recruitment (2006-10) and those with follow-up data (2014-March 19) were identified. Depressive symptoms (4 items from Patient Heath Questionnaire) and neuroticism (12 items from Eysenck Personality Inventory Neuroticism Scale) were self-reported at baseline. The primary outcomes were reporting being up to date with breast and cervical cancer screening. For prospective analyses, patterns of screening participation from baseline to follow-up were derived. Logistic regression was used to analyse associations, adjusted for potential confounders.
Results
More severe depressive symptoms (range 0-12) were associated with reduced screening for breast (OR = 0.960, 95% CI: 0.950,0.970) and cervical cancer (OR = 0.958, 95% CI: 0.950,0.966). Prospective analyses revealed higher baseline depressive symptoms were related to decreased cervical cancer screening at follow-up (OR = 0.955, 95% CI: 0.913,0.999; equivalent to a difference of 4.08% between the highest and lowest depressive symptom score), but not with breast cancer screening. Results for overall neuroticism were inconclusive, but individual neuroticism items including anxiety and nervousness were related to increased screening participation.
Conclusions
More severe depressive symptoms may act as a barrier for cancer screening participation and could be an indication for more proactive strategies to improve uptake.
Key messages
Women with more severe depressive symptoms are less likely to be up to date with their breast and cervical cancer screening, which may exacerbate existing health inequalities. Interventions to increase screening participation among women with poor mental health may be merited.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Niedzwiedz
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - K A Robb
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - S V Katikireddi
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - J P Pell
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - D J Smith
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Matson AG, Bunting JP, Kaul A, Smith DJ, Stonestreet J, Herd K, Hodgson RS, Bell SC. A non-randomised single centre cohort study, comparing standard and modified bowel preparations, in adults with cystic fibrosis requiring colonoscopy. BMC Gastroenterol 2019; 19:89. [PMID: 31195989 PMCID: PMC6567575 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-019-0979-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adults with cystic fibrosis (CF) have been reported to be at five to ten-fold risk (25 to 30 fold risk after solid organ transplant) of colorectal cancer (CRC) than the general population. Limited publications to date have reported on practical aspects of achieving adequate colonic cleanse producing good visualisation. In this study, we compared two bowel preparation regimens, standard bowel preparation and a modified CF bowel preparation. METHODS A non-randomised study of adults with CF attending a single centre, requiring colonoscopy investigation were selected. Between 2001 and 2015, 485 adults with CF attended the clinic; 70 adults with CF had an initial colonoscopy procedure. After five exclusions, standard bowel preparation was prescribed for 27 patients, and modified CF bowel preparation for 38 patients. Demographic and clinical data were collected for all consenting patients. RESULTS There was a significant difference between modified CF bowel preparation group and standard bowel preparation group in bowel visualisation outcomes, with the modified CF bowel preparation group having a higher proportion of "excellent/good" GI visualisation cleanse (50.0% versus 25.9%) and lower rates of "poor" visualisation cleanse (10.5% versus 44.5%) than standard bowel preparation (p = 0.006). Rates of "fair" GI cleanse visualisation were similar between the two groups (39.4% versus 29.6%) (Additional file 1: Table S1). Detection rates of adenomatous polyps at initial colonoscopy was higher in modified CF bowel preparation cohort than with standard preparation group (50.0% versus 18.5%, p < 0.01). Positive adenomatous polyp detection rate in patient's age > 40 years of age was higher (62.5%) than those < 40 years of age (24.3%) (p = 0.003). Colonic adenocarcinoma diagnosis was similar in both groups. CONCLUSION This study primarily highlights that standard colonoscopy bowel preparation is often inadequate in patients with CF, and that colonic lavage using modified CF bowel preparation is required to obtain good colonic visualisation. A higher rate of polyps in patients over 40 years of age (versus less than 40 years) was evident. These results support adults with CF considered for colonoscopy screening at 40 years of age, or prior to this if symptomatic; which is earlier than CRC screening in the non-CF Australian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Matson
- The Adult Cystic Fibrosis Centre. The Prince Charles Hospital. (TPCH), Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - J P Bunting
- The Adult Cystic Fibrosis Centre. The Prince Charles Hospital. (TPCH), Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - A Kaul
- Department of Gastroenterology. TPCH, Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - D J Smith
- The Adult Cystic Fibrosis Centre. The Prince Charles Hospital. (TPCH), Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - J Stonestreet
- The Adult Cystic Fibrosis Centre. The Prince Charles Hospital. (TPCH), Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - K Herd
- The Adult Cystic Fibrosis Centre. The Prince Charles Hospital. (TPCH), Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - R S Hodgson
- Department of Gastroenterology. TPCH, Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - S C Bell
- The Adult Cystic Fibrosis Centre. The Prince Charles Hospital. (TPCH), Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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11
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Rebetzke GJ, Jimenez-Berni J, Fischer RA, Deery DM, Smith DJ. Review: High-throughput phenotyping to enhance the use of crop genetic resources. Plant Sci 2019; 282:40-48. [PMID: 31003610 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Improved genetic, genomic and statistical technologies have increased the capacity to enrich breeding populations for key alleles underpinning adaptation and continued genetic gain. In turn, directed genomic selection together with increased heritability will reduce genetic variance to narrow the genetic base in many crop breeding programs. Diverse genetic resources (GR), including wild and weedy relatives, landraces and reconstituted synthetics, have potential to contribute novel alleles for key traits. Targeted trait identification may also identify genetic diversity in addressing new challenges including the need for modified root architecture, greater nutrient-use efficiency, and adaptation to warmer air and soil temperatures forecast with climate change. Yet while core collections and other GR sources have historically been invaluable for major gene control of disease and subsoil constraints, the mining of genetically (and phenotypically) complex traits in GR remains a significant challenge owing to reduced fertility, limited seed quantities and poor adaptation through linkage drag with undesirable alleles. High-throughput field phenomics (HTFP) offers the opportunity to capture phenotypically complex variation underpinning adaptation in traditional phenotypic selection or statistics-based breeding programs. Targeted HTFP will permit the reliable phenotyping of greater numbers of GR-derived breeding lines using smaller plot sizes and at earlier stages of population development to reduce the duration of breeding cycles and the loss of potentially important alleles with linkage drag. Two key opportunities are highlighted for use of HTFP in selection among GR-derived wheat breeding lines for greater biomass and stomatal conductance through canopy temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Rebetzke
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, PO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | - J Jimenez-Berni
- High Resolution Plant Phenomics Centre, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, PO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - R A Fischer
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, PO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - D M Deery
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, PO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - D J Smith
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Private Mail Bag, Yanco NSW 2073 Australia
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Harrison WY, Wardian JL, Sosnov JA, Kotwal RS, Butler FK, Stockinger ZT, Shackelford SA, Gurney JM, Spott MA, Finelli LN, Mazuchowski EL, Smith DJ, Janak JC. Recommended medical and non-medical factors to assess military preventable deaths: subject matter experts provide valuable insights. BMJ Mil Health 2019; 166:e47-e52. [DOI: 10.1136/jramc-2019-001193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
IntroductionHistorically, there has been variability in the methods for determining preventable death within the US Department of Defense. Differences in methodologies partially explain variable preventable death rates ranging from 3% to 51%. The lack of standard review process likely misses opportunities for improvement in combat casualty care. This project identified recommended medical and non-medical factors necessary to (1) establish a comprehensive preventable death review process and (2) identify opportunities for improvement throughout the entire continuum of care.MethodsThis qualitative study used a modified rapid assessment process that includes the following steps: (1) identification and recruitment of US government subject matter experts (SMEs); (2) multiple cycles of data collection via key informant interviews and focus groups; (3) consolidation of information collected in these interviews; and (4) iterative analysis of data collected from interviews into common themes. Common themes identified from SME feedback were grouped into the following subject areas: (1) prehospital, (2) in-hospital and (3) forensic pathology.ResultsMedical recommendations for military preventable death reviews included the development, training, documentation, collection, analysis and reporting of the implementation of the Tactical Combat Casualty Care Guidelines, Joint Trauma System Clinical Practice Guidelines and National Association of Medical Examiners autopsy standards. Non-medical recommendations included training, improved documentation, data collection and analysis of non-medical factors needed to understand how these factors impact optimal medical care.ConclusionsIn the operational environment, medical care must be considered in the context of non-medical factors. For a comprehensive preventable death review process to be sustainable in the military health system, the process must be based on an appropriate conceptual framework implemented consistently across all military services.
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Gallagher MT, Wain RAJ, Dari S, Whitty JP, Smith DJ. Non-identifiability of parameters for a class of shear-thinning rheological models, with implications for haematological fluid dynamics. J Biomech 2019; 85:230-238. [PMID: 30732907 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Choosing a suitable model and determining its associated parameters from fitting to experimental data is fundamental for many problems in biomechanics. Models of shear-thinning complex fluids, dating from the work of Bird, Carreau, Cross and Yasuda, have been applied in highly-cited computational studies of hemodynamics for several decades. In this manuscript we revisit these models, first to highlight a degree of uncertainty in the naming conventions in the literature, but more importantly to address the problem of inferring model parameters by fitting to rheology experiments. By refitting published data, and also by simulation, we find large, flat regions in likelihood surfaces that yield families of parameter sets which fit the data equally well. Despite having almost indistinguishable fits to experimental data these varying parameter sets can predict very different flow profiles, and as such these parameters cannot be used to draw conclusions about physical properties of the fluids, such as zero-shear viscosity or relaxation time of the fluid, or indeed flow behaviours. We verify that these features are not a consequence of the experimental data sets through simulations; by sampling points from the rheological models and adding a small amount of noise we create a synthetic data set which reveals that the problem of parameter identifiability is intrinsic to these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Gallagher
- School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; Institute for Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - R A J Wain
- John Tyndall Institute, School of Engineering, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK; School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK; Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - S Dari
- School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - J P Whitty
- John Tyndall Institute, School of Engineering, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK
| | - D J Smith
- School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; Institute for Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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14
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Rice F, Riglin L, Lomax T, Souter E, Potter R, Smith DJ, Thapar AK, Thapar A. Adolescent and adult differences in major depression symptom profiles. J Affect Disord 2019; 243:175-181. [PMID: 30243197 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is the leading global cause of disability and often begins in adolescence. The genetic architecture and treatment response profiles for adults and adolescents differ even though identical criteria are used to diagnose depression across different age groups. There is no clear consensus on how these groups differ in their symptom profiles. METHODS Using data from a two-generation family study, we compared the presentation of DSM-IV depressive symptoms in adolescents and adults with MDD (Major Depressive Disorder). We also compared DSM-IV depressive symptom counts using latent class analysis. RESULTS Vegetative symptoms (appetite and weight change, loss of energy and insomnia) were more common in adolescent MDD than adult MDD. Anhedonia/loss of interest and concentration problems were more common in adults with MDD. When using latent class analysis to look at depressive symptoms, a vegetative symptom profile was also seen in adolescent depression only. LIMITATIONS Adults and adolescents were recruited in different ways. Adolescent cases were more likely to be first-onset while adult cases were recurrences. It was not possible to examine how recurrence affected adolescent depression symptom profiles. CONCLUSION Differences in how depression presents in adolescents and adults may be consistent with different pathophysiological mechanisms. For adolescents, we found that vegetative/physical disturbances were common (loss of energy, changes in weight, appetite and sleep changes). For adults, anhedonia/loss of interest and concentration difficulties were more common.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Rice
- Division of Psychological Medicine & Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics Cardiff University, United Kingdom.
| | - L Riglin
- Division of Psychological Medicine & Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics Cardiff University, United Kingdom
| | - T Lomax
- Division of Psychological Medicine & Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics Cardiff University, United Kingdom
| | - E Souter
- Division of Psychological Medicine & Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics Cardiff University, United Kingdom
| | - R Potter
- Division of Psychological Medicine & Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics Cardiff University, United Kingdom
| | - D J Smith
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Scotland
| | - A K Thapar
- Division of Psychological Medicine & Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics Cardiff University, United Kingdom
| | - A Thapar
- Division of Psychological Medicine & Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics Cardiff University, United Kingdom
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15
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Gallagher MT, Neal CV, Arkill KP, Smith DJ. Model-based image analysis of a tethered Brownian fibre for shear stress sensing. J R Soc Interface 2018; 14:rsif.2017.0564. [PMID: 29212755 PMCID: PMC5746567 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2017.0564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The measurement of fluid dynamic shear stress acting on a biologically relevant surface is a challenging problem, particularly in the complex environment of, for example, the vasculature. While an experimental method for the direct detection of wall shear stress via the imaging of a synthetic biology nanorod has recently been developed, the data interpretation so far has been limited to phenomenological random walk modelling, small-angle approximation, and image analysis techniques which do not take into account the production of an image from a three-dimensional subject. In this report, we develop a mathematical and statistical framework to estimate shear stress from rapid imaging sequences based firstly on stochastic modelling of the dynamics of a tethered Brownian fibre in shear flow, and secondly on a novel model-based image analysis, which reconstructs fibre positions by solving the inverse problem of image formation. This framework is tested on experimental data, providing the first mechanistically rational analysis of the novel assay. What follows further develops the established theory for an untethered particle in a semi-dilute suspension, which is of relevance to, for example, the study of Brownian nanowires without flow, and presents new ideas in the field of multi-disciplinary image analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Gallagher
- School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK .,Institute for Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.,Centre for Human Reproductive Science, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TG, UK
| | - C V Neal
- School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - K P Arkill
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.,Biofisika Institute (CSIC UPV/EHU), University of the Basque Country, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.,Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - D J Smith
- School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.,Institute for Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.,Centre for Human Reproductive Science, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TG, UK
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16
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Hansen M, Smith DJ, Carruthers G. Mood disorder in the personal correspondence of Robert Burns: testing a novel interdisciplinary approach. J R Coll Physicians Edinb 2018; 48:165-174. [PMID: 29992209 DOI: 10.4997/jrcpe.2018.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Robert Burns has long been recognised as someone who experienced episodes of melancholia, but no detailed, systematic and objective assessment of his mental health has been undertaken. We tested a novel methodology, combining psychiatric and literary approaches, to assess the feasibility of using Burns's extensive personal correspondence as a source of evidence for assessing the presence of symptoms of a clinically significant mood disorder. We confirmed the potential of this approach and identified putative evidence of episodes of depression and hypomania within the correspondence. While not conclusive of a formal diagnosis of bipolar disorder, this work highlights a need for further systematic examination of Burns's mental health and how this may have influenced his work.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hansen
- Department of Scottish Literature, University of Glasgow, 7 University Gardens, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK,
| | - D J Smith
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - G Carruthers
- Department of Scottish Literature, University of Glasgow, UK
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17
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Wang YQ, Kabra S, Zhang SY, Truman CE, Smith DJ. An in situ thermo-mechanical rig for lattice strain measurement during creep using neutron diffraction. Rev Sci Instrum 2018; 89:055110. [PMID: 29864794 DOI: 10.1063/1.5001085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A long-term high-temperature testing stress rig has been designed and fabricated for performing in situ neutron diffraction tests at the ENGIN-X beamline, ISIS facility in the UK. It is capable of subjecting metals to high temperatures up to 800 °C and uniaxial loading under different boundary conditions including constant load, constant strain, and elastic follow-up, each with minimum of external control. Samples are held horizontally between grips and connected to a rigid rig frame, a soft aluminium bar, and a stepper motor with forces up to 20 kN. A new three zone split electrical resistance furnace which generates a stable and uniform heat atmosphere over 200 mm length was used to heat the samples. An 8 mm diameter port at 45° to the centre of the furnace was made in order to allow the neutron beam through the furnace to illuminate the sample. The entire instrument is mounted on the positioner at ENGIN-X and has the potential ability to operate continuously while being moved in and out of the neutron diffraction beam. The performance of the rig has been demonstrated by tracking the evolution of lattice strains in type 316H stainless steel under elastic follow-up control at 550 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Q Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TR, United Kingdom
| | - S Kabra
- ISIS Neutron Facility, RAL, STFC, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - S Y Zhang
- ISIS Neutron Facility, RAL, STFC, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - C E Truman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TR, United Kingdom
| | - D J Smith
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TR, United Kingdom
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18
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Vaucher J, Keating BJ, Lasserre AM, Gan W, Lyall DM, Ward J, Smith DJ, Pell JP, Sattar N, Paré G, Holmes MV. Cannabis use and risk of schizophrenia: a Mendelian randomization study. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:1287-1292. [PMID: 28115737 PMCID: PMC5984096 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis use is observationally associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia, but whether the relationship is causal is not known. Using a genetic approach, we took 10 independent genetic variants previously identified to associate with cannabis use in 32 330 individuals to determine the nature of the association between cannabis use and risk of schizophrenia. Genetic variants were employed as instruments to recapitulate a randomized controlled trial involving two groups (cannabis users vs nonusers) to estimate the causal effect of cannabis use on risk of schizophrenia in 34 241 cases and 45 604 controls from predominantly European descent. Genetically-derived estimates were compared with a meta-analysis of observational studies reporting ever use of cannabis and risk of schizophrenia or related disorders. Based on the genetic approach, use of cannabis was associated with increased risk of schizophrenia (odds ratio (OR) of schizophrenia for users vs nonusers of cannabis: 1.37; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.09-1.67; P-value=0.007). The corresponding estimate from observational analysis was 1.43 (95% CI, 1.19-1.67; P-value for heterogeneity =0.76). The genetic markers did not show evidence of pleiotropic effects and accounting for tobacco exposure did not alter the association (OR of schizophrenia for users vs nonusers of cannabis, adjusted for ever vs never smoker: 1.41; 95% CI, 1.09-1.83). This adds to the substantial evidence base that has previously identified cannabis use to associate with increased risk of schizophrenia, by suggesting that the relationship is causal. Such robust evidence may inform public health messages about cannabis use, especially regarding its potential mental health consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vaucher
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - B J Keating
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - A M Lasserre
- Centre for Psychiatric Epidemiology and Psychopathology (CEPP), University Hospital of Lausanne, Prilly, Switzerland
| | - W Gan
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital Campus, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - D M Lyall
- Institute of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - J Ward
- Institute of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - D J Smith
- Institute of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - J P Pell
- Institute of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - N Sattar
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - G Paré
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Population Genomics Program, Chanchlani Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - M V Holmes
- Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit at the University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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19
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Yeo WL, Chew X, Smith DJ, Chan KP, Sun H, Zhao H, Lim YH, Ang EL. Probing the molecular determinants of fluorinase specificity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:2559-2562. [PMID: 28184383 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc09213f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Molecular determinants of FlA1 fluorinase specificity were probed using 5'-chloro-5'-deoxyadenosine (5'-ClDA) analogs as substrates and FlA1 active site mutants. Modifications at F213 or A279 residues are beneficial towards these modified substrates, including 5'-chloro-5'-deoxy-2-ethynyladenosine, ClDEA (>10-fold activity improvement), and conferred novel activity towards substrates not readily accepted by wild-type FlA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Yeo
- Metabolic Engineering Research Laboratory (MERL), Science and Engineering Institutes, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos #01-01, Singapore 138669.
| | - X Chew
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences (ICES), A*STAR, 8 Biomedical Grove, Neuros #07-01/02/03, Singapore 138665.
| | - D J Smith
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR, 30 Biopolis Street, Matrix #07-01, Singapore 138671 and Biotransformation Innovation Platform, A*STAR, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos #04-14, Singapore 138673
| | - K P Chan
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences (ICES), A*STAR, 8 Biomedical Grove, Neuros #07-01/02/03, Singapore 138665.
| | - H Sun
- Metabolic Engineering Research Laboratory (MERL), Science and Engineering Institutes, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos #01-01, Singapore 138669.
| | - H Zhao
- Metabolic Engineering Research Laboratory (MERL), Science and Engineering Institutes, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos #01-01, Singapore 138669. and 215 Roger Adams Laboratory, Box C3, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Y H Lim
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences (ICES), A*STAR, 8 Biomedical Grove, Neuros #07-01/02/03, Singapore 138665.
| | - E L Ang
- Metabolic Engineering Research Laboratory (MERL), Science and Engineering Institutes, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos #01-01, Singapore 138669.
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Abstract
Arterial thrombus formation is directly related to the mechanical shear experienced by platelets within flow. High shear strain rates (SSRs) and large shear gradients cause platelet activation, aggregation and production of thrombus. This study, for the first time, investigates the influence of pulsatile flow on local haemodynamics within sutured microarterial anastomoses. We measured physiological arterial waveform velocities experimentally using Doppler ultrasound velocimetry, and a representative example was applied to a realistic sutured microarterial geometry. Computational geometries were created using measurements taken from sutured chicken femoral arteries. Arterial SSRs were predicted using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software, to indicate the potential for platelet activation, deposition and thrombus formation. Predictions of steady and sinusoidal inputs were compared to analyse whether the addition of physiological pulse characteristics affects local intravascular flow characteristics. Simulations were designed to evaluate flow in pristine and hand-sutured microarterial anastomoses, each with a steady-state and sinusoidal pulse component. The presence of sutures increased SSRmax in the anastomotic region by factors of 2.1 and 2.3 in steady-state and pulsatile flows respectively, when compared to a pristine vessel. SSR values seen in these simulations are analogous to the presence of moderate arterial stenosis. Steady-state simulations, driven by a constant inflow velocity equal to the peak systolic velocity (PSV) of the measured pulsatile flow, underestimated SSRs by ∼ 9% in pristine, and ∼ 19% in sutured vessels compared with a realistic pulse. Sinusoidal flows, with equivalent frequency and amplitude to a measured arterial waveform, represent a slight improvement on steady-state simulations, but still SSRs are underestimated by 1-2%. We recommend using a measured arterial waveform, of the form presented here, for simulating pulsatile flows in vessels of this nature. Under realistic pulsatile flow, shear gradients across microvascular sutures are high, of the order ∼ 7.9 × 106 m-1 s-1, which may also be associated with activation of platelets and formation of aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A J Wain
- School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK; Computational Mechanics Research Group, School of Engineering, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK.
| | - D J Smith
- School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; Institute for Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - D R Hammond
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK
| | - J P M Whitty
- Computational Mechanics Research Group, School of Engineering, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK
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21
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Smith DJ, Sauter CT, Zhang C, Chen Z, Gogineni K. Abstract P4-06-10: Withdrawn. Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs17-p4-06-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This abstract was withdrawn by the authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- DJ Smith
- Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - CT Sauter
- Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - C Zhang
- Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Z Chen
- Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - K Gogineni
- Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
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22
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Hayes JF, Khandaker GM, Anderson J, Mackay D, Zammit S, Lewis G, Smith DJ, Osborn DPJ. Childhood interleukin-6, C-reactive protein and atopic disorders as risk factors for hypomanic symptoms in young adulthood: a longitudinal birth cohort study. Psychol Med 2017; 47:984-986. [PMID: 28091342 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291716003408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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23
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Mackay DF, Anderson JJ, Pell JP, Zammit S, Smith DJ. Exposure to tobacco smoke in utero or during early childhood and risk of hypomania: Prospective birth cohort study. Eur Psychiatry 2016; 39:33-39. [PMID: 27810616 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Using data from a prospective birth cohort, we aimed to test for an association between exposure to tobacco smoke in utero or during early development and the experience of hypomania assessed in young adulthood. METHODS We used data on 2957 participants from a large birth cohort (Avon longitudinal study of parents and children [ALSPAC]). The primary outcome of interest was hypomania, and the secondary outcome was "hypomania plus previous psychotic experiences (PE)". Maternally-reported smoking during pregnancy, paternal smoking and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in childhood were the exposures of interest. Multivariable logistic regression was used and estimates of association were adjusted for socio-economic, lifestyle and obstetric factors. RESULTS There was weak evidence of an association between exposure to maternal smoking in utero and lifetime hypomania. However, there was a strong association of maternal smoking during pregnancy within the sub-group of individuals with hypomania who had also experienced psychotic symptoms (OR=3.45; 95% CI: 1.49-7.98; P=0.004). There was no association between paternal smoking, or exposure to ETS during childhood, and hypomania outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to smoking in utero may be a risk factor for more severe forms of psychopathology on the mood-psychosis spectrum, rather than DSM-defined bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Mackay
- Institute of health & wellbeing, university of Glasgow, 1, Lilybank Gardens, G12 8RZ Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom.
| | - J J Anderson
- Institute of health & wellbeing, university of Glasgow, 1, Lilybank Gardens, G12 8RZ Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - J P Pell
- Institute of health & wellbeing, university of Glasgow, 1, Lilybank Gardens, G12 8RZ Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - S Zammit
- Department of psychological medicine and clinical neurosciences, school of medicine, Cardiff university, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - D J Smith
- Institute of health & wellbeing, university of Glasgow, 1, Lilybank Gardens, G12 8RZ Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Hagenaars SP, Harris SE, Davies G, Hill WD, Liewald DCM, Ritchie SJ, Marioni RE, Fawns-Ritchie C, Cullen B, Malik R, Worrall BB, Sudlow CLM, Wardlaw JM, Gallacher J, Pell J, McIntosh AM, Smith DJ, Gale CR, Deary IJ. Shared genetic aetiology between cognitive functions and physical and mental health in UK Biobank (N=112 151) and 24 GWAS consortia. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:1624-1632. [PMID: 26809841 PMCID: PMC5078856 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Causes of the well-documented association between low levels of cognitive functioning and many adverse neuropsychiatric outcomes, poorer physical health and earlier death remain unknown. We used linkage disequilibrium regression and polygenic profile scoring to test for shared genetic aetiology between cognitive functions and neuropsychiatric disorders and physical health. Using information provided by many published genome-wide association study consortia, we created polygenic profile scores for 24 vascular-metabolic, neuropsychiatric, physiological-anthropometric and cognitive traits in the participants of UK Biobank, a very large population-based sample (N=112 151). Pleiotropy between cognitive and health traits was quantified by deriving genetic correlations using summary genome-wide association study statistics and to the method of linkage disequilibrium score regression. Substantial and significant genetic correlations were observed between cognitive test scores in the UK Biobank sample and many of the mental and physical health-related traits and disorders assessed here. In addition, highly significant associations were observed between the cognitive test scores in the UK Biobank sample and many polygenic profile scores, including coronary artery disease, stroke, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, autism, major depressive disorder, body mass index, intracranial volume, infant head circumference and childhood cognitive ability. Where disease diagnosis was available for UK Biobank participants, we were able to show that these results were not confounded by those who had the relevant disease. These findings indicate that a substantial level of pleiotropy exists between cognitive abilities and many human mental and physical health disorders and traits and that it can be used to predict phenotypic variance across samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Hagenaars
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - S E Harris
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - G Davies
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - W D Hill
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - D C M Liewald
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - S J Ritchie
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - R E Marioni
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - C Fawns-Ritchie
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - B Cullen
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - R Malik
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - METASTROKE Consortium, International Consortium for Blood Pressure GWAS
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - SpiroMeta Consortium
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - CHARGE Consortium Pulmonary Group, CHARGE Consortium Aging and Longevity Group
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - B B Worrall
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - C L M Sudlow
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J M Wardlaw
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J Gallacher
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - J Pell
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - A M McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - D J Smith
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - C R Gale
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - I J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Maruya KA, Dodder NG, Sengupta A, Smith DJ, Lyons JM, Heil AT, Drewes JE. Multimedia screening of contaminants of emerging concern (CECS) in coastal urban watersheds in southern California (USA). Environ Toxicol Chem 2016; 35:1986-1994. [PMID: 26748657 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
To examine the occurrence and fate of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) and inform future monitoring of CECs in coastal urban waterways, water, sediment, and fish tissue samples were collected and analyzed for a broad suite of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), commercial and/or household chemicals, current use pesticides, and hormones in an effluent-dominated river and multiple embayments in southern California (USA). In the Santa Clara River, which receives treated wastewater from several facilities, aqueous phase CECs were detectable at stations nearest discharges from municipal wastewater treatment plants but were attenuated downstream. Sucralose and the chlorinated phosphate flame retardants tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP), tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP), and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) were most abundant in water, with maximum concentrations of 35 μg/L, 3.3 μg/L, 1.4 μg/L, and 0.81 μg/L, respectively. Triclocarban, an antimicrobial agent in use for decades, was more prevalent in water than triclosan or nonylphenol. Maximum concentrations of bifenthrin, permethrin, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and degradates of fipronil exceeded CEC-specific monitoring trigger levels recently established for freshwater and estuarine sediments by factors of 10 to 1000, respectively. Maximum fish tissue concentrations of PBDEs varied widely (370 ng/g and 7.0 ng/g for the Santa Clara River and coastal embayments, respectively), with most species exhibiting concentrations at the lower end of this range. These results suggest that continued monitoring of pyrethroids, PBDEs, and degradates of fipronil in sediment is warranted in these systems. In contrast, aqueous pharmaceutical concentrations in the Santa Clara River were not close to exceeding current monitoring trigger levels, suggesting a lower priority for targeted monitoring in this medium. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1986-1994. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A Maruya
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, Costa Mesa, California, USA
| | - Nathan G Dodder
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, Costa Mesa, California, USA
| | - Ashmita Sengupta
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, Costa Mesa, California, USA
| | - Deborah J Smith
- California Regional Water Quality Control Board, Los Angeles Region, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - J Michael Lyons
- California Regional Water Quality Control Board, Los Angeles Region, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ann T Heil
- Los Angeles County Sanitation Districts, Whittier, California, USA
| | - Jörg E Drewes
- Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Gale CR, Hagenaars SP, Davies G, Hill WD, Liewald DCM, Cullen B, Penninx BW, Boomsma DI, Pell J, McIntosh AM, Smith DJ, Deary IJ, Harris SE. Pleiotropy between neuroticism and physical and mental health: findings from 108 038 men and women in UK Biobank. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e791. [PMID: 27115122 PMCID: PMC4872414 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
People with higher levels of neuroticism have an increased risk of several types of mental disorder. Higher neuroticism has also been associated, less consistently, with increased risk of various physical health outcomes. We hypothesised that these associations may, in part, be due to shared genetic influences. We tested for pleiotropy between neuroticism and 17 mental and physical diseases or health traits using linkage disequilibrium regression and polygenic profile scoring. Genetic correlations were derived between neuroticism scores in 108 038 people in the UK Biobank and health-related measures from 14 large genome-wide association studies (GWASs). Summary information for the 17 GWASs was used to create polygenic risk scores for the health-related measures in the UK Biobank participants. Associations between the health-related polygenic scores and neuroticism were examined using regression, adjusting for age, sex, genotyping batch, genotyping array, assessment centre and population stratification. Genetic correlations were identified between neuroticism and anorexia nervosa (rg=0.17), major depressive disorder (rg=0.66) and schizophrenia (rg=0.21). Polygenic risk for several health-related measures were associated with neuroticism, in a positive direction in the case of bipolar disorder, borderline personality, major depressive disorder, negative affect, neuroticism (Genetics of Personality Consortium), schizophrenia, coronary artery disease, and smoking (β between 0.009-0.043), and in a negative direction in the case of body mass index (β=-0.0095). A high level of pleiotropy exists between neuroticism and some measures of mental and physical health, particularly major depressive disorder and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Gale
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK,Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK,MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK,MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK. E-mail:
| | - S P Hagenaars
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK,Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK,Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - G Davies
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK,Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - W D Hill
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK,Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - D C M Liewald
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK,Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - B Cullen
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - B W Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - D I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Pell
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - A M McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - D J Smith
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - I J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK,Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - S E Harris
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK,Medical Genetics Section, University of Edinburgh Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine and MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
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28
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Ng CH, Bousman C, Smith DJ, Dowling N, Byron K, King J, Sarris J. A Prospective Study of Serotonin and Norepinephrine Transporter Genes and the Response to Desvenlafaxine Over 8 Weeks in Major Depressive Disorder. Pharmacopsychiatry 2016; 49:210-212. [PMID: 27023264 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-103968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
No studies to date have evaluated SLC6A2 and SLC6A4 genetic polymorphisms influencing antidepressant response to desvenlafaxine. We conducted an 8-week, open-label, prospective pilot study in 35 patients with major depressive disorder to assess the effects of genetic variations in SLC6A2 and SLC6A4 on both efficacy and side effect profile of desvenlafaxine. Results revealed that homozygotes for the SLC6A4 HTTLPR S allele showed a 33% HDRS reduction compared to a 58% reduction for L allele carriers (p=0.037). No results survived adjustments for covariates or multiple comparisons. While these results need to be interpreted cautiously, they provide preliminary support for the SLC6A4 HTTLPR polymorphism as potential modifier of desvenlafaxine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Ng
- Professorial Unit, The Melbourne Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne
| | - C Bousman
- Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Australia
| | - D J Smith
- Professorial Unit, The Melbourne Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne
| | - N Dowling
- Professorial Unit, The Melbourne Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne
| | - K Byron
- Healthscope Advanced Pathology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - J King
- Professorial Unit, The Melbourne Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne
| | - J Sarris
- Professorial Unit, The Melbourne Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne
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Mulhall BP, Wright ST, De La Mata N, Allen D, Brown K, Dickson B, Grotowski M, Jackson E, Petoumenos K, Foster R, Read T, Russell D, Smith DJ, Templeton DJ, Fairley CK, Law MG. Risk factors associated with incident sexually transmitted infections in HIV-positive patients in the Australian HIV Observational Database: a prospective cohort study. HIV Med 2016; 17:623-30. [PMID: 27019207 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We established a subcohort of HIV-positive individuals from 10 sexual health clinics within the Australian HIV Observational Database (AHOD). The aim of this study was to assess demographic and other factors that might be associated with an incident sexually transmitted infection (STI). METHODS The cohort follow-up was from March 2010 to March 2013, and included patients screened at least once for an STI. We used survival methods to determine time to first new and confirmed incident STI infection (chlamydia, gonorrhoea, syphilis or genital warts). Factors evaluated included sex, age, mode of HIV exposure, year of AHOD enrolment, hepatitis B or C coinfection, time-updated CD4 cell count, time-updated HIV RNA viral load, and prior STI diagnosis. RESULTS There were 110 first incident STI diagnoses observed over 1015 person-years of follow-up, a crude rate of 10.8 [95% confidence interval (CI) 9.0-13.0] per 100 person-years. Factors independently associated with increased risk of incident STI included younger age [≥ 50 vs. 30-39 years old, adjusted hazards ratio (aHR) 0.4; 95% CI 0.2-0.8; P < 0.0001]; prior STI infection (aHR 2.5; 95% CI 1.6-3.8; P < 0.001), and heterosexual vs. men who have sex with men (MSM) as the likely route of exposure (aHR 0.2; 95% CI 0.1-0.6; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS In this cohort of individualsbeing treated with antiretroviral drugs, those who were MSM, who were 30-39 years old, and who had a prior history of STI, were at highest risk of a further STI diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Mulhall
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - S T Wright
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - N De La Mata
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - D Allen
- Holden Street Sexual Health Clinic, Gosford, NSW, Australia
| | - K Brown
- University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Illawarra Sexual Health Services, Warrawong, NSW, Australia.,University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - B Dickson
- Caradata, Arundel DC, Qld, Australia
| | - M Grotowski
- Tamworth Sexual Health, Clinic 468, HNEAHS, NSW, Australia
| | - E Jackson
- Nepean/Blue Mountains Sexual Health, Nepean Hospital, Kingswood, NSW, Australia
| | - K Petoumenos
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - R Foster
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Sexual Health Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - T Read
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Vic., Australia
| | - D Russell
- Cairns Sexual Health Service, Cairns, Qld, Australia.,Central Clinical School Monash University, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Vic., NSW, Australia
| | - D J Smith
- Lismore Sexual Health Services, Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | - D J Templeton
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,RPA Sexual Health, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - C K Fairley
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Vic., Australia.,Central Clinical School Monash University, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Vic., NSW, Australia
| | - M G Law
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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30
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Abstract
Chlorine dioxide gas is effective at cleansing fruits and vegetables of bacterial pathogens and(or) rot organisms, but little data are available on chemical residues remaining subsequent to chlorine gas treatment. Therefore, studies were conducted to quantify chlorate and perchlorate residues after tomato and cantaloupe treatment with chlorine dioxide gas. Treatments delivered 50 mg of chlorine dioxide gas per kg of tomato (2-h treatment) and 100 mg of gas per kg of cantaloupe (6-h treatment) in sealed, darkened containers. Chlorate residues in tomato and cantaloupe edible flesh homogenates were less than the LC-MS/MS limit of quantitation (60 and 30 ng/g respectively), but were 1319 ± 247 ng/g in rind + edible flesh of cantaloupe. Perchlorate residues in all fractions of chlorine dioxide-treated tomatoes and cantaloupe were not different (P > 0.05) than perchlorate residues in similar fractions of untreated tomatoes and cantaloupe. Data from this study suggest that chlorine dioxide sanitation of edible vegetables and melons can be conducted without the formation of unwanted residues in edible fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Smith
- United States Department of Agriculture , Agricultural Research Service, Biosciences Research Laboratory, 1605 Albrecht Boulevard, Fargo, North Dakota 58102-2765, United States
| | - W Ernst
- ICA Tri-Nova Corporation, LLC. , 24 Woodland Trail, Newnan, Georgia 30263, United States
| | - G R Herges
- United States Department of Agriculture , Agricultural Research Service, Biosciences Research Laboratory, 1605 Albrecht Boulevard, Fargo, North Dakota 58102-2765, United States
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Cullen B, Nicholl BI, Mackay DF, Martin D, Ul-Haq Z, McIntosh A, Gallacher J, Deary IJ, Pell JP, Evans JJ, Smith DJ. Cognitive function and lifetime features of depression and bipolar disorder in a large population sample: Cross-sectional study of 143,828 UK Biobank participants. Eur Psychiatry 2015; 30:950-8. [PMID: 26647871 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated differences in cognitive performance between middle-aged adults with and without a lifetime history of mood disorder features, adjusting for a range of potential confounders. METHODS Cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from the UK Biobank cohort. Adults aged 40-69 (n=143,828) were assessed using measures of reasoning, reaction time and memory. Self-reported data on lifetime features of major depression and bipolar disorder were used to construct groups for comparison against controls. Regression models examined the association between mood disorder classification and cognitive performance, adjusting for sociodemographic, lifestyle and clinical confounders. RESULTS Inverse associations between lifetime history of bipolar or severe recurrent depression features and cognitive performance were attenuated or reversed after adjusting for confounders, including psychotropic medication use and current depressive symptoms. Participants with a lifetime history of single episode or moderate recurrent depression features outperformed controls to a small (but statistically significant) degree, independent of adjustment for confounders. There was a significant interaction between use of psychotropic medication and lifetime mood disorder features, with reduced cognitive performance observed in participants taking psychotropic medication. CONCLUSIONS In this general population sample of adults in middle age, lifetime features of recurrent depression or bipolar disorder were only associated with cognitive impairment within unadjusted analyses. These findings underscore the importance of adjusting for potential confounders when investigating mood disorder-related cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Cullen
- Mental Health and Wellbeing, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Ground Floor, Office Block, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, G51 4TF UK.
| | - B I Nicholl
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - D F Mackay
- Public Health, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - D Martin
- Mental Health and Wellbeing, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Ground Floor, Office Block, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, G51 4TF UK
| | - Z Ul-Haq
- Public Health, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Institute of Public Health and Social Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - A McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J Gallacher
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - I J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J P Pell
- Public Health, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - J J Evans
- Mental Health and Wellbeing, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Ground Floor, Office Block, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, G51 4TF UK
| | - D J Smith
- Mental Health and Wellbeing, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Ground Floor, Office Block, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, G51 4TF UK
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32
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Taylor JB, Smith DJ. Continuous, low-dose oral exposure to sodium chlorate reduces fecal generic Escherichia coli in sheep feces without inducing clinical chlorate toxicosis. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:1942-51. [PMID: 26020217 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our objectives were to determine an effective, yet safe, daily dose of sodium chlorate for reducing fecal shedding of generic Escherichia coli in mature ewes. In a completely randomized experimental design, 25 Targhee ewes (age ∼ 18 mo; BW = 62.5 ± 7.3 kg, mean ± SD) were assigned randomly to 1 of 5 sodium chlorate treatments, which were administered in the drinking water for 5 consecutive days. Treatments were control group (no sodium chlorate) and 4 targeted levels of daily sodium chlorate intake: 30, 60, 90, and 120 mg · kg(-1) BW · d(-1) for 5 d. Individual ewe ad libitum intake of water (with treatments) was measured daily, and BW was measured at the beginning of and 15 and 51 d after the 5-d treatment period. Serum chlorate, whole blood methemoglobin and packed-cell volume (PCV), and fecal generic E. coli and general Enterobacteriaceae coliforms were measured from corresponding samples collected at the end of the 5-d treatment period. Average daily intakes of sodium chlorate from drinking water treatments were 95%, 91%, 90%, and 83% of the target treatment intakes of 30, 60, 90, and 120 mg · kg(-1) BW · d(-1), respectively. Daily sodium chlorate intake remained constant for all treatment groups except for ewes offered 120 mg NaClO3 · kg(-1) BW · d(-1), which decreased (quadratic; P = 0.04) over the course of the 5-d treatment period. This decrease in sodium chlorate intake indicated that the 120-mg NaClO3 level may have induced either toxicity and/or an aversion to the drinking water treatment. Serum chlorate concentrations increased (quadratic; P < 0.001) with increasing sodium chlorate intake. At the end of the 5-d treatment period, mean (least squares ± SEM) serum chlorate concentrations for ewes offered 30, 60, 90, and 120 mg NaClO3 · kg(-1) BW · d(-1) were 15.6 ± 14.1, 32.8 ± 15.8, 52.9 ± 14.1, and 90.3 ± 14.1 μg/mL, respectively. Whole blood methemoglobin and PCV were similar (P = 0.31 to 0.81) among the control group and ewes offered sodium chlorate. Likewise, BW was not affected by sodium chlorate (P > 0.27). Ewes consuming approximately 55 mg NaClO3 · kg(-1) BW · d(-1) or more (i.e., ewes offered 60, 90, and 120 mg) had a >1.4 log unit reduction in fecal E. coli and Enterobacteriaceae coliforms compared with control ewes. We suggest that for a short-term, 5-d dosing strategy, 55 to 81 mg NaClO3 · kg(-1) BW · d(-1) is an effective, yet safe, daily oral dose range for mature ewes to achieve a 97% to 99% reduction in fecal shedding of generic E. coli.
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Smith DJ, Montenegro-Johnson TD, Lopes SS. Organized chaos in Kupffer's vesicle: how a heterogeneous structure achieves consistent left-right patterning. Bioarchitecture 2015; 4:119-25. [PMID: 25454897 DOI: 10.4161/19490992.2014.956593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Successful establishment of left-right asymmetry is crucial to healthy vertebrate development. In many species this process is initiated in a ciliated, enclosed cavity, for example Kupffer's vesicle (KV) in zebrafish. The microarchitecture of KV is more complex than that present in the left-right organizer of many other species. While swirling flow in KV is recognized as essential for left-right patterning, its generation, nature and conversion to asymmetric gene expression are only beginning to be fully understood. We recently [Sampaio, P et al. Dev Cell 29:716-728] combined imaging, genetics and fluid dynamics simulation to characterize normal and perturbed ciliary activity, and their correlation to asymmetric charon expression and embryonic organ fate. Randomness in cilia number and length have major implications for robust flow generation; even a modest change in mean cilia length has a major effect on flow speed to due to nonlinear scaling arising from fluid mechanics. Wildtype, and mutant embryos with normal liver laterality, exhibit stronger flow on the left prior to asymmetric inhibition of charon. Our discovery of immotile cilia, taken with data on morphant embryos with very few cilia, further support the role of mechanosensing in initiating and/or enhancing flow conversion into gene expression.
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Key Words
- DA, dorsal roof-anterior
- DC, dorsal roof-central
- DP, dorsal roof-posterior
- EQ, equatorial region of Kupffer's vesicle separating dorsal roof and ventral floor
- KV, Kupffer's vesicle
- Kupffer's vesicle
- MO-control, embryo treated with mismatch control morpholino
- VA, ventral floor-anterior
- VC, ventral floor-central
- VP, ventral floor-posterior
- WT, wildtype
- cilia
- dld-/-, homozygous deltaD null mutant
- dnah7-MO, dnah7-morpholino knockdown embryo
- heterotaxia
- left-right asymmetry
- situs inversus
- zebrafish
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Smith
- a School of Mathematics ; University of Birmingham ; Birmingham , UK
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Proffitt S, Thomas S, Swann I, Popovsky MA, Smith DJ, Roberts DJ, Cardigan R. Storage of washed or irradiated red cells in AS-7 improves their in vitro characteristics. Vox Sang 2015; 109:203-13. [PMID: 25900147 DOI: 10.1111/vox.12271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AS-7 is a new alkaline hypotonic red cell additive solution (AS) shown to improve red cell quality during storage compared with AS-1. We sought to compare red cells stored in AS-7 with those stored in SAGM using RCC that were either untreated, or washed or irradiated on day 14 of storage. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS A pooled and split study design was used to produce seven identical RCC (four in SAGM and three in AS-7). At day 14 following donation, two RCC (one in SAGM and one in AS-7) were gamma irradiated and three RCC (two in SAGM and one in AS-7) were washed and resuspended in either SAGM or AS-7. RCC were sampled for analysis throughout storage and at end of shelf life: day 28 for washed or irradiated and day 35 for untreated RCC. RESULTS For untreated, washed or irradiated RCC, those stored in AS-7 had lower haemolysis, red cell microvesicles and supernatant potassium content than RCC in SAGM. In addition, ATP levels and pH were better maintained in AS-7 RCC than in SAGM RCC. CONCLUSION These data suggest that the quality of these components may be improved by storage in AS-7 compared with SAGM.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Proffitt
- Component Development Laboratory, NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, UK
| | - S Thomas
- Component Development Laboratory, NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, UK
| | - I Swann
- Haemonetics Corporation, Braintree, MA, USA
| | | | - D J Smith
- NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - D J Roberts
- NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.,Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - R Cardigan
- Component Development Laboratory, NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, UK
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35
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Girling JA, Thomas KV, Brooks SJ, Smith DJ, Shahsavari E, Ball AS. A macroalgal germling bioassay to assess biocide concentrations in marine waters. Mar Pollut Bull 2015; 91:82-6. [PMID: 25558019 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A bioassay method using the early life stages (germlings) of macroalgae was developed to detect toxicity of anti-fouling paint biocides. A laboratory based bioassay using Ulva intestinalis and Fucus spiralis germlings was performed with 4 common anti-fouling biocides (tributyltin (TBT), Irgarol 1051, Diuron and zinc sulphate), over a range of environmentally relevant concentrations (0.0033-10 μg l(-1)). Comparison between the two species showed that germlings of U. intestinalis were better adapted for in-situ monitoring, as germlings of F. spiralis appeared to be too robust to display sufficient growth differences. The response of U. intestinalis germling growth appeared to reflect environmental biocide concentrations. Overall the developed method showed potential for the assessment of the sub-lethal effects of anti-fouling biocides on the early developmental stages of U. intestinalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Girling
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO43SQ, Essex, UK
| | - K V Thomas
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway
| | - S J Brooks
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway
| | - D J Smith
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO43SQ, Essex, UK
| | - E Shahsavari
- School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - A S Ball
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO43SQ, Essex, UK; School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.
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Fonville JM, Wilks SH, James SL, Fox A, Ventresca M, Aban M, Xue L, Jones TC, Le NMH, Pham QT, Tran ND, Wong Y, Mosterin A, Katzelnick LC, Labonte D, Le TT, van der Net G, Skepner E, Russell CA, Kaplan TD, Rimmelzwaan GF, Masurel N, de Jong JC, Palache A, Beyer WEP, Le QM, Nguyen TH, Wertheim HFL, Hurt AC, Osterhaus ADME, Barr IG, Fouchier RAM, Horby PW, Smith DJ. Antibody landscapes after influenza virus infection or vaccination. Science 2014; 346:996-1000. [PMID: 25414313 DOI: 10.1126/science.1256427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We introduce the antibody landscape, a method for the quantitative analysis of antibody-mediated immunity to antigenically variable pathogens, achieved by accounting for antigenic variation among pathogen strains. We generated antibody landscapes to study immune profiles covering 43 years of influenza A/H3N2 virus evolution for 69 individuals monitored for infection over 6 years and for 225 individuals pre- and postvaccination. Upon infection and vaccination, titers increased broadly, including previously encountered viruses far beyond the extent of cross-reactivity observed after a primary infection. We explored implications for vaccination and found that the use of an antigenically advanced virus had the dual benefit of inducing antibodies against both advanced and previous antigenic clusters. These results indicate that preemptive vaccine updates may improve influenza vaccine efficacy in previously exposed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Fonville
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.,WHO Collaborating Center for Modeling, Evolution, and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.,Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CE, the Netherlands
| | - S H Wilks
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.,WHO Collaborating Center for Modeling, Evolution, and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - S L James
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.,WHO Collaborating Center for Modeling, Evolution, and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - A Fox
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit and Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - M Ventresca
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - M Aban
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne VIC 3000, Australia
| | - L Xue
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne VIC 3000, Australia
| | - T C Jones
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.,WHO Collaborating Center for Modeling, Evolution, and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - N M H Le
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit and Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Q T Pham
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - N D Tran
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Y Wong
- Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Oxford OX1 3PW, UK
| | - A Mosterin
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.,WHO Collaborating Center for Modeling, Evolution, and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - L C Katzelnick
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.,WHO Collaborating Center for Modeling, Evolution, and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - D Labonte
- Insect Biomechanics Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - T T Le
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - G van der Net
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CE, the Netherlands
| | - E Skepner
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.,WHO Collaborating Center for Modeling, Evolution, and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - C A Russell
- WHO Collaborating Center for Modeling, Evolution, and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - T D Kaplan
- bobblewire.com, Saint Louis, MO 63112, US
| | - G F Rimmelzwaan
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CE, the Netherlands
| | - N Masurel
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CE, the Netherlands
| | - J C de Jong
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CE, the Netherlands
| | - A Palache
- Abbott Laboratories, Weesp 1380 DA, the Netherlands
| | - W E P Beyer
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CE, the Netherlands
| | - Q M Le
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - T H Nguyen
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - H F L Wertheim
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit and Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - A C Hurt
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne VIC 3000, Australia.,Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia
| | - A D M E Osterhaus
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CE, the Netherlands
| | - I G Barr
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne VIC 3000, Australia
| | - R A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CE, the Netherlands
| | - P W Horby
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit and Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - D J Smith
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.,WHO Collaborating Center for Modeling, Evolution, and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.,Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CE, the Netherlands
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Smith DJ, Ernst W, Giddings JM. Distribution and chemical fate of ³⁶Cl-chlorine dioxide gas during the fumigation of tomatoes and cantaloupe. J Agric Food Chem 2014; 62:11756-11766. [PMID: 25409284 DOI: 10.1021/jf504097p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The distribution and chemical fate of (36)Cl-ClO2 gas subsequent to fumigation of tomatoes or cantaloupe was investigated as were major factors that affect the formation of chloroxyanion byproducts. Approximately 22% of the generated (36)Cl-ClO2 was present on fumigated tomatoes after a 2 h exposure to approximately 5 mg of (36)Cl-ClO2. A water rinse removed 14% of the radiochlorine while tomato homogenate contained ∼63% of the tomato radioactivity; 24% of the radiochlorine was present in the tomato stem scar area. Radioactivity in tomato homogenate consisted of (36)Cl-chloride (≥80%), (36)Cl-chlorate (5 to 19%), and perchlorate (0.5 to 1.4%). In cantaloupe, 55% of the generated (36)Cl-ClO2 was present on melons fumigated with 100 mg of (36)Cl-ClO2 for a 2 h period. Edible cantaloupe flesh contained no detectable radioactive residue (LOQ = 0.3 to 0.4 μg/g); >99.9% of radioactivity associated with cantaloupe was on the inedible rind, with <0.1% associated with the seed bed. Rind radioactivity was present as (36)Cl-chloride (∼86%), chlorate (∼13%), and perchlorate (∼0.6%). Absent from tomatoes and cantaloupe were (36)Cl-chlorite residues. Follow-up studies have shown that chlorate and perchlorate formation can be completely eliminated by protecting fumigation chambers from light sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Smith
- Biosciences Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , 1605 Albrecht Boulevard, Fargo, North Dakota 58102-2765, United States
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Lupton SJ, Shelver WL, Newman DJ, Larsen S, Smith DJ. Depletion of penicillin G residues in heavy sows after intramuscular injection. Part I: tissue residue depletion. J Agric Food Chem 2014; 62:7577-7585. [PMID: 25025185 DOI: 10.1021/jf501492v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Heavy sows (n = 126) were treated with penicillin G procaine at a 5× label dose (33 000 IU/kg) for 3 consecutive days by intramuscular (IM) injection using three patterns of drug administration. Treatments differed by injection pattern and injection volume. Sets of sows were slaughtered 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 32, and 39 days after the last treatment; skeletal muscle, kidney, serum, and urine were collected for penicillin G analysis by LC-MS/MS. Penicillin G at withdrawal day 5 averaged 23.5 ± 10.5 and 3762 ± 1932 ng/g in muscle and kidney, respectively. After 15 days of withdrawal, muscle penicillin G residues were quantifiable in only one treated hog (3.4 ng/g) but averaged 119 ± 199 ng/g in kidneys. Using a hypothetical tolerance of 50 ng/g and a natural log-linear depletion model, the withdrawal period required for penicillin depletion to 50 ng/g was 11 days for skeletal muscle and 47 days for kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Lupton
- Agricultural Research Service, Biosciences Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture , 1605 Albrecht Boulevard, Fargo, North Dakota 58102-2765, United States
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Abstract
This is a literature review for management of angiomyolipoma (AML), lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) and tuberous sclerosis (TS) during pregnancy, prompted by a case of a 23-year-old woman who presented with generalised itching at 31 weeks' gestation and was found to have a large vascular retroperitoneal mass in the lower pole of the left kidney. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was suggestive of angiomyolipoma with multiple large aneurysms and haemorrhage within the tumour. She was delivered at 38 weeks by elective caesarean section, to avoid the risk of rupture and bleeding from the aneurysms during labour. Further imaging, with MR angiogram, computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen and pelvis and high resolution CT (HRCT) of the chest, confirmed lymphangioleiomyomatosis with left AML. She had embolisation of the AML performed twice, 8 weeks apart after delivery and subsequently had a left nephrectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Iruloh
- Jessop Wing and 2 Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffi eld Teaching Hospitals, Sheffi eld, UK
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40
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Youssef FR, Smith DJ, Oakley NE. Laparoscopic and open partial nephrectomy: a UK centre's experience. Journal of Clinical Urology 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/2051415813495678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Laparoscopy allows minimally invasive approaches for procedures traditionally performed openly, with associated lower morbidity. Nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) is mostly regarded as an open procedure because laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) is technically challenging. We evaluated our centre's experience with LPN and open partial nephrectomy (OPN). Methods All patients over five years (2005–2010) undergoing NSS were identified retrospectively from our operating room management information system. Case notes, diagnostic and post-operative surveillance imaging were reviewed. Post-operative morbidity, histopathology and serum full blood count and urea and electrolyte reports were recorded. Results A total of 97 OPNs and 23 LPNs were performed. Median length of stay was six days for OPNs and three days for LPNs (p= 0.005). Mean drop in haemoglobin (Hb) was 2.6 g/dl for both OPNs and LPNs. No significant difference in transfusion rates was observed. Median warm ischaemia time (WIT) for OPNs was 14 minutes and 32 minutes for LPNs (p < 0.0001). No significant difference was seen in changes from baseline serum creatinine when comparing OPNs with LPNs at day 1 (p = 0.7572) and at 12 months (p = 0.7406) post-operatively. Surgical margins were positive in 20 (21.5%) OPNs and negative in all LPNs (p = 0.038). One patient developed local recurrence following OPN (clear margins) and two patients developed distant metastases. Conclusions Benefits of LPN include shorter hospital stay and satisfactory long-term preservation of renal function, despite longer WITs. This demonstrates the benefits of LPNs in patients with single exophytic renal tumours performed by highly experienced, regionally selected laparoscopists.
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Affiliation(s)
- FR Youssef
- Department of Urology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, UK
| | - DJ Smith
- Department of Urology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, UK
| | - NE Oakley
- Department of Urology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, UK
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Sengupta A, Lyons JM, Smith DJ, Drewes JE, Snyder SA, Heil A, Maruya KA. The occurrence and fate of chemicals of emerging concern in coastal urban rivers receiving discharge of treated municipal wastewater effluent. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014; 33:350-8. [PMID: 24399464 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
To inform future monitoring and assessment of chemicals of emerging concern (CECs) in coastal urban watersheds, the occurrence and fate of more than 60 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), commercial/household chemicals, current-use pesticides, and hormones were characterized in 2 effluent-dominated rivers in southern California (USA). Water samples were collected during 2 low-flow events at locations above and below the discharge points of water reclamation plants (WRPs) and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Approximately 50% of targeted CECs were detectable at stations downstream from WRPs, compared with <31% and <10% at the reference stations above the WRPs. Concentrations of chlorinated phosphate flame retardants were highest among the CECs tested, with mean total aggregate concentrations of tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP), and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) of 3400 ng/L and 2400 ng/L for the 2 rivers. Maximum in-stream concentrations of pyrethroids (bifenthrin and permethrin), diclofenac, and galaxolide exceeded risk-based thresholds established for monitoring of CECs in effluent-dominated receiving waters. In contrast, maximum concentrations of PPCPs commonly detected in treated wastewater (e.g., acetaminophen, N,N,diethyl-meta-toluamide [DEET], and gemfibrozil) were less than 10% of established thresholds. Attenuation of target CECs was not observed downstream of WRP discharge until dilution by seawater occurred in the tidal zone, partly because of the short hydraulic residence times in these highly channelized systems (<3 d). In addition to confirming CECs for future in-stream monitoring, these results suggest that conservative mass transport is an important boundary condition for assessment of the input, fate, and effects of CECs in estuaries at the bottom of these watersheds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashmita Sengupta
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, Costa Mesa, California, USA
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Ludi AB, Horton DL, Li Y, Mahapatra M, King DP, Knowles NJ, Russell CA, Paton DJ, Wood JLN, Smith DJ, Hammond JM. Antigenic variation of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype A. J Gen Virol 2013; 95:384-392. [PMID: 24187014 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.057521-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The current measures to control foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) include vaccination, movement control and slaughter of infected or susceptible animals. One of the difficulties in controlling FMD by vaccination arises due to the substantial diversity found among the seven serotypes of FMD virus (FMDV) and the strains within these serotypes. Therefore, vaccination using a single vaccine strain may not fully cross-protect against all strains within that serotype, and therefore selection of appropriate vaccines requires serological comparison of the field virus and potential vaccine viruses using relationship coefficients (r1 values). Limitations of this approach are that antigenic relationships among field viruses are not addressed, as comparisons are only with potential vaccine virus. Furthermore, inherent variation among vaccine sera may impair reproducibility of one-way relationship scores. Here, we used antigenic cartography to quantify and visualize the antigenic relationships among FMD serotype A viruses, aiming to improve the understanding of FMDV antigenic evolution and the scope and reliability of vaccine matching. Our results suggest that predicting antigenic difference using genetic sequence alone or by geographical location is not currently reliable. We found co-circulating lineages in one region that were genetically similar but antigenically distinct. Nevertheless, by comparing antigenic distances measured from the antigenic maps with the full capsid (P1) sequence, we identified a specific amino acid substitution associated with an antigenic mismatch among field viruses and a commonly used prototype vaccine strain, A22/IRQ/24/64.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Ludi
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK.,The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - D L Horton
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.,Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Y Li
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - M Mahapatra
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - D P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - N J Knowles
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - C A Russell
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Modelling, Evolution and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.,Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - D J Paton
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - J L N Wood
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - D J Smith
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Modelling, Evolution and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.,Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Centre, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - J M Hammond
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
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Smith DJ, Taylor JB, West M, Herges G. Effect of intravenous or oral sodium chlorate administration on the fecal shedding of Escherichia coli in sheep. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:5962-9. [PMID: 24158366 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of gavage or intravenous (i.v.) administration of sodium chlorate salts on the fecal shedding of generic Escherichia coli in wether lambs was studied. To this end, 9 lambs (27 ± 2.5 kg) were administered 150 mg NaClO3/kg BW by gavage or i.v. infusion in a crossover design with saline-dosed controls. The crossover design allowed each animal to receive each treatment during 1 of 3 trial periods, resulting in 9 observations for each treatment. Immediately before and subsequent to dosing, jugular blood and rectal fecal samples were collected at 4, 8, 16, 24, and 36 h. Endpoints measured were fecal generic E. coli concentrations, blood packed cell volume (PCV), blood methemoglobin concentration, and serum and fecal sodium chlorate concentrations. Sodium chlorate had no effects (P > 0.05) on blood PVC or methemoglobin. Fecal generic E. coli concentrations were decreased (P < 0.05) approximately 2 log units (99%) relative to controls 16 and 24 h after sodium chlorate infusion and 24 h after sodium chlorate gavage. Within and across time and treatment, fecal chlorate concentrations were highly variable for both gavage and i.v. lambs. Average fecal sodium chlorate concentrations never exceeded 100 µg/g and were typically less than 60 µg/g from 4 to 24 h after dosing. Times of maximal average fecal sodium chlorate concentration did not correspond with times of lowered average generic E. coli concentrations. Within route of administration, serum sodium chlorate concentrations were greatest (P < 0.01) 4 h after dosing; at the same time point, serum chlorate was greater (P< 0.01) in i.v.-dosed lambs than gavaged lambs but not at 16 or 24 h (P > 0.05). At 8 h, serum chlorate concentrations of gavaged lambs were greater (P < 0.05) than in i.v.-dosed lambs. Serum chlorate data are consistent with earlier studies indicating very rapid transfer of orally dosed chlorate to systemic circulation, and fecal chlorate data are consistent with earlier data showing the excretion of low to marginal concentrations of sodium chlorate in orally dosed animals. Efficacy of sodium chlorate at reducing fecal E. coli concentrations after i.v. infusion suggests that low concentrations of chlorate in gastrointestinal contents, delivered by biliary excretion, intestinal cell sloughing, or simple diffusion, are effective at reducing fecal E. coli levels. Alternatively, chlorate could be eliciting systemic effects that influence fecal E. coli populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Smith
- USDA-ARS, Biosciences Research Laboratory, 1605 Albrecht Blvd., Fargo, ND, 58102-2765
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Bourne C, Aydemir Ö, Balanzá-Martínez V, Bora E, Brissos S, Cavanagh JTO, Clark L, Cubukcuoglu Z, Dias VV, Dittmann S, Ferrier IN, Fleck DE, Frangou S, Gallagher P, Jones L, Kieseppä T, Martínez-Aran A, Melle I, Moore PB, Mur M, Pfennig A, Raust A, Senturk V, Simonsen C, Smith DJ, Bio DS, Soeiro-de-Souza MG, Stoddart SDR, Sundet K, Szöke A, Thompson JM, Torrent C, Zalla T, Craddock N, Andreassen OA, Leboyer M, Vieta E, Bauer M, Worhunsky PD, Tzagarakis C, Rogers RD, Geddes JR, Goodwin GM. Neuropsychological testing of cognitive impairment in euthymic bipolar disorder: an individual patient data meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2013; 128:149-62. [PMID: 23617548 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 415] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE An association between bipolar disorder and cognitive impairment has repeatedly been described, even for euthymic patients. Findings are inconsistent both across primary studies and previous meta-analyses. This study reanalysed 31 primary data sets as a single large sample (N = 2876) to provide a more definitive view. METHOD Individual patient and control data were obtained from original authors for 11 measures from four common neuropsychological tests: California or Rey Verbal Learning Task (VLT), Trail Making Test (TMT), Digit Span and/or Wisconsin Card Sorting Task. RESULTS Impairments were found for all 11 test-measures in the bipolar group after controlling for age, IQ and gender (Ps ≤ 0.001, E.S. = 0.26-0.63). Residual mood symptoms confound this result but cannot account for the effect sizes found. Impairments also seem unrelated to drug treatment. Some test-measures were weakly correlated with illness severity measures suggesting that some impairments may track illness progression. CONCLUSION This reanalysis supports VLT, Digit Span and TMT as robust measures of cognitive impairments in bipolar disorder patients. The heterogeneity of some test results explains previous differences in meta-analyses. Better controlling for confounds suggests deficits may be smaller than previously reported but should be tracked longitudinally across illness progression and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bourne
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Smith DJ, Gaffney EA, Shum H, Gadêlha H, Kirkman-Brown J. Comment on the article by J. Elgeti, U. B. Kaupp, and G. Gompper: hydrodynamics of sperm cells near surfaces. Biophys J 2011; 100:2318-20; discussion 2321-4. [PMID: 21539802 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2011.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent study by Elgeti et al. used multiparticle collision dynamics to simulate a long-standing problem: the approach of sperm to surfaces, and subsequent accumulation. The authors highlight differences in their predictions with those of the earlier Stokes flow simulations of Smith et al. attributing the differences to methodological flaws in the earlier article. In this Comment, we discuss the criticisms leveled in detail, and review some recently published work that shows how species-specific details of cell morphology provides a more likely explanation for the differing predictions of the two studies. We also highlight experimental work that supports the study of Smith et al.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Smith
- School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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Smith DJ, Yerkovich ST, Towers MA, Carroll ML, Thomas R, Upham JW. Reduced soluble receptor for advanced glycation end-products in COPD. Eur Respir J 2010; 37:516-22. [PMID: 20595148 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00029310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The soluble receptor for advanced glycation end-products (sRAGE) has anti-inflammatory properties, and deficiency of circulating sRAGE is associated with various human diseases. Whether sRAGE concentrations are reduced in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has not been determined. The aim of this study was to determine plasma levels of sRAGE in COPD patients and establish whether sRAGE varies in relation to forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV(1)) and other inflammatory markers. 61 COPD patients and 42 healthy controls were recruited. Plasma sRAGE, C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid A (SAA) were measured in patients with stable COPD. A subgroup had measurements during acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD). sRAGE was significantly lower in stable COPD than in healthy controls (p<0.001), while CRP (p<0.001) and SAA (p = 0.015) were higher in stable COPD than in healthy controls. Multiple linear regression confirmed that COPD was negatively associated with sRAGE (p<0.001). Plasma sRAGE was positively correlated with FEV(1) (r(2) = 0.530, p<0.001), while CRP and SAA were inversely proportional to FEV(1). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that only sRAGE was a strong predictor of FEV(1). AECOPD were associated with even lower sRAGE levels that increased with convalescence. Circulating sRAGE is lower in COPD and shows a strong correlation to the degree of airflow limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Smith
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital, The University of Queensland, Ipswich Road, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Qld 4102, Australia
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Smith DJ, Boyer PD. Demonstration of a transitory tight binding of ATP and of committed P(i) and ADP during ATP synthesis by chloroplasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 73:4314-8. [PMID: 16592374 PMCID: PMC431442 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.73.12.4314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid mixing, quenching, and filtration experiments with chloroplast thylakoid membranes, with energization by acid-base transition, demonstrate that an ATP tightly bound to the isolated membranes is a transient intermediate in the catalytic sequence for ATP synthesis. The experiments also show that most of the P(i) and ADP bound at a catalytic site is committed to ATP formation without interchange with medium P(i) or ADP. Other results give evidence that upon energization, the tightly bound ADP that is detectable in isolated thylakoid membranes or coupling factor ATPase is rapidly released to the medium from a catalytic site. These findings support an alternating site model in which an energy-requiring conformational transition loosens ATP binding at one site and simultaneously promotes P(i) and ADP binding at the other site in a manner favoring ATP formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Smith
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif. 90024
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Holman
- Division of Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Manchester, York Place, Manchester M13 0JJ, U.K
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