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Yaldo M, Pai AL, McGrady ME, Wallens E, Allen JM, Spraker-Perlman H, Ast A, Reeves T, Tillery Webster R. Factors influencing caregiver decisions to use complementary and integrative therapies in pediatric oncology settings: Findings from a qualitative analysis. Eur J Oncol Nurs 2024; 70:102588. [PMID: 38669955 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejon.2024.102588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Complementary and integrative medicine (CIM) therapies (i.e., non-conventional Western medicine interventions) may reduce side-effects associated with pediatric oncology treatment. CIM therapies may also improve caregiver psychological and physical health that is exacerbated during pediatric cancer treatment. Despite known benefits, these therapies are not widely used within pediatric oncology populations in the United States. To guide and promote CIM use among this population, the aim of this project was to qualitatively explore factors that contribute to caregivers' decision to include CIM use in their own and child's care. METHODS Twenty caregivers of children (ages 0.5-14 years) being treated for cancer participated in this study. Each completed a demographic form and the CIM use questionnaire. Qualitative interviews followed by a card sort task were used to assess barriers and facilitators of uptake for caregivers and their child with cancer. RESULTS A number of predisposing (e.g., child age, beliefs) and needs factors (e.g., potential to treatment-related side-effects) provide insight into caregivers' decisions to use CIM for their child. Analyses also revealed the importance of enabling factors (e.g., resources) for caregiver use. Caregivers also reported benefiting from additional information about risk/benefit analysis of these therapies, and current research for CIM use in caregivers and children being treated for cancer. CONCLUSION Children may benefit from individually tailored complementary and integrative medicine consultations that explore patient history and specific needs factors to improve preference concordant care and uptake. Caregivers may benefit from support that improves enabling factors associated with care (e.g., improved accessibility).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Yaldo
- Department of Psychology and Biobehavioral Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ahna Lh Pai
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Patient and Family Wellness Center, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Meghan E McGrady
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Patient and Family Wellness Center, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Emma Wallens
- Department of Psychology and Biobehavioral Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jennifer M Allen
- Department of Psychology, St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Holly Spraker-Perlman
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA; Division of Quality of Life and Palliative Care, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Allison Ast
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA; Division of Quality of Life and Palliative Care, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Tegan Reeves
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, USA
| | - Rachel Tillery Webster
- Department of Psychology and Biobehavioral Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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Eriksson CE, Roffler GH, Allen JM, Lewis A, Levi T. The origin, connectivity, and individual specialization of island wolves after deer extirpation. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11266. [PMID: 38633525 PMCID: PMC11021858 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Wolves are assumed to be ungulate obligates, however, a recently described pack on Pleasant Island, Alaska USA, is persisting on sea otters and other marine resources without ungulate prey, violating this long-held assumption. We address questions about these wolves regarding their origin and fate, degree of isolation, risk of inbreeding depression, and diet specialization by individual and sex. We applied DNA metabarcoding and genotyping by amplicon sequencing using 957 scats collected from 2016 to 2022, and reduced representation sequencing of tissue samples to establish a detailed understanding of Pleasant Island wolf ecology and compare them with adjacent mainland wolves. Dietary overlap was higher among individual wolves on Pleasant Island (Pianka's index mean 0.95 ± 0.03) compared to mainland wolves (0.70 ± 0.21). The individual diets of island wolves were dominated by sea otter, ranging from 40.6% to 63.2% weighted percent of occurrence (wPOO) (mean 55.5 ± 8.7). In contrast, individual mainland wolves primarily fed on ungulates (42.2 ± 21.3) or voles during a population outbreak (31.2 ± 23.2). We traced the origin of the Pleasant Island pack to a mainland pair that colonized around 2013 and produced several litters. After this breeding pair was killed, their female offspring and an immigrant male became the new breeders in 2019. We detected 20 individuals of which 8 (40%) were trapped and killed while two died of natural causes during the 6-year study. Except for the new breeding male, the pedigree analysis and genotype results showed no additional movement to or from the island, indicating limited dispersal but no evidence of inbreeding. Our findings suggest wolves exhibit more flexible foraging behavior than previously believed, and hunting strategies can substantially differ between individuals within or between packs. Nevertheless, anthropogenic and natural mortality combined with limited connectivity to the mainland may inhibit the continued persistence of Pleasant Island wolves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte E. Eriksson
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation SciencesOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Gretchen H. Roffler
- Alaska Department of Fish and GameDivision of Wildlife ConservationDouglasAlaskaUSA
| | - Jennifer M. Allen
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation SciencesOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Alex Lewis
- Alaska Department of Fish and GameDivision of Wildlife ConservationDouglasAlaskaUSA
| | - Taal Levi
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation SciencesOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
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3
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Rees M, Spraker‐Perlman H, Moore R, Lavoie P, Schiff L, Allen JM, Rai P, Anghelescu DL. Patient and clinician beliefs about potential barriers to treatment of neuropathic pain for adolescents with sickle cell disease. EJHaem 2024; 5:11-20. [PMID: 38406507 PMCID: PMC10887355 DOI: 10.1002/jha2.829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Pain is the hallmark symptom causing morbidity for people with sickle cell disease (SCD) and may present as nociceptive, neuropathic, or mixed type pain. Neuropathic pain (NP) is underrecognized and undertreated in patients with SCD and is associated with decreased patient-reported quality of life. Surveys were completed by clinicians caring for adolescents with SCD in the outpatient setting. SCD patients ages 1418 at increased risk of NP completed a patient-facing survey at a scheduled clinic visit. Ninety-four percent of responding clinicians agreed that NP significantly contributes to reported pain in SCD. Clinicians believed that NP medications are effective for reducing chronic pain (62%) and decreasing opioid utilization (44%). Clinician-identified barriers to prescribing NP medications included concerns about medication adherence (82%), lack of pediatric guidelines for NP medications (70%), and perceived patient concern about side effects (65%). More than 1/3 (35%) of clinicians reported that they were not comfortable managing NP medications. Clinician-identified barriers to referral to a pain management specialist included scheduling concerns (88%) and perceived patient/family lack of interest (77%). Most patients expressed willingness to take a medication for NP (78%), see a pain management specialist (84%), or learn more about nonpharmacologic interventions (72%), although most (51%) also reported some concerns about taking a medication for NP, citing insufficient knowledge (34%), and potential for side effects (32%). A minority of respondents (15%) worried about referral to a pain management specialist. Clinician and patient perspectives provide insights that may guide education efforts or other interventions to improve treatment of SCD-related NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Rees
- Department of OncologySt Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphisTennesseeUSA
| | | | - Raechyl Moore
- Department of HematologySt. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphisTennesseeUSA
| | - Paul Lavoie
- Department of HematologySt. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphisTennesseeUSA
| | - Linda Schiff
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesSt. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphisTennesseeUSA
| | - Jennifer M. Allen
- Department of PsychologySt. Louis Children's HospitalSt LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Parul Rai
- Department of HematologySt. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphisTennesseeUSA
| | - Doralina L. Anghelescu
- Department of Pediatric MedicineSt. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphisTennesseeUSA
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4
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Webster RT, Dhaduk R, Gordon ML, Partin RE, Kunin-Batson AS, Brinkman TM, Willard VW, Allen JM, Alberts NM, Lanctot JQ, Ehrhardt MJ, Li Z, Hudson MM, Robison LL, Ness KK. Health behavior profiles in young survivors of childhood cancer: Findings from the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort Study. Cancer 2023; 129:2075-2083. [PMID: 36943740 PMCID: PMC10258145 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.34749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited understanding of associations between a combination of health behaviors (physical activity, sedentary/screen-time, diet) and cardiometabolic health risk factors, physical performance, and emotional health among young (<18) childhood cancer survivors (CCS). The aims of this research were to address this gap by 1) deriving health behavior adherence profiles among CCS, and 2) examining associations among demographic, diagnosis and/or treatment exposures, cardiometabolic, physical performance, and emotional functioning with health behavior profile membership. METHODS Participants included 397 CCS (≥5 years post-diagnosis; 10-17 years old) enrolled in the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort Study who completed physical health evaluations and questionnaires assessing health behaviors and psychological functioning. Latent profile analysis was used to derive profiles of health behavior adherence. Logistic regression and t-tests were used to examine mean-level differences and associations between profile membership with demographic, diagnosis, treatment exposures, cardiometabolic health, psychological functioning, and physical performance. RESULTS Two profiles emerged: inactive-unhealthy-diet ("IU") and active-sedentary-unhealthy-diet ("ASU") to guidelines. More participants in IU demonstrated higher resting heart rate (mean [M], 76.54; SD = 12.00) and lower motor proficiency scores (M = 34.73; SD = 29.15) compared to ASU (resting heart rate, M = 71.95, SD = 10.74; motor proficiency, M = 50.40, SD = 31.02). CONCLUSIONS CCS exhibited low adherence to multiple health behavior guidelines, with adherence patterns differentially associated with cardiometabolic health (i.e., resting heart rate) and physical performance. However, robust protection against all health variables was not observed. Findings suggest interventions designed to improve health outcomes should target multiple health behaviors simultaneously. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY Pediatric cancer survivors are at-risk for detrimental health outcomes associated with cancer and treatment. Engagement in healthy lifestyle behaviors serves to reduce health vulnerabilities among adult survivors but less is known about associations with lifestyle behaviors on young survivors. This study documents patterns of lifestyle behaviors among survivors of pediatric cancer, factors that increase susceptibility to nonadherence, and associations among lifestyle behaviors and health indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Tillery Webster
- Psychology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Rikeenkumar Dhaduk
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | - Robyn E. Partin
- Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | - Tara M. Brinkman
- Psychology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
- Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Victoria W. Willard
- Psychology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | | | - Jennifer Q. Lanctot
- Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Matthew J. Ehrhardt
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
- Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
- Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Zhenghong Li
- Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Melissa M. Hudson
- Psychology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
- Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
- Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Leslie L. Robison
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
- Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
- Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Kirsten K. Ness
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
- Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
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Tosa MI, Lesmeister DB, Allen JM, Levi T. Multi‐locus
DNA
metabarcoding reveals seasonality of foraging ecology of western spotted skunks in the Pacific Northwest. Ecosphere 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marie I. Tosa
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon USA
| | - Damon B. Lesmeister
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon USA
- Pacific Northwest Research Station U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Corvallis Oregon USA
| | - Jennifer M. Allen
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon USA
| | - Taal Levi
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon USA
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Meeks H, Anghelescu DL, Meyer M, Heidelberg RE, Allen JM, Graetz D, Frett MJ. Successful Multimodal Treatment for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome in an Adolescent with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Case Report. J Adolesc Young Adult Oncol 2022; 11:611-616. [PMID: 34936831 PMCID: PMC9784601 DOI: 10.1089/jayao.2021.0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a debilitating disorder that causes significant pain and can decrease the quality of life of affected individuals. This is the first report of CRPS in an adolescent oncology patient, whose symptoms successfully resolved with 3 weeks of intensive, multimodal, and multidisciplinary therapies. She experienced a complete return to pre-CRPS functional status within 10 weeks. The successful outcome of this case highlights the importance of early recognition of CRPS in the adolescent population and the need for a multimodal intensive treatment regimen to prevent the development of chronic pain and loss of limb function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Meeks
- Division of Anesthesiology, Department of Pediatric Medicine, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Doralina L. Anghelescu
- Division of Anesthesiology, Department of Pediatric Medicine, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Margaret Meyer
- Department of Rehabilitation Services, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - R. Elyse Heidelberg
- Department of Psychology, and St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Allen
- Department of Psychology, and St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Dylan Graetz
- Department of Oncology and Global Pediatric Medicine, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Michael J. Frett
- Division of Anesthesiology, Department of Pediatric Medicine, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Address correspondence to: Michael J. Frett, MD, Division of Anesthesiology, Department of Pediatric Medicine, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS-130, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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7
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Ware J, Boughton CK, Allen JM, Wilinska ME, Tauschmann M, Denvir L, Thankamony A, Campbell FM, Wadwa RP, Buckingham BA, Davis N, DiMeglio LA, Mauras N, Besser REJ, Ghatak A, Weinzimer SA, Hood KK, Fox DS, Kanapka L, Kollman C, Sibayan J, Beck RW, Hovorka R, Hovorka R, Acerini CL, Thankamony A, Allen JM, Boughton CK, Dovc K, Dunger DB, Ware J, Musolino G, Tauschmann M, Wilinska ME, Hayes JF, Hartnell S, Slegtenhorst S, Ruan Y, Haydock M, Mangat J, Denvir L, Kanthagnany SK, Law J, Randell T, Sachdev P, Saxton M, Coupe A, Stafford S, Ball A, Keeton R, Cresswell R, Crate L, Cripps H, Fazackerley H, Looby L, Navarra H, Saddington C, Smith V, Verhoeven V, Bratt S, Khan N, Moyes L, Sandhu K, West C, Wadwa RP, Alonso G, Forlenza G, Slover R, Towers L, Berget C, Coakley A, Escobar E, Jost E, Lange S, Messer L, Thivener K, Campbell FM, Yong J, Metcalfe E, Allen M, Ambler S, Waheed S, Exall J, Tulip J, Buckingham BA, Ekhlaspour L, Maahs D, Norlander L, Jacobson T, Twon M, Weir C, Leverenz B, Keller J, Davis N, Kumaran A, Trevelyan N, Dewar H, Price G, Crouch G, Ensom R, Haskell L, Lueddeke LM, Mauras N, Benson M, Bird K, Englert K, Permuy J, Ponthieux K, Marrero-Hernandez J, DiMeglio LA, Ismail H, Jolivette H, Sanchez J, Woerner S, Kirchner M, Mullen M, Tebbe M, Besser REJ, Basu S, London R, Makaya T, Ryan F, Megson C, Bowen-Morris J, Haest J, Law R, Stamford I, Ghatak A, Deakin M, Phelan K, Thornborough K, Shakeshaft J, Weinzimer SA, Cengiz E, Sherr JL, Van Name M, Weyman K, Carria L, Steffen A, Zgorski M, Sibayan J, Beck RW, Borgman S, Davis J, Rusnak J, Hellman A, Cheng P, Kanapka L, Kollman C, McCarthy C, Chalasani S, Hood KK, Hanes S, Viana J, Lanning M, Fox DS, Arreaza-Rubin G, Eggerman T, Green N, Janicek R, Gabrielson D, Belle SH, Castle J, Green J, Legault L, Willi SM, Wysham C. Cambridge hybrid closed-loop algorithm in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a multicentre 6-month randomised controlled trial. Lancet Digit Health 2022; 4:e245-e255. [PMID: 35272971 DOI: 10.1016/s2589-7500(22)00020-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Closed-loop insulin delivery systems have the potential to address suboptimal glucose control in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. We compared safety and efficacy of the Cambridge hybrid closed-loop algorithm with usual care over 6 months in this population. METHODS In a multicentre, multinational, parallel randomised controlled trial, participants aged 6-18 years using insulin pump therapy were recruited at seven UK and five US paediatric diabetes centres. Key inclusion criteria were diagnosis of type 1 diabetes for at least 12 months, insulin pump therapy for at least 3 months, and screening HbA1c levels between 53 and 86 mmol/mol (7·0-10·0%). Using block randomisation and central randomisation software, we randomly assigned participants to either closed-loop insulin delivery (closed-loop group) or to usual care with insulin pump therapy (control group) for 6 months. Randomisation was stratified at each centre by local baseline HbA1c. The Cambridge closed-loop algorithm running on a smartphone was used with either (1) a modified Medtronic 640G pump, Medtronic Guardian 3 sensor, and Medtronic prototype phone enclosure (FlorenceM configuration), or (2) a Sooil Dana RS pump and Dexcom G6 sensor (CamAPS FX configuration). The primary endpoint was change in HbA1c at 6 months combining data from both configurations. The primary analysis was done in all randomised patients (intention to treat). Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02925299. FINDINGS Of 147 people initially screened, 133 participants (mean age 13·0 years [SD 2·8]; 57% female, 43% male) were randomly assigned to either the closed-loop group (n=65) or the control group (n=68). Mean baseline HbA1c was 8·2% (SD 0·7) in the closed-loop group and 8·3% (0·7) in the control group. At 6 months, HbA1c was lower in the closed-loop group than in the control group (between-group difference -3·5 mmol/mol (95% CI -6·5 to -0·5 [-0·32 percentage points, -0·59 to -0·04]; p=0·023). Closed-loop usage was low with FlorenceM due to failing phone enclosures (median 40% [IQR 26-53]), but consistently high with CamAPS FX (93% [88-96]), impacting efficacy. A total of 155 adverse events occurred after randomisation (67 in the closed-loop group, 88 in the control group), including seven severe hypoglycaemia events (four in the closed-loop group, three in the control group), two diabetic ketoacidosis events (both in the closed-loop group), and two non-treatment-related serious adverse events. There were 23 reportable hyperglycaemia events (11 in the closed-loop group, 12 in the control group), which did not meet criteria for diabetic ketoacidosis. INTERPRETATION The Cambridge hybrid closed-loop algorithm had an acceptable safety profile, and improved glycaemic control in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. To ensure optimal efficacy of the closed-loop system, usage needs to be consistently high, as demonstrated with CamAPS FX. FUNDING National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.
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Massey AL, Bronzoni RVDM, da Silva DJF, Allen JM, de Lázari PR, Dos Santos-Filho M, Canale GR, Bernardo CSS, Peres CA, Levi T. Invertebrates for vertebrate biodiversity monitoring: Comparisons using three insect taxa as iDNA samplers. Mol Ecol Resour 2021; 22:962-977. [PMID: 34601818 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Metabarcoding of environmental DNA (eDNA) is now widely used to build diversity profiles from DNA that has been shed by species into the environment. There is substantial interest in the expansion of eDNA approaches for improved detection of terrestrial vertebrates using invertebrate-derived DNA (iDNA) in which hematophagous, sarcophagous, and coprophagous invertebrates sample vertebrate blood, carrion, or faeces. Here, we used metabarcoding and multiple iDNA samplers (carrion flies, sandflies, and mosquitos) collected from 39 forested sites in the southern Amazon to profile gamma and alpha diversity. Our main objectives were to (1) compare diversity found with iDNA to camera trapping, which is the conventional method of vertebrate diversity surveillance; and (2) compare each of the iDNA samplers to assess the effectiveness, efficiency, and potential biases associated with each sampler. In total, we collected and analysed 1759 carrion flies, 48,686 sandflies, and 4776 mosquitos. Carrion flies revealed the greatest total vertebrate species richness at the landscape level, despite the least amount of sampling effort and the fewest number of individuals captured for metabarcoding, followed by sandflies. Camera traps had the highest median species richness at the site-level but showed strong bias towards carnivore and ungulate species and missed much of the diversity described by iDNA methods. Mosquitos showed a strong feeding preference for humans as did sandflies for armadillos, thus presenting potential utility to further study related to host-vector interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee L Massey
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | | | | | - Jennifer M Allen
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Patrick Ricardo de Lázari
- Centro de Estudos de Limnologia e Biodiversidade e Etnobiologia do Pantanal, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Cáceres, Brazil
| | - Manoel Dos Santos-Filho
- Centro de Estudos de Limnologia e Biodiversidade e Etnobiologia do Pantanal, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Cáceres, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Rodrigues Canale
- Instituto de Ciências Naturais, Humanas e Sociais, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Sinop, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Augusto Peres
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.,Instituto Juruá, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Taal Levi
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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9
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Massey AL, Roffler GH, Vermeul T, Allen JM, Levi T. Comparison of mechanical sorting and DNA metabarcoding for diet analysis with fresh and degraded wolf scats. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aimee L. Massey
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon97331USA
| | - Gretchen H. Roffler
- Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Wildlife Conservation P.O. Box 110024 Juneau Alaska99811USA
| | - Tessa Vermeul
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon97331USA
| | - Jennifer M. Allen
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon97331USA
| | - Taal Levi
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon97331USA
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10
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Heidelberg RE, Douglas C, Turner E, Elliott A, Crabtree VM, Allen JM. Psychosocial collaboration fosters connection in times of isolation. J Psychosoc Oncol 2021; 39:340-343. [PMID: 33687316 DOI: 10.1080/07347332.2021.1894525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Elyse Heidelberg
- Department of Psychology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Celeste Douglas
- Child Life Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Erin Turner
- Department of Social Work, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Andrew Elliott
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Pediatric Medicine, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Jennifer M Allen
- Department of Psychology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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11
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Penaluna BE, Allen JM, Arismendi I, Levi T, Garcia TS, Walter JK. Better boundaries: identifying the upper extent of fish distributions in forested streams using eDNA and electrofishing. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Brooke E. Penaluna
- Pacific Northwest Research Station U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service 3200 SW Jefferson Way Corvallis Oregon97331USA
| | - Jennifer M. Allen
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Oregon State University 104 Nash Hall Corvallis Oregon97331USA
| | - Ivan Arismendi
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Oregon State University 104 Nash Hall Corvallis Oregon97331USA
| | - Taal Levi
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Oregon State University 104 Nash Hall Corvallis Oregon97331USA
| | - Tiffany S. Garcia
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Oregon State University 104 Nash Hall Corvallis Oregon97331USA
| | - Jason K. Walter
- Weyerhaeuser Centralia Research Center 505 North Pearl Street Centralia Washington98531USA
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12
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Roffler GH, Allen JM, Massey A, Levi T. Metabarcoding of fecal DNA shows dietary diversification in wolves substitutes for ungulates in an island archipelago. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen H. Roffler
- Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Wildlife Conservation 802 3rd Street Douglas Alaska99824USA
| | - Jennifer M. Allen
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon97331USA
| | - Aimee Massey
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon97331USA
| | - Taal Levi
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon97331USA
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13
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Abstract
Understanding how a pathogen can grow on different substrates and how this growth impacts its dispersal are critical to understanding the risks and control of emerging infectious diseases. Pseudogymnoascus destructans (Pd) causes white-nose syndrome (WNS) in many bat species and can persist in, and transmit from, the environment. We experimentally evaluated Pd growth on common substrates to better understand mechanisms of pathogen persistence, transmission and viability. We inoculated autoclaved guano, fresh guano, soil, and wood with live Pd fungus and evaluated (1) whether Pd grows or persists on each (2) if spores of the fungus remain viable 4 months after inoculation on each substrate, and (3) whether detection and quantitation of Pd on swabs is sensitive to the choice to two commonly used DNA extraction kits. After inoculating each substrate with 460,000 Pd spores, we collected ~ 0.20 g of guano and soil, and swabs from wood every 16 days for 64 days to quantify pathogen load through time using real-time qPCR. We detected Pd on all substrates over the course of the experiment. We observed a tenfold increase in pathogen loads on autoclaved guano and persistence but not growth in fresh guano. Pathogen loads increased marginally on wood but declined ~ 60-fold in soil. After four months, apparently viable spores were harvested from all substrates but germination did not occur from fresh guano. We additionally found that detection and quantitation of Pd from swabs of wood surfaces is sensitive to the DNA extraction method. The commonly used PrepMan Ultra Reagent protocol yielded substantially less DNA than did the QIAGEN DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit. Notably the PrepMan Ultra Reagent failed to detect Pd in many wood swabs that were detected by QIAGEN and were subsequently found to contain substantial live conidia. Our results indicate that Pd can persist or even grow on common environmental substrates with results dependent on whether microbial competitors have been eliminated. Although we observed clear rapid declines in Pd on soil, viable spores were harvested four months after inoculation. These results suggest that environmental substrates and guano can in general serve as infectious environmental reservoirs due to long-term persistence, and even growth, of live Pd. This should inform management interventions to sanitize or modify structures to reduce transmission risk as well early detection rapid response (EDRR) planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Urbina
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, 2820 SW Campus Way, Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Tara Chestnut
- National Park Service, Mount Rainier National Park, Ashford, WA, USA
| | - Jennifer M Allen
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, 2820 SW Campus Way, Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Taal Levi
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, 2820 SW Campus Way, Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
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14
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Allen JM, Niel K, Guo A, Su Y, Zhang H, Anghelescu DL. Psychosocial Factors and Psychological Interventions: Implications for Chronic Post-Surgical Pain in Pediatric Patients with Osteosarcoma. J Clin Psychol Med Settings 2020; 28:468-476. [PMID: 33170412 DOI: 10.1007/s10880-020-09748-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study retrospectively investigated psychological factors contributing to chronic post-surgical pain (CPSP) in pediatric patients after limb-sparing or amputation surgery for extremity osteosarcoma. Psychological factors were identified and analyzed by the Wilcoxon rank-sum and median two-sample tests. Univariate and multivariate Cox regressions were performed using gender, age, psychological factors, and psychological interventions related to CPSP duration as covariates. Duration of pain treatment was significantly longer in patients resistant to psychological interventions (p = 0.01) than those receptive to interventions. Shorter duration of pain treatment was associated with older age (p = 0.03) and receptiveness to psychological interventions (HR = 4.19, 95% CI [1.22, 14.35]). Older age and receptiveness to psychological interventions as part of pain management care are associated with needing a shorter duration of pain treatment. Our results highlight the importance of prospective investigations evaluating motivation to engage in psychotherapy and psychological interventions and identify risk factors for CPSP in pediatric oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Allen
- Department of Psychology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Pl, MS: 101, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
| | - Kristin Niel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andy Guo
- College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Rockford, IL, USA
| | - Yin Su
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Preventative Medicine - Biostatistics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Doralina L Anghelescu
- Division of Anesthesiology, Department of Pediatric Medicine, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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15
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Lawton J, Kimbell B, Rankin D, Ashcroft NL, Varghese L, Allen JM, Boughton CK, Campbell F, Randell T, Besser REJ, Trevelyan N, Hovorka R. Health professionals' views about who would benefit from using a closed-loop system: a qualitative study. Diabet Med 2020; 37:1030-1037. [PMID: 31989684 DOI: 10.1111/dme.14252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM To explore health professionals' views about who would benefit from using a closed-loop system and who should be prioritized for access to the technology in routine clinical care. METHODS Health professionals (n = 22) delivering the Closed Loop from Onset in type 1 Diabetes (CLOuD) trial were interviewed after they had ≥ 6 months' experience supporting participants using a closed-loop system. Data were analysed thematically. RESULTS Interviewees described holding strong assumptions about the types of people who would use the technology effectively prior to the trial. Interviewees described changing their views as a result of observing individuals engaging with the closed-loop system in ways they had not anticipated. This included educated, technologically competent individuals who over-interacted with the system in ways which could compromise glycaemic control. Other individuals, who health professionals assumed would struggle to understand and use the technology, were reported to have benefitted from it because they stood back and allowed the system to operate without interference. Interviewees concluded that individual, family and psychological attributes cannot be used as pre-selection criteria and, ideally, all individuals should be given the chance to try the technology. However, it was recognized that clinical guidelines will be needed to inform difficult decisions about treatment allocation (and withdrawal), with young children and infants being considered priority groups. CONCLUSIONS To ensure fair and equitable access to closed-loop systems, prejudicial assumptions held by health professionals may need to be addressed. To support their decision-making, clinical guidelines need to be made available in a timely manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lawton
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - B Kimbell
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - D Rankin
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - N L Ashcroft
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - L Varghese
- Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge, UK
| | - J M Allen
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - C K Boughton
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - T Randell
- Nottingham Children's Hospital, Nottingham, UK
| | - R E J Besser
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - N Trevelyan
- Southampton Children's Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - R Hovorka
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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16
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Parris KR, Harman JL, Jurbergs N, Allen JM, Canavera KE. Beyond clinical practice in pediatric psychology: Illustrative experiences in influencing practice changes, public opinion, and governmental policies. Psychol Serv 2020; 17:98-109. [PMID: 31380678 DOI: 10.1037/ser0000385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Consistent with the core underpinnings of advocacy within the field of pediatrics, the discipline of pediatric psychology places an emphasis on advocating for children through clinical and research efforts as well as through a systems approach of interdisciplinary collaboration and partnering with others. In the current article, the role of advocacy efforts for pediatric psychologists within children's hospitals are highlighted. Various forms and models of advocacy are discussed, particularly as they relate to individual and organizational advocacy within children's hospitals, as well as interdisciplinary collaboration and shared advocacy with other health care providers and leadership. Training of pediatric psychologists in advocacy is also addressed, including limitations in development and application of advocacy skills for pediatric psychologists. Examples of policy change at the hospital/institutional, state, and national levels are also provided. While pediatric psychologists are in unique positions to advocate for their patients within interdisciplinary health care settings, challenges in advocacy exist. Future directions for improving advocacy for pediatric psychologists are explored. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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17
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Pochardt M, Allen JM, Hart T, Miller SDL, Yu DW, Levi T. Environmental DNA facilitates accurate, inexpensive, and multiyear population estimates of millions of anadromous fish. Mol Ecol Resour 2019; 20:457-467. [DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meredith Pochardt
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Oregon State University Corvallis OR USA
- Chilkoot Indian Association Haines AK USA
- Takshanuk Watershed Council Haines AK USA
| | - Jennifer M. Allen
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Oregon State University Corvallis OR USA
| | - Ted Hart
- Chilkoot Indian Association Haines AK USA
| | - Sophie D. L. Miller
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution Kunming Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming China
| | - Douglas W. Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution Kunming Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming China
- School of Biological Sciences University of East Anglia Norwich UK
| | - Taal Levi
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Oregon State University Corvallis OR USA
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Boughton
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Wolfson Diabetes and Endocrine Clinic, Cambridge, UK
| | - S Hartnell
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Wolfson Diabetes and Endocrine Clinic, Cambridge, UK
| | - J M Allen
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - R Hovorka
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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19
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Levi T, Allen JM, Bell D, Joyce J, Russell JR, Tallmon DA, Vulstek SC, Yang C, Yu DW. Environmental DNA for the enumeration and management of Pacific salmon. Mol Ecol Resour 2019; 19:597-608. [DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Taal Levi
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon
| | - Jennifer M. Allen
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon
| | - Donovan Bell
- Auke Bay Laboratories National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Juneau, Alaska
| | - John Joyce
- Auke Bay Laboratories National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Juneau, Alaska
| | - Joshua R. Russell
- Auke Bay Laboratories National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Juneau, Alaska
| | - David A. Tallmon
- Biology and Marine Biology Program University of Alaska Southeast Juneau, Alaska
| | - Scott C. Vulstek
- Auke Bay Laboratories National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Juneau, Alaska
| | - Chunyan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming China
| | - Douglas W. Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming China
- School of Biological Sciences University of East Anglia Norwich UK
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20
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Hall MR, Bardayan DW, Baugher T, Lepailleur A, Pain SD, Ratkiewicz A, Ahn S, Allen JM, Anderson JT, Ayangeakaa AD, Blackmon JC, Burcher S, Carpenter MP, Cha SM, Chae KY, Chipps KA, Cizewski JA, Febbraro M, Hall O, Hu J, Jiang CL, Jones KL, Lee EJ, O'Malley PD, Ota S, Rasco BC, Santiago-Gonzalez D, Seweryniak D, Sims H, Smith K, Tan WP, Thompson P, Thornsberry C, Varner RL, Walter D, Wilson GL, Zhu S. Key ^{19}Ne States Identified Affecting γ-Ray Emission from ^{18}F in Novae. Phys Rev Lett 2019; 122:052701. [PMID: 30822026 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.052701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Detection of nuclear-decay γ rays provides a sensitive thermometer of nova nucleosynthesis. The most intense γ-ray flux is thought to be annihilation radiation from the β^{+} decay of ^{18}F, which is destroyed prior to decay by the ^{18}F(p,α)^{15}O reaction. Estimates of ^{18}F production had been uncertain, however, because key near-threshold levels in the compound nucleus, ^{19}Ne, had yet to be identified. We report the first measurement of the ^{19}F(^{3}He,tγ)^{19}Ne reaction, in which the placement of two long-sought 3/2^{+} levels is suggested via triton-γ-γ coincidences. The precise determination of their resonance energies reduces the upper limit of the rate by a factor of 1.5-17 at nova temperatures and reduces the average uncertainty on the nova detection probability by a factor of 2.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Hall
- Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - D W Bardayan
- Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - T Baugher
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA
| | - A Lepailleur
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA
| | - S D Pain
- Physics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - A Ratkiewicz
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA
| | - S Ahn
- National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - J M Allen
- Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - J T Anderson
- Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - A D Ayangeakaa
- Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - J C Blackmon
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - S Burcher
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - M P Carpenter
- Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - S M Cha
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - K Y Chae
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - K A Chipps
- Physics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - J A Cizewski
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA
| | - M Febbraro
- Physics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - O Hall
- Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - J Hu
- Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - C L Jiang
- Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - K L Jones
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - E J Lee
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - P D O'Malley
- Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - S Ota
- Physics Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - B C Rasco
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - D Santiago-Gonzalez
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - D Seweryniak
- Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - H Sims
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - K Smith
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - W P Tan
- Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - P Thompson
- Physics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - C Thornsberry
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - R L Varner
- Physics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - D Walter
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA
| | - G L Wilson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
- Department of Physics and Applied Physics, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, USA
| | - S Zhu
- Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
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21
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Lindstrøm CA, Adli E, Allen JM, An W, Beekman C, Clarke CI, Clayton CE, Corde S, Doche A, Frederico J, Gessner SJ, Green SZ, Hogan MJ, Joshi C, Litos M, Lu W, Marsh KA, Mori WB, O'Shea BD, Vafaei-Najafabadi N, Yakimenko V. Measurement of Transverse Wakefields Induced by a Misaligned Positron Bunch in a Hollow Channel Plasma Accelerator. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 120:124802. [PMID: 29694092 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.124802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hollow channel plasma wakefield acceleration is a proposed method to provide high acceleration gradients for electrons and positrons alike: a key to future lepton colliders. However, beams which are misaligned from the channel axis induce strong transverse wakefields, deflecting beams and reducing the collider luminosity. This undesirable consequence sets a tight constraint on the alignment accuracy of the beam propagating through the channel. Direct measurements of beam misalignment-induced transverse wakefields are therefore essential for designing mitigation strategies. We present the first quantitative measurements of transverse wakefields in a hollow plasma channel, induced by an off-axis 20 GeV positron bunch, and measured with another 20 GeV lower charge trailing positron probe bunch. The measurements are largely consistent with theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Lindstrøm
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - E Adli
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - J M Allen
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - W An
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - C Beekman
- LOA, ENSTA ParisTech, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91762 Palaiseau, France
| | - C I Clarke
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - C E Clayton
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - S Corde
- LOA, ENSTA ParisTech, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91762 Palaiseau, France
| | - A Doche
- LOA, ENSTA ParisTech, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91762 Palaiseau, France
| | - J Frederico
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - S J Gessner
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - S Z Green
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - M J Hogan
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - C Joshi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - M Litos
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - W Lu
- IFSA Collaborative Innovation Center, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - K A Marsh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - W B Mori
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - B D O'Shea
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - N Vafaei-Najafabadi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - V Yakimenko
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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22
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Doche A, Beekman C, Corde S, Allen JM, Clarke CI, Frederico J, Gessner SJ, Green SZ, Hogan MJ, O'Shea B, Yakimenko V, An W, Clayton CE, Joshi C, Marsh KA, Mori WB, Vafaei-Najafabadi N, Litos MD, Adli E, Lindstrøm CA, Lu W. Acceleration of a trailing positron bunch in a plasma wakefield accelerator. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14180. [PMID: 29079817 PMCID: PMC5660186 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14524-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
High gradients of energy gain and high energy efficiency are necessary parameters for compact, cost-efficient and high-energy particle colliders. Plasma Wakefield Accelerators (PWFA) offer both, making them attractive candidates for next-generation colliders. In these devices, a charge-density plasma wave is excited by an ultra-relativistic bunch of charged particles (the drive bunch). The energy in the wave can be extracted by a second bunch (the trailing bunch), as this bunch propagates in the wake of the drive bunch. While a trailing electron bunch was accelerated in a plasma with more than a gigaelectronvolt of energy gain, accelerating a trailing positron bunch in a plasma is much more challenging as the plasma response can be asymmetric for positrons and electrons. We report the demonstration of the energy gain by a distinct trailing positron bunch in a plasma wakefield accelerator, spanning nonlinear to quasi-linear regimes, and unveil the beam loading process underlying the accelerator energy efficiency. A positron bunch is used to drive the plasma wake in the experiment, though the quasi-linear wake structure could as easily be formed by an electron bunch or a laser driver. The results thus mark the first acceleration of a distinct positron bunch in plasma-based particle accelerators.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Doche
- LOA, ENSTA ParisTech, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Universite Paris-Saclay, 91762, Palaiseau, France.
| | - C Beekman
- LOA, ENSTA ParisTech, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Universite Paris-Saclay, 91762, Palaiseau, France
| | - S Corde
- LOA, ENSTA ParisTech, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Universite Paris-Saclay, 91762, Palaiseau, France.
| | - J M Allen
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - C I Clarke
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - J Frederico
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - S J Gessner
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - S Z Green
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - M J Hogan
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - B O'Shea
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - V Yakimenko
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - W An
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - C E Clayton
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - C Joshi
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - K A Marsh
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - W B Mori
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | | | - M D Litos
- University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - E Adli
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - C A Lindstrøm
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - W Lu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 10084, China
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Wheat RE, Allen JM, Miller SDL, Wilmers CC, Levi T. Environmental DNA from Residual Saliva for Efficient Noninvasive Genetic Monitoring of Brown Bears (Ursus arctos). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165259. [PMID: 27828988 PMCID: PMC5102439 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Noninvasive genetic sampling is an important tool in wildlife ecology and management, typically relying on hair snaring or scat sampling techniques, but hair snaring is labor and cost intensive, and scats yield relatively low quality DNA. New approaches utilizing environmental DNA (eDNA) may provide supplementary, cost-effective tools for noninvasive genetic sampling. We tested whether eDNA from residual saliva on partially-consumed Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) carcasses might yield suitable DNA quality for noninvasive monitoring of brown bears (Ursus arctos). We compared the efficiency of monitoring brown bear populations using both fecal DNA and salivary eDNA collected from partially-consumed salmon carcasses in Southeast Alaska. We swabbed a range of tissue types from 156 partially-consumed salmon carcasses from a midseason run of lakeshore-spawning sockeye (O. nerka) and a late season run of stream-spawning chum (O. keta) salmon in 2014. We also swabbed a total of 272 scats from the same locations. Saliva swabs collected from the braincases of salmon had the best amplification rate, followed by swabs taken from individual bite holes. Saliva collected from salmon carcasses identified unique individuals more quickly and required much less labor to locate than scat samples. Salmon carcass swabbing is a promising method to aid in efficient and affordable monitoring of bear populations, and suggests that the swabbing of food remains or consumed baits from other animals may be an additional cost-effective and valuable tool in the study of the ecology and population biology of many elusive and/or wide-ranging species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E. Wheat
- Department of Environmental Studies, Center for Integrated Spatial Research, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jennifer M. Allen
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Sophie D. L. Miller
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resource, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Christopher C. Wilmers
- Department of Environmental Studies, Center for Integrated Spatial Research, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Taal Levi
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
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Allen JM, Graef DM, Ehrentraut JH, Tynes BL, Crabtree VM. Sleep and Pain in Pediatric Illness: A Conceptual Review. CNS Neurosci Ther 2016; 22:880-893. [PMID: 27421251 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep disruption is a common comorbidity of pediatric pain. Consequences of pain and disrupted sleep, evidence for the pain-sleep relation, and how aspects of illness, treatment, and pharmacological pain management may contribute to or exacerbate these issues are presented. AIMS This conceptual review explored the relation between pain and sleep in children diagnosed with chronic medical or developmental conditions. The goal of this review is to expand upon the literature by examining common themes in sleep disturbances associated with painful conditions across multiple pediatric illnesses. Populations reviewed include youth with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD), migraines, cystic fibrosis (CF), sickle cell disease (SCD), cancer, juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), juvenile fibromyalgia (JFM), and functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs). RESULTS Consistent evidence demonstrates that children with medical or developmental conditions are more vulnerable to experiencing pain and subjective sleep complaints than healthy peers. Objective sleep concerns are common but often under-studied. Evidence of the pain-sleep relationship exists, particularly in pediatric SCD, IDD, and JIA, with a dearth of studies directly examining this relation in pediatric cancer, JFM, CF, and FGIDs. Findings suggest that assessing and treating pain and sleep disruption is important when optimizing functional outcomes. CONCLUSION It is essential that research further examine objective sleep, elucidate the pain-sleep relationship, consider physiological and psychosocial mechanisms of this relationship, and investigate nonpharmacological interventions aimed at improving pain and sleep in vulnerable pediatric populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Allen
- Department of Psychology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Danielle M Graef
- Department of Psychology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Brooklee L Tynes
- Department of Psychology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Valerie M Crabtree
- Department of Psychology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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Elleri D, Biagioni M, Allen JM, Kumareswaran K, Leelarathna L, Caldwell K, Nodale M, Wilinska ME, Haidar A, Calhoun P, Kollman C, Jackson NC, Umpleby AM, Acerini CL, Dunger DB, Hovorka R. Safety, efficacy and glucose turnover of reduced prandial boluses during closed-loop therapy in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a randomized clinical trial. Diabetes Obes Metab 2015; 17:1173-9. [PMID: 26257323 PMCID: PMC4832358 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate safety, efficacy and glucose turnover during closed-loop with meal announcement using reduced prandial insulin boluses in adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D). METHODS We conducted a randomized crossover study comparing closed-loop therapy with standard prandial insulin boluses versus closed-loop therapy with prandial boluses reduced by 25%. Eight adolescents with T1D [3 males; mean (standard deviation) age 15.9 (1.5) years, glycated haemoglobin 74 (17) mmol/mol; median (interquartile range) total daily dose 0.9 (0.7, 1.1) IU/kg/day] were studied on two 36-h-long visits. In random order, subjects received closed-loop therapy with either standard or reduced insulin boluses administered with main meals (50-80 g carbohydrates) but not with snacks (15-30 g carbohydrates). Stable-label tracer dilution methodology measured total glucose appearance (Ra_total) and glucose disposal (Rd). RESULTS The median (interquartile range) time spent in target (3.9-10 mmol/l) was similar between the two interventions [74 (66, 84)% vs 80 (65, 96)%; p = 0.87] as was time spent above 10 mmol/l [21.8 (16.3, 33.5)% vs 18.0 (4.1, 34.2)%; p = 0.87] and below 3.9 mmol/l [0 (0, 1.5)% vs 0 (0, 1.8)%; p = 0.88]. Mean plasma glucose was identical during the two interventions [8.4 (0.9) mmol/l; p = 0.98]. Hypoglycaemia occurred once 1.5 h post-meal during closed-loop therapy with standard bolus. Overall insulin delivery was lower with reduced prandial boluses [61.9 (55.2, 75.0) vs 72.5 (63.6, 80.3) IU; p = 0.01] and resulted in lower mean plasma insulin concentration [186 (171, 260) vs 252 (198, 336) pmol/l; p = 0.002]. Lower plasma insulin was also documented overnight [160 (136, 192) vs 191 (133, 252) pmol/l; p = 0.01, pooled nights]. Ra_total was similar [26.3 (21.9, 28.0) vs 25.4 (21.0, 29.2) µmol/kg/min; p = 0.19] during the two interventions as was Rd [25.8 (21.0, 26.9) vs 25.2 (21.2, 28.8) µmol/kg/min; p = 0.46]. CONCLUSIONS A 25% reduction in prandial boluses during closed-loop therapy maintains similar glucose control in adolescents with T1D whilst lowering overall plasma insulin levels. It remains unclear whether closed-loop therapy with a 25% reduction in prandial boluses would prevent postprandial hypoglycaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Elleri
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK
| | - M Biagioni
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK
| | - J M Allen
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK
| | - K Kumareswaran
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK
| | - L Leelarathna
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK
| | - K Caldwell
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK
| | - M Nodale
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK
| | - M E Wilinska
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK
| | - A Haidar
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK
| | - P Calhoun
- The Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - C Kollman
- The Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - N C Jackson
- Diabetes and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - A M Umpleby
- Diabetes and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - C L Acerini
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK
| | - D B Dunger
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK
| | - R Hovorka
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK
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Thabit H, Tauschmann M, Allen JM, Leelarathna L, Hartnell S, Wilinska ME, Acerini CL, Dellweg S, Benesch C, Heinemann L, Mader JK, Holzer M, Kojzar H, Exall J, Yong J, Pichierri J, Barnard KD, Kollman C, Cheng P, Hindmarsh PC, Campbell FM, Arnolds S, Pieber TR, Evans ML, Dunger DB, Hovorka R. Home Use of an Artificial Beta Cell in Type 1 Diabetes. N Engl J Med 2015; 373:2129-2140. [PMID: 26379095 PMCID: PMC4697362 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1509351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The feasibility, safety, and efficacy of prolonged use of an artificial beta cell (closed-loop insulin-delivery system) in the home setting have not been established. METHODS In two multicenter, crossover, randomized, controlled studies conducted under free-living home conditions, we compared closed-loop insulin delivery with sensor-augmented pump therapy in 58 patients with type 1 diabetes. The closed-loop system was used day and night by 33 adults and overnight by 25 children and adolescents. Participants used the closed-loop system for a 12-week period and sensor-augmented pump therapy (control) for a similar period. The primary end point was the proportion of time that the glucose level was between 70 mg and 180 mg per deciliter for adults and between 70 mg and 145 mg per deciliter for children and adolescents. RESULTS Among adults, the proportion of time that the glucose level was in the target range was 11.0 percentage points (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.1 to 13.8) greater with the use of the closed-loop system day and night than with control therapy (P<0.001). The mean glucose level was lower during the closed-loop phase than during the control phase (difference, -11 mg per deciliter; 95% CI, -17 to -6; P<0.001), as were the area under the curve for the period when the glucose level was less than 63 mg per deciliter (39% lower; 95% CI, 24 to 51; P<0.001) and the mean glycated hemoglobin level (difference, -0.3%; 95% CI, -0.5 to -0.1; P=0.002). Among children and adolescents, the proportion of time with the nighttime glucose level in the target range was higher during the closed-loop phase than during the control phase (by 24.7 percentage points; 95% CI, 20.6 to 28.7; P<0.001), and the mean nighttime glucose level was lower (difference, -29 mg per deciliter; 95% CI, -39 to -20; P<0.001). The area under the curve for the period in which the day-and-night glucose levels were less than 63 mg per deciliter was lower by 42% (95% CI, 4 to 65; P=0.03). Three severe hypoglycemic episodes occurred during the closed-loop phase when the closed-loop system was not in use. CONCLUSIONS Among patients with type 1 diabetes, 12-week use of a closed-loop system, as compared with sensor-augmented pump therapy, improved glucose control, reduced hypoglycemia, and, in adults, resulted in a lower glycated hemoglobin level. (Funded by the JDRF and others; AP@home04 and APCam08 ClinicalTrials.gov numbers, NCT01961622 and NCT01778348.).
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Corde S, Adli E, Allen JM, An W, Clarke CI, Clayton CE, Delahaye JP, Frederico J, Gessner S, Green SZ, Hogan MJ, Joshi C, Lipkowitz N, Litos M, Lu W, Marsh KA, Mori WB, Schmeltz M, Vafaei-Najafabadi N, Walz D, Yakimenko V, Yocky G. Multi-gigaelectronvolt acceleration of positrons in a self-loaded plasma wakefield. Nature 2015; 524:442-5. [PMID: 26310764 DOI: 10.1038/nature14890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Electrical breakdown sets a limit on the kinetic energy that particles in a conventional radio-frequency accelerator can reach. New accelerator concepts must be developed to achieve higher energies and to make future particle colliders more compact and affordable. The plasma wakefield accelerator (PWFA) embodies one such concept, in which the electric field of a plasma wake excited by a bunch of charged particles (such as electrons) is used to accelerate a trailing bunch of particles. To apply plasma acceleration to electron-positron colliders, it is imperative that both the electrons and their antimatter counterpart, the positrons, are efficiently accelerated at high fields using plasmas. Although substantial progress has recently been reported on high-field, high-efficiency acceleration of electrons in a PWFA powered by an electron bunch, such an electron-driven wake is unsuitable for the acceleration and focusing of a positron bunch. Here we demonstrate a new regime of PWFAs where particles in the front of a single positron bunch transfer their energy to a substantial number of those in the rear of the same bunch by exciting a wakefield in the plasma. In the process, the accelerating field is altered--'self-loaded'--so that about a billion positrons gain five gigaelectronvolts of energy with a narrow energy spread over a distance of just 1.3 metres. They extract about 30 per cent of the wake's energy and form a spectrally distinct bunch with a root-mean-square energy spread as low as 1.8 per cent. This ability to transfer energy efficiently from the front to the rear within a single positron bunch makes the PWFA scheme very attractive as an energy booster to an electron-positron collider.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Corde
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.,LOA, ENSTA ParisTech, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91762 Palaiseau, France
| | - E Adli
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.,Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - J M Allen
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - W An
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - C I Clarke
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - C E Clayton
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - J P Delahaye
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - J Frederico
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - S Gessner
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - S Z Green
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - M J Hogan
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - C Joshi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - N Lipkowitz
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - M Litos
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - W Lu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - K A Marsh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - W B Mori
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - M Schmeltz
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - N Vafaei-Najafabadi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - D Walz
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - V Yakimenko
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - G Yocky
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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Levi T, Wheat RE, Allen JM, Wilmers CC. Differential use of salmon by vertebrate consumers: implications for conservation. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1157. [PMID: 26339539 PMCID: PMC4558068 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmon and other anadromous fish are consumed by vertebrates with distinct life history strategies to capitalize on this ephemeral pulse of resource availability. Depending on the timing of salmon arrival, this resource may be in surplus to the needs of vertebrate consumers if, for instance, their populations are limited by food availability during other times of year. However, the life history of some consumers enables more efficient exploitation of these ephemeral resources. Bears can deposit fat and then hibernate to avoid winter food scarcity, and highly mobile consumers such as eagles, gulls, and other birds can migrate to access asynchronous pulses of salmon availability. We used camera traps on pink, chum, and sockeye salmon spawning grounds with various run times and stream morphologies, and on individual salmon carcasses, to discern potentially different use patterns among consumers. Wildlife use of salmon was highly heterogeneous. Ravens were the only avian consumer that fed heavily on pink salmon in small streams. Eagles and gulls did not feed on early pink salmon runs in streams, and only moderately at early sockeye runs, but were the dominant consumers at late chum salmon runs, particularly on expansive river flats. Brown bears used all salmon resources far more than other terrestrial vertebrates. Notably, black bears were not observed on salmon spawning grounds despite being the most frequently observed vertebrate on roads and trails. From a conservation and management perspective, all salmon species and stream morphologies are used extensively by bears, but salmon spawning late in the year are disproportionately important to eagles and other highly mobile species that are seasonally limited by winter food availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taal Levi
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University , Corvallis, OR , USA
| | - Rachel E Wheat
- Center for Integrated Spatial Research, Department of Environmental Studies, University of California , Santa Cruz, CA , USA
| | - Jennifer M Allen
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University , Corvallis, OR , USA
| | - Christopher C Wilmers
- Center for Integrated Spatial Research, Department of Environmental Studies, University of California , Santa Cruz, CA , USA
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Thabit H, Elleri D, Leelarathna L, Allen JM, Lubina-Solomon A, Stadler M, Walkinshaw E, Iqbal A, Choudhary P, Wilinska ME, Barnard KD, Heller SR, Amiel SA, Evans ML, Dunger DB, Hovorka R. Unsupervised home use of an overnight closed-loop system over 3-4 weeks: a pooled analysis of randomized controlled studies in adults and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2015; 17:452-8. [PMID: 25492378 PMCID: PMC4510702 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To compare overnight closed-loop and sensor-augmented pump therapy in patients with type 1 diabetes by combining data collected during free-living unsupervised randomized crossover home studies. METHODS A total of 40 participants with type 1 diabetes, of whom 24 were adults [mean ± standard deviation (s.d.) age 43 ± 12 years and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) 8.0 ± 0.9%] and 16 were adolescents (mean ± s.d. age 15.6 ± 3.6 years and HbA1c 8.1 ± 0.8%), underwent two periods of sensor-augmented pump therapy in the home setting, in combination with or without an overnight closed-loop insulin delivery system that uses a model predictive control algorithm to direct insulin delivery. The order of the two interventions was random; each period lasted 4 weeks in adults and 3 weeks in adolescents. The primary outcome was time during which sensor glucose readings were in the target range of 3.9-8.0 mmol/l. RESULTS The proportion of time when sensor glucose was in the target range (3.9-8.0 mmol/l) overnight (between 24:00 and 08:00 hours) was 18.5% greater during closed-loop insulin delivery than during sensor-augmented therapy (p < 0.001). Closed-loop therapy significantly reduced mean overnight glucose levels by 0.9 mmol/l (p < 0.001), with no difference in glycaemic variability, as measured by the standard deviation of sensor glucose. Time spent above the target range was reduced (p = 0.001), as was time spent in hypoglycaemia (<3.9 mmol/l; p = 0.014) during closed-loop therapy. Lower mean overnight glucose levels during closed-loop therapy were brought about by increased overnight insulin delivery (p < 0.001) without changes to the total daily delivery (p = 0.84). CONCLUSION Overnight closed-loop insulin therapy at home in adults and adolescents with type 1 diabetes is feasible, showing improvements in glucose control and reducing the risk of nocturnal hypoglycaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Thabit
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Thabit H, Kumareswaran K, Haidar A, Leelarathna L, Caldwell K, Elleri D, Allen JM, Nodale M, Wilinska ME, Jackson NC, Umpleby AM, Evans ML, Hovorka R. Glucose turnover after replacement of usual therapy by insulin in insulin-naive type 2 diabetes subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:2225-32. [PMID: 24606105 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-4519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Discontinuation of anti-hyperglycemic oral agents and initiation of insulin is recommended in certain clinical situations for inpatients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). The effects on glucose turnover when these agents are acutely withdrawn are poorly understood and may be of importance when insulin therapy is initiated. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to investigate alterations in glucose turnover after acute withdrawal of noninsulin therapy. DESIGN AND SETTING This was a randomized crossover study at a clinical research facility. PARTICIPANTS Participants included 12 insulin-naive subjects with T2D. METHODS Subjects attended two 24-hour visits. Standard therapy was discontinued and replaced by closed-loop insulin delivery during the intervention visit. Usual anti-hyperglycemic therapy was continued during the control visit. Systemic glucose appearance (Ra) and glucose disposal (Rd) were measured using a tracer dilution technique with iv [6,6-(2)H2]glucose. RESULTS Plasma glucose profiles during both visits were comparable (P = .48). Glucose Ra increased during the day (21.4 [19.5, 23.5] vs 18.6 [17.0, 21.6) μmol/kg/min, P = .019) and decreased overnight (9.7 [8.5, 11.4] vs 11.6 [10.3, 12.9] μmol/kg/min, P = .004) when the usual therapy was discontinued and replaced with insulin. Increased daytime glucose Rd (21.2 [19.4, 23.9] vs 18.8 [18.3, 21.7] μmol/kg/min, P = .002) and decreased overnight Rd (10.4 [9.1, 12.0] vs 11.8 [10.7, 13.7] μmol/kg/min, P = .005) were observed when the usual therapy was discontinued, whereas daytime peripheral insulin sensitivity was reduced (47.8 [24.8, 66.1] vs 62.5 [34.8, 75.8] nmol/kg/min per pmol/L, P = .034). CONCLUSION In T2D, acute discontinuation of anti-hyperglycemic therapy and replacement with insulin increases postprandial Ra and reduces peripheral insulin sensitivity. Insulin dose initiation may need to compensate for these alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Thabit
- Metabolic Research Laboratories (H.T., K.K., L.L., K.C., D.E., J.M.A., M.N., M.E.W., M.L.E., R.H.), Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, and Department of Paediatrics (D.E., J.M.A., M.E.W., R.H.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Centre for Intelligent Machines (A.H.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0E9, Canada; and Postgraduate Medical School (N.C.J., A.M.U.), University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7TE, United Kingdom
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31
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Elleri D, Allen JM, Harris J, Kumareswaran K, Nodale M, Leelarathna L, Acerini CL, Haidar A, Wilinska ME, Jackson N, Umpleby AM, Evans ML, Dunger DB, Hovorka R. Absorption patterns of meals containing complex carbohydrates in type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2013; 56:1108-17. [PMID: 23435829 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-013-2852-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Successful postprandial glycaemia management requires understanding of absorption patterns after meals containing variable complex carbohydrates. We studied eight young participants with type 1 diabetes to investigate a large low-glycaemic-load (LG) meal and another eight participants to investigate a high-glycaemic-load (HG) meal matched for carbohydrates (121 g). METHODS On Visit 1, participants consumed an evening meal. On follow-up Visit 2, a variable-target glucose clamp was performed to reproduce glucose and insulin levels from Visit 1. Adopting stable-label tracer dilution methodology, we measured endogenous glucose production on Visit 2 and subtracted it from total glucose appearance measured on Visit 1 to obtain meal-attributable glucose appearance. RESULTS After the LG meal, 25%, 50% and 75% of cumulative glucose appearance was at 88 ± 21, 175 ± 39 and 270 ± 54 min (mean ± SD), whereas glucose from the HG meal appeared significantly faster at 56 ± 12, 100 ± 25 and 153 ± 39 min (p < 0.001 to 0.003), and resulted in a 50% higher peak appearance (p < 0.001). Higher apparent bioavailability by 15% (p = 0.037) was observed after the LG meal. We documented a 20 min deceleration of dietary mixed carbohydrates compared with dietary glucose for the HG meal and a twofold deceleration for the LG meal. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Absorption patterns may be influenced by glycaemic load and/or meal composition, affecting optimum prandial insulin dosing in type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Elleri
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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Abstract
AIMS There are previous suggestions of increased C-peptide concentration in women with Type 1 diabetes during pregnancy. Our aim was to re-evaluate the hypothesis of a pregnancy-induced increase by measuring plasma C-peptide concentration in women with stable blood glucose control under standardized fasting and meal-stimulated conditions. METHODS Ten women with Type 1 diabetes; median age 31.1 years, median diabetes duration 19 years, median HbA(1c) 52 mmol/mol (6.9%) were admitted to a clinical research facility for two 24-h visits in early (12-16 weeks) and late (28-32 weeks) pregnancy. Women They ate standardized study meals - 80-g carbohydrate dinner, 60-g carbohydrate breakfast, and fasted between meals and overnight. Closed-loop insulin delivery maintained stable and comparable glycaemic conditions. Paired samples for plasma glucose and C-peptide were obtained. RESULTS Plasma glucose levels were comparable in early (median 6.5 mmol/l; interquartile range 5.6-8.6) and late pregnancy (median 7.0 mmol/l; interquartile range 6.1-7.8; P = 0.72). There was no change in fasting or meal-stimulated plasma C-peptide concentration from early to late pregnancy; mean difference 4.0 pmol/l (95% CI -6.0 to 7.0; P = 0.9). Four women had detectable C-peptide; peak (range) early vs. late pregnancy 48.5 (10-115) vs. 40.0 pmol/l (80-105); P = 0.5, which was weakly associated with plasma glucose; R(2) = 0.15, P < 0.0001. CONCLUSIONS We found no gestational changes in plasma C-peptide concentration. Previously reported increases may reflect differences in glucose control and/or exogenous insulin doses. This study highlights the importance and challenges of standardizing experimental conditions for accurate plasma C-peptide measurement during Type 1 diabetes pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Murphy
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
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Murphy HR, Elleri D, Allen JM, Harris J, Simmons D, Rayman G, Temple RC, Umpleby AM, Dunger DB, Haidar A, Nodale M, Wilinska ME, Hovorka R. Pathophysiology of postprandial hyperglycaemia in women with type 1 diabetes during pregnancy. Diabetologia 2012; 55:282-93. [PMID: 22080230 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2363-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Although maternal hyperglycaemia is associated with increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcome, the mechanisms of postprandial hyperglycaemia during pregnancy are poorly understood. We aimed to describe glucose turnover in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes, according to stage of gestation (early vs late gestation). METHODS The rates of systemic glucose appearance (R(a)) and glucose disposal (R(d)) were measured in ten pregnant women with type 1 diabetes during early (12-16 weeks) and late (28-32 weeks) gestation. Women ate standardised meals--a starch-rich 80 g carbohydrate dinner and a sugar-rich 60 g carbohydrate breakfast--and fasted between meals and overnight. Stable-label isotope tracers ([6,6-(2)H(2)]glucose and [U-(13)C]glucose) were used to determine R(a), R(d) and glucose bioavailability. Closed-loop insulin delivery maintained stable glycaemic conditions. RESULTS There were no changes in fasting R(a) (10 ± 2 vs 11 ± 2 μmol kg(-1) min(-1); p = 0.32) or fasting R(d) (11 ± 2 vs 11 ± 1 μmol kg(-1) min(-1); p = 0.77) in early vs late gestation. There was increased hepatic insulin resistance (381 ± 237 vs 540 ± 242 μmol kg(-1) min(-1) × pmol/l; p = 0.04) and decreased peripheral insulin sensitivity (0.09 ± 0.04 vs 0.05 ± 0.02 μmol kg(-1) min(-1) per pmol/l dinner, 0.11 ± 0.05 vs 0.07 ± 0.03 μmol kg(-1) min(-1) per pmol/l breakfast; p = 0.002) in late gestation. It also took longer for insulin levels to reach maximal concentrations (49 [37-55] vs 71 [52-108] min; p = 0.004) with significantly delayed glucose disposal (108 [87-125] vs 135 [110-158] min; p = 0.005) in late gestation. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Postprandial glucose control is impaired by significantly slower glucose disposal in late gestation. Early prandial insulin dosing may help to accelerate glucose disposal and potentially ameliorate postprandial hyperglycaemia in late pregnancy. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN 62568875 FUNDING Diabetes UK Project Grant BDA 07/003551. H.R. Murphy is funded by a National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) research fellowship (PDF/08/01/036). Supported also by the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation (JDRF), Abbott Diabetes Care (Freestyle Navigator CGM and sensors free of charge), Medical Research Council Centre for Obesity and Related Metabolic Diseases and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Murphy
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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Million-Weaver S, Alexander DL, Allen JM, Camps M. Quantifying plasmid copy number to investigate plasmid dosage effects associated with directed protein evolution. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 834:33-48. [PMID: 22144351 PMCID: PMC3804865 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-483-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Our laboratory specializes in directed protein evolution, i.e., evolution of proteins under defined selective pressures in the laboratory. Our target genes are encoded in ColE1 plasmids to facilitate the generation of libraries in vivo. We have observed that when random mutations are not restricted to the coding sequence of the target genes, directed evolution results in a strong positive selection of plasmid origin of replication (ori) mutations. Surprisingly, this is true even during evolution of new biochemical activities, when the activity that is being selected was not originally present. The selected plasmid ori mutations are diverse and produce a range of plasmid copy numbers, suggesting a complex interplay between ori and coding mutations rather than a simple enhancement of level of expression of the target gene. Thus, plasmid dosage may contribute significantly to evolution by fine-tuning levels of activity. Here, we present examples illustrating these observations as well as our methods for efficient quantification of plasmid copy number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Million-Weaver
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
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Allen JM, Simcha DM, Ericson NG, Alexander DL, Marquette JT, Van Biber BP, Troll CJ, Karchin R, Bielas JH, Loeb LA, Camps M. Roles of DNA polymerase I in leading and lagging-strand replication defined by a high-resolution mutation footprint of ColE1 plasmid replication. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 39:7020-33. [PMID: 21622658 PMCID: PMC3167613 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA polymerase I (pol I) processes RNA primers during lagging-strand synthesis and fills small gaps during DNA repair reactions. However, it is unclear how pol I and pol III work together during replication and repair or how extensive pol I processing of Okazaki fragments is in vivo. Here, we address these questions by analyzing pol I mutations generated through error-prone replication of ColE1 plasmids. The data were obtained by direct sequencing, allowing an accurate determination of the mutation spectrum and distribution. Pol I’s mutational footprint suggests: (i) during leading-strand replication pol I is gradually replaced by pol III over at least 1.3 kb; (ii) pol I processing of Okazaki fragments is limited to ∼20 nt and (iii) the size of Okazaki fragments is short (∼250 nt). While based on ColE1 plasmid replication, our findings are likely relevant to other pol I replicative processes such as chromosomal replication and DNA repair, which differ from ColE1 replication mostly at the recruitment steps. This mutation footprinting approach should help establish the role of other prokaryotic or eukaryotic polymerases in vivo, and provides a tool to investigate how sequence topology, DNA damage, or interactions with protein partners may affect the function of individual DNA polymerases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Allen
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
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Robbins J, Dalla Rosa L, Allen JM, Mattila DK, Secchi ER, Friedlaender AS, Stevick PT, Nowacek DP, Steele D. Return movement of a humpback whale between the Antarctic Peninsula and American Samoa: a seasonal migration record. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2011. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Hallam MJ, Allen JM, James SE, Donaldson PMW, Davies JG, Hanlon GW, Dheansa BS. Potential subtherapeutic linezolid and meropenem antibiotic concentrations in a patient with severe burns and sepsis. J Burn Care Res 2010; 31:207-9. [PMID: 20061858 DOI: 10.1097/bcr.0b013e3181c89ee3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Altered pharmacokinetics in patients with major burns may result in serum antibiotic concentrations below those required to be effective against the common pathogens encountered in burns patients. The major changes in the fluid volumes of key body compartments, which occur with a large burn, may increase the apparent volume of distribution of a drug, thereby lowering its concentration when a standard dose is given. In addition, the observed increase in renal blood flow reported in burns patients, because of the change in cardiac output, may result in a higher drug clearance and a shorter elimination half-life. As a consequence, studies have recommended higher doses or more frequent dosing or both for some antibiotics in patients with major burns, but data are lacking for many of the antibiotics reserved for treatment of life-threatening infections. The authors measured serum concentrations of two antibiotics, linezolid and meropenem, in an immunosuppressed patient who presented with a severe burn to determine whether therapeutic concentrations were achieved, thereby improving the likelihood of infection control.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-J Hallam
- Burns Centre, Queen Victoria Hospital, East Grinstead, UK
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Elleri D, Allen JM, Nodale M, Wilinska ME, Acerini CL, Dunger DB, Hovorka R. Suspended insulin infusion during overnight closed-loop glucose control in children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med 2010; 27:480-4. [PMID: 20536523 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.02964.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We assessed an extended interruption of subcutaneous insulin delivery during overnight closed-loop glucose control in children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes (T1D). METHODS In seven young subjects with T1D [age 14.2+/-2.1 years, diabetes duration 6.9+/-4.0 years, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) 8.0+/-1.5%, body mass index (BMI) 21.4+/-4.0 kg/m2, total daily insulin dose 0.9+/-0.2 units/kg/day; mean+/-sd) participating in overnight closed-loop glucose control studies, insulin delivery was interrupted for at least 90 min on the basis of predicted hypoglycaemia, low prevailing glucose levels or a too-steep decline in glucose levels. RESULTS Insulin delivery was interrupted for 165 (105, 210) min [median, interquartile range (IQR)]. Plasma glucose was 6.2+/-3.2 mmol/l at the time of interruption and 5.5+/-2.0 mmol/l 105 min later (P=0.15, paired t-test). Plasma glucose declined during the first hour of the interruption at a rate of 0.02+/-0.03 mmol/l per min and reached a nadir of 5.2+/-2.7 mmol/l; 105 min after the interruption, plasma glucose was increasing at a rate of 0.01+/-0.03 mmol/l per min. When insulin delivery restarted, plasma glucose was 6.4+/-2.2 mmol/l and peaked at 7.9+/-2.1 mmol/l in 60 min (P=0.01). Physiological levels of plasma insulin were measured throughout with a nadir of 119+/-78 pmol/l. CONCLUSIONS A prolonged interruption of insulin delivery during overnight closed-loop glucose control to prevent hypoglycaemia was not associated with an increased risk of hyperglycaemia in young people with T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Elleri
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Abstract
AIMS Using compartment modelling, we assessed the time delay between blood glucose and sensor glucose measured by the Guardian RT continuous glucose monitoring system in young subjects with Type 1 diabetes (T1D). METHODS Twelve children and adolescents with T1D treated by continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (male/female 7/5; age 13.1 +/- 4.2 years; body mass index 21.9 +/- 4.3 kg/m(2); mean +/- sd) were studied over 19 h in a Clinical Research Facility. Guardian RT was calibrated every 6 h and sensor glucose measured every 5 min. Reference blood glucose was measured every 15 min using a YSI 2300 STAT Plus Analyser. A population compartment model of sensor glucose-blood glucose kinetics was adopted to estimate the time delay, the calibration scale and the calibration shift. RESULTS The population median of the time delay was 15.8 (interquartile range 15.2, 16.5) min, which was corroborated by correlation analysis between blood glucose and 15-min delayed sensor glucose. The delay has a relatively low intersubject variability, with 95% of individuals predicted to have delays between 10.4 and 24.3 min. Population medians (interquartile range) for the scale and shift are 0.800 (0.777, 0.823) (unitless) and 1.66 (1.47, 1.84) mmol/l, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In young subjects with T1D, the total time delay associated with the Guardian RT system was approximately 15 min. This is twice that expected on physiological grounds, suggesting a 5- to 10-min delay because of data processing. Delays above 25 min are rarely to be observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wei
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Raine AE, Allen JM, Ledingham JG, Bloom SR. Renovascular Distribution of Npy and its Vasoconstrictor and Natriuretic Properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 6:1957-60. [PMID: 6549442 DOI: 10.3109/10641968409046109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Freeman S, Bartlett JB, Convey G, Hardern I, Teague JL, Loxham SJG, Allen JM, Poucher SM, Charles AD. Sensitivity of glycogen phosphorylase isoforms to indole site inhibitors is markedly dependent on the activation state of the enzyme. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 149:775-85. [PMID: 17016495 PMCID: PMC2014651 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Inhibition of hepatic glycogen phosphorylase is a potential treatment for glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes. Selective inhibition of the liver phosphorylase isoform could minimize adverse effects in other tissues. We investigated the potential selectivity of two indole site phosphorylase inhibitors, GPi688 and GPi819. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The activity of glycogen phosphorylase was modulated using the allosteric effectors glucose or caffeine to promote the less active T state, and AMP to promote the more active R state. In vitro potency of indole site inhibitors against liver and muscle glycogen phosphorylase a was examined at different effector concentrations using purified recombinant enzymes. The potency of GPi819 was compared with its in vivo efficacy at raising glycogen concentrations in liver and muscle of Zucker (fa/fa) rats. KEY RESULTS In vitro potency of indole site inhibitors depended upon the activity state of phosphorylase a. Both inhibitors showed selectivity for liver phosphorylase a when the isoform specific activities were equal. After 5 days dosing of GPi819 (37.5 micromol kg(-1)), where free compound levels in plasma and tissue were at steady state, glycogen elevation was 1.5-fold greater in soleus muscle than in liver (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The in vivo selectivity of GPi819 did not match that seen in vitro when the specific activities of phosphorylase a isoforms are equal. This suggests T state promoters may be important physiological regulators in skeletal muscle. The greater efficacy of indole site inhibitors in skeletal muscle has implications for the overall safety profile of such drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Freeman
- Cardiovascular and Gastrointestinal Discovery Department, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK.
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Abstract
Leptin is a hormonal protein involved in energy homeostatis that acts to inhibit food intake, to stimulate energy expenditure, and to influence insulin secretion, lipolysis, and sugar transport. Its action is mediated by a specific receptor whose activation is highly controversial. As a member of the cytokine receptor superfamily, it has been predicted to be activated by ligand-induced dimerization. However, recent evidence has indicated that this receptor exists as a dimer in both ligand-free and ligand-bound states. Here, the BiaCore has been used to measure the kinetics and stoichiometry of the interaction between the leptin and its receptor. Human or mouse receptor chimeras comprising two receptor extracellular domains fused to the Fc region of IgG(1) were captured on to the sensor via protein G. Kinetic data fitted to the simplest 1/1 model. The observed stoichiometry at ligand saturation was 1:1. Analyzing the binding mode and the reaction stoichiometry allowed us to conclude that the leptin receptor dimerization is not induced by ligand binding. This contradicts the common paradigm of cytokine receptor activation. Furthermore, data demonstrated a high-affinity interaction. The KD was 0.23+/-0.08 nM, with ka = (1.9 +/- 0.4) x 10(6) M(-1)s(-1) and kd = (4.4 +/- 0.6) x 10(-4) s(-1) for human leptin with its cognate receptor. Similar results were observed for the affinity of different species of leptin binding to mouse leptin receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mistrík
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IBLS, Wolfson Building, Level 2, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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Jacob C, Leport M, Szilagyi C, Allen JM, Bertrand C, Lagente V. DMSO-treated HL60 cells: a model of neutrophil-like cells mainly expressing PDE4B subtype. Int Immunopharmacol 2002; 2:1647-56. [PMID: 12469939 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5769(02)00141-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The human promyelocytic HL60 cells acquired a neutrophilic phenotype after a 7- to 10-day DMSO treatment. Fc gammaRII was up-regulated. Fc gammaRI was also up-regulated by an additional IFN-gamma treatment. These cells are able to produce O2*- by NADPH oxidase activation in the presence of immune complexes or phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA). A change of their PDE4 subtype profile was also observed: PDE4B was the predominant isoenzyme, PDE4D was down-regulated and PDE4A was no longer detectable. Additionally, the more NADPH oxidase was activated by PMA, the less PDE4A was expressed, suggesting that NADPH oxidase activity could be used as a surrogate marker of PDE4A down-regulation. Rolipram and Ariflo (cilomilast), two selective PDE4 inhibitors, dose-dependently inhibited receptor-coupled activation of superoxide. These results suggest that PDE4B is the main subtype involved in regulating superoxide induced by Fc gammaRs activation. Furthermore, these cells, expressing almost exclusively PDE4B subtype, could be useful to identify selective PDE4B inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jacob
- Fresnes Laboratories, Department of Biology, Pfizer Global R&D, 3-9, rue de la Loge, 94265 Fresnes, France.
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Melendez AJ, Bruetschy L, Floto RA, Harnett MM, Allen JM. Functional coupling of FcgammaRI to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced form) oxidative burst and immune complex trafficking requires the activation of phospholipase D1. Blood 2001; 98:3421-8. [PMID: 11719383 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v98.12.3421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) receptors (FcgammaRs) on myeloid cells are responsible for the internalization of immune complexes. Activation of the oxidase burst is an important component of the integrated cellular response mediated by Fc receptors. Previous work has demonstrated that, in interferon-gamma-primed U937 cells, the high-affinity receptor for IgG, FcgammaRI, is coupled to a novel intracellular signaling pathway that involves the sequential activation of phospholipase D (PLD), sphingosine kinase, and calcium transients. Here, it is shown that both known PLD isozymes, PLD1 and PLD2, were present in these cells. With the use of antisense oligonucleotides to specifically reduce the expression of either isozyme, PLD1, but not PLD2, was found to be coupled to FcgammaRI activation and be required to mediate receptor activation of sphingosine kinase and calcium transients. In addition, coupling of FcgammaRI to activation of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced form) (NADPH) oxidase burst was inhibited by pretreating cells with 0.3% butan-1-ol, indicating an absolute requirement for PLD. Furthermore, use of antisense oligonucleotides to reduce expression of PLD1 or PLD2 demonstrated that PLD1 is required to couple FcgammaRI to the activation of NADPH oxidase and trafficking of internalized immune complexes for degradation. These studies demonstrate the critical role of PLD1 in the intracellular signaling cascades initiated by FcgammaRI and its functional role in coordinating the response to antigen-antibody complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Melendez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Fresnes, France
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Allen JM, Brennessel WW, Buss CE, Ellis JE, Minyaev ME, Pink M, Warnock GF, Winzenburg ML, Young VG. Synthesis, isolation, and characterization of trisodium tricarbonyliridate (3-), Na3[Ir(CO)3]. Initial studies on its derivative chemistry and structural characterizations of trans-[Ir(CO)3(EPh3)2](-), E = Ge, Sn, and trans-[Co(CO)3(SnPh3)2](-1). Inorg Chem 2001; 40:5279-84. [PMID: 11559092 DOI: 10.1021/ic0105011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reduction of Na[Ir(CO)4] by sodium metal in (Me2N)3PO, followed by treatment with liquid ammonia, provided high yields (ca. 90%) of unsolvated Na3[Ir(CO)3], a thermally stable, pyrophoric orange solid. This substance contains iridium in its lowest known formal oxidation state of -3 and has been characterized by IR spectroscopy, elemental analyses, and derivative chemistry, i.e., by its conversion to the triphenylgermyl and triphenylstannyl complexes, trans-[Ir(CO)3(EPh3)2](-), E = Ge, Sn. Single-crystal X-ray structures of the tetraethylammonium salts of these species, as well as [Co(CO)3(SnPh3)2](-), confirm the trigonal bipyramidal nature of the anions, originally predicted on the basis of their IR spectra in the carbonyl stretching frequency region. These structural characterizations provide important additional evidence for the presence of metal tricarbonyl units in Na3[M(CO)3], M = Co, Ir.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Allen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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Abstract
Aggregation of the human high-affinity receptor for immunoglobulin G, FcgammaRI, results in initiation of intracellular signaling cascades. However, as the receptor contains no known signaling motif, it is required to recruit an accessory molecule. The gamma chain has been proposed to fulfil this role. Here, we show that in U937 cells differentiated to a more macrophage-like phenotype with dibutyryl cAMP, FcgammaRI no longer signals through the gamma chain but rather uses FcgammaRIIa to initiate tyrosine phosphorylation. Expression of the gamma chain is, however, increased in the dbcAMP-induced cells, but here the gamma chain specifically associates with the IgA receptor, FcalphaRI. Recruitment of the gamma chain either by FcgammaRI in cytokine-primed cells or by FcalphaRI in dbcAMP-induced cells couples ligand binding to the activation of phosphatidyl choline-specific phospholipase D.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Cameron
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics and Division of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, GB
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Halbert CL, Allen JM, Miller AD. Adeno-associated virus type 6 (AAV6) vectors mediate efficient transduction of airway epithelial cells in mouse lungs compared to that of AAV2 vectors. J Virol 2001; 75:6615-24. [PMID: 11413329 PMCID: PMC114385 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.14.6615-6624.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although vectors derived from adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV2) promote gene transfer and expression in many somatic tissues, studies with animal models and cultured cells show that the apical surface of airway epithelia is resistant to transduction by AAV2 vectors. Approaches to increase transduction rates include increasing the amount of vector and perturbing the integrity of the epithelia. In this study, we explored the use of vectors based on AAV6 to increase transduction rates in airways. AAV vectors were made using combinations of rep, cap, and packaged genomes from AAV2 or AAV6. The packaged genomes encoded human placental alkaline phosphatase and contained terminal repeat sequences from AAV2 or AAV6. We found that transduction efficiency was primarily dependent on the source of Cap protein, defined here as the vector pseudotype. The AAV6 and AAV2 pseudotype vectors exhibited different tropisms in tissue-cultured cells, and cell transduction by AAV6 vectors was not inhibited by heparin, nor did they compete for entry in a transduction assay, indicating that AAV6 and AAV2 capsid bind different receptors. In vivo analysis of vectors showed that AAV2 pseudotype vectors gave high transduction rates in alveolar cells but much lower rates in the airway epithelium. In contrast, the AAV6 pseudotype vectors exhibited much more efficient transduction of epithelial cells in large and small airways, showing up to 80% transduction in some airways. These results, combined with our previous results showing lower immunogenicity of AAV6 than of AAV2 vectors, indicate that AAV6 vectors may provide significant advantages over AAV2 for gene therapy of lung diseases like cystic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Halbert
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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Landells LJ, Szilagy CM, Jones NA, Banner KH, Allen JM, Doherty A, O'Connor BJ, Spina D, Page CP. Identification and quantification of phosphodiesterase 4 subtypes in CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes from healthy and asthmatic subjects. Br J Pharmacol 2001; 133:722-9. [PMID: 11429397 PMCID: PMC1572832 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, for the first time, PDE4 subtypes were identified and semi-quantified in both CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes from healthy and asthmatic individuals. CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes from healthy and mild asymptomatic asthmatic subjects (receiving beta-agonist therapy only) were isolated from peripheral venous blood using appropriate antibody coated paramagnetic beads. PDE4 subtypes and beta-actin were identified by digoxigenin (DIG)-labelling reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and semi-quantified by DIG-detection enzyme-linked immunosorbance assay. In CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes PDE4A, PDE4B and PDE4D were detected, with no significant differences observed between healthy and asthmatic groups. In CD8 lymphocytes, enzyme subtype expression was lower and showed more intersubject variability. In functional studies investigating the effects of various PDE inhibitors on PHA-induced proliferation of mononuclear cells from healthy and asthmatic subjects, CDP840 (0.03 - 10 microM), rolipram (0.1 - 10 microM) and theophylline (10 microM - 1 mM) inhibited PHA-induced proliferation of mononuclear cells from healthy and asthmatic subjects in a concentration-dependent manner, although no significant difference was observed between the groups investigated. In additional studies, total monocyte cyclic AMP PDE activity was investigated in cells isolated from asthmatic subjects both prior to and 24 h after allergen challenge. Total monocyte cyclic AMP PDE activity remained unaffected following challenge of asthmatic subjects with either house dust mite or cat dander and was inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner by rolipram (0.01 - 100 microM) both before and after allergen challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Landells
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Division of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, King's College London, 5th Floor, Hodgkin Building, Guy's Campus, London SE1 9RT
| | - C M Szilagy
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 3–9 Rue de la Loge, BP 100, 94265 Fresnes, France
| | - N A Jones
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Division of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, King's College London, 5th Floor, Hodgkin Building, Guy's Campus, London SE1 9RT
| | - K H Banner
- Discovery Biology, Pfizer Ltd, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ
| | - J M Allen
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 3–9 Rue de la Loge, BP 100, 94265 Fresnes, France
| | - A Doherty
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 3–9 Rue de la Loge, BP 100, 94265 Fresnes, France
| | - B J O'Connor
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, GKT School of Medicine, King's College London, Bessemer Road, London SE5 9PJ
| | - D Spina
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, GKT School of Medicine, King's College London, Bessemer Road, London SE5 9PJ
| | - C P Page
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Division of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, King's College London, 5th Floor, Hodgkin Building, Guy's Campus, London SE1 9RT
- Author for correspondence:
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Abstract
The Y1 receptor for neuropeptide Y (NPY-Y1) is constitutively expressed in PC12 cells. In this study, we examined the role of nerve growth factor (NGF), pituitary adenylyl cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) and dexamethasone on the expression of the gene encoding the rat NPY-Y1 receptor in PC12 cells. A fusion gene (pY1-Luc) was constructed where the reporter enzyme firefly luciferase was placed under the control of 700 bp of the promoter region of the rat NPY-Y1 receptor gene. This promoter region contains recognition consensus sequences for various transcription factors, including one activation protein-1 (AP-1) site, two cyclic AMP responsive element sites, one estrogen receptor element site and four glucocorticoid receptor element sites. NGF increased luciferase activity in a concentration dependent manner. This increase was inhibited by K-252a, a trk A receptor inhibitor, and calphostin C, a PKC inhibitor. PACAP-38 increased luciferase activity in a concentration dependent manner. This activation was inhibited by H-89. Dexamethasone increased transcription of NPY-Y1 gene in PC12 cells. These results indicate that differentiation of PC12 cells into endocrine-like phenotype by dexamethasone and into a neuronal-like phenotype by either NGF or PACAP-38 increases the transcriptional activity of the NPY-Y1 receptor gene in PC12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Bournat
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Glasgow, UK
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Abstract
Fc receptors play a pivotal role linking the cellular and humoral arms of the immune system [1-3]. Our previous studies have shown that the human high-affinity immunoglobulin G receptor Fc(gamma)RI couples to a novel intracellular signaling pathway requiring phospholipase D activation [4]. The mechanisms that regulate receptor coupling to phospholipase D in intact cells are poorly understood but involve small molecular weight GTPases and protein kinase C [5-7]. Here, we show that immune complex aggregation of Fc(gamma)RI stimulates the association of phospholipase D1 with ARF6 and protein kinase Calpha. Surprisingly, PKCalpha activity per se is not required. Rather, all of the Fc(gamma)RI-mediated increase in PKC activity requires phospholipase D1, as treatment of cells with butan-1-ol (0.3%) or specific downregulation of phospholipase D1 using antisense oligonucleotides inhibits Fc(gamma)RI-coupled PKC activation. Moreover, treatment of cells with butan-1-ol or phospholipase D1 antisense oligonucleotides inhibits translocation of PKCdelta, -epsilon, and -zeta but had no effect on the association of PKCalpha or ARF6 with phospholipase D1. These data indicate that association with ARF6 and PKCalpha plays a role in coupling Fc(gamma)RI to phospholipase D1 activation and that PLD1 lies upstream of all Fc(gamma)RI-mediated PKC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Melendez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 3-9 Rue de La Loge, 94265, Fresnes Cedex, France
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