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Hoffman KW, Tran KT, Moore TM, Gataviņš MM, Visoki E, DiDomenico GE, Schultz LM, Almasy L, Hayes MR, Daskalakis NP, Barzilay R. Allostatic load in early adolescence: gene / environment contributions and relevance for mental health. medRxiv 2023:2023.10.27.23297674. [PMID: 37961462 PMCID: PMC10635214 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.27.23297674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Background Allostatic load is the cumulative "wear and tear" on the body due to chronic adversity. We aimed to test poly-environmental (exposomic) and polygenic contributions to allostatic load and their combined contribution to early adolescent mental health. Methods We analyzed data on N = 5,035 diverse youth (mean age 12) from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD). Using dimensionality reduction method, we calculated and overall allostatic load score (AL) using body mass index [BMI], waist circumference, blood pressure, blood glycemia, blood cholesterol, and salivary DHEA. Childhood exposomic risk was quantified using multi-level environmental exposures before age 11. Genetic risk was quantified using polygenic risk scores (PRS) for metabolic system susceptibility (type 2 diabetes [T2D]) and stress-related psychiatric disease (major depressive disorder [MDD]). We used linear mixed effects models to test main, additive, and interactive effects of exposomic and polygenic risk (independent variables) on AL (dependent variable). Mediation models tested the mediating role of AL on the pathway from exposomic and polygenic risk to youth mental health. Models adjusted for demographics and genetic principal components. Results We observed disparities in AL with non-Hispanic White youth having significantly lower AL compared to Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Black youth. In the diverse sample, childhood exposomic burden was associated with AL in adolescence (beta=0.25, 95%CI 0.22-0.29, P<.001). In European ancestry participants (n=2,928), polygenic risk of both T2D and depression was associated with AL (T2D-PRS beta=0.11, 95%CI 0.07-0.14, P<.001; MDD-PRS beta=0.05, 95%CI 0.02-0.09, P=.003). Both polygenic scores showed significant interaction with exposomic risk such that, with greater polygenic risk, the association between exposome and AL was stronger. AL partly mediated the pathway to youth mental health from exposomic risk and from MDD-PRS, and fully mediated the pathway from T2D-PRS. Conclusions AL can be quantified in youth using anthropometric and biological measures and is mapped to exposomic and polygenic risk. Main and interactive environmental and genetic effects support a diathesis-stress model. Findings suggest that both environmental and genetic risk be considered when modeling stress-related health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W. Hoffman
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, US
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, US
| | - Kate T. Tran
- Lifespan Brain Institute of Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, US
| | - Tyler M. Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, US
- Lifespan Brain Institute of Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, US
| | - Mārtiņš M. Gataviņš
- Lifespan Brain Institute of Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, US
| | - Elina Visoki
- Lifespan Brain Institute of Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, US
| | - Grace E. DiDomenico
- Lifespan Brain Institute of Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, US
| | - Laura M. Schultz
- Lifespan Brain Institute of Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, US
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, US
| | - Laura Almasy
- Lifespan Brain Institute of Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, US
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, US
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, US
| | - Matthew R. Hayes
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, US
| | - Nikolaos P. Daskalakis
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ran Barzilay
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, US
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, US
- Lifespan Brain Institute of Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, US
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Sha Z, Warrier V, Bethlehem RA, Schultz LM, Merikangas A, Sun KY, Gur RC, Gur RE, Shinohara RT, Seidlitz J, Almasy L, Andreassen OA, Alexander-Bloch AF. The overlapping genetic architecture of psychiatric disorders and cortical brain structure. bioRxiv 2023:2023.10.05.561040. [PMID: 37873315 PMCID: PMC10592957 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.05.561040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Both psychiatric vulnerability and cortical structure are shaped by the cumulative effect of common genetic variants across the genome. However, the shared genetic underpinnings between psychiatric disorders and brain structural phenotypes, such as thickness and surface area of the cerebral cortex, remains elusive. In this study, we employed pleiotropy-informed conjunctional false discovery rate analysis to investigate shared loci across genome-wide association scans of regional cortical thickness, surface area, and seven psychiatric disorders in approximately 700,000 individuals of European ancestry. Aggregating regional measures, we identified 50 genetic loci shared between psychiatric disorders and surface area, as well as 26 genetic loci shared with cortical thickness. Risk alleles exhibited bidirectional effects on both cortical thickness and surface area, such that some risk alleles for each disorder increased regional brain size while other risk alleles decreased regional brain size. Due to bidirectional effects, in many cases we observed extensive pleiotropy between an imaging phenotype and a psychiatric disorder even in the absence of a significant genetic correlation between them. The impact of genetic risk for psychiatric disorders on regional brain structure did exhibit a consistent pattern across highly comorbid psychiatric disorders, with 80% of the genetic loci shared across multiple disorders displaying consistent directions of effect. Cortical patterning of genetic overlap revealed a hierarchical genetic architecture, with the association cortex and sensorimotor cortex representing two extremes of shared genetic influence on psychiatric disorders and brain structural variation. Integrating multi-scale functional annotations and transcriptomic profiles, we observed that shared genetic loci were enriched in active genomic regions, converged on neurobiological and metabolic pathways, and showed differential expression in postmortem brain tissue from individuals with psychiatric disorders. Cumulatively, these findings provide a significant advance in our understanding of the overlapping polygenic architecture between psychopathology and cortical brain structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Sha
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Varun Warrier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Laura M. Schultz
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alison Merikangas
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kevin Y. Sun
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ruben C. Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Raquel E. Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Russell T. Shinohara
- Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Endeavor (PennSIVE), Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 423 Guardian Dr, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (CBICA), Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, United States
| | - Jakob Seidlitz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Laura Almasy
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ole A. Andreassen
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Aaron F. Alexander-Bloch
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Mollon J, Schultz LM, Huguet G, Knowles EEM, Mathias SR, Rodrigue A, Alexander-Bloch A, Saci Z, Jean-Louis M, Kumar K, Douard E, Almasy L, Jacquemont S, Glahn DC. Impact of Copy Number Variants and Polygenic Risk Scores on Psychopathology in the UK Biobank. Biol Psychiatry 2023; 94:591-600. [PMID: 36764568 PMCID: PMC10409883 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our understanding of the impact of copy number variants (CNVs) on psychopathology and their joint influence with polygenic risk scores (PRSs) remains limited. METHODS The UK Biobank recruited 502,534 individuals ages 37 to 73 years living in the United Kingdom between 2006 and 2010. After quality control, genotype data from 459,855 individuals were available for CNV calling. A total of 61 commonly studied recurrent neuropsychiatric CNVs were selected for analyses and examined individually and in aggregate (any CNV, deletion, or duplication). CNV risk scores were used to quantify intolerance of CNVs to haploinsufficiency. Major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder PRSs were generated for White British individuals (N = 408,870). Mood/anxiety factor scores were generated using item-level questionnaire data (N = 501,289). RESULTS CNV carriers showed higher mood/anxiety scores than noncarriers, with the largest effects seen for intolerant deletions. A total of 11 individual deletions and 8 duplications were associated with higher mood/anxiety. Carriers of the 9p24.3 (DMRT1) duplication showed lower mood/anxiety. Associations remained significant for most CNVs when excluding individuals with psychiatric diagnoses. Nominally significant CNV × PRS interactions provided preliminary evidence that associations between select individual CNVs, but not CNVs in aggregate, and mood/anxiety may be modulated by PRSs. CONCLUSIONS CNVs associated with risk for psychiatric disorders showed small to large effects on dimensional mood/anxiety scores in a general population cohort, even when excluding individuals with psychiatric diagnoses. CNV × PRS interactions showed that associations between select CNVs and mood/anxiety may be modulated by PRSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Mollon
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Laura M Schultz
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Guillaume Huguet
- Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Center Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Emma E M Knowles
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Samuel R Mathias
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Amanda Rodrigue
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Aaron Alexander-Bloch
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Lifespan Brain Institute, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Neurodevelopment and Psychosis Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Zohra Saci
- Department of Pediatrics, Center Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Martineau Jean-Louis
- Department of Pediatrics, Center Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kuldeep Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, Center Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Elise Douard
- Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Center Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Laura Almasy
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, Penn-CHOP Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sebastien Jacquemont
- Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Center Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - David C Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford, Connecticut
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4
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Moreau CA, Kumar K, Harvey A, Huguet G, Urchs SGW, Schultz LM, Sharmarke H, Jizi K, Martin CO, Younis N, Tamer P, Martineau JL, Orban P, Silva AI, Hall J, van den Bree MBM, Owen MJ, Linden DEJ, Lippé S, Bearden CE, Almasy L, Glahn DC, Thompson PM, Bourgeron T, Bellec P, Jacquemont S. Brain functional connectivity mirrors genetic pleiotropy in psychiatric conditions. Brain 2023; 146:1686-1696. [PMID: 36059063 PMCID: PMC10319760 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pleiotropy occurs when a genetic variant influences more than one trait. This is a key property of the genomic architecture of psychiatric disorders and has been observed for rare and common genomic variants. It is reasonable to hypothesize that the microscale genetic overlap (pleiotropy) across psychiatric conditions and cognitive traits may lead to similar overlaps at the macroscale brain level such as large-scale brain functional networks. We took advantage of brain connectivity, measured by resting-state functional MRI to measure the effects of pleiotropy on large-scale brain networks, a putative step from genes to behaviour. We processed nine resting-state functional MRI datasets including 32 726 individuals and computed connectome-wide profiles of seven neuropsychiatric copy-number-variants, five polygenic scores, neuroticism and fluid intelligence as well as four idiopathic psychiatric conditions. Nine out of 19 pairs of conditions and traits showed significant functional connectivity correlations (rFunctional connectivity), which could be explained by previously published levels of genomic (rGenetic) and transcriptomic (rTranscriptomic) correlations with moderate to high concordance: rGenetic-rFunctional connectivity = 0.71 [0.40-0.87] and rTranscriptomic-rFunctional connectivity = 0.83 [0.52; 0.94]. Extending this analysis to functional connectivity profiles associated with rare and common genetic risk showed that 30 out of 136 pairs of connectivity profiles were correlated above chance. These similarities between genetic risks and psychiatric disorders at the connectivity level were mainly driven by the overconnectivity of the thalamus and the somatomotor networks. Our findings suggest a substantial genetic component for shared connectivity profiles across conditions and traits, opening avenues to delineate general mechanisms-amenable to intervention-across psychiatric conditions and genetic risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara A Moreau
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, UMR3571 CNRS, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Sainte Justine Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, UdeM, Montreal, QC H3W 1W5, Canada
| | - Kuldeep Kumar
- Sainte Justine Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Annabelle Harvey
- Sainte Justine Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, UdeM, Montreal, QC H3W 1W5, Canada
| | - Guillaume Huguet
- Sainte Justine Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Sebastian G W Urchs
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, UdeM, Montreal, QC H3W 1W5, Canada
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Laura M Schultz
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hanad Sharmarke
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, UdeM, Montreal, QC H3W 1W5, Canada
| | - Khadije Jizi
- Sainte Justine Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | | | - Nadine Younis
- Sainte Justine Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Petra Tamer
- Sainte Justine Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Jean-Louis Martineau
- Sainte Justine Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Pierre Orban
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, UdeM, Montréal, QC H1N 3V2, Canada
- Département de Psychiatrie et d’Addictologie, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Roger-Gaudry, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Ana Isabel Silva
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeremy Hall
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Marianne B M van den Bree
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael J Owen
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - David E J Linden
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah Lippé
- Sainte Justine Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Integrative Center for Neurogenetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences and Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Laura Almasy
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David C Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck USC School of Medicine, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Bourgeron
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, UMR3571 CNRS, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Bellec
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, UdeM, Montreal, QC H3W 1W5, Canada
| | - Sebastien Jacquemont
- Sainte Justine Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
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5
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Moreau CA, Harvey A, Kumar K, Huguet G, Urchs SGW, Douard EA, Schultz LM, Sharmarke H, Jizi K, Martin CO, Younis N, Tamer P, Rolland T, Martineau JL, Orban P, Silva AI, Hall J, van den Bree MBM, Owen MJ, Linden DEJ, Labbe A, Lippé S, Bearden CE, Almasy L, Glahn DC, Thompson PM, Bourgeron T, Bellec P, Jacquemont S. Genetic Heterogeneity Shapes Brain Connectivity in Psychiatry. Biol Psychiatry 2023; 93:45-58. [PMID: 36372570 PMCID: PMC10936195 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polygenicity and genetic heterogeneity pose great challenges for studying psychiatric conditions. Genetically informed approaches have been implemented in neuroimaging studies to address this issue. However, the effects on functional connectivity of rare and common genetic risks for psychiatric disorders are largely unknown. Our objectives were to estimate and compare the effect sizes on brain connectivity of psychiatric genomic risk factors with various levels of complexity: oligogenic copy number variants (CNVs), multigenic CNVs, and polygenic risk scores (PRSs) as well as idiopathic psychiatric conditions and traits. METHODS Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data were processed using the same pipeline across 9 datasets. Twenty-nine connectome-wide association studies were performed to characterize the effects of 15 CNVs (1003 carriers), 7 PRSs, 4 idiopathic psychiatric conditions (1022 individuals with autism, schizophrenia, bipolar conditions, or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder), and 2 traits (31,424 unaffected control subjects). RESULTS Effect sizes on connectivity were largest for psychiatric CNVs (estimates: 0.2-0.65 z score), followed by psychiatric conditions (0.15-0.42), neuroticism and fluid intelligence (0.02-0.03), and PRSs (0.01-0.02). Effect sizes of CNVs on connectivity were correlated to their effects on cognition and risk for disease (r = 0.9, p = 5.93 × 10-6). However, effect sizes of CNVs adjusted for the number of genes significantly decreased from small oligogenic to large multigenic CNVs (r = -0.88, p = 8.78 × 10-6). PRSs had disproportionately low effect sizes on connectivity compared with CNVs conferring similar risk for disease. CONCLUSIONS Heterogeneity and polygenicity affect our ability to detect brain connectivity alterations underlying psychiatric manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara A Moreau
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France; Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Annabelle Harvey
- Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Kuldeep Kumar
- Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Guillaume Huguet
- Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Sebastian G W Urchs
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montreal, Canada; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Elise A Douard
- Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Laura M Schultz
- Lifespan Brain Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hanad Sharmarke
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Khadije Jizi
- Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | | | - Nadine Younis
- Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Petra Tamer
- Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Thomas Rolland
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Pierre Orban
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Département de Psychiatrie et d'Addictologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Ana Isabel Silva
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Jeremy Hall
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Marianne B M van den Bree
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Owen
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - David E J Linden
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Aurelie Labbe
- Département des Sciences de la Décision, HEC, Québec, Montréal, Canada
| | - Sarah Lippé
- Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Integrative Center for Neurogenetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Laura Almasy
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Lifespan Brain Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David C Glahn
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, Massachusetts; Boston Children's Hospital, Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck USC School of Medicine, Marina del Rey, California
| | - Thomas Bourgeron
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Bellec
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
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Alexander-Bloch A, Huguet G, Schultz LM, Huffnagle N, Jacquemont S, Seidlitz J, Saci Z, Moore TM, Bethlehem RAI, Mollon J, Knowles EK, Raznahan A, Merikangas A, Chaiyachati BH, Raman H, Schmitt JE, Barzilay R, Calkins ME, Shinohara RT, Satterthwaite TD, Gur RC, Glahn DC, Almasy L, Gur RE, Hakonarson H, Glessner J. Copy Number Variant Risk Scores Associated With Cognition, Psychopathology, and Brain Structure in Youths in the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort. JAMA Psychiatry 2022; 79:699-709. [PMID: 35544191 PMCID: PMC9096695 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.1017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Importance Psychiatric and cognitive phenotypes have been associated with a range of specific, rare copy number variants (CNVs). Moreover, IQ is strongly associated with CNV risk scores that model the predicted risk of CNVs across the genome. But the utility of CNV risk scores for psychiatric phenotypes has been sparsely examined. Objective To determine how CNV risk scores, common genetic variation indexed by polygenic scores (PGSs), and environmental factors combine to associate with cognition and psychopathology in a community sample. Design, Setting, and Participants The Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort is a community-based study examining genetics, psychopathology, neurocognition, and neuroimaging. Participants were recruited through the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia pediatric network. Participants with stable health and fluency in English underwent genotypic and phenotypic characterization from November 5, 2009, through December 30, 2011. Data were analyzed from January 1 through July 30, 2021. Exposures The study examined (1) CNV risk scores derived from models of burden, predicted intolerance, and gene dosage sensitivity; (2) PGSs from genomewide association studies related to developmental outcomes; and (3) environmental factors, including trauma exposure and neighborhood socioeconomic status. Main Outcomes and Measures The study examined (1) neurocognition, with the Penn Computerized Neurocognitive Battery; (2) psychopathology, with structured interviews based on the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children; and (3) brain volume, with magnetic resonance imaging. Results Participants included 9498 youths aged 8 to 21 years; 4906 (51.7%) were female, and the mean (SD) age was 14.2 (3.7) years. After quality control, 18 185 total CNVs greater than 50 kilobases (10 517 deletions and 7668 duplications) were identified in 7101 unrelated participants genotyped on Illumina arrays. In these participants, elevated CNV risk scores were associated with lower overall accuracy on cognitive tests (standardized β = 0.12; 95% CI, 0.10-0.14; P = 7.41 × 10-26); lower accuracy across a range of cognitive subdomains; increased overall psychopathology; increased psychosis-spectrum symptoms; and higher deviation from a normative developmental model of brain volume. Statistical models of developmental outcomes were significantly improved when CNV risk scores were combined with PGSs and environmental factors. Conclusions and Relevance In this study, elevated CNV risk scores were associated with lower cognitive ability, higher psychopathology including psychosis-spectrum symptoms, and greater deviations from normative magnetic resonance imaging models of brain development. Together, these results represent a step toward synthesizing rare genetic, common genetic, and environmental factors to understand clinically relevant outcomes in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Alexander-Bloch
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- The Lifespan Brain Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Neurodevelopment and Psychosis Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Guillaume Huguet
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Research Center of the Sainte-Justine University Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Laura M. Schultz
- The Lifespan Brain Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicholas Huffnagle
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- The Lifespan Brain Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Sebastien Jacquemont
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Research Center of the Sainte-Justine University Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jakob Seidlitz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- The Lifespan Brain Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Neurodevelopment and Psychosis Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Zohra Saci
- Research Center of the Sainte-Justine University Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tyler M. Moore
- The Lifespan Brain Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Neurodevelopment and Psychosis Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | | | - Josephine Mollon
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Emma K. Knowles
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Armin Raznahan
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alison Merikangas
- The Lifespan Brain Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Barbara H. Chaiyachati
- The Lifespan Brain Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | | | - J. Eric Schmitt
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ran Barzilay
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- The Lifespan Brain Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Neurodevelopment and Psychosis Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Monica E. Calkins
- The Lifespan Brain Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Neurodevelopment and Psychosis Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Russel T. Shinohara
- Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Penn Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Theodore D. Satterthwaite
- The Lifespan Brain Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Neurodevelopment and Psychosis Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Penn Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Ruben C. Gur
- The Lifespan Brain Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Neurodevelopment and Psychosis Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - David C. Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Laura Almasy
- The Lifespan Brain Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Raquel E. Gur
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- The Lifespan Brain Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Neurodevelopment and Psychosis Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Joseph Glessner
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Schultz LM, Merikangas AK, Ruparel K, Jacquemont S, Glahn DC, Gur RE, Barzilay R, Almasy L. Stability of polygenic scores across discovery genome-wide association studies. HGG Adv 2022; 3:100091. [PMID: 35199043 PMCID: PMC8841810 DOI: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2022.100091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Polygenic scores (PGS) are commonly evaluated in terms of their predictive accuracy at the population level by the proportion of phenotypic variance they explain. To be useful for precision medicine applications, they also need to be evaluated at the individual level when phenotypes are not necessarily already known. We investigated the stability of PGS in European American (EUR) and African American (AFR)-ancestry individuals from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort and the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study using different discovery genome-wide association study (GWAS) results for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), type 2 diabetes (T2D), and height. We found that pairs of EUR-ancestry GWAS for the same trait had genetic correlations >0.92. However, PGS calculated from pairs of same-ancestry and different-ancestry GWAS had correlations that ranged from <0.01 to 0.74. PGS stability was greater for height than for PTSD or T2D. A series of height GWAS in the UK Biobank suggested that correlation between PGS is strongly dependent on the extent of sample overlap between the discovery GWAS. Focusing on the upper end of the PGS distribution, different discovery GWAS do not consistently identify the same individuals in the upper quantiles, with the best case being 60% of individuals above the 80th percentile of PGS overlapping from one height GWAS to another. The degree of overlap decreases sharply as higher quantiles, less heritable traits, and different-ancestry GWAS are considered. PGS computed from different discovery GWAS have only modest correlation at the individual level, underscoring the need to proceed cautiously with integrating PGS into precision medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Schultz
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Corresponding author
| | - Alison K. Merikangas
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kosha Ruparel
- Lifespan Brain Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sébastien Jacquemont
- UHC Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - David C. Glahn
- Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Raquel E. Gur
- Lifespan Brain Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Child Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ran Barzilay
- Lifespan Brain Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Child Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Laura Almasy
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Barzilay R, Visoki E, Schultz LM, Warrier V, Daskalakis NP, Almasy L. Genetic risk, parental history, and suicide attempts in a diverse sample of US adolescents. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:941772. [PMID: 36186872 PMCID: PMC9515424 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.941772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent suicide is a major health problem in the US marked by a recent increase in risk of suicidal behavior among Black/African American youth. While genetic factors partly account for familial transmission of suicidal behavior, it is not clear whether polygenic risk scores of suicide attempt can contribute to suicide risk classification. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the contribution of a polygenic risk score for suicide attempt (PRS-SA) in explaining variance in suicide attempt by early adolescence. METHODS We studied N = 5,214 non-related youth of African and European genetic ancestry from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study (ages 8.9-13.8 years) who were evaluated between 2016 and 2021. Regression models tested associations between PRS-SA and parental history of suicide attempt/death with youth-reported suicide attempt. Covariates included age and sex. RESULTS Over three waves of assessments, 182 youth (3.5%) reported a past suicide attempt, with Black youth reporting significantly more suicide attempts than their White counterparts (6.1 vs. 2.8%, p < 0.001). PRS-SA was associated with suicide attempt [odds ratio (OR) = 1.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1-1.5, p = 0.001]. Parental history of suicide attempt/death was also associated with youth suicide attempt (OR = 3.1, 95% CI, 2.0-4.7, p < 0.001). PRS-SA remained significantly associated with suicide attempt even when accounting for parental history (OR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.1-1.5, p = 0.002). In European ancestry youth (n = 4,128), inclusion of PRS-SA in models containing parental history explained more variance in suicide attempt compared to models that included only parental history (ΔR 2 = 0.7%, p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that PRS-SA may be useful for youth suicide risk classification in addition to established risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Barzilay
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Lifespan Brain Institute of CHOP and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Elina Visoki
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Lifespan Brain Institute of CHOP and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Laura M Schultz
- Lifespan Brain Institute of CHOP and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Varun Warrier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nikolaos P Daskalakis
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, United States.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Laura Almasy
- Lifespan Brain Institute of CHOP and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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9
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Daskalakis NP, Schultz LM, Visoki E, Moore TM, Argabright ST, Harnett NG, DiDomenico GE, Warrier V, Almasy L, Barzilay R. Contributions of PTSD polygenic risk and environmental stress to suicidality in preadolescents. Neurobiol Stress 2021; 15:100411. [PMID: 34765698 PMCID: PMC8569631 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Suicidal ideation and attempts (i.e., suicidality) are complex behaviors driven by environmental stress, genetic susceptibility, and their interaction. Preadolescent suicidality is a major health problem with rising rates, yet its underlying biology is understudied. Here we studied effects of genetic stress susceptibility, approximated by the polygenic risk score (PRS) for post-traumatic-stress-disorder (PTSD), on preadolescent suicidality in participants from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study®. We further evaluated PTSD-PRS effects on suicidality in the presence of environmental stressors that are established suicide risk factors. Analyses included both European and African ancestry participants using PRS calculated based on summary statistics from ancestry-specific genome-wide association studies. In European ancestry participants (N = 4,619, n = 378 suicidal), PTSD-PRS was associated with preadolescent suicidality (odds ratio [OR] = 1.12, 95%CI 1-1.25, p = 0.038). Results in African ancestry participants (N = 1,334, n = 130 suicidal) showed a similar direction but were not statistically significant (OR = 1.21, 95%CI 0.93-1.57, p = 0.153). Sensitivity analyses using non-psychiatric polygenic score for height and using cross-ancestry PTSD-PRS did not reveal any association with suicidality, supporting the specificity of the association of ancestry-specific PTSD-PRS with suicidality. Environmental stressors were robustly associated with suicidality across ancestries with moderate effect size for negative life events and family conflict (OR 1.27-1.6); and with large effect size (OR ∼ 4) for sexual-orientation discrimination. When combined with environmental factors, PTSD-PRS showed marginal additive effects in explaining variability in suicidality, with no evidence for G × E interaction. Results support use of cross-phenotype PRS, specifically stress-susceptibility, as a genetic marker for suicidality risk early in the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos P. Daskalakis
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Laura M. Schultz
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, CHOP and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elina Visoki
- Lifespan Brain Institute, CHOP and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tyler M. Moore
- Lifespan Brain Institute, CHOP and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Nathaniel G. Harnett
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | | | - Varun Warrier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Almasy
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, CHOP and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ran Barzilay
- Lifespan Brain Institute, CHOP and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, CHOP, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corresponding author. 10th floor, Gates Pavilion, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 34th and Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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10
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Abstract
Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a widely studied form of activity-dependent synaptic plasticity. Hippocampal LTP evoked in the dentate and CA1 areas requires calcium influx through N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-channel complexes, a process triggered during high-frequency stimulation by conjunctive presy naptic glutamate release and postsynaptic depolarization. It has been suggested that alterations in GABAergic recurrent and/or feedforward inhibitory synaptic transmission may accompany LTP induction in these hippocampal areas. To this end, possible LTP-related modifications in functional inhibition are ad dressed in the context of both paired-pulse depression and the excitatory postsynaptic potential-spike (E-S) relationship. Consideration is also given as to how GABAergic processes may contribute mechanistically to the induction of NMDA receptor-dependent LTP. It is concluded that although GABAergic disinhibition may contribute to the induction of LTP, it is not yet clear whether or not the induction of LTP has a lasting impact on inhibitory processes. NEUROSCIENTIST 3:226-236, 1997
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Schultz
- Program in Neuroscience Department of Psychology Princeton
University Princeton, New Jersey
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11
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Abstract
We investigated whether the long (approximately 30-s) or short (approximately 3-s) light stimuli that have been used during behavioral training would induce post-light potentiation (PLP) at the type B to A photoreceptor connections of the isolated nervous system of Hermissenda. We found that a single approximately 30-s light step induced PLP at these connections relative to both pre-light baseline and seawater control preparations, as did a series of nine short (approximately 3-s) light steps. In addition, a 30-s step of depolarization-elicited type B cell activity induced potentiation comparable to that induced by a approximately 30-s light step, indicating that light-elicited type B cell activity contributes to the induction of PLP. By contrast, even though a series of short (3-s) light steps induced potentiation, short steps of depolarization-evoked type B cell activity did not. Hence, light-evoked processes other than type B cell depolarization or activity (e.g., perhaps intracellular Ca2+ release) also contribute to the induction of PLP. Further results suggest that these other light-evoked processes interact nonadditively with type B cell activity to generate PLP. Some but not all instances of synaptic potentiation were accompanied by various changes in parameters of type B cell action potentials and afterhyperpolarizing potentials, suggesting diverse underlying mechanisms, including increases in neurotransmitter release. Given that the type A cells have been proposed to polysynaptically excite the motor neurons that drive phototaxis, a light-evoked potentiation of synaptic strength at the inhibitory type B to A photoreceptor connections may play a mechanistic role in light-elicited nonassociative learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Schultz
- Department of bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 84112, USA.
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12
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Abstract
We quantified synaptic depression at the type B to A photoreceptor connections of Hermissenda. Type B cell action potentials were evoked at interstimulus intervals (ISIs) of 0.3, 3 or 30 s and the resulting inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) were recorded in a type A cell. A progressive decline in IPSP amplitude occurred at all three ISIs. Synaptic depression was greater at shorter ISIs, as was the level of recovery 2 min after the stimulus series. The profound level of synaptic depression observed (79.0+/-3.2% at the 0.3 s ISI) implies that synaptic depression is an important control process in the neuronal circuitry that drives phototactic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Schultz
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University, NJ 08544, USA
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13
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Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a prevalent neurotransmitter in both vertebrate and invertebrate systems. Here we report that, in addition to its usual inhibitory actions, GABA induced synaptic facilitation at type B to A photoreceptor connections of the marine mollusk Hermissenda when applied transiently to the isolated nervous system. Synaptic facilitation also occurred in response to mechanical stimulation of the GABAergic hair cells, which are normally activated by rotational unconditioned stimuli during behavioral training of the intact animal. This synaptic facilitation represents a novel form of GABA-induced neuromodulation which may contribute to learning-dependent suppression of phototaxis in Hermissenda.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Schultz
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University, NJ 08544, USA
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14
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Abstract
Visual and haptic perceptions of the two-dimensional size of square stimuli were compared using cross-modal, intramodal, and bimodal matching tasks. In a repeated-measures factorial design, 12 women participated in five matching tasks involving various combinations of vision and haptic touch; five sizes of standard squares were matched with a comparison range of 10 squares during each task. Analysis showed that, for stimuli with side lengths of .75 in. and smaller, matching accuracy was superior when vision was used during the matching task regardless of the modality used during inspection. When haptic touch was used in the matching task, accuracy was better when vision had been used during inspection than when it had not. These results were consistent with those of previous studies comparing size perception by vision and other forms of touch. The over-all relationship between matched size and inspected size was best accounted for by a third-order polynomial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Schultz
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University
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Abstract
A high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method is described for detecting ergot in ground or pelleted forages and grains. Samples were extracted with alkaline chloroform, filtered, and applied to silica gel/organic binder cleanup columns. Following elution of pigments with acetone: chloroform, ergopeptine alkaloids were eluted with methanol and analyzed by HPLC with fluorescence detection. Average recovery of ergotamine, the major ergopeptine alkaloid produced by Claviceps, was 93%, with a relative standard deviation of 4.9%. The detection limit of ergotamine was approximately 50 ppb in all feedstuffs. Confirmation of ergopeptine alkaloids was accomplished by treating the parent ergopeptine alkaloids with 0.2% acetic acid to produce their -inine isomers and reexamining by HPLC with fluorescence detection or silica gel/organic binder column cleanup in combination with tandem mass spectroscopy. The method described is a valid alternative to microscopic inspection for detecting ergot contamination in ground or pelleted feedstuffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Rottinghaus
- Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211
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Wilson SG, Schultz LM, Kunihiro AL. A survey assessing the existing employment status of dental hygienists in departments of periodontology in the United States. Quintessence Int 1987; 18:475-9. [PMID: 3507716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Kröger W, Moldenhauer W, Schultz J, Schultz LM, Reinck H. [Pneumonial changes of the lung in accumulated occurrence of upper respiratory tract diseases during the year 1969 in Rostock]. Dtsch Gesundheitsw 1970; 25:1648-50. [PMID: 5488746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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