Multiorgan MRI findings after hospitalisation with COVID-19 in the UK (C-MORE): a prospective, multicentre, observational cohort study

INTRODUCTION

The multiorgan impact of moderate to severe coronavirus infections in the post-acute phase is still poorly understood. We aimed to evaluate the excess burden of multiorgan abnormalities after hospitalisation with COVID-19, evaluate their determinants, and explore associations with patient-related outcome measures.

METHODS

In a prospective, UK-wide, multicentre MRI follow-up study (C-MORE), adults (aged ≥18 years) discharged from hospital following COVID-19 who were included in Tier 2 of the Post-hospitalisation COVID-19 study (PHOSP-COVID) and contemporary controls with no evidence of previous COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antibody negative) underwent multiorgan MRI (lungs, heart, brain, liver, and kidneys) with quantitative and qualitative assessment of images and clinical adjudication when relevant. Individuals with end-stage renal failure or contraindications to MRI were excluded. Participants also underwent detailed recording of symptoms, and physiological and biochemical tests. The primary outcome was the excess burden of multiorgan abnormalities (two or more organs) relative to controls, with further adjustments for potential confounders. The C-MORE study is ongoing and is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04510025.

FINDINGS

Of 2710 participants in Tier 2 of PHOSP-COVID, 531 were recruited across 13 UK-wide C-MORE sites. After exclusions, 259 C-MORE patients (mean age 57 years [SD 12]; 158 [61%] male and 101 [39%] female) who were discharged from hospital with PCR-confirmed or clinically diagnosed COVID-19 between March 1, 2020, and Nov 1, 2021, and 52 non-COVID-19 controls from the community (mean age 49 years [SD 14]; 30 [58%] male and 22 [42%] female) were included in the analysis. Patients were assessed at a median of 5·0 months (IQR 4·2-6·3) after hospital discharge. Compared with non-COVID-19 controls, patients were older, living with more obesity, and had more comorbidities. Multiorgan abnormalities on MRI were more frequent in patients than in controls (157 [61%] of 259 vs 14 [27%] of 52; p<0·0001) and independently associated with COVID-19 status (odds ratio [OR] 2·9 [95% CI 1·5-5·8]; padjusted=0·0023) after adjusting for relevant confounders. Compared with controls, patients were more likely to have MRI evidence of lung abnormalities (p=0·0001; parenchymal abnormalities), brain abnormalities (p<0·0001; more white matter hyperintensities and regional brain volume reduction), and kidney abnormalities (p=0·014; lower medullary T1 and loss of corticomedullary differentiation), whereas cardiac and liver MRI abnormalities were similar between patients and controls. Patients with multiorgan abnormalities were older (difference in mean age 7 years [95% CI 4-10]; mean age of 59·8 years [SD 11·7] with multiorgan abnormalities vs mean age of 52·8 years [11·9] without multiorgan abnormalities; p<0·0001), more likely to have three or more comorbidities (OR 2·47 [1·32-4·82]; padjusted=0·0059), and more likely to have a more severe acute infection (acute CRP >5mg/L, OR 3·55 [1·23-11·88]; padjusted=0·025) than those without multiorgan abnormalities. Presence of lung MRI abnormalities was associated with a two-fold higher risk of chest tightness, and multiorgan MRI abnormalities were associated with severe and very severe persistent physical and mental health impairment (PHOSP-COVID symptom clusters) after hospitalisation.

INTERPRETATION

After hospitalisation for COVID-19, people are at risk of multiorgan abnormalities in the medium term. Our findings emphasise the need for proactive multidisciplinary care pathways, with the potential for imaging to guide surveillance frequency and therapeutic stratification.

FUNDING

UK Research and Innovation and National Institute for Health Research.

Mitigation of water scarcity with sustained growth of Rice by plant growth promoting bacteria

Climate change augments the risk to food security by inducing drought stress and a drastic decline in global rice production. Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) have been known to improve plant growth under drought stress. Here in the present study, we isolated, identified, and well-characterized eight drought-tolerant bacteria from the rice rhizosphere that are tolerant to 20% PEG-8000. These strains exhibited multiple plant growth-promoting traits, i.e., 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase activity, exopolysaccharide production, phosphate (P)-solubilizing activity (51-356 µg ml-1), indole-3 acetic acid (IAA) production (14.3-46.2 µg ml-1), and production of organic acids (72-178 µg ml-1). Inoculation of bacterial consortium (Bacillus subtilis NM-2, Brucella haematophilum NM-4, and Bacillus cereus NM-6) significantly improved seedling growth and vigor index (1009.2-1100) as compared to non-inoculated stressed plants (630-957). Through rhizoscanning, efficiency of the consortium was validated by improved root parameters such as root length (17%), diameter, and surface area (18%) of all tested genotypes as compared with respective non-inoculated stressed treatments. Furthermore, the response of consortium inoculation on three rice genotypes was positively correlated with improved plant growth and drought stress ameliorating traits by the accumulation of osmoprotectant, i.e., proline (85.8%-122%), relative water content (51%), membrane stability index (64%), and production of antioxidant enzymes to reduce oxidative damage by reactive oxygen species. A decrease in temperature and improved chlorophyll content of inoculated plants were found using infrared thermal imaging and soil plant analyzer development (SPAD), respectively. The key supporting role of inoculation toward stress responses was validated using robust techniques like infrared thermal imaging and an infrared gas analyzer. Furthermore, principal component analysis depicts the contribution of inoculation on stress responses and yield of tested rice genotypes under water stress. The integration of drought-tolerant rice genotype (NIBGE-DT02) and potential bacterial strains, i.e., NM-2, NM-4, and NM-6, can serve as an effective bioinoculant to cope with water scarcity under current alarming issues related to food security in fluctuating climate.

Integrated analysis of potential microbial consortia, soil nutritional status, and agro-climatic datasets to modulate P nutrient uptake and yield effectiveness of wheat under climate change resilience

Climate change has a devastating effect on wheat production; therefore, crop production might decline by 2030. Phosphorus (P) nutrient deficiency is another main limiting factor of reduced yield. Hence, there is a dire need to judiciously consider wheat yield, so that human requirements and nutrition balance can be sustained efficiently. Despite the great significance of biostimulants in sustainable agriculture, there is still a lack of integrated technology encompassing the successful competitiveness of inoculated phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) in agricultural systems in the context of climatic conditions/meteorological factors and soil nutritional status. Therefore, the present study reveals the modulation of an integrated P nutrient management approach to develop potential PSB consortia for recommended wheat varieties by considering the respective soil health and agro-climatic conditions. The designed consortia were found to maintain adequate viability for up to 9 months, verified through field emission scanning electron microscopy and viable count. Furthermore, a significant increase in grain yield (5%-8%) and seed P (4%) content was observed in consortia-inoculated wheat plants with 20% reduced Diammonium phosphate (DAP) application under net house conditions. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of roots and amplification of the gcd gene of Ochrobactrum sp. SSR indicated the survival and rhizosphere competency of the inoculated PSB. Categorical principal component analysis (CAT-PCA) showed a positive correlation of inoculated field-grown wheat varieties in native soils to grain yield, soil P content, and precipitation for sites belonging to irrigated plains and seed P content, soil organic matter, and number of tillers for sites belonging to Northern dry mountains. However, the impact of inoculation at sites belonging to the Indus delta was found significantly correlated to soil potassium (K) content, electrical conductivity (EC), and temperature. Additionally, a significant increase in grain yield (15%) and seed P (14%) content was observed in inoculated wheat plants. Thus, the present study demonstrates for the first time the need to integrate soil biological health and agro-climatic conditions for consistent performance of augmented PSB and enhanced P nutrient uptake to curtail soil pollution caused by the extensive use of agrochemicals. This study provides innovative insights and identifies key questions for future research on PSB to promote its successful implementation in agriculture.

Clinical characteristics with inflammation profiling of long COVID and association with 1-year recovery following hospitalisation in the UK: a prospective observational study

BACKGROUND

No effective pharmacological or non-pharmacological interventions exist for patients with long COVID. We aimed to describe recovery 1 year after hospital discharge for COVID-19, identify factors associated with patient-perceived recovery, and identify potential therapeutic targets by describing the underlying inflammatory profiles of the previously described recovery clusters at 5 months after hospital discharge.

METHODS

The Post-hospitalisation COVID-19 study (PHOSP-COVID) is a prospective, longitudinal cohort study recruiting adults (aged ≥18 years) discharged from hospital with COVID-19 across the UK. Recovery was assessed using patient-reported outcome measures, physical performance, and organ function at 5 months and 1 year after hospital discharge, and stratified by both patient-perceived recovery and recovery cluster. Hierarchical logistic regression modelling was performed for patient-perceived recovery at 1 year. Cluster analysis was done using the clustering large applications k-medoids approach using clinical outcomes at 5 months. Inflammatory protein profiling was analysed from plasma at the 5-month visit. This study is registered on the ISRCTN Registry, ISRCTN10980107, and recruitment is ongoing.

FINDINGS

2320 participants discharged from hospital between March 7, 2020, and April 18, 2021, were assessed at 5 months after discharge and 807 (32·7%) participants completed both the 5-month and 1-year visits. 279 (35·6%) of these 807 patients were women and 505 (64·4%) were men, with a mean age of 58·7 (SD 12·5) years, and 224 (27·8%) had received invasive mechanical ventilation (WHO class 7-9). The proportion of patients reporting full recovery was unchanged between 5 months (501 [25·5%] of 1965) and 1 year (232 [28·9%] of 804). Factors associated with being less likely to report full recovery at 1 year were female sex (odds ratio 0·68 [95% CI 0·46-0·99]), obesity (0·50 [0·34-0·74]) and invasive mechanical ventilation (0·42 [0·23-0·76]). Cluster analysis (n=1636) corroborated the previously reported four clusters: very severe, severe, moderate with cognitive impairment, and mild, relating to the severity of physical health, mental health, and cognitive impairment at 5 months. We found increased inflammatory mediators of tissue damage and repair in both the very severe and the moderate with cognitive impairment clusters compared with the mild cluster, including IL-6 concentration, which was increased in both comparisons (n=626 participants). We found a substantial deficit in median EQ-5D-5L utility index from before COVID-19 (retrospective assessment; 0·88 [IQR 0·74-1·00]), at 5 months (0·74 [0·64-0·88]) to 1 year (0·75 [0·62-0·88]), with minimal improvements across all outcome measures at 1 year after discharge in the whole cohort and within each of the four clusters.

INTERPRETATION

The sequelae of a hospital admission with COVID-19 were substantial 1 year after discharge across a range of health domains, with the minority in our cohort feeling fully recovered. Patient-perceived health-related quality of life was reduced at 1 year compared with before hospital admission. Systematic inflammation and obesity are potential treatable traits that warrant further investigation in clinical trials.

FUNDING

UK Research and Innovation and National Institute for Health Research.

Drying kinetics and quality aspects of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) dried in a novel cabinet dryer

An attempt was taken to investigate the effect of drying air temperature and slice thickness on the drying kinetics and quality of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) dried in a novel cabinet dryer (HSTU Fruit and Vegetable Dryer). Fresh bitter gourd was sorted, cleaned, and sliced at 4 mm, 6 mm, and 8 mm thickness. All the samples were blanched in boiling water at 100°C for 3 mins. Then the slices with an initial moisture content of 96.47±0.6% were dried, spreading as a thin layer in the trays of the cabinet dryer using three drying air temperatures of 60, 70, and 80°C until the desired final moisture content (MC) of 4.66±0.4% was obtained. The results indicated that the shortest drying time (2.08 hrs) was required by the sample of 4 mm thickness, which was dried at 80°C to reduce moisture from 96.47±0.6% initial (wet basis, wb) to 4.66±0.4% final moisture (wb). The sample of 8 mm thickness dried at 60°C took the longest drying time (6.67 hrs). The higher drying rate (34.32 gm H2O/min.cm2 ) was noticed at a constant drying rate period in the case of a 6 mm thick slice at 70°C. Whereas a lower drying rate (9.29 gm H2O/min.cm2 ) was observed for drying 8 mm slices using 60°C air temperature. Even though, the effect of blanching on drying characteristics of bitter gourd was not noticed so much, the drying rate was found to be increased slightly of pretreated bitter gourd thus drying time was shorter. A comparison on colour analysis of both fresh and blanched bitter gourd showed that a 6 mm slice dried at 70°C was found better in retaining green colour than other samples. The rehydration ratio (6.63±0.62) and the percentage of water uptake (86.75±0.58) of rehydrated pretreated bitter gourd were also higher in a dried sample of 6 mm. Therefore, pretreated bitter gourd is suggested to dry quickly using 70oC in a cabinet dryer slicing at 6 mm thickness to obtain a better quality dried product.

Designing Synergistic Biostimulants Formulation Containing Autochthonous Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacteria for Sustainable Wheat Production

Applying phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) as biofertilizers has enormous potential for sustainable agriculture. Despite this, there is still a lack of information regarding the expression of key genes related to phosphate-solubilization (PS) and efficient formulation strategies. In this study, we investigated rock PS by Ochrobactrum sp. SSR (DSM 109610) by relating it to bacterial gene expression and searching for an efficient formulation. The quantitative PCR (qPCR) primers were designed for PS marker genes glucose dehydrogenase (gcd), pyrroloquinoline quinone biosynthesis protein C (pqqC), and phosphatase (pho). The SSR-inoculated soil supplemented with rock phosphate (RP) showed a 6-fold higher expression of pqqC and pho compared to inoculated soil without RP. Additionally, an increase in plant phosphorous (P) (2%), available soil P (4.7%), and alkaline phosphatase (6%) activity was observed in PSB-inoculated plants supplemented with RP. The root architecture improved by SSR, with higher root length, diameter, and volume. Ochrobactrum sp. SSR was further used to design bioformulations with two well-characterized PS, Enterobacter spp. DSM 109592 and DSM 109593, using the four organic amendments, biochar, compost, filter mud (FM), and humic acid. All four carrier materials maintained adequate survival and inoculum shelf life of the bacterium, as indicated by the field emission scanning electron microscopy analysis. The FM-based bioformulation was most efficacious and enhanced not only wheat grain yield (4-9%) but also seed P (9%). Moreover, FM-based bioformulation enhanced soil available P (8.5-11%) and phosphatase activity (4-5%). Positive correlations were observed between the PSB solubilization in the presence of different insoluble P sources, and soil available P, soil phosphatase activity, seed P content, and grain yield of the field grown inoculated wheat variety Faisalabad-2008, when di-ammonium phosphate fertilizer application was reduced by 20%. This study reports for the first time the marker gene expression of an inoculated PSB strain and provides a valuable groundwork to design field scale formulations that can maintain inoculum dynamics and increase its shelf life. This may constitute a step-change in the sustainable cultivation of wheat under the P-deficient soil conditions.

Integrated Analysis of Osmotic Stress and Infrared Thermal Imaging for the Selection of Resilient Rice Under Water Scarcity

The climate change scenario has increased the severity and frequency of drought stress, which limits the growth and yield of rice worldwide. There is a dire need to select drought-tolerant rice varieties to sustain crop production under water scarcity. Therefore, the present study effectively combined morpho-physiological and biochemical approaches with the technology of infrared thermal imaging (IRTI) for a reliable selection of drought-tolerant genotypes. Initially, we studied 28 rice genotypes including 26 advance lines and three varieties for water stress tolerance under net house conditions. Three genotypes NIBGE-DT-02, KSK-133, and NIBGE-DT-11 were selected based on the Standard Evaluation System (SES) scoring for drought tolerance. NIBGE-DT-02 showed tolerance to polyethylene glycol (20%) induced osmotic stress indicated by a minimum reduction in seedling length, biomass, chlorophyll content, and increased leaf proline content as compared to susceptible varieties under a hydroponic system. NIBGE-DT-02 was further evaluated for water withholding at varying growth stages, i.e., 30 and 60 days after transplantation (DAT) in pots under net house conditions. NIBGE-DT-02 showed a significantly lower reduction (35.9%) in yield as compared to a susceptible variety (78.06%) under water stress at 60 DAT with concomitant induction of antioxidant enzymes such as peroxidase, catalase, and polyphenol oxidase. A significant increase (45.9%) in proline content, a low increase (7.5%) in plant temperature, along with a low reduction in relative water content (RWC) (5.5%), and membrane stability index (MSI) (9%) were observed under water stress at 60 DAT as compared to the well-watered control. Pearson correlation analysis showed the strong correlation of shoot length with MSI and root length with RWC in rice genotypes at the later growth stage. Furthermore, Regression analysis indicated a negative correlation between plant temperature of NIBGE-DT-02 and proline, RWC, MSI, and peroxidase enzyme under variable water stress conditions. All these responses collectively validated the adaptive response of selected genotypes under water stress during different growth stages. Tolerant genotypes can be used in breeding programs aimed at improving drought tolerance and can expand rice cultivation. Furthermore, this study provides a foundation for future research directed to utilize IRTI as a fast and non-destructive approach for the selection of potent rice genotypes better adapted to water scarcity from wide germplasm collection.

Tailored Bioactive Compost from Agri-Waste Improves the Growth and Yield of Chili Pepper and Tomato

An extensive use of chemical fertilizers has posed a serious impact on food and environmental quality and sustainability. As the organic and biofertilizers can satisfactorily fulfill the crop’s nutritional requirement, the plants require less chemical fertilizer application; hence, the food is low in chemical residues and environment is less polluted. The agriculture crop residues, being a rich source of nutrients, can be used to feed the soil and crops after composting and is a practicable approach to sustainable waste management and organic agriculture instead of open-field burning of crop residues. This study demonstrates a feasible strategy to convert the wheat and rice plant residues into composted organic fertilizer and subsequent enrichment with plant-beneficial bacteria. The bioactive compost was then tested in a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments for validating its role in growing organic vegetables. The compost was enriched with a blend of micronutrients, such as zinc, magnesium, and iron, and a multi-trait bacterial consortium AAP (Azospirillum, Arthrobacter, and Pseudomonas spp.). The bacterial consortium AAP showed survival up to 180 days post-inoculation while maintaining their PGP traits. Field emission scanning electron microscopic analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of bioactive compost further elaborated the morphology and confirmed the PGPR survival and distribution. Plant inoculation of this bioactive compost showed significant improvement in the growth and yield of chilies and tomato without any additional chemical fertilizer yielding a high value to cost ratio. An increase of ≈35% in chlorophyll contents, ≈25% in biomass, and ≈75% in yield was observed in chilies and tomatoes. The increase in N was 18.7 and 25%, while in P contents were 18.5 and 19% in chilies and tomatoes, respectively. The application of bioactive compost significantly stimulated the bacterial population as well as the phosphatase and dehydrogenase activities of soil. These results suggest that bioactive compost can serve as a source of bioorganic fertilizer to get maximum benefits regarding vegetable yield, soil quality, and fertilizer saving with the anticipated application for other food crops. It is a possible win-win situation for environmental sustainability and food security.

Differential Root Exudation and Architecture for Improved Growth of Wheat Mediated by Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria

Phosphorous (P) deficiency is a major challenge faced by global agriculture. Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) provide a sustainable approach to supply available phosphates to plants with improved crop productivity through synergistic interaction with plant roots. The present study demonstrates an insight into this synergistic P-solubilizing mechanism of PSB isolated from rhizosphere soils of major wheat-growing agro-ecological zones of Pakistan. Seven isolates were the efficient P solubilizers based on in vitro P-solubilizing activity (233-365 μg ml-1) with a concomitant decrease in pH (up to 3.5) by the production of organic acids, predominantly acetic acid (∼182 μg ml-1) and gluconic acid (∼117 μg ml-1). Amplification and phylogenetic analysis of gcd, pqqE, and phy genes of Enterobacter sp. ZW32, Ochrobactrum sp. SSR, and Pantoea sp. S1 showed the potential of these PSB to release orthophosphate from recalcitrant forms of phosphorus. Principal component analysis indicates the inoculation response of PSB consortia on the differential composition of root exudation (amino acids, sugars, and organic acids) with subsequently modified root architecture of three wheat varieties grown hydroponically. Rhizoscanning showed a significant increase in root parameters, i.e., root tips, diameter, and surface area of PSB-inoculated plants as compared to uninoculated controls. Efficiency of PSB consortia was validated by significant increase in plant P and oxidative stress management under P-deficient conditions. Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced oxidative damages mainly indicated by elevated levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and H2O2 contents were significantly reduced in inoculated plants by the production of antioxidant enzymes, i.e., superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase. Furthermore, the inoculation response of these PSB on respective wheat varieties grown in native soils under greenhouse conditions was positively correlated with improved plant growth and soil P contents. Additionally, grain yield (8%) and seed P (14%) were significantly increased in inoculated wheat plants with 20% reduced application of diammonium phosphate (DAP) fertilizer under net house conditions. Thus, PSB capable of such synergistic strategies can confer P biofortification in wheat by modulating root morphophysiology and root exudation and can alleviate oxidative stress under P deficit conditions.

Prevalence of cestodes infection among school children of urban parts of Lower Dir district, Pakistan

Tapeworms of zoonotic importance have been described as a leading public health problem. Current research was aim to assess the prevalence of tapeworms among 5-12years school children residing in district Lower Dir, Pakistan from January 2019-December 2019. The wet mount preparation in saline/iodine/methods were used for stool examination. Data was analyzed using appropriate descriptive, static methods. Of the 400 children studied 71.7% were infected with one or more species of intestinal parasites. Single infection of cestode species was found in 69 individuals with 17.2% prevalence and multiple parasitic infections were identified in 19.7% (n=79/400) individuals. The multiple infection were comprised as 10% (n=40) double, 6.75% (n=27) triple and 3% (n=12) quadruple. A total of 9 species of helminths and one species of protozoan infection. Among the helminths Ascaris lumbricoides was the most prevalent 33.1% (n=95), Taenia saginata 22.6% (n=65), hookworm 19.8% (n=57), Hymenolepis nana 18.8% (n=54), Enterobius vermicularis and Hymenolepis diminuta 1.39% (n=4each), Trichuris trichura 1.04% (n=3), Toxocara spp 0.69% (n=2) and Schistosoma japonicum 0.34% (n=1) were reported. One protozoan species was Cryptosporidium spp 0.69% (n=2) in current study. In case of A.lumbricoides, hookworm, E.vermicularis, T.trichura, T.saginata, H.nana and H.diminuta the male children of below 8 years of age were highly infected. Other infections are reported in the same prevalence with slight difference if any. We conclude that there is a need for mass scale campaigns to create awareness regarding health and hygiene in children and the need for development of effective poverty control programs because deworming alone is not adequate to control parasitic infections.

Dietary Catharanthus roseus modulates intestinal microarchitecture in broilers

The study evaluated the efficacy of ethanolic extracts of Catharanthus roseus (C. roseus) in altering growth performance, viscera  development and intestinal microarchitecture in broilers. Day-old broiler chicks (n = 175) were randomly divided into seven groups (n = 25/group) with 5 replicates (n = 5). The chicks in the control groups were fed a corn-soya-based basal diet, whereas groups 2 - 4 had the same basal diets supplemented with 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.2% ethanolic leaf extracts (ELE), respectively. Chicks in groups 5 - 7 were fed the basal diet supplemented with 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.2% ethanolic root extracts (ERE) of C. roseus, respectively. The growth performance and feed conversion ratio remained unchanged, but feed consumption of birds supplemented with 0.1% ERE increased in weeks 1 and 3. The relative length of the small intestine was lower in the 0.05% ERE group compared with the control. Villus height, width, surface area, and lamina propria thickness were higher in the 0.1% ERE group in all three segments of the small intestine than in the control. Broilers supplemented with 0.1% ERE performed better in terms of feed consumption and improved intestinal microarchitecture of the small intestine.

Habitat selection by Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) in Siran and Kaghan Valleys, Pakistan

Asiatic black bear is present in variety of habitats like broad-leaves and coniferous forests, extending form sea level to 4300m elevation and change their habitat for food purpose seasonally. The present study was conducted at Kaghan and Siran Valleys, District Mansehra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan to assess habitat of black bear. Line transect method was used for observation of bear signs. Twelve meter circular radius plots were selected for the concern vegetation's i.e. (trees, shrubs and herbs) and three to six plots were placed in each transect. At the result of sign survey, thirteen different categories of bear signs were recorded and encounter rate was calculated for each sign. A total of 1858 signs were observed during field surveys. Total (81%) coniferous species were recoded among trees, with the highest appearance of Pinus wallichiana (34.22%) and Spruce spp (27.76%), similarly broad leaves trees (18.56%) were also recoded from habitat plots. Most of the signs were encountered in bushy areas, whereas high number of Viburnum Spp (60.29%) was present. It is indicated that black bear prefers blend of Coniferous Trees, Viburnum and Ferns Species; probably because these plants provide enough food, protection, and meticulous shelter because more than 80% of habitat composed of these three species. Currently habitat destruction and increase in human population are the up-growing issues for wild animals (especially Asiatic black bear), which is highly sensitive to such problems. High levels of conservation efforts are recommended for the protection of black bear habitat and to avoid human interference in their territory.

Population distribution and habitat analysis of Rufous treepie (Dendrocitta vagabunda) in Abbottabad, Pakistan

The Rufous treepie (Dendrocitta vagabunda) belongs to family corvidae, order Passeriformes which includes about 100 species. The current study was conducted to gather information about the Population distribution and habitat analysis of D. vagabunda at District Abbottabad, Pakistan. The data were collected on monthly basis both morning and evening times (2018-2019). "The ''Point count Method" was used for population estimation and ''Quadrates Method" for habitat analysis of study area. The result shows an average month-wise population density of D. vagabunda was maximum at Jhangra 0.14±0.039/ha, whereas minimum at Havelian 0.11±0.022/ha. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) among monthly population densities of D. vagabunda, however, a significant difference (p<0.05) was found between morning and evening times population of the specie. The present study revealed that importance value index (IVI) of plants species at Sherwan, Bakot, Havelian, Langra and Jhangra were 59.6±12.6, 50.1±6.9, 53.4±6.3, 66.8±10 and 60.1±7.7. Likewise, the frequency of shrubs at Sherwan, Bakot, Havelian, Langra and Jhangra were 33.3±4.2, 45±9.4, 46.7±8.2, 55.6±22.2 and 37.5±8.5. Similarly, the frequency of herbs at Sherwan, Bakot, Havelian, Langra and Jhangra were 40.4±6.0, 37.5±5.6, 53.3±7.4, 48.5±5.2 and 46.9±7.4 respectively. Our results show the study area as suitable habitat for D. vagabunda.

Multiple comparisons of diversity indices invaded by Lantana camara

Current study assessed the impact of Lantana camara invasion on native plant diversity in Pothohar region of Pakistan. The approach used for study was random samplings and comparisons of diversity indices [number of species (S), abundance (N), species richness (R), evenness (Jꞌ), Shannon diversity index (Hꞌ) and Simpson index of dominance (λ)] with two categorical factors i.e., invaded and non-invaded (control). Control plots harboured by an average of 1.74 more species/10m2. The control category was diverse (Hꞌ=2.56) than invaded category (Hꞌ=1.56). The higher value of species richness in control plots shows heterogeneous nature of communities and vice versa in invaded plots. At multivariate scale, ordination (nMDS) and ANOSIM showed significant magnitude of differences between invaded and control plots at all sites. The decrease in studied diversity indices in invaded over control sites indicated that plant communities become less productive due to Lantana invasion.

The wheat growth-promoting traits of Ochrobactrum and Pantoea species, responsible for solubilization of different P sources, are ensured by genes encoding enzymes of multiple P-releasing pathways

Production and release of organic acids and phosphatase enzymes by microbes are important for inorganic and organic phosphorus cycling in soil. The presence of microorganisms with corresponding traits in the plant rhizosphere lead to improved plant P uptake and ultimately growth promotion. We studied the potential of two rhizosphere-competent strains, Pantoea sp. MR1 and Ochrobactrum sp. SSR, for solubilization of different organic and inorganic P sources in vitro. In a pot experiment we further revealed the impact of the two strains on wheat seedling performance in soil amended with either phytate, rock phosphate or K₂HPO₄ as solely P source. To directly link P-solubilizing activity to the strain-specific genetic potential, we designed novel primers for glucose dehydrogenase (gcd), phosphatase (pho) and phytase (phy) genes, which are related to the organic and inorganic P solubilization potential. Quantitative tracing of these functional genes in the inoculated soils of the conducted pot experiment further allowed to compare strain abundances in the soil in dependency on the present P source. We observed strain- and P source-dependent patterns of the P solubilization in vitro as well as in the pot experiment, whereby P release, particularly from phytate, was linked to the strain abundance. We further revealed that the activity of microbial phosphatases is determined by the interplay between functional gene abundance, available soil P, and substrate availability. Moreover, positive impacts of microbial seed inoculation on wheat root architecture and aboveground growth parameters were observed. Our results suggest that screening for rhizosphere-competent strains with gcd, pho and phy genes may help to identify new microbial taxa that are able to solubilize and mineralize inorganic as well as organic bound P. Subsequently, the targeted use of corresponding strains may improve P availability in agricultural soils and consequently reduce fertilizer application.

Precise CRISPR-Cas9 Mediated Genome Editing in Super Basmati Rice for Resistance Against Bacterial Blight by Targeting the Major Susceptibility Gene

Basmati rice is famous around the world for its flavor, aroma, and long grain. Its demand is increasing worldwide, especially in Asia. However, its production is threatened by various problems faced in the fields, resulting in major crop losses. One of the major problems is bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). Xoo hijacks the host machinery by activating the susceptibility genes (OsSWEET family genes), using its endogenous transcription activator like effectors (TALEs). TALEs have effector binding elements (EBEs) in the promoter region of the OsSWEET genes. Out of six well-known TALEs found to have EBEs in Clade III SWEET genes, four are present in OsSWEET14 gene's promoter region. Thus, targeting the promoter of OsSWEET14 is very important for creating broad-spectrum resistance. To engineer resistance against bacterial blight, we established CRISPR-Cas9 mediated genome editing in Super Basmati rice by targeting 4 EBEs present in the promoter of OsSWEET14. We were able to obtain four different Super Basmati lines (SB-E1, SB-E2, SB-E3, and SB-E4) having edited EBEs of three TALEs (AvrXa7, PthXo3, and TalF). The edited lines were then evaluated in triplicate for resistance against bacterial blight by choosing one of the locally isolated virulent Xoo strains with AvrXa7 and infecting Super Basmati. The lines with deletions in EBE of AvrXa7 showed resistance against the Xoo strain. Thus, it was confirmed that edited EBEs provide resistance against their respective TALEs present in Xoo strains. In this study up to 9% editing efficiency was obtained. Our findings showed that CRISPR-Cas9 can be harnessed to generate resistance against bacterial blight in indigenous varieties, against locally prevalent Xoo strains.

Evaluation of bioherbicidal potential of Carica papaya leaves

Due to increased number of herbicide resistant weeds, it is needed to explore the allelopathic potential of plants as an alternative. The research was conducted to investigate allelopathic effects of Carica papaya L. leaf powder and aqueous extract on seeds as well as pre-germinated seeds of Avena fatua L., Helianthus annuus L., Rumex dentatus L., Zea mays L. and Triticum aestivum L. on filter paper and soil in Weed Management Program Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Protection at PARC Institute of Advanced Studies in Agriculture, National Agriculture Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan. Germination percentage (%), radicle length (cm) and plumule length (cm) were parameters observed for 'Plant leaf powder bioassay' and 'Aqueous extract method'. Most significant growth inhibition was observed in A. fatua seedlings in filter paper method. A. fatua radicle length was reduced by C. papaya aqueous extract (80%) and leaf powder (89%) bioassays. Plumule length was reduced under the influence of aqueous extract (57-73%) and powdered material (59-77%). The inhibitory effects on other test species were in sequence of H. annuus followed by Z. mays and R. dentatus. The aqueous extract showed non-significant effect on wheat seed germination, radicle and plumule growth. It is suggested that C. papaya aqueous extract can be used as source of weed management in wheat crop.

Illumina sequencing of 16S rRNA tag shows disparity in rhizobial and non-rhizobial diversity associated with root nodules of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) growing in different habitats in Pakistan

In Rhizobium-legume symbiosis, the nodule is the most frequently studied compartment, where the endophytic/symbiotic microbiota demands critical investigation for development of specific inocula. We identified the bacterial diversity within root nodules of mung bean from different growing areas of Pakistan using Illumina sequencing of 16S rRNA gene. We observed specific OTUs related to specific site where Bradyrhizobium was found to be the dominant genus comprising of 82-94% of total rhizobia in nodules with very minor fraction of sequences from other rhizobia at three sites. In contrast, Ensifer (Sinorhizobium) was single dominant genus comprising 99.9% of total rhizobial sequences at site four. Among non-rhizobial sequences, the genus Acinetobacter was abundant (7-18% of total sequences), particularly in Bradyrhizobium-dominated nodule samples. Rhizobia and non-rhizobial PGPR isolated from nodule samples include Ensifer, Bradyrhizobium, Acinetobacter, Microbacterium and Pseudomonas strains. Co-inoculation of multi-trait PGPR Acinetobacter sp. VrB1 with either of the two rhizobia in field exhibited more positive effect on nodulation and plant growth than single-strain inoculation which favors the use of Acinetobacter as an essential component for development of mung bean inoculum. Furthermore, site-specific dominance of rhizobia and non-rhizobia revealed in this study may contribute towards decision making for development and application of specific inocula in different habitats.

Isolation and Characterization of Plant Growth Promoting Antagonistic Bacteria from Cotton and Sugarcane Plants for Suppression of Phytopathogenic Fusarium Species

Background

Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) may be utilized to augment plant growth and suppress the plant pathogens. Objective: The present study was conducted to isolate and characterize the antagonistic bacteria indigenous to cotton and sugarcane rhizosphere in Pakistan, and to evaluate their ability to suppress phytopathogenic Fusarium spp. Out of 63 isolates 37 different morphotypes were studied for their antagonistic activity against Fusarium monoliformae, Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium solani. Among these 31 strains showed the percentage suppression ranging from 40 to 66% against Fusarium spp.

Objectives

The antagonistic bacteria having antifungal activity were studied for different morphological and physiological characteristics using Gram staining and light microscopy. Most of them were Gram negative and tentatively identified as Pseudomonas spp. The selected strains were screened in vitro for plant growth regulation and antifungal traits.

Material and Methods

Our study included 1000 premature CAD patients that classified into two groups with history of MI (n = 461) and without of MI (n = 539). The polymorphism variants in 10% of samples were determined by PCR-RFLP technique and genotyping of the polymorphism in all subjects was conducted by High Resolution Melting method. Given the two conditions of patients residing in Tehran and also faced with their first episode of MI, 640 out of 1000 study samples that had been previously followed-up were assessed in a retrospective cohort phase regarding long-term major adverse cardiac events (MACE).

Results

Four bacterial strains were able to produce the chitinase enzyme while four other bacterial strains showed protease production. Ten strains were positive for HCN production. Out of 37, eight strains showed phosphate solubilization ranging from 13 to 24 µg/ml. eighteen strains produced indole acetic acid ranging from 5 to 19 µg/ml.

Conclusions

This study identified specific traits in the isolated rhizobacteria which make them good candidates as PGPR and might contribute to enhance growth of crop plants. This information is of general interest and also helpful for devising strategies to manage diseases caused by Fusarium in cotton and sugarcane.

Glucose dehydrogenase gene containing phosphobacteria for biofortification of Phosphorus with growth promotion of rice

Phosphorus (P) is an essential plant nutrient, but often limited in soils for plant uptake. A major economic constraint in the rice production is excessive use of chemical fertilizers to meet the P requirement. Bioaugmentation of phosphate solubilizing rhizobacteria (PSB) can be used as promising alternative. In the present study 11 mineral PSB were isolated from Basmati rice growing areas of Pakistan. In broth medium, PSB solubilized tricalcium phosphate (27-354 μg mL^-1) with concomitant decrease in pH up to 3.6 due to the production of different organic acids, predominantly gluconic acid. Of these, 4 strains also have ability to mineralize phytate (245-412 μg mL^-1). Principle component analysis showed that the gluconic acid producing PSB strains (Acinetobacter sp. MR5 and Pseudomonas sp. MR7) have pronounced effect on grain yield (up to 55%), plant P (up to 67%) and soil available P (up to 67%), with 20% reduced fertilization. For simultaneous validation of gluconic acid production by MR5 and MR7 through PCR, new specific primers were designed to amplify gcd, pqqE, pqqC genes responsible for glucose dehydrogenase (gcd) mediated phosphate solubilization. These findings for the first time demonstrated Acinetobacter soli as potent P solubilizer for rice and expands our knowledge about genus specific pqq and gcd primers. These two gcd containing PSB Acinetobacter sp. MR5 (DSM 106631) and Pseudomonas sp. MR7 (DSM 106634) submitted to German culture collection (DSMZ), serve as global valuable pool to significantly increase the P uptake, growth and yield of Basmati rice with decreased dependence on chemical fertilizer in P deficit agricultural soils.

Phosphate solubilizing bacteria with glucose dehydrogenase gene for phosphorus uptake and beneficial effects on wheat

The aim of this study was to isolate, characterize and use phosphate solubilizing bacteria to enhance the bioavailability of insoluble Ca-phosphate for wheat plants. For this purpose, 15 phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (PSB) were isolated from wheat rhizospheric soils of Peshawar and southern Punjab region, Pakistan. These isolates were identified using light microscopy and 16S rRNA gene. Among the isolated bacteria, two strains (Pseudomonas sp. MS16 and Enterobacter sp. MS32) were the efficient P solubilizers based on their P solubilization activity determined qualitatively (solubilization index 3.2-5.8) as well as quantitatively (136-280 μg mL-1). These two strains produced indole-3-acetic acid (25.6-28.1 μg mL-1), gibberellic acid (2.5-11.8), solubilized zinc compounds (SI 2.8-3.3) and showed nitrogenase and 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase activity in vitro. Phosphate solubilization activity of Pseudomonas sp. MS16 was further validated by amplification, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of glucose dehydrogenase (gcd) gene (LT908484) responsible for P solubilization. Response Surface Methodology for large-scale production was used to find optimal conditions (Temperature 22.5°C, pH 7) for P solubilization. Glucose was found to support higher P solubilization in vitro. In an in vitro experiment, PSB treated wheat seedlings improved germination and seedling vigor (11% increases) as compared to un-inoculated control. Rhizoscanning of these seedlings showed an increase in various root growth parameters. Wheat inoculation with selected strain MS16 showed pronounced effect on grain yield in pot (38.5% increase) and field (17-18% increase) experiments compared to non-inoculated control. Root colonization by PSB through Florescent in situ Hybridization and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy confirmed their rhizosphere competence in soil. BOX-PCR confirmed the re-isolated colonies of Pseudomonas sp. MS16. The results indicated that gluconic acid producing Pseudomonas sp. MS16 from un-explored soils may be cost effective and environment friendly candidate to improve plant growth and phosphorous uptake by wheat plants.

Pseudomonas sp. AF-54 containing multiple plant beneficial traits acts as growth enhancer of Helianthus annuus L. under reduced fertilizer input

Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are capable to increase the growth and yield of crops in eco-friendly and sustainable manner. To evaluate the response of sunflower towards inoculation with PGPR, a sunflower root associated bacterium AF-54 isolated from Diyar Gali Himalayan Mountain region, Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK), identified as Pseudomonas sp. by 16S rRNA sequence analysis and was characterized using polyphasic approach. The bacterium produced 23.9 μgmL^-1 indole-3-acetic acid in tryptophan-supplemented medium, showed 44.28 nmoles mg^-1 protein h^-1 nitrogenase activity through acetylene reduction assay and released 48.80 μg mL^-1 insoluble phosphorus in Pikovskaya's broth. During P-solubilization, the pH of the Pikovskaya's medium decreased from 7 to 3.04 due to the production of acetic acid, malic acid and gluconic acid. Pseudomonas sp. AF-54 showed metabolic versatility by utilizing 79 carbon sources from BIOLOG GN2 plates and resistance to many antibiotics. Furthermore, it inhibited the growth of Fusarium oxysporum in dual culture assay. To evaluate the plant-inoculation response, series of experiments conducted in hydroponic, sterilized soil and fields at AJK, and Faisalabad where inoculated plants with reduced fertilizer showed a significant increase in growth, yield, oil contents and achene NP uptake as compared to non-inoculated control. AF-54 showed extensive root colonization in sterilized and non-sterile conditions documented through yfp-labeling and fluorescent in situ hybridization coupled with confocal laser scanning microscopy. This study concludes that the Pseudomonas sp. strain AF-54 containing multiple plant growth promoting traits can be a potential candidate for biofertilizer production to enhance sunflower crop yield with reduced application of chemical (NP) fertilizers.

Interactive effect of trivalent iron on activated sludge digestion and biofilm structure in attached growth reactor of waste tire rubber

Waste tire rubber (WTR) has been introduced as an alternative, novel media for biofilm development in several experimental systems including attached growth bioreactors. In this context, four laboratory-scale static batch bioreactors containing WTR as a support material for biofilm development were run under anoxic condition for 90 days using waste activated sludge as an inoculum under the influence of different concentrations (2.5, 6.5, 8.5 mg/l) of trivalent ferric iron (Fe³⁺). The data revealed that activated sludge with a Fe³⁺ concentration of 8.5 mg/l supported the maximum bacterial biomass [4.73E + 10 CFU/ml cm²]; besides, it removed 38% more Chemical oxygen demand compared to Fe³⁺ free condition from the reactor. Biochemical testing and 16S rDNA phylogenetic analysis of WTR-derived biofilm communities further suggested the role of varying concentrations of Fe³⁺ on the density and diversity of members of Enterobacteria(ceae), ammonium (AOB) and nitrite oxidizing bacteria. Furthermore, Fluorescent in situ hybridization with phylogenetic oligonucleotide probes and confocal laser scanning microscopy of WTR biofilms indicated a significant increase in density of eubacteria (3.00E + 01 to.05E + 02 cells/cm²) and beta proteobacteria (8.10E + 01 to 1.42E + 02 cells/cm²), respectively, with an increase in Fe³⁺ concentration in the reactors, whereas, the cell density of gamma proteobacteria in biofilms decreased.

A multidisciplinary approach to sphenoid wing dysplasia presenting with pulsatile proptosis in neurofibromatosis Type 1: A rare case report

Neurofibromatosis (NF) with sphenoid wing dysplasia is a rare clinical entity. Herewith, we present a case of NF with sphenoid wing dysplasia which presented with pulsatile progressive proptosis. Other ocular symptoms or visual disturbances were absent. Diagnosis of the condition was not easy and the management was a challenging task which needed multidisciplinary approach as there were ocular, neurological, orthopedic, and dermatological manifestations. With neurosurgical intervention, reconstruction of the sphenoid wing was possible. Proptosis was corrected without any disturbance of vision.

Retrieved 16S rRNA and nifH sequences reveal co-dominance of Bradyrhizobium and Ensifer (Sinorhizobium) strains in field-collected root nodules of the promiscuous host Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek

In the present study, the relative distribution of endophytic rhizobia in field-collected root nodules of the promiscuous host mung bean was investigated by sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and nifH genes, amplified directly from the nodule DNA. Co-dominance of the genera Bradyrhizobium and Ensifer was indicated by 32.05 and 35.84% of the total retrieved 16S rRNA sequences, respectively, and the sequences of genera Mesorhizobium and Rhizobium comprised only 0.06 and 2.06% of the recovered sequences, respectively. Sequences amplified from rhizosphere soil DNA indicated that only a minor fraction originated from Bradyrhizobium and Ensifer strains, comprising about 0.46 and 0.67% of the total retrieved sequences, respectively. 16S rRNA gene sequencing has also identified the presence of several non-rhizobial endophytes from phyla Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroides, and Firmicutes. The nifH sequences obtained from nodules also confirmed the co-dominance of Bradyrhizobium (39.21%) and Ensifer (59.23%) strains. The nifH sequences of the genus Rhizobium were absent, and those of genus Mesorhizobium comprised only a minor fraction of the sequences recovered from the nodules and rhizosphere soil samples. Two bacterial isolates, identified by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis as Bradyrhizobium strain Vr51 and Ensifer strain Vr38, successfully nodulated the original host (mung bean) plants. Co-dominance of Bradyrhizobium and Ensifer strains in the nodules of mung bean indicates the potential role of the host plant in selecting specific endophytic rhizobial populations. Furthermore, successful nodulation of mung bean by the isolates showed that strains of both the genera Bradyrhizobium and Ensifer can be used for production of inoculum.

Biocontrol of Bacterial Leaf Blight of Rice and Profiling of Secondary Metabolites Produced by Rhizospheric Pseudomonas aeruginosa BRp3

Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) is widely prevalent and causes Bacterial Leaf Blight (BLB) in Basmati rice grown in different areas of Pakistan. There is a need to use environmentally safe approaches to overcome the loss of grain yield in rice due to this disease. The present study aimed to develop inocula, based on native antagonistic bacteria for biocontrol of BLB and to increase the yield of Super Basmati rice variety. Out of 512 bacteria isolated from the rice rhizosphere and screened for plant growth promoting determinants, the isolate BRp3 was found to be the best as it solubilized 97 μg/ mL phosphorus, produced 30 μg/mL phytohormone indole acetic acid and 15 mg/ L siderophores in vitro. The isolate BRp3 was found to be a Pseudomonas aeruginosa based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing (accession no. HQ840693). This bacterium showed antagonism in vitro against different phytopathogens including Xoo and Fusarium spp. Strain BRp3 showed consistent pathogen suppression of different strains of BLB pathogen in rice. Mass spectrometric analysis detected the production of siderophores (1-hydroxy-phenazine, pyocyanin, and pyochellin), rhamnolipids and a series of already characterized 4-hydroxy-2-alkylquinolines (HAQs) as well as novel 2,3,4-trihydroxy-2-alkylquinolines and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxy-2-alkylquinolines in crude extract of BRp3. These secondary metabolites might be responsible for the profound antibacterial activity of BRp3 against Xoo pathogen. Another contributing factor toward the suppression of the pathogen was the induction of defense related enzymes in the rice plant by the inoculated strain BRp3. When used as an inoculant in a field trial, this strain enhanced the grain and straw yields by 51 and 55%, respectively, over non-inoculated control. Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) used in combination with immunofluorescence marker confirmed P. aeruginosa BRp3 in the rice rhizosphere under sterilized as well as field conditions. The results provide evidence that novel secondary metabolites produced by BRp3 may contribute to its activity as a biological control agent against Xoo and its potential to promote the growth and yield of Super Basmati rice.

In vitro screening of rice genotypes using polyethylene glycol under drought stress

Five rice varieties viz. Binadhan-4, Binadhan-5, Binadhan-6, Binadhan-10 and Iratom-24 were evaluated in vitro under different water stress conditions. Several parameters such as germination percentage, shoot length, root length, shoot-root ratio, fresh weight, dry weight, turgid weight, relative water content and proline accumulation were studied. Drought condition was created by MS medium supplemented with five treatments of PEG, with a control such as 0%, 1%, 2%, 3% and 4% of PEG. The highest germination (100%) was found in the variety Binadhan-10 under low water stress conditions induced by 1% PEG. Similarly, the highest percentage of germination was found in all varieties under control condition (0% PEG). The lowest percentage of germination was obtained in the variety Iratom-24. But under severe stress (4% PEG), the highest percentage of germination was found only in the variety Binadhan-10. Moreover, the variety Binadhan-10 was found to be the best at 4% PEG for shoot length, root length, shoot-root ratio, relative water content and also the best at 1% PEG for fresh weight, dry weight, turgid weight. Water stress decreased relative water content and increased proline accumulation in rice. The highest relative water content was recorded in the variety Binadhan-10 and the lowest value recorded in the variety Binadhan-5. The highest proline content was obtained from the binadhan-6 at the highest treatment (4% PEG). Binadhan-10 showed the best performance almost in all the parameters under drought stress because of its own nature of tolerancy.Progressive Agriculture 27 (2): 128-135, 2016

In vitro screening for drought tolerance of some chickpea varieties in Bangladesh

The aim of the present study was to study physiological response of seven chickpea varieties viz. Binachola-2, Binachola-3, Binachola-4, Binachola-5, Binachola-6, Binachola-7 and Binachola-8 at different levels of drought stress induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG).  Five different concentrations (0, 20, 35, 50, 60 g/L) of PEG 6000 was added in MS medium to create five different levels of drought stress for  in vitro screening of drought tolerant chick pea varieties. Data were recorded on germination percentage, fresh weight, shoot length, root length, dry weight, turgid weight, relative water content (RWC) and proline content. The seven chickpea varieties differed significantly for different parameters in response to the drought stress. Binachola-2 and Binachola-7 showed the best performance for all the parameters studied. At the highest dose of PEG (60 g/l), in the most water deficient condition, fresh weight was recorded 0.59 g and 0.84 g, Shoot lengths of 2.10 cm and 3.75 cm, root lengths of 1.15 cm and 1.00 cm, turgid weight of 0.960 g and 0.970 g, dry weight of 0.13 g and 0.21 g, relative water contents (RWC) of 85.71% and 83.33% were recorded in Binachola-2 and Binachola-7, respectively. Increased proline content was recorded with the increasing level of PEG concentration. Proline content 0.533g/100g FW and 0.598g/100g FW were observed in Binachola-2 and Binachola-7, respectively under the influence of PEG at 60 g/l. Data recorded for Binachola-3, Binachola-4, Binachola-5, Binachola-6 and Binachola-8 for the studied parameters revealed that they showed susceptible response against higher drought stress level gen­erated by PEG. The data of this experiment revealed that, the accumulation of proline was significantly greater under drought stress. Thus, it is evident that Binachola-2 and Binachola-7 performed better against drought stress condition. These results of physiological and biochemical parameters may be utilized as a selection indicator for breeding program and used as a baseline for improvement of chickpea varieties in Bangladesh.Progressive Agriculture 27 (2): 110-118, 2016

Plant Growth Promotion and Suppression of Bacterial Leaf Blight in Rice by Inoculated Bacteria

The present study was conducted to evaluate the potential of rice rhizosphere associated antagonistic bacteria for growth promotion and disease suppression of bacterial leaf blight (BLB). A total of 811 rhizospheric bacteria were isolated and screened against 3 prevalent strains of BLB pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) of which five antagonistic bacteria, i.e., Pseudomonas spp. E227, E233, Rh323, Serratia sp. Rh269 and Bacillus sp. Rh219 showed antagonistic potential (zone of inhibition 1-19 mm). Production of siderophores was found to be the common biocontrol determinant and all the strains solubilized inorganic phosphate (82-116 μg mL-1) and produced indole acetic acid (0.48-1.85 mg L-1) in vitro. All antagonistic bacteria were non-pathogenic to rice, and their co-inoculation significantly improved plant health in terms of reduced diseased leaf area (80%), improved shoot length (31%), root length (41%) and plant dry weight (60%) as compared to infected control plants. Furthermore, under pathogen pressure, bacterial inoculation resulted in increased activity of defense related enzymes including phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and polyphenol oxidase, along with 86% increase in peroxidase and 53% increase in catalase enzyme activities in plants inoculated with Pseudomonas sp. Rh323 as well as co-inoculated plants. Bacterial strains showed good colonization potential in the rice rhizosphere up to 21 days after seed inoculation. Application of bacterial consortia in the field resulted in an increase of 31% in grain yield and 10% in straw yield over non-inoculated plots. Although, yield increase was statistically non-significant but was accomplished with overall saving of 20% chemical fertilizers. The study showed that Pseudomonas sp. Rh323 can be used to develop dual-purpose inoculum which can serve not only to suppress BLB but also to promote plant growth in rice.

Association of plant growth-promoting Serratia spp. with the root nodules of chickpea

Serratia species-affiliated DNA sequences have recently been discovered in the root nodules of two chickpea cultivars; however, little is known about their potential influence on chickpea plant growth. All Serratia-affiliated sequences (1136) could be grouped into two clusters at 98% DNA similarity. The major cluster, represented by 96% of sequences, was closely associated with Serratia marcescens sequences from GenBank. In the current study, we isolated two Serratia strains, 5D and RTL100, from root nodules of a field-grown Desi cultivar from Faisalabad and Thal areas, respectively. In vitro, strain 5D showed significantly higher phosphate (P) solubilization and lactic acid production than RTL100, whereas a comparable concentration of phytohormone was produced by both isolates. The application of Serratia strain 5D as an inoculum resulted in 25.55% and 30.85% increases in the grain yield of crops grown on fertile soil in irrigated areas and nutrient-deficient soil in rainfed areas, respectively, compared to the non-inoculated control. Results of plant inoculations indicated that Serratia sp. 5D and RTL100 can serve as effective microbial inoculants, particularly in nutrient-deficient soils in rainfed areas, where chickpea is the only major crop grown during the entire year.

Identification of bacterial isolates in neonatal sepsis and their antimicrobial susceptibility

A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) of Ad-din Medical College Hospital during the period of January to December 2011 to determine the pattern of bacterial agents causing neonatal sepsis and their susceptibility pattern to various antimicrobial agents. Blood cultures were performed on admitted newborn babies (0-28 days) to rule out sepsis. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done for all blood culture isolates according to the criteria of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards by disk diffusion method. Out of 1000 screened blood cultures, 87(8.7%) reported as positive and the gram positive and gram negative bacteria accounted for 21(24.1%) and 66(75.9%) respectively. The most common gram positive organisms were Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus Aureus (CONS) (18.4%) and Staphylococcus Aureus (4.6%) and gram negative organisms were Acinetobacter (34.4%), Pseudomonas (21.8%) and Klebsiella spp. (6.9%). The susceptibilities were remarkably low to Ampicillin (20%) and Cefotaxim (29.6%) for both gram positive & gram negative isolates. Gram positive group had susceptibilities of 71.1% to Gentamicin, 85.7% to Imipenem & 100% to Amikacin & Vancomycin. Gram negative isolates showed higher sensitivities to Colistin (96.9%), Piperacillin-Tazobactum (78.7%), Imipenem (74.2%), Levofloxacillin (71.2%), respectively. Gram-negative bacteria showed high level of resistance to commonly used antibiotics (Ampicillin, Ceftazidim and Cefotaxim). Gentamicin, Amikacin, Imipenem and Levofloxacin were the most effective drugs compared to others. Routine bacterial surveillance and their sensitivity patterns must be an essential component of neonatal care.

Effectiveness of radioiodine therapy in treatment of hyperthyroidism

The present non randomized clinical trial was conducted in the Center for Nuclear Medicine and Ultrasound, Mymensingh, Bangladesh for duration of one year. Total 30 patients with hyperthyroidism diagnosed by clinical and biochemical profile were included in the study. All patients received radioiodine treatment and regular follow up at 1st month, 3rd month, 6th month & 9th month were done to evaluate clinical and biochemical status and complications. Data were analyzed by computer with SPSS programme using 't' test and chi-square test. In the present study, out of 30 respondents more than three fourth of the respondents (76.6%) were in the age group of 31-50 years followed by less than 30 years are group (16.7%) and rest of respondents were in the age group of more than 50 years (06.7%). Mean±SD and range of age of the respondents were 39.80±10.02 years and 17-65 years respectively. Among the 30 respondents 11(36.7%) were male and 19(63.3%) were female. Male to female ratio was 1:1.73. Out of 30 patients 26(86.7%) presented with goiter and among them 21(80.8%) has diffused goiter and five (19.2%) had nodular goiter. Baseline mean±SD, median, range of serum T₃ level were 5.24±3.62, 4.34, 1.48-14.65nmol/L respectively. Base line mean±SD, median range of serum T₄ level were 192.25±99.17, 201.77, 1.75-336.25nmol/L respectively. Baseline mean±SD, median range of serum TSH level were 6.33±23.93, 0.15-0.07, 130.46nmol/L respectively. In the present study serum T₃, T₄ level among the respondents sharply decrease from baseline to 2nd follow up then gradually decrease from 2nd to 4th follow up. Serum TSH level gradually increases from baseline to 3rd follow up and then gradually decreases from 3rd to 4th follow up. The result showed radioiodine is an effective option for the treatment of thyrotoxicosis.

Efficacy of salbutamol by nebulizer versus metered dose inhaler with home-made non-valved spacer in acute exacerbation of childhood asthma

This study was done to evaluate and to compare the efficacy of jet nebulizer and metered dose inhaler (MDI) with home-made non-valved spacer (HM NVS) to deliver aerosolized salbutamol in acute exacerbation of asthma in children. HM NVS was made by 500ml plastic mineral water bottle. It was perforated at the bottom for the insertion of MDI and proximal end was cut for placing the mouth. This prospective randomized study was conducted in the department of Pediatrics, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, during April 2007 to March 2008 with 50 known cases (2-12 years) of bronchial asthma with acute exacerbation. After randomized enrollment, each patient received three doses of salbutamol either through a jet nebulizer or through a HM NVS. Oxygen saturation (SaO2), wheeze, heart rate, respiratory rate were recorded throughout the treatment period. Data were analyzed with SPSS for Windows 10.0 at p value <0.05 was considered significant. The mean age of patients was 59.8 months in nebulizer group versus 69.4 months in MDI with HM NVS group. Baseline clinical characteristics in nebulizer group were SaO2 87.7±2.5 versus 89.0±1.8 percent, RR 59.2±7.3 vs. 63.2±4.8 per minute, HR 155.4±11.8 versus 149.0±10.8 per minute and wheeze in 22(88.0%) cases versus 21(84.0%) cases respectively (p>0.05). After therapy improvement was noted among the nebulizer group (SaO2 87.7±2.5 vs. 94.3±2.8 percent; RR 59.2±7.3 vs. 39.3±4.9 per minute; HR 155.4±11.8 vs. 151.60±17.3 per minute; wheeze 88% vs. 8%) as well as in the MDI with HM NVS group (SaO2 89.0±1.8 vs. 94.8±1.8 percent; RR 63.2±4.8 vs. 38.7±6.4 per minute; HR 149.0±10.8 vs. 144.5±13.5 per minute; wheeze 84% vs. 16%) [p<0.001; CI:95%]. However, these improvements did not differ significantly between the nebulizer group and HM NVS group (SaO2 94.3±2.8 vs. 94.8±1.8 percent, RR 39.3±4.9 vs. 38.7±6.4 per minute, HR 151.60±17.3 vs. 144.5±13.5 per minute and wheeze persisted in 2(8.0%) cases versus 4(16.0%) cases respectively) [p>0.05]. The overall response to these modalities of treatment was satisfactory in nebulizer (19/25) and HM NVS (17/25). Salbutamol delivered through both nebulizer as well as MDI with HM NVS is equally effective in the treatment of acute asthma in children.

Phytoestrogen intake and cardiovascular risk markers in Bangladeshi postmenopausal women

Menopause is the transitional event of female life creating a considerable degree of clinical and psychological as well as social problem and it is known to affect the risk markers of cardiovascular diseases. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) was though to be a cornerstone in the management of menopause, but evidences accumulated in the recent past have raised serious questions regarding its safety and usability. In this context, phytoestrogens are getting increasingly more attention for therapeutic (as an alternate of HRT) and dietary interventions. Menopause is a special problem for women in developing countries and intake of phytoestrogens can be highly useful also from the economic point of views. The nutraceuticals of specific vitamins, minerals and especially phytoestrogens supplementations are a vital component of the strategy to reduce health problem. The present study was aimed to assess the association of phytoestrogens and risk markers of cardiovascular diseases in postmenopausal women. A total of 111 postmenopausal subjects [age, (years, M±SD) 52±5.35] were studied. The dietary intake of phytoestrogens by study subjects was calculated by a specific food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Serum fasting homocysteine was measured by AxSYM system. Serum glucose was estimated by glucose-oxidase method. Serum total cholesterol, triglyceride and HDL-C were estimated by enzymatic-colorimetric method LDL-C was estimated by the Friedewald's formula. The intake of total phytoestrogens, isoflavones and lignans (mean±SD, mg/day) were 7.65±3.33, 0.32±0.16, 7.32±3.28 respectively in postmenopausal women. The intake of diadzein, genistein, formononetin, biochanin A (mean±SD, mg/day) were 0.085±0.035, 0.168±0.101, 0.074±0.052 and 0.001±0.0008 respectively. The intake of matairesinol and secoisolaiciresinol (SILR) (mean±SD, mg/day) were 0.022±0.006 and 7.30±3.28 respectively. The total phytoestrogens (r=-0.19, p=0.03) and SILR, one specific type of lignans (r=-0.19, p=0.04) consumption in this study were inversely significantly associated with serum glucose level. The dietary formononetin, one specific type of isoflavones was negatively significantly associated with LDL-cholesterol (r=-0.18, p=0.04). There was no significant relationship found between phytoestrogen intake and serum homocysteine level (r=-0.11, p=0.23). Phytoestrogens containing food intake should be encouraged for reducing risk markers of cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women.

Biological control of potato black scurf by rhizosphere associated bacteria

The present work was carried out to study the potential of plant rhizosphere associated bacteria for the biocontrol of potato black scurf disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani Khun AG-3. A total of twenty-eight bacteria isolated from diseased and healthy potato plants grown in the soil of Naran and Faisalabad, Pakistan were evaluated for their antagonistic potential. Nine bacterial strains were found to be antagonistic in vitro, reduced the fungal growth and caused the lysis of sclerotia of R. solani in dual culture assay as well as in extracellular metabolite efficacy test. The selected antagonistic strains were further tested for the production and efficacy of volatile and diffusible antibiotics, lytic enzymes and siderophores against R. solani. Selected antagonistic bacteria were also characterized for growth promoting attributes i.e., phosphate solubilization, nitrogen fixation and indole acetic acid production. Biocontrol efficacy and percent yield increase by these antagonists was estimated in greenhouse experiment. Statistical analysis showed that two Pseudomonas spp. StT2 and StS3 were the most effective with 65.1 and 73.9 percent biocontrol efficacy, as well as 87.3 and 98.3 percent yield increase, respectively. Potential antagonistic bacterial strain StS3 showed maximum homology to Pseudomonas sp. as determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. These results suggest that bacterial isolates StS3 and StT2 have excellent potential to be used as effective biocontrol agents promoting plant growth with reduced disease incidence.

Stroke in the young: relationship with iron deficiency anemia and thrombocytosis

The recognition and treatment of stroke in children is challenging as there are fundamental developmental differences in children compared to adults. A young boy presented with sudden weakness of right side of body followed by unconsciousness and convulsion that was not preceded by any history of fever or trauma. Neurological examination revealed upper motor neuron lesion in the right extremities. CT scan showed diffuse hypodense area in fronto-parietal regions. Complete blood count and iron profile evaluated iron deficiency anemia with thrombocytosis. Thrombosis resulting from thrombocytosis secondary to iron deficiency anemia was considered as etiological explanation of stroke in this young child.

Characterization and screening of bacteria from rhizosphere of maize grown in Indonesian and Pakistani soils

Thirty rhizobacteria isolated from maize grown in Pakistani and Indonesian soils were evaluated for their morphological characteristics, nitrogen fixation, P-solubilization, indole acetic acid (IAA) and siderophores production. Nitrogenase activity was detected in nineteen isolates ranging from 21.8-3624 n moles C2H4 produced/h/mg protein. Most of the isolates produced IAA, ten were capable of siderophore production while four were P-solubilizers. Ultrastructural studies of Pseudomonas sp. F14 indicated characteristic rhizospheric colonization within 48 h that was observed to change considerably with the passage of time from few bacteria to micro colonies. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis of 30 bacterial strains using 30 oligonucleotide primers resulted in considerable level of genetic diversity, with genetic distance ranging from 2-16%. Indonesian isolates were found to be more diverse as compared to Pakistani isolates. The characterization and screening of rhizobacteria of maize rhizosphere has helped in selection of isolates F7, LS-1, 3.1.1.C, F2, F3 and F13 as superior strains for use as bioinoculant. Moreover isolate F14 identified, as Pseudomonas fulgida by partial 16S rRNA sequence analysis is a novel strain regarding its tremendous potentials for inoculum production to enhance the yield of maize.

Isolation, characterization and beneficial effects of rice associated plant growth promoting bacteria from Zanzibar soils

This study was undertaken to isolate and characterize plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) occurring in four soils of Zanzibar, Tanzania as well as to evaluate their potential use as biofertilizers for rice. A total of 12 PGPB strains were isolated from rice and studied for growth characteristics, carbon/nitrogen source utilization patterns using QTS-24 kits, phosphate solubilization, indole acetic acid (IAA) production, antibiotic resistance patterns and growth at different pH, temperature and salt concentrations. All the isolates were motile and gram negative except Z3-4. Acetylene reduction activity was detected in all isolates ranging from 5.9-76.4 nmole C2H2 reduced/h x mg protein while 9 isolates produced IAA ranged from 20-90.8 mg/l. Most of the isolates showed resistance against different environmental stresses like 10-40 degrees C temperature, 0.2-1 M salt concentration and 4-8.5 pH range. Only one isolate Z2-7 formed clear zones on Pikovskaia's medium showing its ability to solubilize phosphates. Z3-2 was used to develop fluorescent antibodies to check the cross reactivity of the isolates. Inoculation of these bacterial isolates resulted in higher plant biomass, root area, and total N and P contents on Tanzanian rice variety BKN PRAT3036B under controlled conditions. Bacillus sp. Z3-4 and Azospirillum sp. Z3-1 are effective strains and, after further testing under field conditions, can be used for inoculum production of rice in Tanzania. The plant growth promoting effects of these PGPRs suggest that these can be exploited to improve crop productivity of rice in Tanzania.

Adjunctive gabapentin in treatment-resistant depression: a retrospective chart review

BACKGROUND

Previous studies in predominantly bipolar patients have suggested that gabapentin may be useful in treating mood disorders. This report describes its efficacy and tolerability as an adjunctive agent in treatment-resistant depression.

METHODS

A chart review was conducted on 27 outpatients presenting with a depressive disorder in whom gabapentin was added to ongoing treatment with a conventional antidepressant to which patients had not responded after at least 6 weeks. The majority of patients had either prominent anxiety or a history of soft bipolar features, but patients with bipolar I disorder were excluded. Clinical state and adverse effects were assessed retrospectively at each visit.

RESULTS

Mean gabapentin trial duration was 15.2+/-7.8 weeks, with a mean final dose of 904+/-445 mg/day (range, 300-1800 mg/day). Clinician-rated measures of clinical state improved significantly from baseline to endpoint. Overall, 37.0% (n=10) of patients were responders at endpoint; another 18.5% (n=5) manifested a transient response not sustained to endpoint. Gabapentin was well tolerated; the most common adverse effects were fatigue, sedation, dizziness, and gastrointestinal symptoms.

LIMITATIONS

Treatment was uncontrolled and efficacy assessments were retrospective.

CONCLUSION

These findings suggest that gabapentin may be of adjunctive benefit in the management of treatment-resistant depression.

Neonatal mortality of low-birth-weight infants in Bangladesh

OBJECTIVE

To ascertain the role of low birth weight (LBW) in neonatal mortality in a periurban setting in Bangladesh.

METHODS

LBW neonates were recruited prospectively and followed up at one month of age. The cohort of neonates were recruited after delivery in a hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh, and 776 were successfully followed up either at home or, in the event of early death, in hospital.

FINDINGS

The neonatal mortality rate (NMR) for these infants was 133 per 1000 live births (95% confidence interval: 110-159). The corresponding NMRs (and confidence intervals) for early and late neonates were 112 (91-136) and 21 (12-33) per thousand live births, respectively. The NMR for infants born after fewer than 32 weeks of gestation was 769 (563-910); and was 780 (640-885) for infants whose birth weights were under 1500 g. Eighty-four per cent of neonatal deaths occurred in the first seven days; half within 48 hours. Preterm delivery was implicated in three-quarters of neonatal deaths, but was associated with only one-third of LBW neonates.

CONCLUSION

Policy-relevant findings were: that LBW approximately doubles the NMR in a periurban setting in Bangladesh; that neonatal mortality tends to occur early; and that preterm delivery is the most important contributor to the NMR. The group of infants most likely to benefit from improvements in low-cost essential care for the newborn accounted for almost 61% of neonatal mortalities in the cohort.