1
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Hartmann JA, Cardoso MR, Talarico MCR, Kenney DJ, Leone MR, Reese DC, Turcinovic J, O'Connell AK, Gertje HP, Marino C, Ojeda PE, De Paula EV, Orsi FA, Velloso LA, Cafiero TR, Connor JH, Ploss A, Hoelzemer A, Carrington M, Barczak AK, Crossland NA, Douam F, Boucau J, Garcia-Beltran WF. Evasion of NKG2D-mediated cytotoxic immunity by sarbecoviruses. Cell 2024; 187:2393-2410.e14. [PMID: 38653235 PMCID: PMC11088510 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 and other sarbecoviruses continue to threaten humanity, highlighting the need to characterize common mechanisms of viral immune evasion for pandemic preparedness. Cytotoxic lymphocytes are vital for antiviral immunity and express NKG2D, an activating receptor conserved among mammals that recognizes infection-induced stress ligands (e.g., MIC-A/B). We found that SARS-CoV-2 evades NKG2D recognition by surface downregulation of MIC-A/B via shedding, observed in human lung tissue and COVID-19 patient serum. Systematic testing of SARS-CoV-2 proteins revealed that ORF6, an accessory protein uniquely conserved among sarbecoviruses, was responsible for MIC-A/B downregulation via shedding. Further investigation demonstrated that natural killer (NK) cells efficiently killed SARS-CoV-2-infected cells and limited viral spread. However, inhibition of MIC-A/B shedding with a monoclonal antibody, 7C6, further enhanced NK-cell activity toward SARS-CoV-2-infected cells. Our findings unveil a strategy employed by SARS-CoV-2 to evade cytotoxic immunity, identify the culprit immunevasin shared among sarbecoviruses, and suggest a potential novel antiviral immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan A Hartmann
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Devin J Kenney
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Chobanian and Avedisian Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Madison R Leone
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dagny C Reese
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jacquelyn Turcinovic
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aoife K O'Connell
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hans P Gertje
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Caitlin Marino
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Pedro E Ojeda
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Erich V De Paula
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Hematology and Hemotherapy Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda A Orsi
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Hematology and Hemotherapy Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Licio Augusto Velloso
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Thomas R Cafiero
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - John H Connor
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander Ploss
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Angelique Hoelzemer
- First Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany; Institute for Infection and Vaccine Development (IIRVD), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany; Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mary Carrington
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA; Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amy K Barczak
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas A Crossland
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Chobanian and Avedisian Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Florian Douam
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Chobanian and Avedisian Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julie Boucau
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Wilfredo F Garcia-Beltran
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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2
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Ogunlade B, Tadesse LF, Li H, Vu N, Banaei N, Barczak AK, Saleh AAE, Prakash M, Dionne JA. Rapid, antibiotic incubation-free determination of tuberculosis drug resistance using machine learning and Raman spectroscopy. ArXiv 2024:arXiv:2306.05653v2. [PMID: 37332564 PMCID: PMC10274949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is the world's deadliest infectious disease, with over 1.5 million deaths annually and 10 million new cases reported each year1. The causative organism, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) can take nearly 40 days to culture2,3, a required step to determine the pathogen's antibiotic susceptibility. Both rapid identification of Mtb and rapid antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) are essential for effective patient treatment and combating antimicrobial resistance. Here, we demonstrate a rapid, culture-free, and antibiotic incubation-free drug susceptibility test for TB using Raman spectroscopy and machine learning. We collect few-to-single-cell Raman spectra from over 25,000 cells of the MtB complex strain Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) resistant to one of the four mainstay anti-TB drugs, isoniazid, rifampicin, moxifloxacin and amikacin, as well as a pan-susceptible wildtype strain. By training a neural network on this data, we classify the antibiotic resistance profile of each strain, both on dried samples and in patient sputum samples. On dried samples, we achieve >98% resistant versus susceptible classification accuracy across all 5 BCG strains. In patient sputum samples, we achieve ~79% average classification accuracy. We develop a feature recognition algorithm in order to verify that our machine learning model is using biologically relevant spectral features to assess the resistance profiles of our mycobacterial strains. Finally, we demonstrate how this approach can be deployed in resource-limited settings by developing a low-cost, portable Raman microscope that costs <$5000. We show how this instrument and our machine learning model enables combined microscopy and spectroscopy for accurate few-to-single-cell drug susceptibility testing of BCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babatunde Ogunlade
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University; Stanford, 94305, CA, USA
| | - Loza F. Tadesse
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine and School of Engineering; Stanford, 94305, CA, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, 02142, MA, USA
- The Ragon Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital; Cambridge, 02139, MA, USA
| | - Hongquan Li
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University; Stanford, 94305, CA, USA
| | - Nhat Vu
- Pumpkinseed Technologies, Inc; Palo Alto, 94306, CA, USA
| | - Niaz Banaei
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford, 94305, CA, USA
| | - Amy K. Barczak
- The Ragon Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital; Cambridge, 02139, MA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston, 02114, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Amr. A. E. Saleh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University; Stanford, 94305, CA, USA
- Department of Engineering Mathematics and Physics, Cairo University; Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Manu Prakash
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine and School of Engineering; Stanford, 94305, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Dionne
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University; Stanford, 94305, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford, 94035, CA, USA
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3
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Wamhoff EC, Ronsard L, Feldman J, Knappe GA, Hauser BM, Romanov A, Case JB, Sanapala S, Lam EC, Denis KJS, Boucau J, Barczak AK, Balazs AB, Diamond MS, Schmidt AG, Lingwood D, Bathe M. Enhancing antibody responses by multivalent antigen display on thymus-independent DNA origami scaffolds. Nat Commun 2024; 15:795. [PMID: 38291019 PMCID: PMC10828404 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44869-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein-based virus-like particles (P-VLPs) are commonly used to spatially organize antigens and enhance humoral immunity through multivalent antigen display. However, P-VLPs are thymus-dependent antigens that are themselves immunogenic and can induce B cell responses that may neutralize the platform. Here, we investigate thymus-independent DNA origami as an alternative material for multivalent antigen display using the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, the primary target of neutralizing antibody responses. Sequential immunization of mice with DNA-based VLPs (DNA-VLPs) elicits protective neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in a manner that depends on the valency of the antigen displayed and on T cell help. Importantly, the immune sera do not contain boosted, class-switched antibodies against the DNA scaffold, in contrast to P-VLPs that elicit strong B cell memory against both the target antigen and the scaffold. Thus, DNA-VLPs enhance target antigen immunogenicity without generating scaffold-directed immunity and thereby offer an important alternative material for particulate vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eike-Christian Wamhoff
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Larance Ronsard
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Grant A Knappe
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Blake M Hauser
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Anna Romanov
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - James Brett Case
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Shilpa Sanapala
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Evan C Lam
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Kerri J St Denis
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Julie Boucau
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Amy K Barczak
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Alejandro B Balazs
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Aaron G Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Daniel Lingwood
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Mark Bathe
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Harvard Medical School Initiative for RNA Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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4
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Li Y, Choudhary MC, Regan J, Boucau J, Nathan A, Speidel T, Liew MY, Edelstein GE, Kawano Y, Uddin R, Deo R, Marino C, Getz MA, Reynolds Z, Barry M, Gilbert RF, Tien D, Sagar S, Vyas TD, Flynn JP, Hammond SP, Novack LA, Choi B, Cernadas M, Wallace ZS, Sparks JA, Vyas JM, Seaman MS, Gaiha GD, Siedner MJ, Barczak AK, Lemieux JE, Li JZ. SARS-CoV-2 viral clearance and evolution varies by type and severity of immunodeficiency. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eadk1599. [PMID: 38266109 PMCID: PMC10982957 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adk1599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Despite vaccination and antiviral therapies, immunocompromised individuals are at risk for prolonged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, but the immune defects that predispose an individual to persistent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remain incompletely understood. In this study, we performed detailed viro-immunologic analyses of a prospective cohort of participants with COVID-19. The median times to nasal viral RNA and culture clearance in individuals with severe immunosuppression due to hematologic malignancy or transplant (S-HT) were 72 and 40 days, respectively, both of which were significantly longer than clearance rates in individuals with severe immunosuppression due to autoimmunity or B cell deficiency (S-A), individuals with nonsevere immunodeficiency, and nonimmunocompromised groups (P < 0.01). Participants who were severely immunocompromised had greater SARS-CoV-2 evolution and a higher risk of developing resistance against therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Both S-HT and S-A participants had diminished SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral responses, whereas only the S-HT group had reduced T cell-mediated responses. This highlights the varied risk of persistent COVID-19 across distinct immunosuppressive conditions and suggests that suppression of both B and T cell responses results in the highest contributing risk of persistent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijia Li
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Manish C. Choudhary
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - James Regan
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Julie Boucau
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Anusha Nathan
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tessa Speidel
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - May Yee Liew
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Gregory E. Edelstein
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yumeko Kawano
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rockib Uddin
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Rinki Deo
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Caitlin Marino
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Matthew A. Getz
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Zahra Reynolds
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mamadou Barry
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Rebecca F. Gilbert
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Dessie Tien
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Shruti Sagar
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Tammy D. Vyas
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - James P. Flynn
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sarah P. Hammond
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Lewis A. Novack
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bina Choi
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Manuela Cernadas
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zachary S. Wallace
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Sparks
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jatin M. Vyas
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Michael S. Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Gaurav D. Gaiha
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mark J. Siedner
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Amy K. Barczak
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jacob E. Lemieux
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jonathan Z. Li
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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5
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Edelstein GE, Boucau J, Uddin R, Marino C, Liew MY, Barry M, Choudhary MC, Gilbert RF, Reynolds Z, Li Y, Tien D, Sagar S, Vyas TD, Kawano Y, Sparks JA, Hammond SP, Wallace Z, Vyas JM, Barczak AK, Lemieux JE, Li JZ, Siedner MJ. SARS-CoV-2 Virologic Rebound With Nirmatrelvir-Ritonavir Therapy : An Observational Study. Ann Intern Med 2023; 176:1577-1585. [PMID: 37956428 PMCID: PMC10644265 DOI: 10.7326/m23-1756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data are conflicting regarding an association between treatment of acute COVID-19 with nirmatrelvir-ritonavir (N-R) and virologic rebound (VR). OBJECTIVE To compare the frequency of VR in patients with and without N-R treatment for acute COVID-19. DESIGN Observational cohort study. SETTING Multicenter health care system in Boston, Massachusetts. PARTICIPANTS Ambulatory adults with acute COVID-19 with and without use of N-R. INTERVENTION Receipt of 5 days of N-R treatment versus no COVID-19 therapy. MEASUREMENTS The primary outcome was VR, defined as either a positive SARS-CoV-2 viral culture result after a prior negative result or 2 consecutive viral loads above 4.0 log10 copies/mL that were also at least 1.0 log10 copies/mL higher than a prior viral load below 4.0 log10 copies/mL. RESULTS Compared with untreated persons (n = 55), those taking N-R (n = 72) were older, received more COVID-19 vaccinations, and more commonly had immunosuppression. Fifteen participants (20.8%) taking N-R had VR versus 1 (1.8%) who was untreated (absolute difference, 19.0 percentage points [95% CI, 9.0 to 29.0 percentage points]; P = 0.001). All persons with VR had a positive viral culture result after a prior negative result. In multivariable models, only N-R use was associated with VR (adjusted odds ratio, 10.02 [CI, 1.13 to 88.74]; P = 0.038). Virologic rebound was more common among those who started therapy within 2 days of symptom onset (26.3%) than among those who started 2 or more days after symptom onset (0%) (P = 0.030). Among participants receiving N-R, those who had VR had prolonged shedding of replication-competent virus compared with those who did not have VR (median, 14 vs. 3 days). Eight of 16 participants (50% [CI, 25% to 75%]) with VR also reported symptom rebound; 2 were completely asymptomatic. No post-VR resistance mutations were detected. LIMITATIONS Observational study design with differences between the treated and untreated groups; positive viral culture result was used as a surrogate marker for risk for ongoing viral transmission. CONCLUSION Virologic rebound occurred in approximately 1 in 5 people taking N-R, often without symptom rebound, and was associated with shedding of replication-competent virus. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE National Institutes of Health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie Boucau
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.B., C.M.)
| | - Rockib Uddin
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (R.U., M.Y.L., M.B., R.F.G., Z.R., D.T., S.S., T.D.V., S.P.H., Z.W.)
| | - Caitlin Marino
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.B., C.M.)
| | - May Y Liew
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (R.U., M.Y.L., M.B., R.F.G., Z.R., D.T., S.S., T.D.V., S.P.H., Z.W.)
| | - Mamadou Barry
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (R.U., M.Y.L., M.B., R.F.G., Z.R., D.T., S.S., T.D.V., S.P.H., Z.W.)
| | - Manish C Choudhary
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (M.C.C., J.Z.L.)
| | - Rebecca F Gilbert
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (R.U., M.Y.L., M.B., R.F.G., Z.R., D.T., S.S., T.D.V., S.P.H., Z.W.)
| | - Zahra Reynolds
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (R.U., M.Y.L., M.B., R.F.G., Z.R., D.T., S.S., T.D.V., S.P.H., Z.W.)
| | - Yijia Li
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Y.L.)
| | - Dessie Tien
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (R.U., M.Y.L., M.B., R.F.G., Z.R., D.T., S.S., T.D.V., S.P.H., Z.W.)
| | - Shruti Sagar
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (R.U., M.Y.L., M.B., R.F.G., Z.R., D.T., S.S., T.D.V., S.P.H., Z.W.)
| | - Tammy D Vyas
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (R.U., M.Y.L., M.B., R.F.G., Z.R., D.T., S.S., T.D.V., S.P.H., Z.W.)
| | - Yumeko Kawano
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (G.E.E., Y.K., J.A.S.)
| | - Jeffrey A Sparks
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (G.E.E., Y.K., J.A.S.)
| | - Sarah P Hammond
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (R.U., M.Y.L., M.B., R.F.G., Z.R., D.T., S.S., T.D.V., S.P.H., Z.W.)
| | - Zachary Wallace
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (R.U., M.Y.L., M.B., R.F.G., Z.R., D.T., S.S., T.D.V., S.P.H., Z.W.)
| | - Jatin M Vyas
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (J.M.V.)
| | - Amy K Barczak
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (A.K.B.)
| | - Jacob E Lemieux
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, and Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.E.L.)
| | - Jonathan Z Li
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (M.C.C., J.Z.L.)
| | - Mark J Siedner
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, and Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (M.J.S.)
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6
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Jani C, Marsh A, Uchil P, Jain N, Baskir ZR, Glover OT, Root DE, Doench JG, Barczak AK. Vps18 contributes to phagosome membrane integrity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages. bioRxiv 2023:2023.10.01.560397. [PMID: 37873319 PMCID: PMC10592876 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.01.560397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has evolved to be exquisitely adapted to survive within host macrophages. The capacity to damage the phagosomal membrane has emerged as central to Mtb virulence. While Mtb factors driving membrane damage have been described, host factors that repair that damage to contain the pathogen remain largely unknown. We used a genome-wide CRISPR screen to identify novel host factors required to repair Mtb-damaged phagosomal membranes. Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 18 (Vps18), a member of the HOPS and CORVET trafficking complexes, was among the top hits. Vps18 colocalized with Mtb in macrophages beginning shortly after infection, and Vps18-knockout macrophages demonstrated increased damage of Mtb-containing phagosomes without impaired autophagy. Mtb grew more robustly in Vps18-knockout cells, and the first-line anti-tuberculosis antibiotic pyrazinamide was less effective. Our results identify Vps18 as required for phagosomal membrane integrity in Mtb-infected cells and suggest that modulating phagosome integrity may hold promise for improving the efficacy of antibiotic treatment for TB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pooja Uchil
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
| | - Neha Jain
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard
| | | | | | | | | | - Amy K Barczak
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard
- The Broad Institute
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School
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7
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Jani C, Solomon SL, Peters JM, Pringle SC, Hinman AE, Boucau J, Bryson BD, Barczak AK. TLR2 is non-redundant in the population and subpopulation responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in macrophages and in vivo. mSystems 2023; 8:e0005223. [PMID: 37439558 PMCID: PMC10506474 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00052-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the pathogenic bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is a global health threat. Targeting host pathways that modulate protective or harmful components of inflammation has been proposed as a therapeutic strategy that could aid sterilization or mitigate TB-associated permanent tissue damage. In purified form, many Mtb components can activate innate immune pathways. However, knowledge of the pathways that contribute most to the observed response to live Mtb is incomplete, limiting the possibility of precise intervention. We took a systematic, unbiased approach to define the pathways that drive the earliest immune response to Mtb. Using a macrophage model of infection, we compared the bulk transcriptional response to infection with the response to a panel of Mtb-derived putative innate immune ligands. We identified two axes of response: an NF-kB-dependent response similarly elicited by all Mtb pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and a type I interferon axis unique to cells infected with live Mtb. Consistent with growing literature data pointing to TLR2 as a dominant Mtb-associated PAMP, the TLR2 ligand PIM6 most closely approximated the NF-kB-dependent response to the intact bacterium. Quantitatively, the macrophage response to Mtb was slower and weaker than the response to purified PIM6. On a subpopulation level, the TLR2-dependent response was heterogeneously induced, with only a subset of infected cells expressing key inflammatory genes known to contribute to the control of infection. Despite potential redundancies in Mtb ligand/innate immune receptor interactions during in vivo infection, loss of the TLR2/PIM6 interaction impacted the cellular composition of both the innate and adaptive compartments. IMPORTANCE Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of death globally. Drug resistance is outpacing new antibiotic discovery, and even after successful treatment, individuals are often left with permanent lung damage from the negative consequences of inflammation. Targeting host inflammatory pathways has been proposed as an approach that could either improve sterilization or improve post-treatment lung health. However, our understanding of the inflammatory pathways triggered by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in infected cells and lungs is incomplete, in part because of the complex array of potential molecular interactions between bacterium and host. Here, we take an unbiased approach to identify the pathways most central to the host response to Mtb. We examine how individual pathways are triggered differently by purified Mtb products or infection with the live bacterium and consider how these pathways inform the emergence of subpopulation responses in cell culture and in infected mice. Understanding how individual interactions and immune pathways contribute to inflammation in TB opens the door to the possibility of developing precise therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charul Jani
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sydney L. Solomon
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joshua M. Peters
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Amelia E. Hinman
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Julie Boucau
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bryan D. Bryson
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amy K. Barczak
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- The Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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8
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McNamara RP, Maron JS, Boucau J, Roy V, Webb NE, Bertera HL, Barczak AK, Positives Study Staff T, Franko N, Logue JK, Kemp M, Li JZ, Zhou L, Hsieh CL, McLellan JS, Siedner MJ, Seaman MS, Lemieux JE, Chu HY, Alter G. Anamnestic humoral correlates of immunity across SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. mBio 2023; 14:e0090223. [PMID: 37535402 PMCID: PMC10470538 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00902-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
While immune correlates against SARS-CoV-2 are typically defined at peak immunogenicity following vaccination, immunologic responses that expand selectively during the anamnestic response following infection can provide mechanistic and detailed insights into the immune mechanisms of protection. Moreover, whether anamnestic correlates are conserved across variants of concern (VOC), including the Delta and more distant Omicron VOC, remains unclear. To define the anamnestic correlates of immunity, across VOCs, we deeply profiled the humoral immune response in individuals infected with sequence-confirmed Delta or Omicron VOC after completing the vaccination series. While limited acute N-terminal domain and receptor-binding domain (RBD)-specific immune expansion was observed following breakthrough infection, a significant immunodominant expansion of opsonophagocytic Spike-specific antibody responses focused largely on the conserved S2-domain of SARS-CoV-2 was observed. This S2-specific functional humoral response continued to evolve over 2-3 weeks following Delta or Omicron breakthrough, targeting multiple VOCs and common coronaviruses. Strong responses were observed on the fusion peptide (FP) region and the heptad repeat 1 (HR1) region adjacent to the RBD. Notably, the FP is highly conserved across SARS-related coronaviruses and even non-SARS-related betacoronavirus. Taken together, our results point to a critical role of highly conserved, functional S2-specific responses in the anamnestic antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 infection across VOCs. These humoral responses linked to virus clearance can guide next-generation vaccine-boosting approaches to confer broad protection against future SARS-related coronaviruses. IMPORTANCE The Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 is the primary target of antibody-based recognition. Selective pressures, be it the adaption to human-to-human transmission or evasion of previously acquired immunity, have spurred the emergence of variants of the virus such as the Delta and Omicron lineages. Therefore, understanding how antibody responses are expanded in breakthrough cases of previously vaccinated individuals can provide insights into key correlates of protection against current and future variants. Here, we show that vaccinated individuals who had documented COVID-19 breakthrough showed anamnestic antibody expansions targeting the conserved S2 subdomain of Spike, particularly within the fusion peptide region. These S2-directed antibodies were highly leveraged for non-neutralizing, phagocytic functions and were similarly expanded independent of the variant. We propose that through deep profiling of anamnestic antibody responses in breakthrough cases, we can identify antigen targets susceptible to novel monoclonal antibody therapy or vaccination-boosting strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P. McNamara
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jenny S. Maron
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Julie Boucau
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vicky Roy
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nicholas E. Webb
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Harry L. Bertera
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amy K. Barczak
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - The Positives Study Staff
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nicholas Franko
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jennifer K. Logue
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Megan Kemp
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jonathan Z. Li
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ling Zhou
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Ching-Lin Hsieh
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Jason S. McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Mark J. Siedner
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael S. Seaman
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jacob E. Lemieux
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Helen Y. Chu
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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9
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Li Y, Choudhary MC, Regan J, Boucau J, Nathan A, Speidel T, Liew MY, Edelstein GE, Kawano Y, Uddin R, Deo R, Marino C, Getz MA, Reynold Z, Barry M, Gilbert RF, Tien D, Sagar S, Vyas TD, Flynn JP, Hammond SP, Novack LA, Choi B, Cernadas M, Wallace ZS, Sparks JA, Vyas JM, Seaman MS, Gaiha GD, Siedner MJ, Barczak AK, Lemieux JE, Li JZ. SARS-CoV-2 Viral Clearance and Evolution Varies by Extent of Immunodeficiency. medRxiv 2023:2023.07.31.23293441. [PMID: 37577493 PMCID: PMC10418302 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.31.23293441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite vaccination and antiviral therapies, immunocompromised individuals are at risk for prolonged SARS-CoV-2 infection, but the immune defects that predispose to persistent COVID-19 remain incompletely understood. In this study, we performed detailed viro-immunologic analyses of a prospective cohort of participants with COVID-19. The median time to nasal viral RNA and culture clearance in the severe hematologic malignancy/transplant group (S-HT) were 72 and 40 days, respectively, which were significantly longer than clearance rates in the severe autoimmune/B-cell deficient (S-A), non-severe, and non-immunocompromised groups (P<0.001). Participants who were severely immunocompromised had greater SARS-CoV-2 evolution and a higher risk of developing antiviral treatment resistance. Both S-HT and S-A participants had diminished SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral, while only the S-HT group had reduced T cell-mediated responses. This highlights the varied risk of persistent COVID-19 across immunosuppressive conditions and suggests that suppression of both B and T cell responses results in the highest contributing risk of persistent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijia Li
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Manish C Choudhary
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James Regan
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julie Boucau
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anusha Nathan
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tessa Speidel
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - May Yee Liew
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gregory E Edelstein
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yumeko Kawano
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rockib Uddin
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rinki Deo
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Caitlin Marino
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Matthew A Getz
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Zahra Reynold
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mamadou Barry
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rebecca F Gilbert
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dessie Tien
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shruti Sagar
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tammy D Vyas
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James P Flynn
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarah P Hammond
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lewis A Novack
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bina Choi
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Manuela Cernadas
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zachary S Wallace
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Sparks
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jatin M Vyas
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gaurav D Gaiha
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mark J Siedner
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amy K Barczak
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jacob E Lemieux
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan Z Li
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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10
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Edelstein GE, Boucau J, Uddin R, Marino C, Liew MY, Barry M, Choudhary MC, Gilbert RF, Reynolds Z, Li Y, Tien D, Sagar S, Vyas TD, Kawano Y, Sparks JA, Hammond SP, Wallace Z, Vyas JM, Barczak AK, Lemieux JE, Li JZ, Siedner MJ. SARS-CoV-2 virologic rebound with nirmatrelvir-ritonavir therapy. medRxiv 2023:2023.06.23.23288598. [PMID: 37425934 PMCID: PMC10327262 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.23.23288598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Objective To compare the frequency of replication-competent virologic rebound with and without nirmatrelvir-ritonavir treatment for acute COVID-19. Secondary aims were to estimate the validity of symptoms to detect rebound and the incidence of emergent nirmatrelvir-resistance mutations after rebound. Design Observational cohort study. Setting Multicenter healthcare system in Boston, Massachusetts. Participants We enrolled ambulatory adults with a positive COVID-19 test and/or a prescription for nirmatrelvir-ritonavir. Exposures Receipt of 5 days of nirmatrelvir-ritonavir treatment versus no COVID-19 therapy. Main Outcome and Measures The primary outcome was COVID-19 virologic rebound, defined as either (1) a positive SARS-CoV-2 viral culture following a prior negative culture or (2) two consecutive viral loads ≥4.0 log10 copies/milliliter after a prior reduction in viral load to <4.0 log10 copies/milliliter. Results Compared with untreated individuals (n=55), those taking nirmatrelvir-ritonavir (n=72) were older, received more COVID-19 vaccinations, and were more commonly immunosuppressed. Fifteen individuals (20.8%) taking nirmatrelvir-ritonavir experienced virologic rebound versus one (1.8%) of the untreated (absolute difference 19.0% [95%CI 9.0-29.0%], P=0.001). In multivariable models, only N-R was associated with VR (AOR 10.02, 95%CI 1.13-88.74). VR occurred more commonly among those with earlier nirmatrelvir-ritonavir initiation (29.0%, 16.7% and 0% when initiated days 0, 1, and ≥2 after diagnosis, respectively, P=0.089). Among participants on N-R, those experiencing rebound had prolonged shedding of replication-competent virus compared to those that did not rebound (median: 14 vs 3 days). Only 8/16 with virologic rebound reported worsening symptoms (50%, 95%CI 25%-75%); 2 were completely asymptomatic. We detected no post-rebound nirmatrelvir-resistance mutations in the NSP5 protease gene. Conclusions and Relevance Virologic rebound occurred in approximately one in five people taking nirmatrelvir-ritonavir and often occurred without worsening symptoms. Because it is associated with replication-competent viral shedding, close monitoring and potential isolation of those who rebound should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie Boucau
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Caitlin Marino
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - May Y. Liew
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Manish C. Choudhary
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Yijia Li
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dessie Tien
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jatin M. Vyas
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amy K. Barczak
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jacob E. Lemieux
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan Z. Li
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark J. Siedner
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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11
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Wamhoff EC, Ronsard L, Feldman J, Knappe GA, Hauser BM, Romanov A, Lam E, Denis KS, Boucau J, Barczak AK, Balazs AB, Schmidt A, Lingwood D, Bathe M. Enhancing antibody responses by multivalent antigen display on thymus-independent DNA origami scaffolds. bioRxiv 2023:2022.08.16.504128. [PMID: 36032975 PMCID: PMC9413718 DOI: 10.1101/2022.08.16.504128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Multivalent antigen display is a well-established principle to enhance humoral immunity. Protein-based virus-like particles (VLPs) are commonly used to spatially organize antigens. However, protein-based VLPs are limited in their ability to control valency on fixed scaffold geometries and are thymus-dependent antigens that elicit neutralizing B cell memory themselves, which can distract immune responses. Here, we investigated DNA origami as an alternative material for multivalent antigen display in vivo, applied to the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV2 that is the primary antigenic target of neutralizing antibody responses. Icosahedral DNA-VLPs elicited neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in a valency-dependent manner following sequential immunization in mice, quantified by pseudo- and live-virus neutralization assays. Further, induction of B cell memory against the RBD required T cell help, but the immune sera did not contain boosted, class-switched antibodies against the DNA scaffold. This contrasted with protein-based VLP display of the RBD that elicited B cell memory against both the target antigen and the scaffold. Thus, DNA-based VLPs enhance target antigen immunogenicity without generating off-target, scaffold-directed immune memory, thereby offering a potentially important alternative material for particulate vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eike-Christian Wamhoff
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Larance Ronsard
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Grant A. Knappe
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Blake M. Hauser
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Anna Romanov
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Evan Lam
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Kerri St. Denis
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Julie Boucau
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Amy K Barczak
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Alejandro B. Balazs
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Aaron Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Daniel Lingwood
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Mark Bathe
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
- Harvard Medical School Initiative for RNA Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
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12
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Boucau J, Uddin R, Marino C, Regan J, Flynn JP, Choudhary MC, Chen G, Stuckwisch AM, Mathews J, Liew MY, Singh A, Reynolds Z, Iyer SL, Chamberlin GC, Vyas TD, Vyas JM, Turbett SE, Li JZ, Lemieux JE, Barczak AK, Siedner MJ. Characterization of Virologic Rebound Following Nirmatrelvir-Ritonavir Treatment for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Clin Infect Dis 2023; 76:e526-e529. [PMID: 35737946 PMCID: PMC9384370 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We enrolled 7 individuals with recurrent symptoms or antigen test conversion following nirmatrelvir-ritonavir treatment. High viral loads (median 6.1 log10 copies/mL) were detected after rebound for a median of 17 days after initial diagnosis. Three had culturable virus for up to 16 days after initial diagnosis. No known resistance-associated mutations were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Boucau
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rockib Uddin
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Caitlin Marino
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James Regan
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James P Flynn
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Manish C Choudhary
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Geoffrey Chen
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Josh Mathews
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - May Y Liew
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Arshdeep Singh
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zahra Reynolds
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Surabhi L Iyer
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Tammy D Vyas
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jatin M Vyas
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Jonathan Z Li
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jacob E Lemieux
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amy K Barczak
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark J Siedner
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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13
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Seaman MS, Siedner MJ, Boucau J, Lavine CL, Ghantous F, Liew MY, Mathews JI, Singh A, Marino C, Regan J, Uddin R, Choudhary MC, Flynn JP, Chen G, Stuckwisch AM, Lipiner T, Kittilson A, Melberg M, Gilbert RF, Reynolds Z, Iyer SL, Chamberlin GC, Vyas TD, Vyas JM, Goldberg MB, Luban J, Li JZ, Barczak AK, Lemieux JE. Vaccine breakthrough infection leads to distinct profiles of neutralizing antibody responses by SARS-CoV-2 variant. JCI Insight 2022; 7:e159944. [PMID: 36214224 PMCID: PMC9675445 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.159944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 infection after COVID-19 vaccination may differ by variant. We enrolled vaccinated (n = 39) and unvaccinated (n = 11) individuals with acute, symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Delta or Omicron infection and performed SARS-CoV-2 viral load quantification, whole-genome sequencing, and variant-specific antibody characterization at the time of acute illness and convalescence. Viral load at the time of infection was inversely correlated with antibody binding and neutralizing antibody responses. Across all variants tested, convalescent neutralization titers in unvaccinated individuals were markedly lower than in vaccinated individuals. Increases in antibody titers and neutralizing activity occurred at convalescence in a variant-specific manner. For example, among individuals infected with the Delta variant, neutralizing antibody responses were weakest against BA.2, whereas infection with Omicron BA.1 variant generated a broader response against all tested variants, including BA.2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Seaman
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark J. Siedner
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Julie Boucau
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Fadi Ghantous
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - May Y. Liew
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Arshdeep Singh
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Caitlin Marino
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James Regan
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rockib Uddin
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Geoffrey Chen
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Taryn Lipiner
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | - Zahra Reynolds
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Tammy D. Vyas
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jatin M. Vyas
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marcia B. Goldberg
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeremy Luban
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- UMass Med School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jonathan Z. Li
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amy K. Barczak
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jacob E. Lemieux
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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14
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Dai EY, Lee KA, Nathanson AB, Leonelli AT, Petros BA, Brock-Fisher T, Dobbins ST, MacInnis BL, Capone A, Littlehale N, Boucau J, Marino C, Barczak AK, Sabeti PC, Springer M, Stephenson KE. Viral Kinetics of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron Infection in mRNA-Vaccinated Individuals Treated and Not Treated with Nirmatrelvir-Ritonavir. medRxiv 2022:2022.08.04.22278378. [PMID: 35982651 PMCID: PMC9387148 DOI: 10.1101/2022.08.04.22278378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We measured viral kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infection in 36 mRNA-vaccinated individuals, 11 of whom were treated with nirmatrelvir-ritonavir (NMV-r). We found that NMV-r was associated with greater incidence of viral rebound compared to no treatment. For those that did not rebound, NMV-r significantly reduced time to PCR conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Y. Dai
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kannon A. Lee
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Audrey B. Nathanson
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ariana T. Leonelli
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brittany A. Petros
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT MD/PhD Program, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Taylor Brock-Fisher
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sabrina T. Dobbins
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bronwyn L. MacInnis
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amelia Capone
- Beth Israel Lahey Health Primary Care, Chelsea, MA, USA
| | | | - Julie Boucau
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Caitlin Marino
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Amy K. Barczak
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pardis C. Sabeti
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Michael Springer
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathryn E. Stephenson
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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15
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Jani C, Barczak AK. Tag you're it: A phosphatase inhibitor changes the fate of intracellular mycobacteria. Cell Chem Biol 2022; 29:1065-1067. [PMID: 35868234 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2022.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this issue of Cell Chemical Biology, Berton and colleagues describe a small-molecule inhibitor of the metal-dependent phosphatase PPM1A that enhances phosphorylation of the autophagy adapter p62. Inhibiting PPM1A results in enhanced clearance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages, pointing to phosphatases as potential targets for host-directed therapies for tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charul Jani
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Amy K Barczak
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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16
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Boucau J, Marino C, Regan J, Uddin R, Choudhary MC, Flynn JP, Chen G, Stuckwisch AM, Mathews J, Liew MY, Singh A, Lipiner T, Kittilson A, Melberg M, Li Y, Gilbert RF, Reynolds Z, Iyer SL, Chamberlin GC, Vyas TD, Goldberg MB, Vyas JM, Li JZ, Lemieux JE, Siedner MJ, Barczak AK. Duration of Shedding of Culturable Virus in SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (BA.1) Infection. N Engl J Med 2022; 387:275-277. [PMID: 35767428 PMCID: PMC9258747 DOI: 10.1056/nejmc2202092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - May Y Liew
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | | | | | | | | | - Yijia Li
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
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17
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Boucau J, Chew KW, Choudhary MC, Deo R, Regan J, Flynn JP, Crain CR, Hughes MD, Ritz J, Moser C, Dragavon JA, Javan AC, Nirula A, Klekotka P, Greninger AL, Coombs RW, Fischer WA, Daar ES, Wohl DA, Eron JJ, Currier JS, Smith DM, Li JZ, Barczak AK. Monoclonal antibody treatment drives rapid culture conversion in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100678. [PMID: 35793677 PMCID: PMC9213028 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are among the treatments recommended for high-risk ambulatory persons with coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). Here, we study viral culture dynamics post-treatment in a subset of participants receiving the mAb bamlanivimab in the ACTIV-2 trial (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04518410). Viral load by qPCR and viral culture are performed from anterior nasal swabs collected on study days 0 (day of treatment), 1, 2, 3, and 7. Treatment with mAbs results in rapid clearance of culturable virus. One day after treatment, 0 of 28 (0%) participants receiving mAbs and 16 of 39 (41%) receiving placebo still have culturable virus (p < 0.0001). Recrudescence of culturable virus is detected in three participants with emerging mAb resistance and viral RNA rebound. While further studies are necessary to fully define the relationship between shed culturable virus and transmission, these results raise the possibility that mAbs may offer immediate (household) and public-health benefits by reducing onward transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Boucau
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kara W Chew
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Rinki Deo
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James Regan
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James P Flynn
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charles R Crain
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Justin Ritz
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carlee Moser
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joan A Dragavon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Ajay Nirula
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Paul Klekotka
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Alexander L Greninger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Robert W Coombs
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - William A Fischer
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Eric S Daar
- Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - David A Wohl
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Joseph J Eron
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Judith S Currier
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Davey M Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Z Li
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Amy K Barczak
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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18
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Seaman MS, Siedner MJ, Boucau J, Lavine CL, Ghantous F, Liew MY, Mathews J, Singh A, Marino C, Regan J, Uddin R, Choudhary MC, Flynn JP, Chen G, Stuckwisch AM, Lipiner T, Kittilson A, Melberg M, Gilbert RF, Reynolds Z, Iyer SL, Chamberlin GC, Vyas TD, Vyas JM, Goldberg MB, Luban J, Li JZ, Barczak AK, Lemieux JE. Vaccine Breakthrough Infection with the SARS-CoV-2 Delta or Omicron (BA.1) Variant Leads to Distinct Profiles of Neutralizing Antibody Responses. medRxiv 2022:2022.03.02.22271731. [PMID: 35262094 PMCID: PMC8902886 DOI: 10.1101/2022.03.02.22271731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection among vaccinated individuals is variant-specific, suggesting that protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 may differ by variant. We enrolled vaccinated (n = 39) and unvaccinated (n = 11) individuals with acute, symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Delta or Omicron infection and performed SARS-CoV-2 viral load quantification, whole-genome sequencing, and variant-specific antibody characterization at the time of acute illness and convalescence. Viral load at the time of infection was inversely correlated with antibody binding and neutralizing antibody responses. Increases in antibody titers and neutralizing activity occurred at convalescence in a variant-specific manner. Across all variants tested, convalescent neutralization titers in unvaccinated individuals were markedly lower than in vaccinated individuals. For individuals infected with the Delta variant, neutralizing antibody responses were weakest against BA.2, whereas infection with Omicron BA.1 variant generated a broader response against all tested variants, including BA.2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Seaman
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Mark J Siedner
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Julie Boucau
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | | | - May Y Liew
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Caitlin Marino
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - James Regan
- Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jatin M Vyas
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Marcia B Goldberg
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jeremy Luban
- UMass Med School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Amy K Barczak
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jacob E Lemieux
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
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19
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Boucau J, Marino C, Regan J, Uddin R, Choudhary MC, Flynn JP, Chen G, Stuckwisch AM, Mathews J, Liew MY, Singh A, Lipiner T, Kittilson A, Melberg M, Li Y, Gilbert RF, Reynolds Z, Iyer SL, Chamberlin GC, Vyas TD, Goldberg MB, Vyas JM, Li JZ, Lemieux JE, Siedner MJ, Barczak AK. Duration of viable virus shedding in SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant infection. medRxiv 2022:2022.03.01.22271582. [PMID: 35262089 PMCID: PMC8902872 DOI: 10.1101/2022.03.01.22271582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Clinical features of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant infection, including incubation period and transmission rates, distinguish this variant from preceding variants. However, whether the duration of shedding of viable virus differs between omicron and previous variants is not well understood. To characterize how variant and vaccination status impact shedding of viable virus, we serially sampled symptomatic outpatients newly diagnosed with COVID-19. Anterior nasal swabs were tested for viral load, sequencing, and viral culture. Time to PCR conversion was similar between individuals infected with the Delta and the Omicron variant. Time to culture conversion was also similar, with a median time to culture conversion of 6 days (interquartile range 4-8 days) in both groups. There were also no differences in time to PCR or culture conversion by vaccination status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Boucau
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Caitlin Marino
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - James Regan
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Manish C. Choudhary
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - May Y. Liew
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Yijia Li
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Marcia B. Goldberg
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jatin M. Vyas
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan Z. Li
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jacob E. Lemieux
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mark J. Siedner
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amy K. Barczak
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Communicating author:
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20
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Regan J, Flynn JP, Choudhary MC, Uddin R, Lemieux J, Boucau J, Bhattacharyya RP, Barczak AK, Li JZ, Siedner MJ. Detection of the omicron variant virus with the Abbott BinaxNow SARS-CoV-2 Rapid Antigen Assay. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofac022. [PMID: 35169591 PMCID: PMC8842316 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed the ability of the BinaxNow rapid test to detect severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antigen from 4 individuals with Omicron and Delta infections. We performed serial dilutions of nasal swab samples, and specimens with concentrations of ≥100 000 copies/swab were positive, demonstrating that the BinaxNow test is able to detect the Omicron variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Regan
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James P Flynn
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Manish C Choudhary
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rockib Uddin
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jacob Lemieux
- Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Julie Boucau
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Roby P Bhattacharyya
- Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amy K Barczak
- Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jonathan Z Li
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark J Siedner
- Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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21
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Boucau J, Chew KW, Choudhary M, Deo R, Regan J, Flynn JP, Crain CR, Hughes MD, Ritz J, Moser C, Dragavon JA, Javan AC, Nirula A, Klekotka P, Greninger AL, Coombs RW, Fischer WA, Daar ES, Wohl DA, Eron JJ, Currier JS, Smith DM, Li JZ, Barczak AK. Monoclonal antibody treatment drives rapid culture conversion in SARS-CoV-2 infection. medRxiv 2021. [PMID: 35018382 PMCID: PMC8750705 DOI: 10.1101/2021.12.25.21268211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are the treatment of choice for high-risk ambulatory persons with mild to moderate COVID-19. We studied viral culture dynamics post-treatment in a subset of participants receiving the mAb bamlanivimab in the ACTIV-2 trial. Viral load by qPCR and viral culture were performed from anterior nasal swabs collected on study days 0 (day of treatment), 1, 2, 3, and 7. Treatment with mAb resulted in rapid clearance of culturable virus in participants without treatment-emergent resistance. One day after treatment, 0 of 28 (0%) participants receiving mAb and 16 of 39 (41%) receiving placebo still had culturable virus (p <0.0001); nasal viral loads were only modestly lower in the mAb-treated group at days 2 and 3. Recrudescence of culturable virus was detected in three participants with emerging mAb resistance and viral load rebound. The rapid reduction in shedding of viable SARS-CoV-2 after mAb treatment highlights the potential role of mAbs in preventing disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Boucau
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Kara W Chew
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Manish Choudhary
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Rinki Deo
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - James Regan
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - James P Flynn
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Charles R Crain
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Justin Ritz
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Carlee Moser
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eric S Daar
- Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jonathan Z Li
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Amy K Barczak
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA.,Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
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22
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Siedner MJ, Boucau J, Gilbert RF, Uddin R, Luu J, Haneuse S, Vyas T, Reynolds Z, Iyer S, Chamberlin GC, Goldstein RH, North CM, Sacks CA, Regan J, Flynn JP, Choudhary MC, Vyas JM, Barczak AK, Lemieux JE, Li JZ. Duration of viral shedding and culture positivity with post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 delta variant infections. JCI Insight 2021; 7:155483. [PMID: 34871181 PMCID: PMC8855795 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.155483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolation guidelines for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are largely derived from data collected prior to the emergence of the delta variant. We followed a cohort of ambulatory patients with postvaccination breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections with longitudinal collection of nasal swabs for SARS-CoV-2 viral load quantification, whole-genome sequencing, and viral culture. All delta variant infections in our cohort were symptomatic, compared with 64% of non-delta variant infections. Symptomatic delta variant breakthrough infections were characterized by higher initial viral load, longer duration of virologic shedding by PCR, greater likelihood of replication-competent virus at early stages of infection, and longer duration of culturable virus compared with non-delta variants. The duration of time since vaccination was also correlated with both duration of PCR positivity and duration of detection of replication-competent virus. Nonetheless, no individuals with symptomatic delta variant infections had replication-competent virus by day 10 after symptom onset or 24 hours after resolution of symptoms. These data support US CDC isolation guidelines as of November 2021, which recommend isolation for 10 days or until symptom resolution and reinforce the importance of prompt testing and isolation among symptomatic individuals with delta breakthrough infections. Additional data are needed to evaluate these relationships among asymptomatic and more severe delta variant breakthrough infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Siedner
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America
| | - Julie Boucau
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States of America
| | - Rebecca F Gilbert
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America
| | - Rockib Uddin
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Luu
- Department of Biostatistics, TH Chan Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, United States of America
| | - Sebastien Haneuse
- Department of Biostatistics, TH Chan Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, United States of America
| | - Tammy Vyas
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America
| | - Zahra Reynolds
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America
| | - Surabhi Iyer
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America
| | - Grace C Chamberlin
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America
| | - Robert H Goldstein
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America
| | - Crystal M North
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America
| | - Chana A Sacks
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America
| | - James Regan
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Cambridge, United States of America
| | - James P Flynn
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Cambridge, United States of America
| | - Manish C Choudhary
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Cambridge, United States of America
| | - Jatin M Vyas
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America
| | - Amy K Barczak
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States of America
| | - Jacob E Lemieux
- Infectious Disease Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Z Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States of America
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23
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Hinman AE, Jani C, Pringle SC, Zhang WR, Jain N, Martinot AJ, Barczak AK. Mycobacterium tuberculosis canonical virulence factors interfere with a late component of the TLR2 response. eLife 2021; 10:73984. [PMID: 34755600 PMCID: PMC8610422 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
For many intracellular pathogens, the phagosome is the site of events and interactions that shape infection outcome. Phagosomal membrane damage, in particular, is proposed to benefit invading pathogens. To define the innate immune consequences of this damage, we profiled macrophage transcriptional responses to wild-type Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and mutants that fail to damage the phagosomal membrane. We identified a set of genes with enhanced expression in response to the mutants. These genes represented a late component of the TLR2-dependent transcriptional response to Mtb, distinct from an earlier component that included Tnf. Expression of the later component was inherent to TLR2 activation, dependent upon endosomal uptake, and enhanced by phagosome acidification. Canonical Mtb virulence factors that contribute to phagosomal membrane damage blunted phagosome acidification and undermined the endosome-specific response. Profiling cell survival and bacterial growth in macrophages demonstrated that the attenuation of these mutants is partially dependent upon TLR2. Further, TLR2 contributed to the attenuated phenotype of one of these mutants in a murine model of infection. These results demonstrate two distinct components of the TLR2 response and identify a component dependent upon endosomal uptake as a point where pathogenic bacteria interfere with the generation of effective inflammation. This interference promotes tuberculosis (TB) pathogenesis in both macrophage and murine infection models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia E Hinman
- The Ragon Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, United States
| | - Charul Jani
- The Ragon Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, United States
| | - Stephanie C Pringle
- The Ragon Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, United States
| | - Wei R Zhang
- The Ragon Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, United States
| | - Neharika Jain
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, United States
| | - Amanda J Martinot
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, United States
| | - Amy K Barczak
- The Ragon Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, United States.,The Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
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24
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Yonker LM, Boucau J, Regan J, Choudhary MC, Burns MD, Young N, Farkas EJ, Davis JP, Moschovis PP, Kinane TB, Fasano A, Neilan AM, Li JZ, Barczak AK. Virologic features of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:1821-1829. [PMID: 34647601 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data on pediatric COVID-19 has lagged behind adults throughout the pandemic. An understanding of SARS-CoV-2 viral dynamics in children would enable data-driven public health guidance. METHODS Respiratory swabs were collected from children with COVID-19. Viral load was quantified by RT-PCR; viral culture was assessed by direct observation of cytopathic effects and semiquantitative viral titers. Correlations with age, symptom duration, and disease severity were analyzed. SARS-CoV-2 whole genome sequences were compared with contemporaneous sequences. RESULTS 110 children with COVID-19 (median age 10 years, range 2 weeks-21 years) were included in this study. Age did not impact SARS-CoV-2 viral load. Children were most infectious within the first five days of illness, and severe disease did not correlate with increased viral loads. Pediatric SARS-CoV-2 sequences were representative of those in the community and novel variants were identified. CONCLUSIONS Symptomatic and asymptomatic children can carry high quantities of live, replicating SARS-CoV-2, creating a potential reservoir for transmission and evolution of genetic variants. As guidance around social distancing and masking evolves following vaccine uptake in older populations, a clear understanding of SARS-CoV-2 infection dynamics in children is critical for rational development of public health policies and vaccination strategies to mitigate the impact of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lael M Yonker
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julie Boucau
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - James Regan
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Manish C Choudhary
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Madeleine D Burns
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicola Young
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eva J Farkas
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jameson P Davis
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter P Moschovis
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - T Bernard Kinane
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alessio Fasano
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anne M Neilan
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan Z Li
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amy K Barczak
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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25
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Yonker LM, Boucau J, Regan J, Choudhary MC, Burns MD, Young N, Farkas EJ, Davis JP, Moschovis PP, Kinane TB, Fasano A, Neilan AM, Li JZ, Barczak AK. Virologic features of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children. medRxiv 2021:2021.05.30.21258086. [PMID: 34124714 PMCID: PMC8193793 DOI: 10.1101/2021.05.30.21258086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data on pediatric COVID-19 has lagged behind adults throughout the pandemic. An understanding of SARS-CoV-2 viral dynamics in children would enable data-driven public health guidance. METHODS Respiratory swabs were collected from children with COVID-19. Viral load was quantified by RT-PCR; viral culture was assessed by direct observation of cytopathic effects and semiquantitative viral titers. Correlations with age, symptom duration, and disease severity were analyzed. SARS-CoV-2 whole genome sequences were compared with contemporaneous sequences. RESULTS 110 children with COVID-19 (median age 10 years, range 2 weeks-21 years) were included in this study. Age did not impact SARS-CoV-2 viral load. Children were most infectious within the first five days of illness, and severe disease did not correlate with increased viral loads. Pediatric SARS-CoV-2 sequences were representative of those in the community and novel variants were identified. CONCLUSIONS Symptomatic and asymptomatic children can carry high quantities of live, replicating SARS-CoV-2, creating a potential reservoir for transmission and evolution of genetic variants. As guidance around social distancing and masking evolves following vaccine uptake in older populations, a clear understanding of SARS-CoV-2 infection dynamics in children is critical for rational development of public health policies and vaccination strategies to mitigate the impact of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lael M Yonker
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julie Boucau
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - James Regan
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Manish C Choudhary
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Madeleine D Burns
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicola Young
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eva J Farkas
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jameson P Davis
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter P Moschovis
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - T Bernard Kinane
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alessio Fasano
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anne M Neilan
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan Z Li
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amy K Barczak
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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26
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Bebell LM, Gonzalez RG, Barczak AK, Anahtar MN. Case 1-2021: A 76-Year-Old Woman with Lethargy and Altered Mental Status. N Engl J Med 2021; 384:166-176. [PMID: 33497551 DOI: 10.1056/nejmcpc2027084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Bebell
- From the Departments of Medicine (L.M.B., A.K.B.), Radiology (R.G.G.), and Pathology (M.N.A.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (L.M.B., A.K.B.), Radiology (R.G.G.), and Pathology (M.N.A.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - R Gilberto Gonzalez
- From the Departments of Medicine (L.M.B., A.K.B.), Radiology (R.G.G.), and Pathology (M.N.A.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (L.M.B., A.K.B.), Radiology (R.G.G.), and Pathology (M.N.A.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - Amy K Barczak
- From the Departments of Medicine (L.M.B., A.K.B.), Radiology (R.G.G.), and Pathology (M.N.A.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (L.M.B., A.K.B.), Radiology (R.G.G.), and Pathology (M.N.A.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - Melis N Anahtar
- From the Departments of Medicine (L.M.B., A.K.B.), Radiology (R.G.G.), and Pathology (M.N.A.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (L.M.B., A.K.B.), Radiology (R.G.G.), and Pathology (M.N.A.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
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27
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Choi B, Choudhary MC, Regan J, Sparks JA, Padera RF, Qiu X, Solomon IH, Kuo HH, Boucau J, Bowman K, Adhikari UD, Winkler ML, Mueller AA, Hsu TYT, Desjardins M, Baden LR, Chan BT, Walker BD, Lichterfeld M, Brigl M, Kwon DS, Kanjilal S, Richardson ET, Jonsson AH, Alter G, Barczak AK, Hanage WP, Yu XG, Gaiha GD, Seaman MS, Cernadas M, Li JZ. Persistence and Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in an Immunocompromised Host. N Engl J Med 2020; 383:2291-2293. [PMID: 33176080 PMCID: PMC7673303 DOI: 10.1056/nejmc2031364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 826] [Impact Index Per Article: 206.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bina Choi
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | | | | | | | | | - Xueting Qiu
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | | | | | - Julie Boucau
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Amy K Barczak
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Xu G Yu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
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28
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Lazarus JE, Branda JA, Gandhi RG, Barshak MB, Zachary KC, Barczak AK. Disseminated Intravascular Infection Caused by Paecilomyces variotii: Case Report and Review of the Literature. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020; 7:ofaa166. [PMID: 32617367 PMCID: PMC7314584 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Paecilomyces variotii is a ubiquitous environmental saprophyte with worldwide distribution. Commonly found in soil and decomposing organic material [1, 2], P. variotii can also be isolated from drinking water [3] and indoor and outdoor air [4-6]. In immunocompetent hosts, P. variotii has been reported as a cause of locally invasive disease including prosthetic valve endocarditis [7, 8], endophthalmitis [9, 10], rhinosinusitis [11, 12], and dialysis-associated peritonitis [13, 14]. In contrast, disseminated infections are more commonly reported in immunocompromised patients, including those with chronic granulomatous disease [15], solid malignancy [16], acute leukemia [17], lymphoma [18], multiple myeloma [19], and after stem cell transplant for myelodysplasia [20]. In 1 case series examining invasive infections by non-Aspergillus molds, P. variotii was the most common cause after Fusarium spp. [21]. Here, we present the case of an immunocompetent patient with extensive intravascular infection involving prosthetic material. We describe successful induction therapy with combination antifungals and extended suppression with posaconazole with clinical quiescence and eventual normalization of serum fungal biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob E Lazarus
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John A Branda
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ronak G Gandhi
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Miriam B Barshak
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kimon C Zachary
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amy K Barczak
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
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29
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Oberfeld B, Achanta A, Carpenter K, Chen P, Gilette NM, Langat P, Said JT, Schiff AE, Zhou AS, Barczak AK, Pillai S. SnapShot: COVID-19. Cell 2020; 181:954-954.e1. [PMID: 32413300 PMCID: PMC7190493 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a novel respiratory illness caused by SARS-CoV-2. Viral entry is mediated through viral spike protein and host ACE2 enzyme interaction. Most cases are mild; severe disease often involves cytokine storm and organ failure. Therapeutics including antivirals, immunomodulators, and vaccines are in development. To view this SnapShot, open or download the PDF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pamela Chen
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | - Abigail E Schiff
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | | | - Amy K Barczak
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Shiv Pillai
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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30
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Lu LL, Kwon DS, Barczak AK. Introduction: Physician-Scientists in the Evolving Landscape of Biomedical Research. J Infect Dis 2019; 218:S1-S2. [PMID: 30124978 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lenette L Lu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Douglas S Kwon
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Amy K Barczak
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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31
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Barczak AK, Avraham R, Singh S, Luo SS, Zhang WR, Bray MA, Hinman AE, Thompson M, Nietupski RM, Golas A, Montgomery P, Fitzgerald M, Smith RS, White DW, Tischler AD, Carpenter AE, Hung DT. Systematic, multiparametric analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis intracellular infection offers insight into coordinated virulence. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006363. [PMID: 28505176 PMCID: PMC5444860 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A key to the pathogenic success of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis, is the capacity to survive within host macrophages. Although several factors required for this survival have been identified, a comprehensive knowledge of such factors and how they work together to manipulate the host environment to benefit bacterial survival are not well understood. To systematically identify Mtb factors required for intracellular growth, we screened an arrayed, non-redundant Mtb transposon mutant library by high-content imaging to characterize the mutant-macrophage interaction. Based on a combination of imaging features, we identified mutants impaired for intracellular survival. We then characterized the phenotype of infection with each mutant by profiling the induced macrophage cytokine response. Taking a systems-level approach to understanding the biology of identified mutants, we performed a multiparametric analysis combining pathogen and host phenotypes to predict functional relationships between mutants based on clustering. Strikingly, mutants defective in two well-known virulence factors, the ESX-1 protein secretion system and the virulence lipid phthiocerol dimycocerosate (PDIM), clustered together. Building upon the shared phenotype of loss of the macrophage type I interferon (IFN) response to infection, we found that PDIM production and export are required for coordinated secretion of ESX-1-substrates, for phagosomal permeabilization, and for downstream induction of the type I IFN response. Multiparametric clustering also identified two novel genes that are required for PDIM production and induction of the type I IFN response. Thus, multiparametric analysis combining host and pathogen infection phenotypes can be used to identify novel functional relationships between genes that play a role in infection. Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global health problem. One barrier to developing novel approaches to preventing and treating TB is an incomplete understanding of the strategies that the causative bacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), uses to survive and cause disease in the host. To systematically identify Mtb genes required for growth in infected host cells, we screened an annotated, arrayed library of Mtb mutants in macrophages using high-content imaging. We then used multiplexed cytokine analysis to profile the macrophage response to each mutant attenuated for intracellular growth. Combining imaging parameters reflective of intracellular infection with the macrophage response to each mutant, we predicted novel functional relationships between Mtb genes required for infection. We then validated these predictions by demonstrating that production and export of a cell envelope lipid is required for coordinated virulence-associated protein secretion, phagosomal membrane rupture, and production of the macrophage type I interferon response. Extending our prediction of functional relationships to unknown genes, we demonstrated that two genes not previously linked to virulence also act in this pathway. This work demonstrates a broadly applicable approach to elucidating and relating bacterial functions required for pathogenesis and demonstrates a previously unknown dependence of Mtb virulence-associated protein secretion on an outer envelope lipid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy K. Barczak
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- The Ragon Institute of Harvard, MIT, and Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Roi Avraham
- The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shantanu Singh
- The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Samantha S. Luo
- The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Wei Ran Zhang
- The Ragon Institute of Harvard, MIT, and Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mark-Anthony Bray
- The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Amelia E. Hinman
- The Ragon Institute of Harvard, MIT, and Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Matthew Thompson
- The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Aaron Golas
- The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Paul Montgomery
- The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Roger S. Smith
- The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dylan W. White
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Translational Research, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Anna D. Tischler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Translational Research, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Anne E. Carpenter
- The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Deborah T. Hung
- The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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32
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Dragset MS, Barczak AK, Kannan N, Mærk M, Flo TH, Valla S, Rubin EJ, Steigedal M. Benzoic Acid-Inducible Gene Expression in Mycobacteria. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134544. [PMID: 26348349 PMCID: PMC4562662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Conditional expression is a powerful tool to investigate the role of bacterial genes. Here, we adapt the Pseudomonas putida-derived positively regulated XylS/Pm expression system to control inducible gene expression in Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of human tuberculosis. By making simple changes to a Gram-negative broad-host-range XylS/Pm-regulated gene expression vector, we prove that it is possible to adapt this well-studied expression system to non-Gram-negative species. With the benzoic acid-derived inducer m-toluate, we achieve a robust, time- and dose-dependent reversible induction of Pm-mediated expression in mycobacteria, with low background expression levels. XylS/Pm is thus an important addition to existing mycobacterial expression tools, especially when low basal expression is of particular importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marte S. Dragset
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Amy K. Barczak
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nisha Kannan
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mali Mærk
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Trude H. Flo
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Svein Valla
- Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Eric J. Rubin
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Magnus Steigedal
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Central Norway Regional Health Authority, Stjørdal, Norway
- * E-mail:
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Kieser KJ, Boutte CC, Kester JC, Baer CE, Barczak AK, Meniche X, Chao MC, Rego EH, Sassetti CM, Fortune SM, Rubin EJ. Phosphorylation of the Peptidoglycan Synthase PonA1 Governs the Rate of Polar Elongation in Mycobacteria. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005010. [PMID: 26114871 PMCID: PMC4483258 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell growth and division are required for the progression of bacterial infections. Most rod-shaped bacteria grow by inserting new cell wall along their mid-section. However, mycobacteria, including the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, produce new cell wall material at their poles. How mycobacteria control this different mode of growth is incompletely understood. Here we find that PonA1, a penicillin binding protein (PBP) capable of transglycosylation and transpeptidation of cell wall peptidoglycan (PG), is a major governor of polar growth in mycobacteria. PonA1 is required for growth of Mycobacterium smegmatis and is critical for M. tuberculosis during infection. In both cases, PonA1’s catalytic activities are both required for normal cell length, though loss of transglycosylase activity has a more pronounced effect than transpeptidation. Mutations that alter the amount or the activity of PonA1 result in abnormal formation of cell poles and changes in cell length. Moreover, altered PonA1 activity results in dramatic differences in antibiotic susceptibility, suggesting that a balance between the two enzymatic activities of PonA1 is critical for survival. We also find that phosphorylation of a cytoplasmic region of PonA1 is required for normal activity. Mutations in a critical phosphorylated residue affect transglycosylase activity and result in abnormal rates of cell elongation. Together, our data indicate that PonA1 is a central determinant of polar growth in mycobacteria, and its governance of cell elongation is required for robust cell fitness during both host-induced and antibiotic stress. Bacterial infections rely on continued bacterial growth. Studying cell growth is particularly important for pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis that grow differently than model organisms. Unlike Escherichia coli or Bacillus subtilis, which grow by incorporating cell wall material along their body, mycobacteria grow from the pole. It remains unclear how mycobacteria construct and extend their poles. Our work identifies a cell wall synthase, PonA1, as a key determinant of mycobacterial polar growth. PonA1 governs polar growth through two enzymatic activities that build the cell wall’s peptidoglycan (PG); both of these activities are required for normal cell growth. Changes in the amount or activity of PonA1 leads to misplaced cell poles and inhibition of cell proliferation. PonA1 is phosphorylated, an unusual modification for PG synthases. This phosphorylation tunes the rate of cell elongation. Changing PonA1’s regulatory or enzymatic activity impacts the survival of cells in the host or when treated with antibiotics. Our work shows how mycobacterial cell pole construction and cell fitness is governed by a major cell wall synthase; these findings may have implications for other bacteria that elongate from their poles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J. Kieser
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Cara C. Boutte
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jemila C. Kester
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christina E. Baer
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Amy K. Barczak
- Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Xavier Meniche
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael C. Chao
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - E. Hesper Rego
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christopher M. Sassetti
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sarah M. Fortune
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eric J. Rubin
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Stanley SA, Barczak AK, Silvis MR, Luo SS, Sogi K, Vokes M, Bray MA, Carpenter AE, Moore CB, Siddiqi N, Rubin EJ, Hung DT. Identification of host-targeted small molecules that restrict intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1003946. [PMID: 24586159 PMCID: PMC3930586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains a significant threat to global health. Macrophages are the host cell for M. tuberculosis infection, and although bacteria are able to replicate intracellularly under certain conditions, it is also clear that macrophages are capable of killing M. tuberculosis if appropriately activated. The outcome of infection is determined at least in part by the host-pathogen interaction within the macrophage; however, we lack a complete understanding of which host pathways are critical for bacterial survival and replication. To add to our understanding of the molecular processes involved in intracellular infection, we performed a chemical screen using a high-content microscopic assay to identify small molecules that restrict mycobacterial growth in macrophages by targeting host functions and pathways. The identified host-targeted inhibitors restrict bacterial growth exclusively in the context of macrophage infection and predominantly fall into five categories: G-protein coupled receptor modulators, ion channel inhibitors, membrane transport proteins, anti-inflammatories, and kinase modulators. We found that fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, enhances secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α and induces autophagy in infected macrophages, and gefitinib, an inhibitor of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), also activates autophagy and restricts growth. We demonstrate that during infection signaling through EGFR activates a p38 MAPK signaling pathway that prevents macrophages from effectively responding to infection. Inhibition of this pathway using gefitinib during in vivo infection reduces growth of M. tuberculosis in the lungs of infected mice. Our results support the concept that screening for inhibitors using intracellular models results in the identification of tool compounds for probing pathways during in vivo infection and may also result in the identification of new anti-tuberculosis agents that work by modulating host pathways. Given the existing experience with some of our identified compounds for other therapeutic indications, further clinically-directed study of these compounds is merited. Infection with the bacterial pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes the disease tuberculosis (TB) that imposes significant worldwide morbidity and mortality. Approximately 2 billion people are infected with M. tuberculosis, and almost 1.5 million people die annually from TB. With increasing drug resistance and few novel drug candidates, our inability to effectively treat all infected individuals necessitates a deeper understanding of the host-pathogen interface to facilitate new approaches to treatment. In addition, the current anti-tuberculosis regimen requires months of strict compliance to clear infection; targeting host immune function could play a strategic role in reducing the duration and complexity of treatment while effectively treating drug-resistant strains. Here we use a microscopy-based screen to identify molecules that target host pathways and inhibit the growth of M. tuberculosis in macrophages. We identified several host pathways not previously implicated in tuberculosis. The identified inhibitors prevent growth either by blocking host pathways exploited by M. tuberculosis for virulence, or by activating immune responses that target intracellular bacteria. Fluoxetine, used clinically for treating depression, induces autophagy and enhances production of TNF-α. Similarly, gefitinib, used clinically for treating cancer, inhibits M. tuberculosis growth in macrophages. Importantly, gefitinib treatment reduces bacterial replication in the lungs of M. tuberculosis-infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Stanley
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America ; Division of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Amy K Barczak
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America ; Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America ; Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Melanie R Silvis
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Samantha S Luo
- Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kimberly Sogi
- Division of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Martha Vokes
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mark-Anthony Bray
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anne E Carpenter
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christopher B Moore
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Noman Siddiqi
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eric J Rubin
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Deborah T Hung
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America ; Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America ; Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Manca C, Tsenova L, Freeman S, Barczak AK, Tovey M, Murray PJ, Barry C, Kaplan G. HypervirulentM. tuberculosisW/Beijing Strains Upregulate Type I IFNs and Increase Expression of Negative Regulators of the Jak-Stat Pathway. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2005; 25:694-701. [PMID: 16318583 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2005.25.694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of type I interferons (IFNs) in the host response to bacterial infections is controversial. Here, we examined the role of IFN-alpha/beta in the murine response to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, using wildtype mice, mice with impaired signaling through the type I IFN receptor (IFNAR), and mice treated to reduce levels of type I IFNs. In this study, we used virulent clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis, including HN878, W4, and CDC1551. Our results indicate that higher levels of type I IFNs are induced by the HN878 and W4 strains. Induction of type I IFNs was associated with lower levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin- 12 (IL-12) and reduced T cell activation, and associated with decreased survival of the mice infected with HN878 or W4 relative to infection with CDC1551. Infection of mice with HN878 and W4 was also associated with relatively higher levels of mRNA for a number of negative regulators of the Jak-Stat signaling pathway, such as suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) 1, 4, and 5, CD45, protein inhibitor of activated Stat1 (PIAS1), protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 1 (Ptpn1), and protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type substrate 1 (Ptpns1). Taken together, these results suggest that increased type I IFNs may be deleterious for survival of M. tuberculosis-infected mice in association with reduced Th1 immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Manca
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunity and Pathogenesis, Public Health Research Institute, International Center for Public Health, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07103-3535, USA
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Barczak AK, Domenech P, Boshoff HIM, Reed MB, Manca C, Kaplan G, Barry CE. In Vivo Phenotypic Dominance in Mouse Mixed Infections withMycobacterium tuberculosisClinical Isolates. J Infect Dis 2005; 192:600-6. [PMID: 16028128 DOI: 10.1086/432006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2004] [Accepted: 03/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis demonstrate significant heterogeneity in virulence potential in animal models of infection. Isolate CDC1551, for example, has previously been described in mouse survival studies as being hypovirulent, and isolate HN878 has been described as being hypervirulent. Observed differences in this mouse infection experiment have been proposed to reflect differential engagement of the host immune response. To assess whether this is a local or a systemic effect, C57BL/6 mice were infected simultaneously with mixtures of CDC1551 and HN878 in varying ratios and were monitored for mycobacterial growth kinetics, strain proportions during infection, and mouse survival. Strain mixtures that contained primarily HN878 grew more quickly during the first 5 weeks of infection and were more lethal for mice, and HN878 was enriched during in vivo growth. The absolute number of implanted HN878 bacilli at infection correlated inversely with mouse survival and was independent of concomitant infection with CDC1551. In infections of nonactivated mouse macrophages, HN878 grew more quickly. However, phagocyte preactivation reduced and equalized the growth rate of both strains. These results suggest that HN878 exerts a dominant immunosuppressive effect limited to the granuloma in which it is contained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy K Barczak
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute-NIH Research Scholars Program, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Reed MB, Domenech P, Manca C, Su H, Barczak AK, Kreiswirth BN, Kaplan G, Barry CE. A glycolipid of hypervirulent tuberculosis strains that inhibits the innate immune response. Nature 2004; 431:84-7. [PMID: 15343336 DOI: 10.1038/nature02837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 544] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2004] [Accepted: 07/13/2004] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Fifty million new infections with Mycobacterium tuberculosis occur annually, claiming 2-3 million lives from tuberculosis worldwide. Despite the apparent lack of significant genetic heterogeneity between strains of M. tuberculosis, there is mounting evidence that considerable heterogeneity exists in molecules important in disease pathogenesis. These differences may manifest in the ability of some isolates to modify the host cellular immune response, thereby contributing to the observed diversity of clinical outcomes. Here we describe the identification and functional relevance of a highly biologically active lipid species-a polyketide synthase-derived phenolic glycolipid (PGL) produced by a subset of M. tuberculosis isolates belonging to the W-Beijing family that show 'hyperlethality' in murine disease models. Disruption of PGL synthesis results in loss of this hypervirulent phenotype without significantly affecting bacterial load during disease. Loss of PGL was found to correlate with an increase in the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumour-necrosis factor-alpha and interleukins 6 and 12 in vitro. Furthermore, the overproduction of PGL by M. tuberculosis or the addition of purified PGL to monocyte-derived macrophages was found to inhibit the release of these pro-inflammatory mediators in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Reed
- Tuberculosis Research Section, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, 12441 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA
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Barthel R, Tsytsykova AV, Barczak AK, Tsai EY, Dascher CC, Brenner MB, Goldfeld AE. Regulation of tumor necrosis factor alpha gene expression by mycobacteria involves the assembly of a unique enhanceosome dependent on the coactivator proteins CBP/p300. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23:526-33. [PMID: 12509451 PMCID: PMC151551 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.23.2.526-533.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) plays an important role in host containment of infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, one of the leading causes of death by an infectious agent globally. Using the pathogenic M. tuberculosis strain H37Rv, we present evidence that upon stimulation of monocytic cells by M. tuberculosis a unique TNF-alpha enhanceosome is formed, and it is distinct from the TNF-alpha enhanceosome that forms in T cells stimulated by antigen engagement or virus infection. A distinct set of activators including ATF-2, c-jun, Ets, Sp1, Egr-1 and the coactivator proteins CBP/p300 are recruited to the TNF-alpha promoter after stimulation with M. tuberculosis. Furthermore, the formation of this enhanceosome is dependent on inducer-specific helical phasing relationships between transcription factor binding sites. We also show that the transcriptional activity of CBP/p300 is potentiated by mycobacterial stimulation of monocytes. The identification of TNF-alpha regulatory elements and coactivators involved in M. tuberculosis-stimulated gene expression thus provides potential selective molecular targets in the modulation of TNF-alpha gene expression in the setting of mycobacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Barthel
- The Center for Blood Research. Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School. The Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Tsai EY, Falvo JV, Tsytsykova AV, Barczak AK, Reimold AM, Glimcher LH, Fenton MJ, Gordon DC, Dunn IF, Goldfeld AE. A lipopolysaccharide-specific enhancer complex involving Ets, Elk-1, Sp1, and CREB binding protein and p300 is recruited to the tumor necrosis factor alpha promoter in vivo. Mol Cell Biol 2000; 20:6084-94. [PMID: 10913190 PMCID: PMC86084 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.20.16.6084-6094.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) gene is rapidly activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Here, we show that extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase activity but not calcineurin phosphatase activity is required for LPS-stimulated TNF-alpha gene expression. In LPS-stimulated macrophages, the ERK substrates Ets and Elk-1 bind to the TNF-alpha promoter in vivo. Strikingly, Ets and Elk-1 bind to two TNF-alpha nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT)-binding sites, which are required for calcineurin and NFAT-dependent TNF-alpha gene expression in lymphocytes. The transcription factors ATF-2, c-jun, Egr-1, and Sp1 are also inducibly recruited to the TNF-alpha promoter in vivo, and the binding sites for each of these activators are required for LPS-stimulated TNF-alpha gene expression. Furthermore, assembly of the LPS-stimulated TNF-alpha enhancer complex is dependent upon the coactivator proteins CREB binding protein and p300. The finding that a distinct set of transcription factors associates with a fixed set of binding sites on the TNF-alpha promoter in response to LPS stimulation lends new insights into the mechanisms by which complex patterns of gene regulation are achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Y Tsai
- The Center for Blood Research and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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40
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Luthi-Carter R, Barczak AK, Speno H, Coyle JT. Molecular characterization of human brain N-acetylated alpha-linked acidic dipeptidase (NAALADase). J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1998; 286:1020-5. [PMID: 9694964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
N-Acetylated alpha-linked acidic dipeptidase (NAALADase) is a neuropeptidase that may modulate glutamatergic neurotransmission. Independent of its characterization in the nervous system, one form of NAALADase was shown to be expressed at high levels in human prostatic adenocarcinomas, and it was designated the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA). The NAALADase/PSMA gene is known to produce multiple mRNA splice forms, and based on previous immunohistochemical evidence, it had been assumed that the human brain and prostate expressed different isoforms of the enzyme. Because PSMA is being actively pursued as a target for autoimmune and cytotoxic targeting strategies to treat prostate cancer, the rigorous comparison of the two forms of the enzyme remained an important but untested question. To assess similarities and/or differences between human brain NAALADase and PSMA, we compared the two molecules using criteria of activity, immunoreactivity and sequences of the corresponding mRNAs. NAALADase from human cerebellar isolates displayed a kinetic profile and pharmacological sensitivities similar to PSMA. Also, Northern hybridization to PSMA cDNA detected indistinguishable sets of 2.8-, 4.0- and 6.0-kb RNA species in human brain and the LNCaP prostatic tumor cell line. In addition, the monoclonal antibody 7E11-C5 directed against the prostatic form of the enzyme immunoprecipitated 82% of human cerebellar NAALADase activity. Moreover, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction cloning of cerebellar cDNAs indicated that the human brain and prostate express a common mRNA splice form. Therefore, we conclude that the form of NAALADase also known as PSMA is expressed in brain and comprises a significant fraction of brain NAALADase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Luthi-Carter
- Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Neuroscience, Massachusetts General Hospital-East, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
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41
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Abstract
Glutamate carboxypeptidase II may modulate excitatory neurotransmission through the catabolism of the neuropeptide N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) and possibly other endogenous peptide substrates. To investigate the molecular properties of cloned human GCP II (hGCP II), we analyzed the NAAG-hydrolytic activity conveyed by transfection of a full-length hGCP II cDNA into PC3 cells, which do not express GCP II endogenously. Membrane fractions from these cells demonstrated activity with an apparent Km of 73 nM and Vmax of 35 pmol/(mg protein*min). Activity was inhibited by EDTA and stimulated by the addition of CoCl2. Addition of GCP II inhibitors beta-NAAG, quisqualic acid and 2-(phosphonomethyl)pentanedioic acid (PMPA) inhibited hydrolysis of 2.5 nM NAAG with IC50s of 201 nM, 155 nM and 98 pM, respectively. In competition experiments designed to infer aspects of hGCP II substrate selectivity, NAAG was the most potent alpha peptide tested, with an IC50 of 26 nM. Folate derivatives and some other gamma-glutamyl peptides showed comparable affinity to that of NAAG, also displaying IC50s in the low nM range. Taken together with previous evidence demonstrating their presence in GCP II-expressing tissues, these data suggest that both NAAG and folates are good candidate substrates for GCP II in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Luthi-Carter
- Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Neuroscience, Massachusetts General Hospital East, Room 2510, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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Luthi-Carter R, Berger UV, Barczak AK, Enna M, Coyle JT. Isolation and expression of a rat brain cDNA encoding glutamate carboxypeptidase II. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:3215-20. [PMID: 9501243 PMCID: PMC19722 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.6.3215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
N-acetylated alpha-linked acidic dipeptidase (NAALADase) hydrolyzes acidic peptides, such as the abundant neuropeptide N-acetyl-alpha-L-aspartyl-L-glutamate (NAAG), thereby generating glutamate. Previous cDNA cloning efforts have identified a candidate rat brain NAALADase partial cDNA, and Northern analyses have identified a family of related RNA species that are found only in brain and other NAALADase-expressing cells. In this report, we describe the cloning of a set of rat brain cDNAs that describe a full-length NAALADase mRNA. Transient transfection of a full-length cDNA into the PC3 cell line confers NAAG-hydrolyzing activity that is sensitive to the NAALADase inhibitors quisqualic acid and 2-(phosphonomethyl)glutaric acid. Northern hybridization detects the expression of three similar brain RNAs approximately 3,900, 3,000, and 2,800 nucleotides in length. In situ hybridization histochemistry shows that NAALADase-related mRNAs have an uneven regional distribution in rat brain and are expressed predominantly by astrocytes as demonstrated by their colocalization with the astrocyte-specific marker glial fibrillary acidic protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Luthi-Carter
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital-East, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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