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Harsunen M, Haukka J, Harjutsalo V, Mars N, Syreeni A, Härkönen T, Käräjämäki A, Ilonen J, Knip M, Sandholm N, Miettinen PJ, Groop PH, Tuomi T. Residual insulin secretion in individuals with type 1 diabetes in Finland: longitudinal and cross-sectional analyses. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2023; 11:465-473. [PMID: 37290465 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(23)00123-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contrary to the presumption that type 1 diabetes leads to an absolute insulin deficiency, many individuals with type 1 diabetes have circulating C-peptide years after the diagnosis. We studied factors affecting random serum C-peptide concentration in individuals with type 1 diabetes and the association with diabetic complications. METHODS Our longitudinal analysis included individuals newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes from Helsinki University Hospital (Helsinki, Finland) with repeated random serum C-peptide and concomitant glucose measurements from within 3 months of diagnosis and at least once later. The long-term cross-sectional analysis included data from participants from 57 centres in Finland who had type 1 diabetes diagnosed after 5 years of age, initiation of insulin treatment within 1 year from diagnosis, and a C-peptide concentration of less than 1·0 nmol/L (FinnDiane study) and patients with type 1 diabetes from the DIREVA study. We tested the association of random serum C-peptide concentrations and polygenic risk scores with one-way ANOVA, and association of random serum C-peptide concentrations, polygenic risk scores, and clinical factors with logistic regression. FINDINGS The longitudinal analysis included 847 participants younger than 16 years and 110 aged 16 years or older. In the longitudinal analysis, age at diagnosis strongly correlated with the decline in C-peptide secretion. The cross-sectional analysis included 3984 participants from FinnDiane and 645 from DIREVA. In the cross-sectional analysis, at a median duration of 21·6 years (IQR 12·5-31·2), 776 (19·4%) of 3984 FinnDiane participants had residual random serum C-peptide secretion (>0·02 nmol/L), which was associated with lower type 1 diabetes polygenic risk compared with participants without random serum C-peptide (p<0·0001). Random serum C-peptide was inversely associated with hypertension, HbA1c, and cholesterol, but also independently with microvascular complications (adjusted OR 0·61 [95% CI 0·38-0·96], p=0·033, for nephropathy; 0·55 [0·34-0·89], p=0·014, for retinopathy). INTERPRETATION Although children with multiple autoantibodies and HLA risk genotypes progressed to absolute insulin deficiency rapidly, many adolescents and adults had residual random serum C-peptide decades after the diagnosis. Polygenic risk of type 1 and type 2 diabetes affected residual random serum C-peptide. Even low residual random serum C-peptide concentrations seemed to be associated with a beneficial complications profile. FUNDING Folkhälsan Research Foundation; Academy of Finland; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Medical Society of Finland; the Sigrid Juselius Foundation; the "Liv and Hälsa" Society; Novo Nordisk Foundation; and State Research Funding via the Helsinki University Hospital, the Vasa Hospital District, Turku University Hospital, Vasa Central Hospital, Jakobstadsnejdens Heart Foundation, and the Medical Foundation of Vaasa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Harsunen
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; New Children's Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jani Haukka
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Valma Harjutsalo
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nina Mars
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anna Syreeni
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Taina Härkönen
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annemari Käräjämäki
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Diabetes unit of Ostrobothnia, Wellbeing Services County of Ostrobothnia, Vaasa, Finland
| | - Jorma Ilonen
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Mikael Knip
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Tampere Center for Child Health Research, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Niina Sandholm
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi Johanna Miettinen
- Translational Stem Cell Biology and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; New Children's Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Per-Henrik Groop
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Diabetes, Central Medical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tiinamaija Tuomi
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Abdominal Center, Endocrinology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Dwivedi OP, Barreiro K, Käräjämäki A, Valo E, Giri AK, Prasad RB, Roy RD, Thorn LM, Rannikko A, Holthöfer H, Gooding KM, Sourbron S, Delic D, Gomez MF, Groop PH, Tuomi T, Forsblom C, Groop L, Puhka M. Genome-wide mRNA profiling in urinary extracellular vesicles reveals stress gene signature for diabetic kidney disease. iScience 2023; 26:106686. [PMID: 37216114 PMCID: PMC10193229 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Urinary extracellular vesicles (uEV) are a largely unexplored source of kidney-derived mRNAs with potential to serve as a liquid kidney biopsy. We assessed ∼200 uEV mRNA samples from clinical studies by genome-wide sequencing to discover mechanisms and candidate biomarkers of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) in Type 1 diabetes (T1D) with replication in Type 1 and 2 diabetes. Sequencing reproducibly showed >10,000 mRNAs with similarity to kidney transcriptome. T1D DKD groups showed 13 upregulated genes prevalently expressed in proximal tubules, correlated with hyperglycemia and involved in cellular/oxidative stress homeostasis. We used six of them (GPX3, NOX4, MSRB, MSRA, HRSP12, and CRYAB) to construct a transcriptional "stress score" that reflected long-term decline of kidney function and could even identify normoalbuminuric individuals showing early decline. We thus provide workflow and web resource for studying uEV transcriptomes in clinical urine samples and stress-linked DKD markers as potential early non-invasive biomarkers or drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Om Prakash Dwivedi
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Karina Barreiro
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, EV and HiPrep Core, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annemari Käräjämäki
- Department of Primary Health Care, Vaasa Central Hospital, Hietalahdenkatu 2-4, 65130 Vaasa, Finland
- Diabetes Center, Vaasa Health Care Center, Sepänkyläntie 14-16, 65100 Vaasa, Finland
| | - Erkka Valo
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anil K. Giri
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Foundation for the Finnish Cancer Institute (FCI), Tukholmankatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HiLIFE-Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rashmi B. Prasad
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, SE 214 28 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Rishi Das Roy
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lena M. Thorn
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Rannikko
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Urology, 00014 University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Hospital, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Harry Holthöfer
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kim M. Gooding
- Diabetes and Vascular Research Centre, National Institute for Health Research Exeter Clinical Research Facility, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Steven Sourbron
- Department of Imaging, Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Denis Delic
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
- Fifth Department of Medicine, Nephrology/Endocrinology/Rheumatology/Pneumology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maria F. Gomez
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, SE 214 28 Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Per-Henrik Groop
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tiinamaija Tuomi
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, SE 214 28 Malmö, Sweden
- Endocrinology, Abdominal Centre, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carol Forsblom
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leif Groop
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, SE 214 28 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Maija Puhka
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, EV and HiPrep Core, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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3
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Landgraf W, Bigot G, Hess S, Asplund O, Groop L, Ahlqvist E, Käräjämäki A, Owens DR, Frier BM, Bolli GB. Distribution and characteristics of newly-defined subgroups of type 2 diabetes in randomised clinical trials: Post hoc cluster assignment analysis of over 12,000 study participants. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2022; 190:110012. [PMID: 35863553 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2022.110012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Newly-defined subgroups of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have been reported from real-world cohorts but not in detail from randomised clinical trials (RCTs). METHODS T2DM participants, uncontrolled on different pre-study therapies (n = 12.738; 82 % Caucasian; 44 % with diabetes duration > 10 years) from 14 RCTs, were assigned to new subgroups according to age at onset of diabetes, HbA1c, BMI, and fasting C-peptide using the nearest centroid approach. Subgroup distribution, characteristics and influencing factors were analysed. RESULTS In both, pooled and single RCTs, "mild-obesity related diabetes" predominated (45 %) with mean BMI of 35 kg/m2. "Severe insulin-resistant diabetes" was found least often (4.6 %) and prevalence of "mild age-related diabetes" (23.9 %) was mainly influenced by age at onset of diabetes and age cut-offs. Subgroup characteristics were widely comparable to those from real-world cohorts, but all subgroups showed higher frequencies of diabetes-related complications which were associated with longer diabetes duration. A high proportion of "severe insulin-deficient diabetes" (25.4 %) was identified with poor pre-study glycaemic control. CONCLUSIONS Classification of RCT participants into newly-defined diabetes subgroups revealed the existence of a heterogeneous population of T2DM. For future RCTs, subgroup-based randomisation of T2DM will better define the target population and relevance of the outcomes by avoiding clinical heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Olof Asplund
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Leif Groop
- Institute of Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emma Ahlqvist
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Annemari Käräjämäki
- Department of Primary Health Care, Vaasa Central Hospital, and Diabetes Center, Vaasa Health Care Center, Vaasa, Finland
| | - David R Owens
- Swansea University, Diabetes Research Group Cymru, College of Medicine, Swansea, UK
| | - Brian M Frier
- The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Geremia B Bolli
- University of Perugia School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Perugia, Italy
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4
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Prasad RB, Asplund O, Shukla SR, Wagh R, Kunte P, Bhat D, Parekh M, Shah M, Phatak S, Käräjämäki A, Datta A, Kakati S, Tuomi T, Saboo B, Ahlqvist E, Groop L, Yajnik CS. Subgroups of patients with young-onset type 2 diabetes in India reveal insulin deficiency as a major driver. Diabetologia 2022; 65:65-78. [PMID: 34689214 PMCID: PMC8660725 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-021-05543-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM/HYPOTHESIS Five subgroups were described in European diabetes patients using a data driven machine learning approach on commonly measured variables. We aimed to test the applicability of this phenotyping in Indian individuals with young-onset type 2 diabetes. METHODS We applied the European-derived centroids to Indian individuals with type 2 diabetes diagnosed before 45 years of age from the WellGen cohort (n = 1612). We also applied de novo k-means clustering to the WellGen cohort to validate the subgroups. We then compared clinical and metabolic-endocrine characteristics and the complication rates between the subgroups. We also compared characteristics of the WellGen subgroups with those of two young European cohorts, ANDIS (n = 962) and DIREVA (n = 420). Subgroups were also assessed in two other Indian cohorts, Ahmedabad (n = 187) and PHENOEINDY-2 (n = 205). RESULTS Both Indian and European young-onset type 2 diabetes patients were predominantly classified into severe insulin-deficient (SIDD) and mild obesity-related (MOD) subgroups, while the severe insulin-resistant (SIRD) and mild age-related (MARD) subgroups were rare. In WellGen, SIDD (53%) was more common than MOD (38%), contrary to findings in Europeans (Swedish 26% vs 68%, Finnish 24% vs 71%, respectively). A higher proportion of SIDD compared with MOD was also seen in Ahmedabad (57% vs 33%) and in PHENOEINDY-2 (67% vs 23%). Both in Indians and Europeans, the SIDD subgroup was characterised by insulin deficiency and hyperglycaemia, MOD by obesity, SIRD by severe insulin resistance and MARD by mild metabolic-endocrine disturbances. In WellGen, nephropathy and retinopathy were more prevalent in SIDD compared with MOD while the latter had higher prevalence of neuropathy. CONCLUSIONS /INTERPRETATION Our data identified insulin deficiency as the major driver of type 2 diabetes in young Indians, unlike in young European individuals in whom obesity and insulin resistance predominate. Our results provide useful clues to pathophysiological mechanisms and susceptibility to complications in type 2 diabetes in the young Indian population and suggest a need to review management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi B Prasad
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, CRC, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Olof Asplund
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, CRC, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Sharvari R Shukla
- Diabetes Unit, Kamalnayan Bajaj Diabetology Research Centre, King Edward Memorial Hospital and Research Centre, Pune, India
- Symbiosis Statistical Institute, Symbiosis International University, Pune, India
| | - Rucha Wagh
- Diabetes Unit, Kamalnayan Bajaj Diabetology Research Centre, King Edward Memorial Hospital and Research Centre, Pune, India
| | - Pooja Kunte
- Diabetes Unit, Kamalnayan Bajaj Diabetology Research Centre, King Edward Memorial Hospital and Research Centre, Pune, India
| | - Dattatrey Bhat
- Diabetes Unit, Kamalnayan Bajaj Diabetology Research Centre, King Edward Memorial Hospital and Research Centre, Pune, India
| | - Malay Parekh
- Dia Care - Diabetes Hormone Clinic, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Meet Shah
- Dia Care - Diabetes Hormone Clinic, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Sanat Phatak
- Diabetes Unit, Kamalnayan Bajaj Diabetology Research Centre, King Edward Memorial Hospital and Research Centre, Pune, India
| | - Annemari Käräjämäki
- Department of Primary Health Care, Vaasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Finland
- Diabetes Center, Vaasa Health Care Center, Vaasa, Finland
| | - Anupam Datta
- Assam Medical College and Hospital, Dibrugarh, India
| | | | - Tiinamaija Tuomi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, CRC, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Abdominal Center, Endocrinology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, Helsinki University, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Banshi Saboo
- Dia Care - Diabetes Hormone Clinic, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Emma Ahlqvist
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, CRC, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Leif Groop
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, CRC, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, Helsinki University, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Chittaranjan S Yajnik
- Diabetes Unit, Kamalnayan Bajaj Diabetology Research Centre, King Edward Memorial Hospital and Research Centre, Pune, India.
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5
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Prasad RB, Asplund O, Shukla SR, Wagh R, Kunte P, Bhat D, Parekh M, Shah M, Phatak S, Käräjämäki A, Datta A, Kakati S, Tuomi T, Saboo B, Ahlqvist E, Groop L, Yajnik CS. Correction to: Subgroups of patients with young-onset type 2 diabetes in India reveal insulin deficiency as a major driver. Diabetologia 2022; 65:254. [PMID: 34807304 PMCID: PMC9172718 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-021-05620-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi B Prasad
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, CRC, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Olof Asplund
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, CRC, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Sharvari R Shukla
- Diabetes Unit, Kamalnayan Bajaj Diabetology Research Centre, King Edward Memorial Hospital and Research Centre, Pune, India
- Symbiosis Statistical Institute, Symbiosis International University, Pune, India
| | - Rucha Wagh
- Diabetes Unit, Kamalnayan Bajaj Diabetology Research Centre, King Edward Memorial Hospital and Research Centre, Pune, India
| | - Pooja Kunte
- Diabetes Unit, Kamalnayan Bajaj Diabetology Research Centre, King Edward Memorial Hospital and Research Centre, Pune, India
| | - Dattatrey Bhat
- Diabetes Unit, Kamalnayan Bajaj Diabetology Research Centre, King Edward Memorial Hospital and Research Centre, Pune, India
| | - Malay Parekh
- Dia Care - Diabetes Hormone Clinic, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Meet Shah
- Dia Care - Diabetes Hormone Clinic, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Sanat Phatak
- Diabetes Unit, Kamalnayan Bajaj Diabetology Research Centre, King Edward Memorial Hospital and Research Centre, Pune, India
| | - Annemari Käräjämäki
- Department of Primary Health Care, Vaasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Finland
- Diabetes Center, Vaasa Health Care Center, Vaasa, Finland
| | - Anupam Datta
- Assam Medical College and Hospital, Dibrugarh, India
| | | | - Tiinamaija Tuomi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, CRC, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Abdominal Center, Endocrinology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, Helsinki University, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Banshi Saboo
- Dia Care - Diabetes Hormone Clinic, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Emma Ahlqvist
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, CRC, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Leif Groop
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, CRC, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, Helsinki University, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Chittaranjan S Yajnik
- Diabetes Unit, Kamalnayan Bajaj Diabetology Research Centre, King Edward Memorial Hospital and Research Centre, Pune, India.
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Mansour Aly D, Dwivedi OP, Prasad RB, Käräjämäki A, Hjort R, Thangam M, Åkerlund M, Mahajan A, Udler MS, Florez JC, McCarthy MI, Brosnan J, Melander O, Carlsson S, Hansson O, Tuomi T, Groop L, Ahlqvist E. Genome-wide association analyses highlight etiological differences underlying newly defined subtypes of diabetes. Nat Genet 2021; 53:1534-1542. [PMID: 34737425 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-021-00948-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes has been reproducibly clustered into five subtypes with different disease progression and risk of complications; however, etiological differences are unknown. We used genome-wide association and genetic risk score (GRS) analysis to compare the underlying genetic drivers. Individuals from the Swedish ANDIS (All New Diabetics In Scania) study were compared to individuals without diabetes; the Finnish DIREVA (Diabetes register in Vasa) and Botnia studies were used for replication. We show that subtypes differ with regard to family history of diabetes and association with GRS for diabetes-related traits. The severe insulin-resistant subtype was uniquely associated with GRS for fasting insulin but not with variants in the TCF7L2 locus or GRS reflecting insulin secretion. Further, an SNP (rs10824307) near LRMDA was uniquely associated with mild obesity-related diabetes. Therefore, we conclude that the subtypes have partially distinct genetic backgrounds indicating etiological differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Mansour Aly
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Om Prakash Dwivedi
- Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rashmi B Prasad
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Annemari Käräjämäki
- Department of Primary Health Care, Vaasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Finland.,Diabetes Center, Vaasa Health Care Center, Vaasa, Finland
| | - Rebecka Hjort
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Manonanthini Thangam
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Mikael Åkerlund
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Miriam S Udler
- Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Programs in Metabolism and Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jose C Florez
- Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Programs in Metabolism and Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK.,Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Olle Melander
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Sofia Carlsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ola Hansson
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiinamaija Tuomi
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Abdominal Center, Endocrinology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Research Program for Diabetes and Obesity, Center of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leif Groop
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emma Ahlqvist
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
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Cousminer DL, Ahlqvist E, Mishra R, Andersen MK, Chesi A, Hawa MI, Davis A, Hodge KM, Bradfield JP, Zhou K, Guy VC, Åkerlund M, Wod M, Fritsche LG, Vestergaard H, Snyder J, Højlund K, Linneberg A, Käräjämäki A, Brandslund I, Kim CE, Witte D, Sørgjerd EP, Brillon DJ, Pedersen O, Beck-Nielsen H, Grarup N, Pratley RE, Rickels MR, Vella A, Ovalle F, Melander O, Harris RI, Varvel S, Grill VE, Hakonarson H, Froguel P, Lonsdale JT, Mauricio D, Schloot NC, Khunti K, Greenbaum CJ, Åsvold BO, Yderstræde KB, Pearson ER, Schwartz S, Voight BF, Hansen T, Tuomi T, Boehm BO, Groop L, Leslie RD, Grant SF, McCormack SE, Mitchell JA, Kelly A, Kalkwarf HJ, Lappe JM, Shepherd JA, Oberfield SE, Gilsanz V, Zemel BS. First Genome-Wide Association Study of Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults Reveals Novel Insights Linking Immune and Metabolic Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2018; 41:2396-2403. [PMID: 30254083 PMCID: PMC6196829 DOI: 10.2337/dc18-1032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) shares clinical features with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes; however, there is ongoing debate regarding the precise definition of LADA. Understanding its genetic basis is one potential strategy to gain insight into appropriate classification of this diabetes subtype. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We performed the first genome-wide association study of LADA in case subjects of European ancestry versus population control subjects (n = 2,634 vs. 5,947) and compared against both case subjects with type 1 diabetes (n = 2,454 vs. 968) and type 2 diabetes (n = 2,779 vs. 10,396). RESULTS The leading genetic signals were principally shared with type 1 diabetes, although we observed positive genetic correlations genome-wide with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Additionally, we observed a novel independent signal at the known type 1 diabetes locus harboring PFKFB3, encoding a regulator of glycolysis and insulin signaling in type 2 diabetes and inflammation and autophagy in autoimmune disease, as well as an attenuation of key type 1-associated HLA haplotype frequencies in LADA, suggesting that these are factors that distinguish childhood-onset type 1 diabetes from adult autoimmune diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the need for further investigations of the genetic factors that distinguish forms of autoimmune diabetes as well as more precise classification strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana L. Cousminer
- Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Emma Ahlqvist
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Rajashree Mishra
- Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Graduate Group in Genomics and Computational Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Mette K. Andersen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alessandra Chesi
- Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Mohammad I. Hawa
- Department of Immunobiology, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, U.K
| | - Asa Davis
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Kenyaita M. Hodge
- Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Kaixin Zhou
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, U.K
| | - Vanessa C. Guy
- Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Mikael Åkerlund
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Mette Wod
- Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lars G. Fritsche
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Henrik Vestergaard
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - James Snyder
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Allan Linneberg
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Annemari Käräjämäki
- Vaasa Health Care Center and Department of Primary Health Care, Vaasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Finland
| | | | - Cecilia E. Kim
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Daniel Witte
- Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Elin Pettersen Sørgjerd
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, HUNT Research Centre, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
| | | | - Oluf Pedersen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Niels Grarup
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Richard E. Pratley
- Florida Hospital Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Orlando, FL
| | - Michael R. Rickels
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | - Olle Melander
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | | | - Valdemar E.R. Grill
- Department of Endocrinology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Philippe Froguel
- CNRS 8199, Université Lille Nord de France, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | | | - Didac Mauricio
- Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Kamlesh Khunti
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, U.K
| | | | - Bjørn Olav Åsvold
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Endocrinology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Ewan R. Pearson
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, U.K
| | | | - Benjamin F. Voight
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Systems, Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Torben Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tiinamaija Tuomi
- Department of Endocrinology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, Folkhälsan Research Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bernhard O. Boehm
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore and Imperial College, London, U.K
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | - Leif Groop
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
- Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
| | - R. David Leslie
- Department of Immunobiology, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, U.K
| | - Struan F.A. Grant
- Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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8
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van Zuydam NR, Ahlqvist E, Sandholm N, Deshmukh H, Rayner NW, Abdalla M, Ladenvall C, Ziemek D, Fauman E, Robertson NR, McKeigue PM, Valo E, Forsblom C, Harjutsalo V, Perna A, Rurali E, Marcovecchio ML, Igo RP, Salem RM, Perico N, Lajer M, Käräjämäki A, Imamura M, Kubo M, Takahashi A, Sim X, Liu J, van Dam RM, Jiang G, Tam CHT, Luk AOY, Lee HM, Lim CKP, Szeto CC, So WY, Chan JCN, Ang SF, Dorajoo R, Wang L, Clara TSH, McKnight AJ, Duffy S, Pezzolesi MG, Marre M, Gyorgy B, Hadjadj S, Hiraki LT, Ahluwalia TS, Almgren P, Schulz CA, Orho-Melander M, Linneberg A, Christensen C, Witte DR, Grarup N, Brandslund I, Melander O, Paterson AD, Tregouet D, Maxwell AP, Lim SC, Ma RCW, Tai ES, Maeda S, Lyssenko V, Tuomi T, Krolewski AS, Rich SS, Hirschhorn JN, Florez JC, Dunger D, Pedersen O, Hansen T, Rossing P, Remuzzi G, Brosnan MJ, Palmer CNA, Groop PH, Colhoun HM, Groop LC, McCarthy MI. A Genome-Wide Association Study of Diabetic Kidney Disease in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes 2018; 67:1414-1427. [PMID: 29703844 PMCID: PMC6014557 DOI: 10.2337/db17-0914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Identification of sequence variants robustly associated with predisposition to diabetic kidney disease (DKD) has the potential to provide insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms responsible. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of DKD in type 2 diabetes (T2D) using eight complementary dichotomous and quantitative DKD phenotypes: the principal dichotomous analysis involved 5,717 T2D subjects, 3,345 with DKD. Promising association signals were evaluated in up to 26,827 subjects with T2D (12,710 with DKD). A combined T1D+T2D GWAS was performed using complementary data available for subjects with T1D, which, with replication samples, involved up to 40,340 subjects with diabetes (18,582 with DKD). Analysis of specific DKD phenotypes identified a novel signal near GABRR1 (rs9942471, P = 4.5 × 10-8) associated with microalbuminuria in European T2D case subjects. However, no replication of this signal was observed in Asian subjects with T2D or in the equivalent T1D analysis. There was only limited support, in this substantially enlarged analysis, for association at previously reported DKD signals, except for those at UMOD and PRKAG2, both associated with estimated glomerular filtration rate. We conclude that, despite challenges in addressing phenotypic heterogeneity, access to increased sample sizes will continue to provide more robust inference regarding risk variant discovery for DKD.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Case-Control Studies
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
- Diabetic Nephropathies/epidemiology
- Diabetic Nephropathies/genetics
- Female
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Genome-Wide Association Study
- Humans
- Kidney Failure, Chronic/complications
- Kidney Failure, Chronic/epidemiology
- Kidney Failure, Chronic/genetics
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/complications
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/epidemiology
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie R van Zuydam
- Wellcome Centre Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Emma Ahlqvist
- Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Niina Sandholm
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Abdominal Center Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - N William Rayner
- Wellcome Centre Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Human Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Moustafa Abdalla
- Wellcome Centre Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Claes Ladenvall
- Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Daniel Ziemek
- Inflammation and Immunology Research Unit, Pfizer, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eric Fauman
- Computational Target Validation, Pfizer, Cambridge, MA
| | - Neil R Robertson
- Wellcome Centre Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Paul M McKeigue
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Erkka Valo
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Abdominal Center Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carol Forsblom
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Abdominal Center Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Valma Harjutsalo
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Abdominal Center Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Annalisa Perna
- Clinical Research Center for Rare Diseases "Aldo e Cele Daccò," Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri," Bergamo, Italy
| | - Erica Rurali
- Clinical Research Center for Rare Diseases "Aldo e Cele Daccò," Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri," Bergamo, Italy
| | | | - Robert P Igo
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Rany M Salem
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Norberto Perico
- Clinical Research Center for Rare Diseases "Aldo e Cele Daccò," Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri," Bergamo, Italy
| | - Maria Lajer
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Annemari Käräjämäki
- Department of Primary Health Care, Vaasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Finland
- Diabetes Center, Vaasa Health Care Center, Vaasa, Finland
| | - Minako Imamura
- Department of Advanced Genomic and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Japan
- Division of Clinical Laboratory and Blood Transfusion, University of the Ryukyus Hospital, Nishihara, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Michiaki Kubo
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takahashi
- Department of Genomic Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Xueling Sim
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rob M van Dam
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Guozhi Jiang
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Claudia H T Tam
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Andrea O Y Luk
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Heung Man Lee
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Integrated Bioinformatics Laboratory for Cancer and Metabolic Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cadmon K P Lim
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cheuk Chun Szeto
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing Yee So
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Juliana C N Chan
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Su Fen Ang
- Clinical Research Unit, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, National Healthcare Group, Singapore
| | - Rajkumar Dorajoo
- Division of Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Ling Wang
- Division of Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Tan Si Hua Clara
- Clinical Research Unit, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, National Healthcare Group, Singapore
| | | | - Seamus Duffy
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, U.K
| | | | - Marcus G Pezzolesi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and Diabetes & Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | - Michel Marre
- Sorbonnes Université, University Pierre and Marie Curie, INSERM UMRS 1166, Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Department of Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases, Paris, France
| | - Beata Gyorgy
- Sorbonnes Université, University Pierre and Marie Curie, INSERM UMRS 1166, Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Department of Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases, Paris, France
| | - Samy Hadjadj
- Endocrinology-Diabetology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- Clinical Investigation Center 1402 and U1082, INSERM, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Linda T Hiraki
- Genetics & Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Tarunveer S Ahluwalia
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Almgren
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease-Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Christina-Alexandra Schulz
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease-Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Marju Orho-Melander
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease-Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Capital Region of Denmark, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cramer Christensen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Vejle Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Daniel R Witte
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark
| | - Niels Grarup
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ivan Brandslund
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Vejle Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Olle Melander
- Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Andrew D Paterson
- Genetics & Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - David Tregouet
- Sorbonnes Université, University Pierre and Marie Curie, INSERM UMRS 1166, Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Department of Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases, Paris, France
| | | | - Su Chi Lim
- Diabetes Centre, Clinical Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, National Healthcare Group, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Ronald C W Ma
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Integrated Bioinformatics Laboratory for Cancer and Metabolic Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - E Shyong Tai
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore
| | - Shiro Maeda
- Department of Advanced Genomic and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Japan
- Division of Clinical Laboratory and Blood Transfusion, University of the Ryukyus Hospital, Nishihara, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Valeriya Lyssenko
- Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Tiinamaija Tuomi
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Abdominal Center Endocrinology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Stephen S Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Joel N Hirschhorn
- Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research and Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Programs in Medical and Population Genetics and Metabolism, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jose C Florez
- Programs in Medical and Population Genetics and Metabolism, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Diabetes Clinical Research Center, Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - David Dunger
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torben Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Peter Rossing
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Giuseppe Remuzzi
- Clinical Research Center for Rare Diseases "Aldo e Cele Daccò," Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri," Bergamo, Italy
- Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Mary Julia Brosnan
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge, MA
| | - Colin N A Palmer
- Pat Macpherson Centre for Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, U.K
| | - Per-Henrik Groop
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Abdominal Center Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Helen M Colhoun
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Leif C Groop
- Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Wellcome Centre Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- National Institute for Health Research, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, U.K
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9
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Ahlqvist E, Storm P, Käräjämäki A, Martinell M, Dorkhan M, Carlsson A, Vikman P, Prasad RB, Aly DM, Almgren P, Wessman Y, Shaat N, Spégel P, Mulder H, Lindholm E, Melander O, Hansson O, Malmqvist U, Lernmark Å, Lahti K, Forsén T, Tuomi T, Rosengren AH, Groop L. Novel subgroups of adult-onset diabetes and their association with outcomes: a data-driven cluster analysis of six variables. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2018; 6:361-369. [PMID: 29503172 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(18)30051-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1137] [Impact Index Per Article: 189.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes is presently classified into two main forms, type 1 and type 2 diabetes, but type 2 diabetes in particular is highly heterogeneous. A refined classification could provide a powerful tool to individualise treatment regimens and identify individuals with increased risk of complications at diagnosis. METHODS We did data-driven cluster analysis (k-means and hierarchical clustering) in patients with newly diagnosed diabetes (n=8980) from the Swedish All New Diabetics in Scania cohort. Clusters were based on six variables (glutamate decarboxylase antibodies, age at diagnosis, BMI, HbA1c, and homoeostatic model assessment 2 estimates of β-cell function and insulin resistance), and were related to prospective data from patient records on development of complications and prescription of medication. Replication was done in three independent cohorts: the Scania Diabetes Registry (n=1466), All New Diabetics in Uppsala (n=844), and Diabetes Registry Vaasa (n=3485). Cox regression and logistic regression were used to compare time to medication, time to reaching the treatment goal, and risk of diabetic complications and genetic associations. FINDINGS We identified five replicable clusters of patients with diabetes, which had significantly different patient characteristics and risk of diabetic complications. In particular, individuals in cluster 3 (most resistant to insulin) had significantly higher risk of diabetic kidney disease than individuals in clusters 4 and 5, but had been prescribed similar diabetes treatment. Cluster 2 (insulin deficient) had the highest risk of retinopathy. In support of the clustering, genetic associations in the clusters differed from those seen in traditional type 2 diabetes. INTERPRETATION We stratified patients into five subgroups with differing disease progression and risk of diabetic complications. This new substratification might eventually help to tailor and target early treatment to patients who would benefit most, thereby representing a first step towards precision medicine in diabetes. FUNDING Swedish Research Council, European Research Council, Vinnova, Academy of Finland, Novo Nordisk Foundation, Scania University Hospital, Sigrid Juselius Foundation, Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking, Vasa Hospital district, Jakobstadsnejden Heart Foundation, Folkhälsan Research Foundation, Ollqvist Foundation, and Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Ahlqvist
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Petter Storm
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Annemari Käräjämäki
- Department of Primary Health Care, Vaasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Finland; Diabetes Center, Vaasa Health Care Center, Vaasa, Finland
| | - Mats Martinell
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mozhgan Dorkhan
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Annelie Carlsson
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Petter Vikman
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Rashmi B Prasad
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Dina Mansour Aly
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Peter Almgren
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ylva Wessman
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Nael Shaat
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Peter Spégel
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden; Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hindrik Mulder
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Eero Lindholm
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Olle Melander
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ola Hansson
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ulf Malmqvist
- Clinical Research and Trial Center, Lund University Hospital, Sweden
| | - Åke Lernmark
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Kaj Lahti
- Department of Primary Health Care, Vaasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Finland; Diabetes Center, Vaasa Health Care Center, Vaasa, Finland
| | - Tom Forsén
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiinamaija Tuomi
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland; Abdominal Center, Endocrinology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Research Program for Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anders H Rosengren
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Wallenberg Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Leif Groop
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden; Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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10
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Mahajan A, Wessel J, Willems SM, Zhao W, Robertson NR, Chu AY, Gan W, Kitajima H, Taliun D, Rayner NW, Guo X, Lu Y, Li M, Jensen RA, Hu Y, Huo S, Lohman KK, Zhang W, Cook JP, Prins BP, Flannick J, Grarup N, Trubetskoy VV, Kravic J, Kim YJ, Rybin DV, Yaghootkar H, Müller-Nurasyid M, Meidtner K, Li-Gao R, Varga TV, Marten J, Li J, Smith AV, An P, Ligthart S, Gustafsson S, Malerba G, Demirkan A, Tajes JF, Steinthorsdottir V, Wuttke M, Lecoeur C, Preuss M, Bielak LF, Graff M, Highland HM, Justice AE, Liu DJ, Marouli E, Peloso GM, Warren HR, Afaq S, Afzal S, Ahlqvist E, Almgren P, Amin N, Bang LB, Bertoni AG, Bombieri C, Bork-Jensen J, Brandslund I, Brody JA, Burtt NP, Canouil M, Chen YDI, Cho YS, Christensen C, Eastwood SV, Eckardt KU, Fischer K, Gambaro G, Giedraitis V, Grove ML, de Haan HG, Hackinger S, Hai Y, Han S, Tybjærg-Hansen A, Hivert MF, Isomaa B, Jäger S, Jørgensen ME, Jørgensen T, Käräjämäki A, Kim BJ, Kim SS, Koistinen HA, Kovacs P, Kriebel J, Kronenberg F, Läll K, Lange LA, Lee JJ, Lehne B, Li H, Lin KH, Linneberg A, Liu CT, Liu J, Loh M, Mägi R, Mamakou V, McKean-Cowdin R, Nadkarni G, Neville M, Nielsen SF, Ntalla I, Peyser PA, Rathmann W, Rice K, Rich SS, Rode L, Rolandsson O, Schönherr S, Selvin E, Small KS, Stančáková A, Surendran P, Taylor KD, Teslovich TM, Thorand B, Thorleifsson G, Tin A, Tönjes A, Varbo A, Witte DR, Wood AR, Yajnik P, Yao J, Yengo L, Young R, Amouyel P, Boeing H, Boerwinkle E, Bottinger EP, Chowdhury R, Collins FS, Dedoussis G, Dehghan A, Deloukas P, Ferrario MM, Ferrières J, Florez JC, Frossard P, Gudnason V, Harris TB, Heckbert SR, Howson JMM, Ingelsson M, Kathiresan S, Kee F, Kuusisto J, Langenberg C, Launer LJ, Lindgren CM, Männistö S, Meitinger T, Melander O, Mohlke KL, Moitry M, Morris AD, Murray AD, de Mutsert R, Orho-Melander M, Owen KR, Perola M, Peters A, Province MA, Rasheed A, Ridker PM, Rivadineira F, Rosendaal FR, Rosengren AH, Salomaa V, Sheu WHH, Sladek R, Smith BH, Strauch K, Uitterlinden AG, Varma R, Willer CJ, Blüher M, Butterworth AS, Chambers JC, Chasman DI, Danesh J, van Duijn C, Dupuis J, Franco OH, Franks PW, Froguel P, Grallert H, Groop L, Han BG, Hansen T, Hattersley AT, Hayward C, Ingelsson E, Kardia SLR, Karpe F, Kooner JS, Köttgen A, Kuulasmaa K, Laakso M, Lin X, Lind L, Liu Y, Loos RJF, Marchini J, Metspalu A, Mook-Kanamori D, Nordestgaard BG, Palmer CNA, Pankow JS, Pedersen O, Psaty BM, Rauramaa R, Sattar N, Schulze MB, Soranzo N, Spector TD, Stefansson K, Stumvoll M, Thorsteinsdottir U, Tuomi T, Tuomilehto J, Wareham NJ, Wilson JG, Zeggini E, Scott RA, Barroso I, Frayling TM, Goodarzi MO, Meigs JB, Boehnke M, Saleheen D, Morris AP, Rotter JI, McCarthy MI. Refining the accuracy of validated target identification through coding variant fine-mapping in type 2 diabetes. Nat Genet 2018; 50:559-571. [PMID: 29632382 PMCID: PMC5898373 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0084-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We aggregated coding variant data for 81,412 type 2 diabetes cases and 370,832 controls of diverse ancestry, identifying 40 coding variant association signals (P < 2.2 × 10-7); of these, 16 map outside known risk-associated loci. We make two important observations. First, only five of these signals are driven by low-frequency variants: even for these, effect sizes are modest (odds ratio ≤1.29). Second, when we used large-scale genome-wide association data to fine-map the associated variants in their regional context, accounting for the global enrichment of complex trait associations in coding sequence, compelling evidence for coding variant causality was obtained for only 16 signals. At 13 others, the associated coding variants clearly represent 'false leads' with potential to generate erroneous mechanistic inference. Coding variant associations offer a direct route to biological insight for complex diseases and identification of validated therapeutic targets; however, appropriate mechanistic inference requires careful specification of their causal contribution to disease predisposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Jennifer Wessel
- Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine, Diabetes Translational Research Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sara M Willems
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Neil R Robertson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Audrey Y Chu
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wei Gan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hidetoshi Kitajima
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel Taliun
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - N William Rayner
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Xiuqing Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Yingchang Lu
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Man Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Richard A Jensen
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yao Hu
- Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaofeng Huo
- Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Kurt K Lohman
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, London North West Healthcare NHS Trust, Middlesex, UK
| | - James P Cook
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Bram Peter Prins
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Jason Flannick
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Niels Grarup
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Jasmina Kravic
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes, and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Young Jin Kim
- Center for Genome Science, Korea National Institute of Health, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Denis V Rybin
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hanieh Yaghootkar
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Karina Meidtner
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ruifang Li-Gao
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tibor V Varga
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jonathan Marten
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jin Li
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Albert Vernon Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Ping An
- Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Symen Ligthart
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Gustafsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Giovanni Malerba
- Section of Biology and Genetics, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Ayse Demirkan
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Juan Fernandez Tajes
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Matthias Wuttke
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Cécile Lecoeur
- CNRS, UMR 8199, Lille University, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille, France
| | - Michael Preuss
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lawrence F Bielak
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Marielisa Graff
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Heather M Highland
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anne E Justice
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Dajiang J Liu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Institute of Personalized Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Eirini Marouli
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Gina Marie Peloso
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Helen R Warren
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research, Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Saima Afaq
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Shoaib Afzal
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emma Ahlqvist
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes, and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Peter Almgren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Hypertension, and Cardiovascular Disease, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lia B Bang
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alain G Bertoni
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Cristina Bombieri
- Section of Biology and Genetics, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Jette Bork-Jensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ivan Brandslund
- Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Vejle Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Jennifer A Brody
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Noël P Burtt
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mickaël Canouil
- CNRS, UMR 8199, Lille University, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille, France
| | - Yii-Der Ida Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Yoon Shin Cho
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Sophie V Eastwood
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kai-Uwe Eckardt
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Krista Fischer
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Giovanni Gambaro
- Institute of Internal and Geriatric Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Vilmantas Giedraitis
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Megan L Grove
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hugoline G de Haan
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sophie Hackinger
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Yang Hai
- Department of Pediatrics, The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Sohee Han
- Center for Genome Science, Korea National Institute of Health, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Anne Tybjærg-Hansen
- Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie-France Hivert
- Diabetes Research Center (Diabetes Unit), Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bo Isomaa
- Malmska Municipal Health Care Center and Hospital, Jakobstad, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Susanne Jäger
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marit E Jørgensen
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
- National Institute of Public Health, Southern Denmark University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torben Jørgensen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Capital Region of Denmark, Glostrup, Denmark
- Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Annemari Käräjämäki
- Department of Primary Health Care, Vaasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Finland
- Diabetes Center, Vaasa Health Care Center, Vaasa, Finland
| | - Bong-Jo Kim
- Center for Genome Science, Korea National Institute of Health, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Soo Kim
- Center for Genome Science, Korea National Institute of Health, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Heikki A Koistinen
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Endocrinology, Abdominal Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Peter Kovacs
- Integrated Research and Treatment (IFB) Center Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jennifer Kriebel
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Florian Kronenberg
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kristi Läll
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Mathematical Statistics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Leslie A Lange
- Department of Medicine, Division of Bioinformatics and Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jung-Jin Lee
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Benjamin Lehne
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Huaixing Li
- Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Keng-Hung Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Capital Region of Denmark, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ching-Ti Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marie Loh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine (TLGM), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Vasiliki Mamakou
- Dromokaiteio Psychiatric Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Roberta McKean-Cowdin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Girish Nadkarni
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matt Neville
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Sune F Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ioanna Ntalla
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Patricia A Peyser
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Wolfgang Rathmann
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kenneth Rice
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephen S Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Line Rode
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Olov Rolandsson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Schönherr
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Elizabeth Selvin
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kerrin S Small
- Department of Twins Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Alena Stančáková
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Praveen Surendran
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kent D Taylor
- Department of Pediatrics, The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Tanya M Teslovich
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Barbara Thorand
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Adrienne Tin
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anke Tönjes
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anette Varbo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel R Witte
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark
| | - Andrew R Wood
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Pranav Yajnik
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jie Yao
- Department of Pediatrics, The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Loïc Yengo
- CNRS, UMR 8199, Lille University, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille, France
| | - Robin Young
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Philippe Amouyel
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U1167, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Heiner Boeing
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Erwin P Bottinger
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rajiv Chowdhury
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Francis S Collins
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - George Dedoussis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Panos Deloukas
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marco M Ferrario
- Research Centre on Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine (EPIMED), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Jean Ferrières
- INSERM, UMR 1027, Toulouse, France
- Department of Cardiology, Toulouse University School of Medicine, Rangueil Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Jose C Florez
- Diabetes Research Center (Diabetes Unit), Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Programs in Metabolism and Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Tamara B Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Susan R Heckbert
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joanna M M Howson
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Martin Ingelsson
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sekar Kathiresan
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frank Kee
- UKCRC Centre of Excellence for Public Health (NI), Queens University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lenore J Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cecilia M Lindgren
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre For Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Satu Männistö
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Olle Melander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Hypertension, and Cardiovascular Disease, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Karen L Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Marie Moitry
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Department of Public Health, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Andrew D Morris
- Clinical Research Centre, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
- Usher Institute to the Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alison D Murray
- Aberdeen Biomedical Imaging Centre, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences, and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Renée de Mutsert
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marju Orho-Melander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Disease, Genetic Epidemiology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Katharine R Owen
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Markus Perola
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annette Peters
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael A Province
- Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Asif Rasheed
- Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Paul M Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fernando Rivadineira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frits R Rosendaal
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anders H Rosengren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes, and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Wayne H-H Sheu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- National Yang-Ming University, School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- National Defense Medical Center, School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Rob Sladek
- McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Blair H Smith
- Division of Population Health Sciences, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rohit Varma
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cristen J Willer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Integrated Research and Treatment (IFB) Center Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Adam S Butterworth
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - John Campbell Chambers
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, London North West Healthcare NHS Trust, Middlesex, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel I Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John Danesh
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
- British Heart Foundation, Cambridge Centre of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Cornelia van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Josée Dupuis
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul W Franks
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Philippe Froguel
- CNRS, UMR 8199, Lille University, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille, France
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Harald Grallert
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Group Type 2 Diabetes, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ludwig-Maximillians University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Group Nutrigenomics and Type 2 Diabetes, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Leif Groop
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes, and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
- Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bok-Ghee Han
- Center for Genome Science, Korea National Institute of Health, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sharon L R Kardia
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Jaspal Singh Kooner
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, London North West Healthcare NHS Trust, Middlesex, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Imperial College London, London, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Cardiovascular Sciences, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Anna Köttgen
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kari Kuulasmaa
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Markku Laakso
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Xu Lin
- Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan Marchini
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Dennis Mook-Kanamori
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Børge G Nordestgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Colin N A Palmer
- Pat Macpherson Centre for Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - James S Pankow
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rainer Rauramaa
- Foundation for Research in Health, Exercise, and Nutrition, Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Naveed Sattar
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Matthias B Schulze
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nicole Soranzo
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Hematology, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Timothy D Spector
- Department of Twins Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Kari Stefansson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Tiinamaija Tuomi
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
- Endocrinology, Abdominal Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait
- Department of Neuroscience and Preventive Medicine, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria
- Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - James G Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Eleftheria Zeggini
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Robert A Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Inês Barroso
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Timothy M Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Mark O Goodarzi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - James B Meigs
- General Medicine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Danish Saleheen
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Andrew P Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- Department of Pediatrics, The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA.
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, UK.
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Flannick J, Fuchsberger C, Mahajan A, Teslovich TM, Agarwala V, Gaulton KJ, Caulkins L, Koesterer R, Ma C, Moutsianas L, McCarthy DJ, Rivas MA, Perry JRB, Sim X, Blackwell TW, Robertson NR, Rayner NW, Cingolani P, Locke AE, Tajes JF, Highland HM, Dupuis J, Chines PS, Lindgren CM, Hartl C, Jackson AU, Chen H, Huyghe JR, van de Bunt M, Pearson RD, Kumar A, Müller-Nurasyid M, Grarup N, Stringham HM, Gamazon ER, Lee J, Chen Y, Scott RA, Below JE, Chen P, Huang J, Go MJ, Stitzel ML, Pasko D, Parker SCJ, Varga TV, Green T, Beer NL, Day-Williams AG, Ferreira T, Fingerlin T, Horikoshi M, Hu C, Huh I, Ikram MK, Kim BJ, Kim Y, Kim YJ, Kwon MS, Lee J, Lee S, Lin KH, Maxwell TJ, Nagai Y, Wang X, Welch RP, Yoon J, Zhang W, Barzilai N, Voight BF, Han BG, Jenkinson CP, Kuulasmaa T, Kuusisto J, Manning A, Ng MCY, Palmer ND, Balkau B, Stančáková A, Abboud HE, Boeing H, Giedraitis V, Prabhakaran D, Gottesman O, Scott J, Carey J, Kwan P, Grant G, Smith JD, Neale BM, Purcell S, Butterworth AS, Howson JMM, Lee HM, Lu Y, Kwak SH, Zhao W, Danesh J, Lam VKL, Park KS, Saleheen D, So WY, Tam CHT, Afzal U, Aguilar D, Arya R, Aung T, Chan E, Navarro C, Cheng CY, Palli D, Correa A, Curran JE, Rybin D, Farook VS, Fowler SP, Freedman BI, Griswold M, Hale DE, Hicks PJ, Khor CC, Kumar S, Lehne B, Thuillier D, Lim WY, Liu J, Loh M, Musani SK, Puppala S, Scott WR, Yengo L, Tan ST, Taylor HA, Thameem F, Wilson G, Wong TY, Njølstad PR, Levy JC, Mangino M, Bonnycastle LL, Schwarzmayr T, Fadista J, Surdulescu GL, Herder C, Groves CJ, Wieland T, Bork-Jensen J, Brandslund I, Christensen C, Koistinen HA, Doney AS.F, Kinnunen L, Esko T, Farmer AJ, Hakaste L, Hodgkiss D, Kravic J, Lyssenko V, Hollensted M, Jørgensen ME, Jørgensen T, Ladenvall C, Justesen JM, Käräjämäki A, Kriebel J, Rathmann W, Lannfelt L, Lauritzen T, Narisu N, Linneberg A, Melander O, Milani L, Neville M, Orho-Melander M, Qi L, Qi Q, Roden M, Rolandsson O, Swift A, Rosengren AH, Stirrups K, Wood AR, Mihailov E, Blancher C, Carneiro MO, Maguire J, Poplin R, Shakir K, Fennell T, DePristo M, de Angelis MH, Deloukas P, Gjesing AP, Jun G, Nilsson P, Murphy J, Onofrio R, Thorand B, Hansen T, Meisinger C, Hu FB, Isomaa B, Karpe F, Liang L, Peters A, Huth C, O'Rahilly SP, Palmer CNA, Pedersen O, Rauramaa R, Tuomilehto J, Salomaa V, Watanabe RM, Syvänen AC, Bergman RN, Bharadwaj D, Bottinger EP, Cho YS, Chandak GR, Chan JCN, Chia KS, Daly MJ, Ebrahim SB, Langenberg C, Elliott P, Jablonski KA, Lehman DM, Jia W, Ma RCW, Pollin TI, Sandhu M, Tandon N, Froguel P, Barroso I, Teo YY, Zeggini E, Loos RJF, Small KS, Ried JS, DeFronzo RA, Grallert H, Glaser B, Metspalu A, Wareham NJ, Walker M, Banks E, Gieger C, Ingelsson E, Im HK, Illig T, Franks PW, Buck G, Trakalo J, Buck D, Prokopenko I, Mägi R, Lind L, Farjoun Y, Owen KR, Gloyn AL, Strauch K, Tuomi T, Kooner JS, Lee JY, Park T, Donnelly P, Morris AD, Hattersley AT, Bowden DW, Collins FS, Atzmon G, Chambers JC, Spector TD, Laakso M, Strom TM, Bell GI, Blangero J, Duggirala R, Tai ES, McVean G, Hanis CL, Wilson JG, Seielstad M, Frayling TM, Meigs JB, Cox NJ, Sladek R, Lander ES, Gabriel S, Mohlke KL, Meitinger T, Groop L, Abecasis G, Scott LJ, Morris AP, Kang HM, Altshuler D, Burtt NP, Florez JC, Boehnke M, McCarthy MI. Erratum: Sequence data and association statistics from 12,940 type 2 diabetes cases and controls. Sci Data 2018; 5:180002. [PMID: 29360107 PMCID: PMC5779067 DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2018.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This corrects the article DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2017.179.
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Jason F, Fuchsberger C, Mahajan A, Teslovich TM, Agarwala V, Gaulton KJ, Caulkins L, Koesterer R, Ma C, Moutsianas L, McCarthy DJ, Rivas MA, Perry JRB, Sim X, Blackwell TW, Robertson NR, Rayner NW, Cingolani P, Locke AE, Tajes JF, Highland HM, Dupuis J, Chines PS, Lindgren CM, Hartl C, Jackson AU, Chen H, Huyghe JR, van de Bunt M, Pearson RD, Kumar A, Müller-Nurasyid M, Grarup N, Stringham HM, Gamazon ER, Lee J, Chen Y, Scott RA, Below JE, Chen P, Huang J, Go MJ, Stitzel ML, Pasko D, Parker SCJ, Varga TV, Green T, Beer NL, Day-Williams AG, Ferreira T, Fingerlin T, Horikoshi M, Hu C, Huh I, Ikram MK, Kim BJ, Kim Y, Kim YJ, Kwon MS, Lee J, Lee S, Lin KH, Maxwell TJ, Nagai Y, Wang X, Welch RP, Yoon J, Zhang W, Barzilai N, Voight BF, Han BG, Jenkinson CP, Kuulasmaa T, Kuusisto J, Manning A, Ng MCY, Palmer ND, Balkau B, Stančáková A, Abboud HE, Boeing H, Giedraitis V, Prabhakaran D, Gottesman O, Scott J, Carey J, Kwan P, Grant G, Smith JD, Neale BM, Purcell S, Butterworth AS, Howson JMM, Lee HM, Lu Y, Kwak SH, Zhao W, Danesh J, Lam VKL, Park KS, Saleheen D, So WY, Tam CHT, Afzal U, Aguilar D, Arya R, Aung T, Chan E, Navarro C, Cheng CY, Palli D, Correa A, Curran JE, Rybin D, Farook VS, Fowler SP, Freedman BI, Griswold M, Hale DE, Hicks PJ, Khor CC, Kumar S, Lehne B, Thuillier D, Lim WY, Liu J, Loh M, Musani SK, Puppala S, Scott WR, Yengo L, Tan ST, Taylor HA, Thameem F, Wilson G, Wong TY, Njølstad PR, Levy JC, Mangino M, Bonnycastle LL, Schwarzmayr T, Fadista J, Surdulescu GL, Herder C, Groves CJ, Wieland T, Bork-Jensen J, Brandslund I, Christensen C, Koistinen HA, Doney ASF, Kinnunen L, Esko T, Farmer AJ, Hakaste L, Hodgkiss D, Kravic J, Lyssenko V, Hollensted M, Jørgensen ME, Jørgensen T, Ladenvall C, Justesen JM, Käräjämäki A, Kriebel J, Rathmann W, Lannfelt L, Lauritzen T, Narisu N, Linneberg A, Melander O, Milani L, Neville M, Orho-Melander M, Qi L, Qi Q, Roden M, Rolandsson O, Swift A, Rosengren AH, Stirrups K, Wood AR, Mihailov E, Blancher C, Carneiro MO, Maguire J, Poplin R, Shakir K, Fennell T, DePristo M, de Angelis MH, Deloukas P, Gjesing AP, Jun G, Nilsson P, Murphy J, Onofrio R, Thorand B, Hansen T, Meisinger C, Hu FB, Isomaa B, Karpe F, Liang L, Peters A, Huth C, O'Rahilly SP, Palmer CNA, Pedersen O, Rauramaa R, Tuomilehto J, Salomaa V, Watanabe RM, Syvänen AC, Bergman RN, Bharadwaj D, Bottinger EP, Cho YS, Chandak GR, Chan JCN, Chia KS, Daly MJ, Ebrahim SB, Langenberg C, Elliott P, Jablonski KA, Lehman DM, Jia W, Ma RCW, Pollin TI, Sandhu M, Tandon N, Froguel P, Barroso I, Teo YY, Zeggini E, Loos RJF, Small KS, Ried JS, DeFronzo RA, Grallert H, Glaser B, Metspalu A, Wareham NJ, Walker M, Banks E, Gieger C, Ingelsson E, Im HK, Illig T, Franks PW, Buck G, Trakalo J, Buck D, Prokopenko I, Mägi R, Lind L, Farjoun Y, Owen KR, Gloyn AL, Strauch K, Tuomi T, Kooner JS, Lee JY, Park T, Donnelly P, Morris AD, Hattersley AT, Bowden DW, Collins FS, Atzmon G, Chambers JC, Spector TD, Laakso M, Strom TM, Bell GI, Blangero J, Duggirala R, Tai ES, McVean G, Hanis CL, Wilson JG, Seielstad M, Frayling TM, Meigs JB, Cox NJ, Sladek R, Lander ES, Gabriel S, Mohlke KL, Meitinger T, Groop L, Abecasis G, Scott LJ, Morris AP, Kang HM, Altshuler D, Burtt NP, Florez JC, Boehnke M, McCarthy MI. Sequence data and association statistics from 12,940 type 2 diabetes cases and controls. Sci Data 2017; 4:170179. [PMID: 29257133 PMCID: PMC5735917 DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2017.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the genetic basis of type 2 diabetes (T2D) to high resolution, the GoT2D and T2D-GENES consortia catalogued variation from whole-genome sequencing of 2,657 European individuals and exome sequencing of 12,940 individuals of multiple ancestries. Over 27M SNPs, indels, and structural variants were identified, including 99% of low-frequency (minor allele frequency [MAF] 0.1-5%) non-coding variants in the whole-genome sequenced individuals and 99.7% of low-frequency coding variants in the whole-exome sequenced individuals. Each variant was tested for association with T2D in the sequenced individuals, and, to increase power, most were tested in larger numbers of individuals (>80% of low-frequency coding variants in ~82 K Europeans via the exome chip, and ~90% of low-frequency non-coding variants in ~44 K Europeans via genotype imputation). The variants, genotypes, and association statistics from these analyses provide the largest reference to date of human genetic information relevant to T2D, for use in activities such as T2D-focused genotype imputation, functional characterization of variants or genes, and other novel analyses to detect associations between sequence variation and T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flannick Jason
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA,
J.F. ()
| | - Christian Fuchsberger
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tanya M. Teslovich
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Vineeta Agarwala
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA,Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kyle J. Gaulton
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lizz Caulkins
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ryan Koesterer
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Clement Ma
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Loukas Moutsianas
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Davis J. McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Manuel A. Rivas
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - John R. B. Perry
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK,MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Xueling Sim
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Thomas W. Blackwell
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Neil R. Robertson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - N William Rayner
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Pablo Cingolani
- School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Adam E. Locke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Juan Fernandez Tajes
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Heather M. Highland
- Human Genetics Center, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Josee Dupuis
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peter S. Chines
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cecilia M. Lindgren
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA,Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christopher Hartl
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anne U. Jackson
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Han Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeroen R. Huyghe
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Martijn van de Bunt
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Richard D. Pearson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany,Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany,Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, IBE, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Niels Grarup
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Heather M. Stringham
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Eric R. Gamazon
- Department of Medicine, Section of Genetic Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jaehoon Lee
- Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuhui Chen
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Robert A. Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jennifer E. Below
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Peng Chen
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jinyan Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Min Jin Go
- Center for Genome Science, Korea National Institute of Health, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael L. Stitzel
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Dorota Pasko
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Stephen C. J. Parker
- Departments of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics and Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Tibor V. Varga
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Todd Green
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nicola L. Beer
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Aaron G. Day-Williams
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Teresa Ferreira
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tasha Fingerlin
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Momoko Horikoshi
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Cheng Hu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Iksoo Huh
- Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohammad Kamran Ikram
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore,The Eye Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bong-Jo Kim
- Center for Genome Science, Korea National Institute of Health, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongkang Kim
- Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jin Kim
- Center for Genome Science, Korea National Institute of Health, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Seok Kwon
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyoung Lee
- Center for Genome Science, Korea National Institute of Health, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Selyeong Lee
- Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Keng-Han Lin
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Taylor J. Maxwell
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yoshihiko Nagai
- McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Xu Wang
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ryan P. Welch
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Joon Yoon
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK,Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Southall, Middlesex, UK
| | - Nir Barzilai
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Benjamin F. Voight
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania—Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania—Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bok-Ghee Han
- Center for Genome Science, Korea National Institute of Health, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Christopher P. Jenkinson
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA,Research, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Teemu Kuulasmaa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland,Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Alisa Manning
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maggie C. Y. Ng
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA,Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nicholette D. Palmer
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA,Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA,Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Beverley Balkau
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Inserm U1018, Villejuif, France
| | - Alena Stančáková
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hanna E. Abboud
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Heiner Boeing
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Vilmantas Giedraitis
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Omri Gottesman
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - James Scott
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Cardiovascular Sciences, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jason Carey
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Phoenix Kwan
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - George Grant
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joshua D. Smith
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Benjamin M. Neale
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA,Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shaun Purcell
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA,Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Adam S. Butterworth
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joanna M. M. Howson
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Heung Man Lee
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yingchang Lu
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Soo-Heon Kwak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John Danesh
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK,Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vincent K. L. Lam
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kyong Soo Park
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, and College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Danish Saleheen
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA,Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Wing Yee So
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Claudia H. T. Tam
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Uzma Afzal
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - David Aguilar
- Cardiovascular Division, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rector Arya
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Tin Aung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore,The Eye Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Edmund Chan
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Carmen Navarro
- Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain,Unit of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Spain
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore,The Eye Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Domenico Palli
- Cancer Research and Prevention Institute (ISPO), Florence, Italy
| | - Adolfo Correa
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Joanne E. Curran
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Regional Academic Health Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio/University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas, USA
| | - Dennis Rybin
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vidya S. Farook
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Sharon P. Fowler
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Barry I. Freedman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael Griswold
- Center of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Daniel Esten Hale
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Pamela J. Hicks
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA,Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA,Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Chiea-Chuen Khor
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore,Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore,Division of Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Satish Kumar
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Regional Academic Health Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio/University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas, USA
| | - Benjamin Lehne
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Wei Yen Lim
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore,Division of Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marie Loh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK,Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland,Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine (TLGM), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Solomon K. Musani
- Jackson Heart Study, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Sobha Puppala
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - William R. Scott
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Loïc Yengo
- CNRS-UMR8199, Lille University, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille, France
| | - Sian-Tsung Tan
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Southall, Middlesex, UK,National Heart and Lung Institute, Cardiovascular Sciences, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Herman A. Taylor
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Farook Thameem
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Gregory Wilson
- College of Public Services, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Tien Yin Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore,The Eye Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pål Rasmus Njølstad
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway,Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jonathan C. Levy
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St Thomas’ Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Lori L. Bonnycastle
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas Schwarzmayr
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - João Fadista
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Christian Herder
- Institute of Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christopher J. Groves
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Thomas Wieland
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jette Bork-Jensen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ivan Brandslund
- Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Vejle Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Cramer Christensen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Vejle Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Heikki A. Koistinen
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland,Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland,Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland,Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alex S. F. Doney
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Leena Kinnunen
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA,Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew J. Farmer
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Liisa Hakaste
- Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland,Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland,Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dylan Hodgkiss
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jasmina Kravic
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Valeri Lyssenko
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Mette Hollensted
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Torben Jørgensen
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Capital Region of Denmark, Glostrup, Denmark,Department of Public Health, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Claes Ladenvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Johanne Marie Justesen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Annemari Käräjämäki
- Department of Primary Health Care, Vaasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Finland,Diabetes Center, Vaasa Health Care Center, Vaasa, Finland
| | - Jennifer Kriebel
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany,Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany,Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Rathmann
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany,Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lars Lannfelt
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Torsten Lauritzen
- Department of Public Health, Section of General Practice, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Narisu Narisu
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Capital Region of Denmark, Glostrup, Denmark,Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Olle Melander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Matt Neville
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Marju Orho-Melander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease, Genetic Epidemiology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Lu Qi
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Qibin Qi
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Michael Roden
- Institute of Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany,Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Olov Rolandsson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Amy Swift
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Anders H. Rosengren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Kathleen Stirrups
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Andrew R. Wood
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Christine Blancher
- High Throughput Genomics, Oxford Genomics Centre, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mauricio O. Carneiro
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jared Maguire
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ryan Poplin
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Khalid Shakir
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Timothy Fennell
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark DePristo
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Martin Hrabé de Angelis
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany,Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany,Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Panos Deloukas
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK,William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK,Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anette P. Gjesing
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Goo Jun
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA,Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Peter Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jacquelyn Murphy
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert Onofrio
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Barbara Thorand
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany,Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Torben Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Christa Meisinger
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany,Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Frank B. Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bo Isomaa
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland,Department of Social Services and Health Care, Jakobstad, Finland
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Liming Liang
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Annette Peters
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany,Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Huth
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany,Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stephen P O'Rahilly
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Colin N. A. Palmer
- Pat Macpherson Centre for Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rainer Rauramaa
- Foundation for Research in Health, Exercise and Nutrition, Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Center for Vascular Prevention, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria,Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait,National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Richard M. Watanabe
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA,Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA,Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ann-Christine Syvänen
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Richard N. Bergman
- Cedars-Sinai Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Dwaipayan Bharadwaj
- Functional Genomics Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), New Delhi, India
| | - Erwin P. Bottinger
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Yoon Shin Cho
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Giriraj R. Chandak
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Juliana CN Chan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China,Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kee Seng Chia
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mark J. Daly
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul Elliott
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK,MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Kathleen A. Jablonski
- The Biostatistics Center, The George Washington University, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Donna M. Lehman
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Weiping Jia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ronald C. W. Ma
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China,Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Toni I. Pollin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, and Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Manjinder Sandhu
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK,Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nikhil Tandon
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Philippe Froguel
- CNRS-UMR8199, Lille University, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille, France,Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Inês Barroso
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK,Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yik Ying Teo
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore,Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore,Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eleftheria Zeggini
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Ruth J. F. Loos
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Kerrin S. Small
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Janina S. Ried
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ralph A. DeFronzo
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Harald Grallert
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany,Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany,Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Glaser
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Service, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Nicholas J. Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark Walker
- The Medical School, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Eric Banks
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany,Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany,Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hae Kyung Im
- Department of Medicine, Section of Genetic Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Thomas Illig
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany,Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany,Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Paul W. Franks
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden,Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Gemma Buck
- High Throughput Genomics, Oxford Genomics Centre, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Joseph Trakalo
- High Throughput Genomics, Oxford Genomics Centre, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David Buck
- High Throughput Genomics, Oxford Genomics Centre, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Inga Prokopenko
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yossi Farjoun
- Data Sciences and Data Engineering, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katharine R. Owen
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Anna L. Gloyn
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany,Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, IBE, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Tiinamaija Tuomi
- Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland,Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland,Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland,Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaspal Singh Kooner
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Southall, Middlesex, UK,National Heart and Lung Institute, Cardiovascular Sciences, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK,Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jong-Young Lee
- Center for Genome Science, Korea National Institute of Health, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Taesung Park
- Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Peter Donnelly
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew D. Morris
- Clinical Research Centre, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK,The Usher Institute to the Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Donald W. Bowden
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA,Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA,Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Francis S. Collins
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gil Atzmon
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA,Department of Natural Science, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - John C. Chambers
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK,Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Southall, Middlesex, UK,Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Timothy D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Markku Laakso
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland,Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tim M. Strom
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany,Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Graeme I. Bell
- Departments of Medicine and Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - John Blangero
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Regional Academic Health Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio/University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas, USA
| | | | - E. Shyong Tai
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore,Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gilean McVean
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Craig L. Hanis
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - James G. Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Mark Seielstad
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA,Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Timothy M. Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - James B. Meigs
- General Medicine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nancy J. Cox
- Department of Medicine, Section of Genetic Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Rob Sladek
- McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Eric S. Lander
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stacey Gabriel
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Karen L. Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany,Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Leif Groop
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden,Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Goncalo Abecasis
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Laura J. Scott
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Andrew P. Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia,Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Hyun Min Kang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David Altshuler
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Diabetes Research Center (Diabetes Unit), Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Noël P. Burtt
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jose C. Florez
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA,Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Diabetes Research Center (Diabetes Unit), Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Mark I. McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, UK
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Manning A, Highland HM, Gasser J, Sim X, Tukiainen T, Fontanillas P, Grarup N, Rivas MA, Mahajan A, Locke AE, Cingolani P, Pers TH, Viñuela A, Brown AA, Wu Y, Flannick J, Fuchsberger C, Gamazon ER, Gaulton KJ, Im HK, Teslovich TM, Blackwell TW, Bork-Jensen J, Burtt NP, Chen Y, Green T, Hartl C, Kang HM, Kumar A, Ladenvall C, Ma C, Moutsianas L, Pearson RD, Perry JR, Rayner NW, Robertson NR, Scott LJ, van de Bunt M, Eriksson JG, Jula A, Koskinen S, Lehtimäki T, Palotie A, Raitakari OT, Jacobs SB, Wessel J, Chu AY, Scott RA, Goodarzi MO, Blancher C, Buck G, Buck D, Chines PS, Gabriel S, Gjesing AP, Groves CJ, Hollensted M, Huyghe JR, Jackson AU, Jun G, Justesen JM, Mangino M, Murphy J, Neville M, Onofrio R, Small KS, Stringham HM, Trakalo J, Banks E, Carey J, Carneiro MO, DePristo M, Farjoun Y, Fennell T, Goldstein JI, Grant G, Hrabé de Angelis M, Maguire J, Neale BM, Poplin R, Purcell S, Schwarzmayr T, Shakir K, Smith JD, Strom TM, Wieland T, Lindstrom J, Brandslund I, Christensen C, Surdulescu GL, Lakka TA, Doney AS, Nilsson P, Wareham NJ, Langenberg C, Varga TV, Franks PW, Rolandsson O, Rosengren AH, Farook VS, Thameem F, Puppala S, Kumar S, Lehman DM, Jenkinson CP, Curran JE, Hale DE, Fowler SP, Arya R, DeFronzo RA, Abboud HE, Syvänen AC, Hicks PJ, Palmer ND, Ng MC, Bowden DW, Freedman BI, Esko T, Mägi R, Milani L, Mihailov E, Metspalu A, Narisu N, Kinnunen L, Bonnycastle LL, Swift A, Pasko D, Wood AR, Fadista J, Pollin TI, Barzilai N, Atzmon G, Glaser B, Thorand B, Strauch K, Peters A, Roden M, Müller-Nurasyid M, Liang L, Kriebel J, Illig T, Grallert H, Gieger C, Meisinger C, Lannfelt L, Musani SK, Griswold M, Taylor HA, Wilson G, Correa A, Oksa H, Scott WR, Afzal U, Tan ST, Loh M, Chambers JC, Sehmi J, Kooner JS, Lehne B, Cho YS, Lee JY, Han BG, Käräjämäki A, Qi Q, Qi L, Huang J, Hu FB, Melander O, Orho-Melander M, Below JE, Aguilar D, Wong TY, Liu J, Khor CC, Chia KS, Lim WY, Cheng CY, Chan E, Tai ES, Aung T, Linneberg A, Isomaa B, Meitinger T, Tuomi T, Hakaste L, Kravic J, Jørgensen ME, Lauritzen T, Deloukas P, Stirrups KE, Owen KR, Farmer AJ, Frayling TM, O'Rahilly SP, Walker M, Levy JC, Hodgkiss D, Hattersley AT, Kuulasmaa T, Stančáková A, Barroso I, Bharadwaj D, Chan J, Chandak GR, Daly MJ, Donnelly PJ, Ebrahim SB, Elliott P, Fingerlin T, Froguel P, Hu C, Jia W, Ma RC, McVean G, Park T, Prabhakaran D, Sandhu M, Scott J, Sladek R, Tandon N, Teo YY, Zeggini E, Watanabe RM, Koistinen HA, Kesaniemi YA, Uusitupa M, Spector TD, Salomaa V, Rauramaa R, Palmer CN, Prokopenko I, Morris AD, Bergman RN, Collins FS, Lind L, Ingelsson E, Tuomilehto J, Karpe F, Groop L, Jørgensen T, Hansen T, Pedersen O, Kuusisto J, Abecasis G, Bell GI, Blangero J, Cox NJ, Duggirala R, Seielstad M, Wilson JG, Dupuis J, Ripatti S, Hanis CL, Florez JC, Mohlke KL, Meigs JB, Laakso M, Morris AP, Boehnke M, Altshuler D, McCarthy MI, Gloyn AL, Lindgren CM. A Low-Frequency Inactivating AKT2 Variant Enriched in the Finnish Population Is Associated With Fasting Insulin Levels and Type 2 Diabetes Risk. Diabetes 2017; 66:2019-2032. [PMID: 28341696 PMCID: PMC5482074 DOI: 10.2337/db16-1329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
To identify novel coding association signals and facilitate characterization of mechanisms influencing glycemic traits and type 2 diabetes risk, we analyzed 109,215 variants derived from exome array genotyping together with an additional 390,225 variants from exome sequence in up to 39,339 normoglycemic individuals from five ancestry groups. We identified a novel association between the coding variant (p.Pro50Thr) in AKT2 and fasting plasma insulin (FI), a gene in which rare fully penetrant mutations are causal for monogenic glycemic disorders. The low-frequency allele is associated with a 12% increase in FI levels. This variant is present at 1.1% frequency in Finns but virtually absent in individuals from other ancestries. Carriers of the FI-increasing allele had increased 2-h insulin values, decreased insulin sensitivity, and increased risk of type 2 diabetes (odds ratio 1.05). In cellular studies, the AKT2-Thr50 protein exhibited a partial loss of function. We extend the allelic spectrum for coding variants in AKT2 associated with disorders of glucose homeostasis and demonstrate bidirectional effects of variants within the pleckstrin homology domain of AKT2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Manning
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Heather M. Highland
- Human Genetics Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center and The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Jessica Gasser
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Xueling Sim
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Taru Tukiainen
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Pierre Fontanillas
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- 23andMe, Mountain View, CA
| | - Niels Grarup
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Manuel A. Rivas
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Adam E. Locke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Pablo Cingolani
- School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Tune H. Pers
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Genomics and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ana Viñuela
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, U.K
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andrew A. Brown
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, U.K
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research and KG Jebsen Center for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Jason Flannick
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Christian Fuchsberger
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Eric R. Gamazon
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kyle J. Gaulton
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Hae Kyung Im
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Tanya M. Teslovich
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Thomas W. Blackwell
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Jette Bork-Jensen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Noël P. Burtt
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Yuhui Chen
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Todd Green
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Christopher Hartl
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Hyun Min Kang
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Chronic Disease Epidemiology Unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claes Ladenvall
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Clement Ma
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Loukas Moutsianas
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Richard D. Pearson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - John R.B. Perry
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - N. William Rayner
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, U.K
| | - Neil R. Robertson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Laura J. Scott
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Martijn van de Bunt
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Johan G. Eriksson
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Unit of General Practice, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Vaasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Finland
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Jula
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Seppo Koskinen
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli T. Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Jennifer Wessel
- Department of Epidemiology, Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, IN
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Audrey Y. Chu
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Robert A. Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Mark O. Goodarzi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Christine Blancher
- High-Throughput Genomics, Oxford Genomics Centre, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Gemma Buck
- High-Throughput Genomics, Oxford Genomics Centre, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - David Buck
- High-Throughput Genomics, Oxford Genomics Centre, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Peter S. Chines
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Stacey Gabriel
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Anette P. Gjesing
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christopher J. Groves
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Mette Hollensted
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeroen R. Huyghe
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Anne U. Jackson
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Goo Jun
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Johanne Marie Justesen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, U.K
| | - Jacquelyn Murphy
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Matt Neville
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Robert Onofrio
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Kerrin S. Small
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, U.K
| | - Heather M. Stringham
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Joseph Trakalo
- High-Throughput Genomics, Oxford Genomics Centre, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Eric Banks
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Jason Carey
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Mark DePristo
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Yossi Farjoun
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Timothy Fennell
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Jacqueline I. Goldstein
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - George Grant
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Martin Hrabé de Angelis
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Jared Maguire
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Benjamin M. Neale
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Ryan Poplin
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Shaun Purcell
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn Institute for Genomics & Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Thomas Schwarzmayr
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Khalid Shakir
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Joshua D. Smith
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Tim M. Strom
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Wieland
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jaana Lindstrom
- Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ivan Brandslund
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Vejle Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Cramer Christensen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Vejle Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
| | | | - Timo A. Lakka
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Alex S.F. Doney
- Division of Cardiovascular & Diabetes Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, U.K
| | - Peter Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Nicholas J. Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Tibor V. Varga
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, and Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Paul W. Franks
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, and Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Olov Rolandsson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders H. Rosengren
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Vidya S. Farook
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Farook Thameem
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Sobha Puppala
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Satish Kumar
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Donna M. Lehman
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Christopher P. Jenkinson
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
- Research and Development Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX
| | - Joanne E. Curran
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Daniel Esten Hale
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Sharon P. Fowler
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Rector Arya
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Ralph A. DeFronzo
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Hanna E. Abboud
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Ann-Christine Syvänen
- Molecular Medicine and Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pamela J. Hicks
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
- Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Nicholette D. Palmer
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
- Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Maggie C.Y. Ng
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
- Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Donald W. Bowden
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
- Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Barry I. Freedman
- Section on Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | | | - Narisu Narisu
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Leena Kinnunen
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lori L. Bonnycastle
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Amy Swift
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Dorota Pasko
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K
| | - Andrew R. Wood
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K
| | - João Fadista
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Toni I. Pollin
- Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD
| | - Nir Barzilai
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Gil Atzmon
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Benjamin Glaser
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Service, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Barbara Thorand
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Roden
- Institute of Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Liming Liang
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Jennifer Kriebel
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Illig
- Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Harald Grallert
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christa Meisinger
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lars Lannfelt
- Geriatrics, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Solomon K. Musani
- Jackson Heart Study, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
| | - Michael Griswold
- Center of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
| | - Herman A. Taylor
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
| | - Gregory Wilson
- College of Public Services, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS
| | - Adolfo Correa
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
| | - Heikki Oksa
- Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - William R. Scott
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Uzma Afzal
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Sian-Tsung Tan
- Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, U.K
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Southall, U.K
| | - Marie Loh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, U.K
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - John C. Chambers
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, U.K
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Southall, U.K
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Jobanpreet Sehmi
- Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, U.K
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Southall, U.K
| | - Jaspal Singh Kooner
- Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Benjamin Lehne
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Yoon Shin Cho
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Young Lee
- Ministry of Health and Welfare, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bok-Ghee Han
- Center for Genome Science, Korea National Research Institute of Health, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Annemari Käräjämäki
- Vaasa Health Care Center, Vaasa, Finland
- Department of Primary Health Care, Vaasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Finland
| | - Qibin Qi
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Lu Qi
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jinyan Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Frank B. Hu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Olle Melander
- Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Marju Orho-Melander
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease–Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jennifer E. Below
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - David Aguilar
- Cardiovascular Division, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Tien Yin Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Chiea-Chuen Khor
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kee Seng Chia
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Yen Lim
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Office of Clinical Sciences, Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore
| | - Edmund Chan
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - E Shyong Tai
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tin Aung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bo Isomaa
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Social Services and Health Care, Jakobstad, Finland
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Tiinamaija Tuomi
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Endocrinology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Jasmina Kravic
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Torsten Lauritzen
- Section of General Practice, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Panos Deloukas
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, U.K
| | - Kathleen E. Stirrups
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, U.K
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Katharine R. Owen
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, U.K
| | - Andrew J. Farmer
- Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Timothy M. Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K
| | - Stephen P. O'Rahilly
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Mark Walker
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, U.K
| | - Jonathan C. Levy
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Dylan Hodgkiss
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, U.K
| | | | - Teemu Kuulasmaa
- Internal Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Alena Stančáková
- Internal Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Inês Barroso
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, U.K
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Dwaipayan Bharadwaj
- Functional Genomics Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Juliana Chan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Mark J. Daly
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Peter J. Donnelly
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | | | - Paul Elliott
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, U.K
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment & Health, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Tasha Fingerlin
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Philippe Froguel
- Genomics and Molecular Physiology, CNRS Institut de Biologie de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Cheng Hu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiping Jia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ronald C.W. Ma
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gilean McVean
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Taesung Park
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Manjinder Sandhu
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, U.K
- Institute of Public Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - James Scott
- Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Rob Sladek
- McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Nikhil Tandon
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Yik Ying Teo
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eleftheria Zeggini
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, U.K
| | - Richard M. Watanabe
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Diabetes & Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Heikki A. Koistinen
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medicine and Abdominal Center, Endocrinology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Y. Antero Kesaniemi
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Matti Uusitupa
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timothy D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, U.K
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rainer Rauramaa
- Foundation for Research in Health Exercise and Nutrition, Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Colin N.A. Palmer
- Pat Macpherson Centre for Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, U.K
| | - Inga Prokopenko
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Andrew D. Morris
- Division for Molecular Medicine, Clinical Research Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, U.K
| | - Richard N. Bergman
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Francis S. Collins
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Molecular Medicine and Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Center for Vascular Prevention, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria
- Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, U.K
| | - Leif Groop
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Torben Jørgensen
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Aalborg, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Torben Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Internal Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Gonçalo Abecasis
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Graeme I. Bell
- Departments of Medicine and Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - John Blangero
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Nancy J. Cox
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | | | - Mark Seielstad
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA
| | - James G. Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
| | - Josee Dupuis
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Framingham Heart Study, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham, MA
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, U.K
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Craig L. Hanis
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Jose C. Florez
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Diabetes Research Center (Diabetes Unit), Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Karen L. Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - James B. Meigs
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Markku Laakso
- Internal Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Andrew P. Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - David Altshuler
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Diabetes Research Center (Diabetes Unit), Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Mark I. McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, U.K
| | - Anna L. Gloyn
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, U.K
| | - Cecilia M. Lindgren
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
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14
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Andersen MK, Sterner M, Forsén T, Käräjämäki A, Rolandsson O, Forsblom C, Groop PH, Lahti K, Nilsson PM, Groop L, Tuomi T. Type 2 diabetes susceptibility gene variants predispose to adult-onset autoimmune diabetes. Diabetologia 2014; 57:1859-68. [PMID: 24906951 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3287-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) is phenotypically a hybrid of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Genetically LADA is poorly characterised but does share genetic predisposition with type 1 diabetes. We aimed to improve the genetic characterisation of LADA and hypothesised that type 2 diabetes-associated gene variants also predispose to LADA, and that the associations would be strongest in LADA patients with low levels of GAD autoantibodies (GADA). METHODS We assessed 41 type 2 diabetes-associated gene variants in Finnish (phase I) and Swedish (phase II) patients with LADA (n = 911) or type 1 diabetes (n = 406), all diagnosed after the age of 35 years, as well as in non-diabetic control individuals 40 years or older (n = 4,002). RESULTS Variants in the ZMIZ1 (rs12571751, p = 4.1 × 10(-5)) and TCF7L2 (rs7903146, p = 5.8 × 10(-4)) loci were strongly associated with LADA. Variants in the KCNQ1 (rs2237895, p = 0.0012), HHEX (rs1111875, p = 0.0024 in Finns) and MTNR1B (rs10830963, p = 0.0039) loci showed the strongest association in patients with low GADA, supporting the hypothesis that the disease in these patients is more like type 2 diabetes. In contrast, variants in the KLHDC5 (rs10842994, p = 9.5 × 10(-4) in Finns), TP53INP1 (rs896854, p = 0.005), CDKAL1 (rs7756992, p = 7.0 × 10(-4); rs7754840, p = 8.8 × 10(-4)) and PROX1 (rs340874, p = 0.003) loci showed the strongest association in patients with high GADA. For type 1 diabetes, a strong association was seen for MTNR1B (rs10830963, p = 3.2 × 10(-6)) and HNF1A (rs2650000, p = 0.0012). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION LADA and adult-onset type 1 diabetes share genetic risk variants with type 2 diabetes, supporting the idea of a hybrid form of diabetes and distinguishing them from patients with classical young-onset type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette K Andersen
- Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland,
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