1
|
Hoff FW, Qiu Y, Brown BD, Gerbing RB, Leonti AR, Ries RE, Gamis AS, Aplenc R, Kolb EA, Alonzo TA, Meshinchi S, Jenkins GN, Horton T, Kornblau SM. Valosin-containing protein (VCP/p97) is prognostically unfavorable in pediatric AML, and negatively correlates with unfolded protein response proteins IRE1 and GRP78: A report from the Children's Oncology Group. Proteomics Clin Appl 2023; 17:e2200109. [PMID: 37287368 PMCID: PMC10700663 DOI: 10.1002/prca.202200109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the major site of protein synthesis and folding in the cell. ER-associated degradation (ERAD) and unfolded protein response (UPR) are the main mechanisms of ER-mediated cell stress adaptation. Targeting the cell stress response is a promising therapeutic approach in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Protein expression levels of valosin-containing protein (VCP), a chief element of ERAD, were measured in peripheral blood samples from in 483 pediatric AML patients using reverse phase protein array methodology. Patients participated in the Children's Oncology Group AAML1031 phase 3 clinical trial that randomized patients to standard chemotherapy (cytarabine (Ara-C), daunorubicin, and etoposide [ADE]) versus ADE plus bortezomib (ADE+BTZ). RESULTS Low-VCP expression was significantly associated with favorable 5-year overall survival (OS) rate compared to middle-high-VCP expression (81% versus 63%, p < 0.001), independent of additional bortezomib treatment. Multivariable Cox regression analysis identified VCP as independent predictor of clinical outcome. UPR proteins IRE1 and GRP78 had significant negative correlation with VCP. Five-year OS in patients characterized by low-VCP, moderately high-IRE1 and high-GRP78 improved after treatment with ADE+BTZ versus ADE (66% versus 88%, p = 0.026). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Our findings suggest the potential of the protein VCP as biomarker in prognostication prediction in pediatric AML.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fieke W. Hoff
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yihua Qiu
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Brandon D. Brown
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | - Amanda R. Leonti
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Rhonda E. Ries
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Alan S. Gamis
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Children’s Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, MO
| | - Richard Aplenc
- Division of Pediatric Oncology/Stem Cell Transplant, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - E. Anders Kolb
- Nemours Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Alfred I. DuPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE
| | - Todd A. Alonzo
- COG Statistics and Data Center, Monrovia, CA
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, CA
| | - Soheil Meshinchi
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Gaye N Jenkins
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine/Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center and Texas Children’s Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Terzah Horton
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine/Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center and Texas Children’s Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Steven M. Kornblau
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hubner SE, de Camargo Magalhães ES, Hoff FW, Brown BD, Qiu Y, Horton TM, Kornblau SM. DNA Damage Response-Related Proteins Are Prognostic for Outcome in Both Adult and Pediatric Acute Myelogenous Leukemia Patients: Samples from Adults and from Children Enrolled in a Children's Oncology Group Study. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:5898. [PMID: 36982970 PMCID: PMC10058043 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The survival of malignant leukemic cells is dependent on DNA damage repair (DDR) signaling. Reverse Phase Protein Array (RPPA) data sets were assembled using diagnostic samples from 810 adult and 500 pediatric acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) patients and were probed with 412 and 296 strictly validated antibodies, respectively, including those detecting the expression of proteins directly involved in DDR. Unbiased hierarchical clustering identified strong recurrent DDR protein expression patterns in both adult and pediatric AML. Globally, DDR expression was associated with gene mutational statuses and was prognostic for outcomes including overall survival (OS), relapse rate, and remission duration (RD). In adult patients, seven DDR proteins were individually prognostic for either RD or OS. When DDR proteins were analyzed together with DDR-related proteins operating in diverse cellular signaling pathways, these expanded groupings were also highly prognostic for OS. Analysis of patients treated with either conventional chemotherapy or venetoclax combined with a hypomethylating agent revealed protein clusters that differentially predicted favorable from unfavorable prognoses within each therapy cohort. Collectively, this investigation provides insight into variable DDR pathway activation in AML and may help direct future individualized DDR-targeted therapies in AML patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan E. Hubner
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Fieke W. Hoff
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Brandon D. Brown
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yihua Qiu
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Terzah M. Horton
- Department of Pediatrics, Dan Duncan Cancer Center, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77584, USA
| | - Steven M. Kornblau
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hoff FW, Griffen TL, Brown BD, Horton TM, Burger J, Wierda W, Hubner SE, Qiu Y, Kornblau SM. Reverse Phase Protein Array Profiling Identifies Recurrent Protein Expression Patterns of DNA Damage-Related Proteins across Acute and Chronic Leukemia: Samples from Adults and the Children's Oncology Group. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:5460. [PMID: 36982537 PMCID: PMC10056740 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA damage response (DNADR) recognition and repair (DDR) pathways affect carcinogenesis and therapy responsiveness in cancers, including leukemia. We measured protein expression levels of 16 DNADR and DDR proteins using the Reverse Phase Protein Array methodology in acute myeloid (AML) (n = 1310), T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) (n = 361) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) (n = 795) cases. Clustering analysis identified five protein expression clusters; three were unique compared to normal CD34+ cells. Individual protein expression differed by disease for 14/16 proteins, with five highest in CLL and nine in T-ALL, and by age in T-ALL and AML (six and eleven proteins, respectively), but not CLL (n = 0). Most (96%) of the CLL cases clustered in one cluster; the other 4% were characterized by higher frequencies of deletion 13q and 17p, and fared poorly (p < 0.001). T-ALL predominated in C1 and AML in C5, but both occurred in all four acute-dominated clusters. Protein clusters showed similar implications for survival and remission duration in pediatric and adult T-ALL and AML populations, with C5 doing best in all. In summary, DNADR and DDR protein expression was abnormal in leukemia and formed recurrent clusters that were shared across the leukemias with shared prognostic implications across diseases, and individual proteins showed age- and disease-related differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fieke W. Hoff
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9030, USA
| | - Ti’ara L. Griffen
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310-1458, USA
| | - Brandon D. Brown
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Terzah M. Horton
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030-3498, USA
| | - Jan Burger
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - William Wierda
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Stefan E. Hubner
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Yihua Qiu
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Steven M. Kornblau
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Brown BD, Haley SP, Berini CR, Ramsetty AN. A Novel Case-Based Learning Activity With a Focus on Food Insecurity. J Med Educ Curric Dev 2023; 10:23821205231203967. [PMID: 38025031 PMCID: PMC10644735 DOI: 10.1177/23821205231203967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Food insecurity is a social determinant of health (SDOH) affecting 1 in 10 households per year in the United States and has major impacts on the course of chronic health conditions. It is beneficial to introduce screening and appropriate treatment plans to medical students. This study utilized a novel case-based learning exercise (CBLE) to assess confidence, attitudes and improvements in knowledge on recognizing and addressing food insecurity. METHODS A CBLE focused on food insecurity was developed to be implemented in a 2-h session as part of the curriculum for all first-year medical students at the Medical University of South Carolina. The CBLE included a case for discussion, followed by an interview with a standardized patient. Students received invitations to complete pre- and post-CBLE assessment surveys. RESULTS Completion of both pre- and post-surveys was achieved by 29% of students (48 out of 166). Knowledge around the formal definition of "food insecurity," how to recognize food insecurity versus hunger, and how to screen for food insecurity all increased significantly (P < .05). Responses relating to the association between certain chronic diseases and food insecurity did not change pre and post-CBLE. CONCLUSION This novel CBLE was successfully implemented within a 2-h teaching session and improved knowledge on recognizing food insecurity in practice. However, additional learning exercises are likely needed to improve knowledge of the relationship between food insecurity and chronic disease states. Nonetheless, the CBLE structure provided students with multiple formats of learning and integration of skills, which shows promise and may be applicable to improve knowledge of other SDOHs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon D Brown
- Department of Family Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Sean P Haley
- Department of Family Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Carole R Berini
- Department of Family Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Anita N Ramsetty
- Department of Family Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Di Nardo M, Ahmad AH, Merli P, Zinter MS, Lehman LE, Rowan CM, Steiner ME, Hingorani S, Angelo JR, Abdel-Azim H, Khazal SJ, Shoberu B, McArthur J, Bajwa R, Ghafoor S, Shah SH, Sandhu H, Moody K, Brown BD, Mireles ME, Steppan D, Olson T, Raman L, Bridges B, Duncan CN, Choi SW, Swinford R, Paden M, Fortenberry JD, Peek G, Tissieres P, De Luca D, Locatelli F, Corbacioglu S, Kneyber M, Franceschini A, Nadel S, Kumpf M, Loreti A, Wösten-Van Asperen R, Gawronski O, Brierley J, MacLaren G, Mahadeo KM. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in children receiving haematopoietic cell transplantation and immune effector cell therapy: an international and multidisciplinary consensus statement. Lancet Child Adolesc Health 2022; 6:116-128. [PMID: 34895512 PMCID: PMC9372796 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(21)00336-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in children receiving haematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) and immune effector cell therapy is controversial and evidence-based guidelines have not been established. Remarkable advancements in HCT and immune effector cell therapies have changed expectations around reversibility of organ dysfunction and survival for affected patients. Herein, members of the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO), Pediatric Acute Lung Injury and Sepsis Investigators (PALISI) Network (HCT and cancer immunotherapy subgroup), the Pediatric Diseases Working Party of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT), the supportive care committee of the Pediatric Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Consortium (PTCTC), and the Pediatric Intensive Care Oncology Kids in Europe Research (POKER) group of the European Society of Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care (ESPNIC) provide consensus recommendations on the use of ECMO in children receiving HCT and immune effector cell therapy. These are the first international, multidisciplinary consensus-based recommendations on the use of ECMO in this patient population. This Review provides a clinical decision support tool for paediatric haematologists, oncologists, and critical care physicians during the difficult decision-making process of ECMO candidacy and management. These recommendations can represent a base for future research studies focused on ECMO selection criteria and bedside management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Di Nardo
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Ali H Ahmad
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pietro Merli
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Matthew S Zinter
- Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care and Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Leslie E Lehman
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Courtney M Rowan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Marie E Steiner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sangeeta Hingorani
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, University of Washington School of Medicine, and the Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joseph R Angelo
- Renal Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hisham Abdel-Azim
- Department of Pediatrics, Transplantation and Cell Therapy Program, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sajad J Khazal
- Department of Pediatrics, Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Houston, TX, USA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Basirat Shoberu
- Department of Pediatrics, Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Houston, TX, USA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer McArthur
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric Medicine, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Rajinder Bajwa
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Saad Ghafoor
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric Medicine, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Samir H Shah
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Hitesh Sandhu
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Karen Moody
- CARTOX Program, and Department of Pediatrics, Supportive Care, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Brandon D Brown
- Department of Pediatrics, Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Houston, TX, USA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Diana Steppan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Taylor Olson
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Lakshmi Raman
- Department of Pediatrics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Brian Bridges
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Christine N Duncan
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sung Won Choi
- University of Michigan, Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rita Swinford
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Matt Paden
- Pediatric Critical Care, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - James D Fortenberry
- Pediatric Critical Care, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Giles Peek
- Congenital Heart Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Pierre Tissieres
- Division of Pediatric Intensive Care and Neonatal Medicine, Paris South University Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicetre, France; Institute of Integrative Biology of the Cell, CNRS, CEA, Univ. Paris Sud, Paris Saclay University, Paris, France
| | - Daniele De Luca
- Division of Pediatrics, Transportation and Neonatal Critical Care Medicine, APHP, Paris Saclay University Hospital, "A.Beclere" Medical Center and Physiopathology and Therapeutic Innovation Unit-INSERM-U999, Paris Saclay University, Paris, France
| | - Franco Locatelli
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Selim Corbacioglu
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Martin Kneyber
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Critical Care, Anesthesiology, Peri-Operative and Emergency Medicine (CAPE), University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Alessio Franceschini
- Department of Cardiosurgery, Cardiology, Heart and Lung Transplant, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Simon Nadel
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Matthias Kumpf
- Interdisciplinary Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Universitäetsklinikum Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Alessandra Loreti
- Medical Library, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Roelie Wösten-Van Asperen
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care, University Medical Center Utrecht/Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Orsola Gawronski
- Professional Development, Continuing Education and Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Joe Brierley
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Graeme MacLaren
- Director of Cardiothoracic ICU, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kris M Mahadeo
- Department of Pediatrics, Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Houston, TX, USA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ahmad AH, Brown BD, Andersen CR, Mahadeo KM, Petropolous D, Cortes JA, Razvi S, Gardner MK, Ewing LJ, Mejia RE. Retrospective Review of Flexible Bronchoscopy in Pediatric Cancer Patients. Front Oncol 2022; 11:770523. [PMID: 34970488 PMCID: PMC8712312 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.770523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of flexible bronchoscopy (FB) with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) to diagnose and manage pulmonary complications has been shown to be safe in adult cancer patients, but whether its use is safe in pediatric cancer patients remains unclear. Thus, to describe the landscape of FB outcomes in pediatric cancer patients and to help define the populations most likely to benefit from the procedure, we undertook a retrospective review of FBs performed in patients younger than 21 years treated at our institution from 2002 to 2017. We found that a greater volume of total fluid instilled during BAL was significantly associated with increased probabilities of positive BAL culture (p=0.042), positive bacterial BAL culture (p=0.037), and positive viral BAL culture (p=0.0496). In more than half of the FB cases, findings resulted in alterations in antimicrobial treatment. Our study suggests that for pediatric cancer patients, FB is safe, likely provides diagnostic and/or therapeutic benefits, and has implications for treatment decisions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali H Ahmad
- Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Brandon D Brown
- Pediatric Oncology Fellowship Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Clark R Andersen
- Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Kris M Mahadeo
- Pediatric Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy and CARTOX Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Demetrios Petropolous
- Pediatric Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy and CARTOX Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - José A Cortes
- Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Shehla Razvi
- Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mary Katherine Gardner
- Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Linette J Ewing
- Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Rodrigo E Mejia
- Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Green MK, Barbieri EV, Brown BD, Chen KW, Devine DP. Roles of the bed nucleus of stria terminalis and of the amygdala in N/OFQ-mediated anxiety and HPA axis activation. Neuropeptides 2007; 41:399-410. [PMID: 17980908 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2007.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2007] [Revised: 09/09/2007] [Accepted: 09/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) is an opioid-related neuropeptide that is widely distributed in limbic regions of the brain. After intracerebroventricular (icv) injections in rodents, N/OFQ produces elevations in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity, and has been reported to produce both anxiogenic and anxiolytic actions. We examined the neuroanatomical basis of these effects with injections of N/OFQ (0.01-1.0nmol) into the lateral ventricle, the amygdala, and the bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BNST) in independent groups of well-handled rats under low stress conditions. Anxiety-related behaviors were evaluated in a neophobic test of anxiety. The latency to enter, total time spent in, and number of entries into an unfamiliar open field and its central zone were measured. After the open field testing, plasma samples were obtained for analysis of HPA axis activity. The N/OFQ-treated rats displayed more anxiety-related behaviors than vehicle-treated rats did with all three of the injection types. However, these effects were greater and more consistent after the icv injections (0.01-1.0nmol) than they were after the amygdala (0.10-1.0nmol) or BNST (1.0nmol) injections. The icv and BNST injections also produced elevations in circulating corticosterone, indicating that the HPA axis was activated in these rats. Intra-amygdaloid injections did not affect corticosterone levels during the open field testing. These results indicate that the amygdala and BNST participate in the anxiogenic behavioral effects of N/OFQ. However, since the most potent effects were seen after icv N/OFQ injections, the anxiogenic and HPA axis-activating effects of N/OFQ appear to occur through additive actions in multiple limbic (and perhaps cortical and brainstem) sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan K Green
- University of Florida, Department of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience Program, P.O. Box 112250, Gainesville, FL 32611-2250, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Muehlmann AM, Brown BD, Devine DP. Pemoline (2-amino-5-phenyl-1,3-oxazol-4-one)-induced self-injurious behavior: a rodent model of pharmacotherapeutic efficacy. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 324:214-23. [PMID: 17925479 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.128207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-injury is a devastating, maladaptive behavior disorder that is common in developmental disabilities and is comorbid with numerous psychiatric disorders. Examples of self-injurious behavior (SIB) include head-banging, self-biting, and self-punching. The neurochemical basis of SIB is unknown; however, many different classes of drugs are prescribed (e.g., neuroleptics, atypical neuroleptics, anti-epileptics, opioid antagonists) to reduce these behaviors. These drugs have all shown clinically significant but limited efficacy in patient populations, and no class of drug is effective for all patients. The development and characterization of a valid animal model could provide important information regarding the neurochemical basis of SIB and could be used to screen potential new pharmacotherapies. In one model of SIB, high doses of pemoline (2-amino-5-phenyl-1,3-oxazol-4-one) are administered to rats. Using this model, we evaluated the effectiveness of three drugs (risperidone, valproate, and topiramate) that reduce SIB in humans. We also screened the potential effectiveness of tramadol, a drug that decreases stereotyped and compulsive behaviors but has not been assessed in human self-injurers. We found that risperidone, valproate, and topiramate each significantly attenuate pemoline-induced SIB, whereas tramadol does not. These findings suggest that the pemoline model of SIB has predictive validity across a range of drug classes and implicate important potential neurochemical mechanisms that may contribute to the behavior disorder. The findings also indicate that tramadol may not be an effective pharmacotherapy for SIB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amber M Muehlmann
- University of Florida, Department of Psychology, P.O. Box 112250, Gainesville, FL 32611-2250, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kauvar DS, Braswell A, Brown BD, Harnisch M. Influence of resident and attending surgeon seniority on operative performance in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. J Surg Res 2006; 132:159-63. [PMID: 16412471 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2005.11.578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2005] [Revised: 11/18/2005] [Accepted: 11/23/2005] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resident participation in laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is important for education but increases the time of operation. This time cost in training programs is not well-defined, and available data show no decrease in operative time as residents progress in training. We undertook this study to determine the effect of the resident and attending surgeon seniority on the operative performance of LC. PATIENTS AND METHODS We undertook a retrospective review of LCs performed for all indications over two academic years in our training program. Operations were performed by junior (PGY 1-3) or senior (PGY 4-5) residents, assisted by junior (trained after 1994) or senior attending surgeons, none of whom had fellowship training in advanced laparoscopy. Demographics, surgeon, assistant, operative time, and operative complications were recorded. Operative diagnoses were defined as noninflammatory (biliary colic, dyskinesia, or polyps) or inflammatory (cholecystitis, pancreatitis). The primary outcome was time in minutes from skin incision to closure; secondary outcomes were complications and conversions to laparotomy. ANOVA, Student's t-test, and chi2 tests were used as appropriate with statistical significance attributed to P < 0.05. RESULTS Three hundred fifteen LCs were performed. Two hundred seventy were without conversion to laparotomy or intraoperative cholangiography and were included in time and complication analysis. Junior attendings averaged 4 and senior attendings averaged 21 postresidency years. No differences were found on univariate analysis between groups in demographics or diagnosis category. Operative times were longer for junior residents irrespective of attending seniority: Jr Res/Jr Staff (n = 65): 86 +/- 32 min; Jr/Sr (n = 78): 88 +/- 38 min; Sr/Jr (n = 52): 73 +/- 27 min; Sr/Sr (n = 75): 67 +/- 24 min (P < 0.05). The overall rate of operative complications was higher in junior than senior resident cases (5.6% versus 0.78%, P < 0.05). The most common complication was cystic duct leak, of which 4/5 occurred in junior resident cases. Senior attendings had a trend toward increased conversions (8.4% versus 3.7%, P = 0.09). CONCLUSION Resident, but not attending surgeon, seniority influences operative time and complication rate in LC. This information may help surgical educators maximize both resident learning and operative efficiency and safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David S Kauvar
- Brooke Army Medical Center, Department of General Surgery, San Antonio, Texas 78324, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kauvar DS, Brown BD, Braswell AW, Harnisch M. Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy in the Elderly: Increased Operative Complications and Conversions to Laparotomy. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 2005; 15:379-82. [PMID: 16108740 DOI: 10.1089/lap.2005.15.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of gallstones increases with age and as the proportion of the population 65 years of age and older continues to grow, increased demand for laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) in the geriatric population is likely. LC has advantages over open cholecystectomy, but comparative evaluation of the procedure in elderly patients is lacking. METHODS We performed a two-year review of patients undergoing LC at our institution. Demographic information, diagnosis, operation performed, and operative complications were recorded. Patients were placed into two groups by age: 65 years and older, and those younger than 65 years of age. Primary outcome measures were complication rate and conversions to laparotomy. RESULTS A total of 315 patients underwent LC during the study period, of whom 59 (19%) were 65 years of age or older. The older age group experienced higher rates of conversion to an open procedure (22% vs. 2.7%, P<0.05), and operative complications (17% vs. 3.1%, P<0.05). Elderly patients also had longer operative times (108+/-55 minutes vs. 83<34 minutes, P<0.05). Acute (31% vs. 16%) and chronic (14% vs. 7.4%) cholecystitis were the operative diagnoses in a greater proportion of patients in the older age group, and elderly patients were more likely to have had prior upper abdominal surgery (8.5% vs. 1.6%, P<0.05). CONCLUSION LC in the geriatric population carries increased risk for conversion to laparotomy and operative complications compared to LC in younger patients. This is likely due to increased acuity and chronic right upper quadrant inflammation in this population. Surgeons should bear these issues in mind in the counseling and care of these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David S Kauvar
- Department of General Surgery, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam, Houston, Texas 78234, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Brown BD, Shi CX, Rawle FEM, Tinlin S, McKinven A, Hough C, Graham FL, Lillicrap D. Factors influencing therapeutic efficacy and the host immune response to helper-dependent adenoviral gene therapy in hemophilia A mice. J Thromb Haemost 2004; 2:111-8. [PMID: 14717974 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2004.00552.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adenoviral-based methods of gene therapy have been ineffective at providing sustained factor (F)VIII expression in outbred populations of large animal hemophilic models primarily due to the immunogenicity of these vectors. Improvements have been made in vector design leading to the development of the helper-dependent adenoviral (HD) system. Unfortunately, it remains unclear whether these modifications are sufficient to circumvent the induction of inhibitor formation associated with adenoviral gene transfer. OBJECTIVE To develop an HD vector capable of mediating sustained FVIII expression and to determine the variables that influence inhibitor development. METHODS HD vectors were constructed encoding the canine FVIII B-domain deleted transgene under the control of either the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter or a tissue-restricted hybrid element consisting of five HNF-1 binding sites, located upstream of the human FVIII proximal promoter. Inbred and outbred populations of hemophilic mice were treated, and monitored for vector-induced toxicity, therapeutic efficacy, and inhibitor formation. RESULTS When HD vectors utilizing the CMV promoter were administered, all hemophilic mice developed high levels of FVIII inhibitors. In contrast, vectors under the control of the HNF/FVIII element were capable of achieving sustained elevations of FVIII for over 6 months. Strain-specific differences were also observed, with outbred animals showing a greater propensity towards inhibitor development in response to treatment. CONCLUSIONS HD vectors can be used to provide long-term FVIII expression in hemophilic animals, but treatment outcome and the induction of inhibitors is dependent on a number of variables including the transgene promoter, the vector dose, and the genetic background of the host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B D Brown
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kinkely SM, Brown BD, Lyng AT, Harrison WK, Schep GN, Goddard-Hill AC, Aubrey ME, Lillicrap D, Taylor SAM. Absence of overt iron overload in two individuals compound heterozygotes for a 22 base pair deletion of exon 2 and the C282Y missense mutation of the HFE gene. Clin Genet 2003; 63:163-5. [PMID: 12630967 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0004.2003.00028.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
13
|
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to assess anatomical changes in the pelvic floor after childbirth. Six women underwent serial MRI examination within 30 hours and at 1 week, 2 weeks, 6 weeks and 6 months after delivery; 8 additional women were studied only within 30 hours of delivery. T-1 and T-2-weighted images of the pelvis in the transverse and sagittal planes with a 1.5-T MR imager were obtained. In the sagittal section we assessed the urethrovesical angle, urethral length, distance from the symphysis to the proximal and distal vagina, vaginal length, width and length of the sphincters, and the presence of sphincter defects. Axial sections were assessed for sphincter defects for the distance between the symphysis and midurethra, vagina and rectum. Only one parameter (distance between symphysis and distal vagina) changed significantly over time, without a clear trend in direction. Interobserver variation was reasonable (<15%) except for anal canal length, urethral length and distance between symphysis and anus. There were no significant correlations between birthweight and MRI parameters. There was a non-significant association (P = 0.09) between the sole combined sphincter defect and rectal injury, but not with episiotomy or parity. We concluded that it is feasible to determine multiple measurements on MR images to evaluate structures of the pelvic floor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S K Hayat
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill 27599-7570, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jansen B, Schlagbauer-Wadl H, Brown BD, Bryan RN, van Elsas A, Müller M, Wolff K, Eichler HG, Pehamberger H. bcl-2 antisense therapy chemosensitizes human melanoma in SCID mice. Nat Med 1998; 4:232-4. [PMID: 9461199 DOI: 10.1038/nm0298-232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is a prime example of cancers that respond poorly to various treatment modalities including chemotherapy. A number of chemotherapeutic agents have been shown recently to act by inducing apoptosis, a type of cell death antagonized by the bcl-2 gene. Human melanoma expresses Bcl-2 in up to 90% of all cases. In the present study we demonstrate that bcl-2 antisense oligonucleotide treatment improves the chemosensitivity of human melanoma grown in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. Our findings suggest that reduction of Bcl-2 in melanoma, and possibly also in a variety of other tumors, may be a novel and rational approach to improve chemosensitivity and treatment outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Jansen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lieb LM, Liimatta AP, Bryan RN, Brown BD, Krueger GG. Description of the intrafollicular delivery of large molecular weight molecules to follicles of human scalp skin in vitro. J Pharm Sci 1997; 86:1022-9. [PMID: 9294816 DOI: 10.1021/js9700053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to ascertain the elements that govern the intrafollicular delivery of large molecules to follicles of human scalp skin in vitro. The experiments were designed to assess the intrafollicular disposition of drug as a function of size, charge, and formulation. First, fluorescein covalently linked to antisense oligonucleotides and rhodamine-conjugated dextrans were topically applied to fresh human scalp skin in vitro. The drug position in the follicle was qualitatively determined by examining histologic sections of hair-bearing skin taken parallel to the skin surface at various depths and dissected hair follicles via fluorescent microscopy. Using radiolabeled antisense oligonucleotides we demonstrated that these cross sections can also be used to quantitatively localize the intrafollicular delivery of large molecules to follicles of human scalp skin in vitro. Experimental results showed that cationic lipid-based formulations enhanced delivery of oligonucleotides within the follicle. The qualitative analysis also illustrated that cationic lipid-based formulations directed the intrafollicular permeation along the junction of the internal and external root sheath. The charged, lower molecular weight (MW) dextrans permeated into all components of the hair follicle, including the hair shaft. The higher MW dextrans were confined to the follicular structures immediately surrounding the hair shaft. The demonstration of quantitation showed that approximately 0.5% of the applied dose was delivered to the hair bulbs and the deeper skin strata within 24 h of a single application. We conclude that topically applied agents of relatively large MW, in properly formulated delivery vehicles; have the potential to reach pharmacologically active concentrations at the hair bulb. It also should be noted that delivery takes place via the junction of the internal and external root sheath.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L M Lieb
- Department of Dermatology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City 84132, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Griffiths T, Russell M, Froning K, Brown BD, Scanlon SM, Almazan M, Marcil R, Hoeffler JP. The PerFect lipid optimizer kit for maximizing lipid-mediated transfection of eukaryotic cells. Biotechniques 1997; 22:982-7. [PMID: 9149886 DOI: 10.2144/97225pf02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The transfection efficiencies of a panel of eight uniquely different lipid reagents has been evaluated with two other commercially available lipids for use in transfecting a diversity of eukaryotic cell lines. The PerFect lipids are available individually or together in an optimization panel format that can be tested in any given cell line, enabling one to evaluate the optimal lipid for transfecting each individual cell line. Our results demonstrate that no single lipid is optimal for plasmid transfection over a broad range of cell types, thus emphasizing the need for multiple unique lipid reagents and a simple format for testing their transfection efficiency on a given cell type.
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Three cases of Down syndrome (DS) are reported in association with features of the androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS). All were 47, XY, +21 and reared as females. One case had a normal female phenotype, and two cases showed minimal clitoromegaly and labial fusion. Minor genital underdevelopment has been reported as common in males with DS; however, AIS has not previously been associated with DS. Androgen binding studies in genital skin fibroblasts were normal in two cases and in the 46,XY brother of the third who has perineal hypospadias. Mutation screening of the androgen receptor (AR) gene by PCR-SSCP was normal in all cases. Normal androgen binding and the absence of an identified mutation in the coding region of the AR gene is very unusual in AIS, particularly in the complete form. This finding suggests the operation of hitherto unrecognised genes on chromosome 21 with a role in androgen response and sex differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R M Viner
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Stevens S, Brown BD, McGahan JP. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus: a cause of severe nonobstructive urinary tract dilatation. J Ultrasound Med 1995; 14:543-545. [PMID: 7563304 DOI: 10.7863/jum.1995.14.7.543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Stevens
- Department of Radiology, David Grant Air Force Base, Travis, California, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Affiliation(s)
- B D Brown
- Radiology Department, University of California, Davis
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Previously, a small region of the 3'-untranslated region (3' UTR) of Xlhbox2B mRNA was shown to be sufficient for sequence-specific endonucleolytic cleavage after injection into Xenopus oocytes. Here, we report an in vitro RNA degradation reaction that mimics the in vivo result accurately. The reaction also reveals that oocytes contain a sequence-specific RNA-binding factor that inhibits the endoribonuclease. These opposing activities may be regulated during Xenopus oogenesis. Partial purification shows that the endonuclease does not require translation or ribosomes and does not resemble previously described RNA processing complexes. We have isolated another Xenopus cDNA, Xoo1, that contains a long, repetitive destabilizing element similar to the one in Xlhbox2B. Based on a comparison of these natural destabilizing sequences and in vitro mutagenesis experiments, we find that a single destabilizing site is, at most, 19 bases in length and that the endonuclease and protective factor recognition sites may be overlapping subsets of this sequence. Finally, we show that Drosophila embryos contain similar activities, each of which can use Xenopus recognition sites. This level of conservation suggests an important biological function for this system of post-transcriptional regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B D Brown
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Batch JA, Williams DM, Davies HR, Brown BD, Evans BA, Hughes IA, Patterson MN. Androgen receptor gene mutations identified by SSCP in fourteen subjects with androgen insensitivity syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 1992; 1:497-503. [PMID: 1307250 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/1.7.497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) is a disorder of male sexual development resulting in a wide range of clinical phenotypes. AIS is classified into two phenotypic forms: complete (CAIS) and partial (PAIS). To determine the molecular basis of the phenotypic diversity in AIS, we have studied 27 subjects (13 CAIS, 14 PAIS), spanning the full range of AIS phenotypes. We report the results of a mutation screen of the androgen receptor gene. The coding regions of the gene were amplified by the polymerase chain reaction and screened for single strand conformation polymorphisms to identify mutations. This was followed by DNA sequencing of putative mutant segments. Androgen receptor gene mutations were identified in nine CAIS and five PAIS subjects. Two of the CAIS mutations in exon A resulted in frameshifts. A third CAIS mutation resulted in the deletion of a single amino acid from the ligand binding domain of the receptor. All other mutations caused single amino acid substitutions in the ligand binding domain. These results suggest that mutations affecting the ligand binding domain of the androgen receptor are the most frequent cause of AIS, although some cases of PAIS may be the result of other, as yet undefined, genetic lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Batch
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Batch JA, Williams DM, Davies HR, Brown BD, Evans BA, Hughes IA, Patterson MN. Role of the androgen receptor in male sexual differentiation. Horm Res 1992; 38:226-9. [PMID: 1307741 DOI: 10.1159/000182548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The two androgens responsible for all aspects of male sexual differentiation are testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. The action of both these steroids is mediated by a specific intracellular receptor, the androgen receptor, which is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. The androgen receptor gene has been cloned and is located on the X chromosome at Xq11-12. Mutations of this gene have been found in subjects with both complete and partial androgen insensitivity. In a study of 27 subjects with the androgen insensitivity syndrome, we have identified mutations in 14, using a rapid mutation screening assay. The same technique has also been used to determine carrier status in an affected family. We have also identified a mutation in two brothers who show perineal hypospadias as the only evidence of undervirilisation. Familial severe hypospadias should therefore be included as part of the phenotypic spectrum of partial androgen insensitivity. The study of naturally occurring mutations of the androgen receptor gene is providing further information on the function of the androgen receptor and its role in normal male sexual differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Batch
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
We have identified a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence from a Xenopus homeo box-containing gene that is the target for a sequence-specific endoribonuclease in vivo. Synthetic RNA transcribed from an allele of the maternal gene Xlhbox2B is efficiently cleaved when injected into Xenopus oocytes. The cleavage sequence lies between the protein-coding region and a 600-base 3'-untranslated region. Intermediates in degradation are readily observed: Both the 5' and 3' products of cleavage are recovered, thus showing that the cleavage activity is an endonuclease. When a 90-base region of the Xlhbox2B sequence is inserted into a second homeo box RNA that is normally stable, it is sufficient to confer an identical cleavage reaction on the hybrid RNA. The cleaved region contains a repeated sequence motif and is cut at multiple sites. Inhibition of translation does not affect the rate or extent of cleavage, while the coinjection of antisense RNA complementary to the 90-base region completely blocks the reaction. Because most mRNAs are not found on polysomes during oogenesis, translation-independent cleavage at such sites may provide a novel post-transcriptional mechanism to regulate the amount of mRNA available for embryogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B D Brown
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hemmati-Brivanlou A, Frank D, Bolce ME, Brown BD, Sive HL, Harland RM. Localization of specific mRNAs in Xenopus embryos by whole-mount in situ hybridization. Development 1990; 110:325-30. [PMID: 1723941 DOI: 10.1242/dev.110.2.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have adapted a non-radioactive technique to detect localized mRNAs in whole-mount Xenopus embryos. Synthetic antisense RNA transcribed in the presence of digoxygenin-UTP is used as a probe and is detected via an anti-digoxygenin antibody. We show that localized mRNAs can be detected from late gastrula to tadpole stages and that high as well as low abundance RNAs can be detected. The method was tested on muscle actin and alpha-globin RNAs, whose localization has previously been characterized. In addition, we used the method to determine the distribution of XA-1 RNA, an anterior ectoderm-specific RNA, which we show is expressed in the periphery of the cement gland as well as in the region of the hatching gland. The sequence of an XA-1 cDNA predicts a protein rich in proline and histidine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Hemmati-Brivanlou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Commissaris RL, McCloskey TC, Damian GM, Brown BD, Barraco RA, Altman HJ. Antagonism of the anti-conflict effects of phenobarbital, but not diazepam, by the A-1 adenosine agonist l-PIA. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1990; 102:283-90. [PMID: 2251328 DOI: 10.1007/bf02244091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the effects of the anxiolytics diazepam and phenobarbital, the A-1 adenosine agonist N6-R-phenylisopropyladenosine (l-PIA), and the A-2 adenosine agonist 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA) on conflict behavior. Water-restricted rats were trained to drink from a tube that was electrified (0.5 mA intensity) on a FI-29s schedule, electrification being signaled by a tone. After 3 weeks of daily 10-min sessions, the animals accepted a stable number of shocks (punished responding) and consumed a consistent volume of water (unpunished responding) per session. Different doses of l-PIA and NECA were then tested separately at weekly intervals. In addition, the effects of diazepam and phenobarbital were determined in animals pretreated with saline, l-PIA, or NECA. Neither l-PIA (15-250 nmole/kg) nor NECA (2.5-20 nmole/kg) produced a significant anti-conflict effect when administered alone. Diazepam (1.25-10 mg/kg) or phenobarbital (10-40 mg/kg) administration to saline-pretreated rats resulted in a dose-dependent increase in punished responding (shocks received) with minimal effects on unpunished responding (water intake). Neither l-PIA nor NECA pretreatment reliably altered the effects of diazepam on conflict behavior. Pretreatment with l-PIA, but not NECA, significantly reduced the anti-conflict effects of phenobarbital on conflict behavior. These data suggest that phenobarbital, but not diazepam, anti-conflict responses may involve interactions with A-1 adenosine receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R L Commissaris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy & AHP, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Affiliation(s)
- B D Brown
- Department of Nursing, Berea College, Kentucky
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
O'Brien PJ, Kalow BI, Brown BD, Lumsden JH, Jacobs RM. Porcine malignant hyperthermia susceptibility: halothane-induced increase in cytoplasmic free calcium in lymphocytes. Am J Vet Res 1989; 50:131-5. [PMID: 2919818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that lymphocytes from swine with susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia (MH) had increased sensitivity to the membrane-perturbing effects of halothane that increase cytoplasmic calcium. Cytoplasmic concentration of ionized calcium in lymphocytes isolated from blood was determined in the presence and absence of halothane for 10 Pietrain x Poland China swine that were susceptible to MH and 20 Yorkshire swine that were resistant to MH. Calcium was determined by dual-emission spectrofluorometry and by measuring the ratio of free to calcium-bound form of the fluorescent calcium dye Indo-1. Mean values for calcium concentrations in lymphocytes from MH-susceptible (MHS) swine were 80% less than control values (40.5 +/- 38.8 and 185.3 +/- 91.6 nmol/L; P less than 0.01). Untreated lymphocytes from MHS swine accumulated calcium at half the rate observed for controls. Exposure to 1 mmol/L halothane resulted in a 3-fold increase of free calcium concentration to 127.9 +/- 81.3 nmol/L in the lymphocytes of MHS swine, but had no significant effect on lymphocytes from control swine (225.0 +/- 91.4; P less than 0.01). Exposure to 2 mmol/L halothane resulted in a 6-fold increase of free calcium concentration to 255.9 +/- 91.4 nmol/L in lymphocytes from MHS swine and a 63% increase in lymphocytes from controls (303.8 +/- 116). The rate of halothane-induced increase in cytosolic calcium was 13 times greater in lymphocytes from MHS swine, compared with controls. These data indicated that the molecular defect that results in halothane-hypersensitivity and is characteristic of muscle of MHS swine also occurs in lymphocytes from MHS swine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P J O'Brien
- Department of Pathology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Lung surfactant was obtained by postmortem lavage from: (A) premature babies: 34 dying acutely within 2 days of birth from Hyaline Membrane Disease (HMD), 20 dying several days after birth with HMD and its consequences, 8 dying from causes other than HMD; (B) mature babies: 24 dying stillborn, 15 dying soon after birth and 16 dying between 2 weeks and 1 year of age with minimal lung pathology. The phospholipid composition of the surfactant was analysed. Compared to the surfactant of babies dying acutely from HMD, that of the babies dying later from HMD contained significantly higher proportions of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and significantly lower proportions of sphingomyelin while that of the mature babies contained significantly higher proportions of PC and phosphatidylglycerol but significantly lower proportions of sphingomyelin and combined phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylserine. The surfactant of premature babies dying of causes other than HMD was similar and intermediate to that of both groups of babies dying from HMD. The PC fraction composition of the surfactant of the babies dying acutely from HMD contained significantly lower proportions of the disaturated fraction than those of the babies dying later from HMD, stillborn babies or mature babies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C M Hill
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, U.K
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
The lung surfactant phospholipid composition of lavage samples from 102 babies dying from Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) (one-third with minor signs of inflammation) was compared with that of: 34 babies dying from Hyaline Membrane Disease (HMD), 15 mature babies dying soon after birth, 16 mature babies dying in the same age range as the sudden infant death syndrome cases, 13 babies dying from pneumonia and 6 from septicaemia. The surfactant of the two groups of babies dying from SIDS was identical and approximated that obtained from babies dying from HMD, pneumonia or septicaemia. Compared to that obtained from mature babies, the surfactant of babies dying from SIDS contained significantly lower proportions of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and significantly higher proportions of lyso-PC and sphingomyelin. The proportion of disaturated PC was similar to that of the surfactant of the age-matched mature babies. The surfactant composition of the babies dying from SIDS did not change appreciably after death nor vary with age at death. The surfactant phospholipid composition of postmortem samples from mature babies was similar to that of aspirates from living babies and infants and to that of bronchoalveolar lavage samples from living adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C M Hill
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, U.K
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Colin AM, Brown BD, Dholakia JN, Woodley CL, Wahba AJ, Hille MB. Evidence for simultaneous derepression of messenger RNA and the guanine nucleotide exchange factor in fertilized sea urchin eggs. Dev Biol 1987; 123:354-63. [PMID: 3653514 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(87)90394-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Translational control was studied in extracts of Lytechinus pictus eggs and zygotes. We showed that neither mRNA nor initiation factors alone limit translation in these lysates; rather they are together rate limiting. Added globin mRNA was translated in egg and zygote lysates but overall protein synthesis did not increase significantly as the added RNA competed with the endogenous message. The lysates mimicked the in vivo response, since microinjection of globin mRNA into L. pictus eggs similarly competed with endogenous mRNAs. A number of translational components were used to determine if they would stimulate protein synthesis in these lysates. The addition of globin polyribosomes increased the level of protein synthesis. The majority of this increase was due to reinitiation of the globin mRNA, and under these conditions the level of endogenous protein synthesis in both egg and zygote extracts did not change. The addition of crude initiation factors alone did not appreciably alter the rate of protein synthesis in the egg lysates. However, in the presence of added mRNA, these initiation factors stimulated translation two- to fourfold. Of all the initiation factors tested, only the guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF, eIF-2B, RF) significantly increased protein synthesis when globin mRNA was present. The addition of an unfractionated initiation factor preparation further stimulated protein synthesis in the presence of added GEF and mRNA, suggesting that a component other than mRNA and GEF was also limiting in these egg lysates. Other initiation factors, including eIF-2, eIF-4A, eIF-4B, and eIF-4F, did not substitute for the component in the unfractionated initiation factor preparation. We propose that alkalinization of the cytoplasm and the subsequent activation of initiation factors and mRNAs contribute to the large stimulation of protein synthesis in echinoid eggs after fertilization. Furthermore, we discuss the possibility that the increase in NADPH at the expense of NAD+, which occurs within 3 min after fertilization, may lead to the activation of GEF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Colin
- Department of Zoology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Blunden AS, Hill CM, Brown BD, Morley CJ. Lung surfactant composition in puppies dying of fading puppy complex. Res Vet Sci 1987; 42:113-8. [PMID: 3823624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The composition of surfactant from the lungs of neonatal puppies dying from 'fadding puppy complex' differs from that of neonates dying from other causes. Surfactant from 'fading puppies' contained significantly less phosphatidylcholine than did the surfactant from other puppies, and therefore abnormal surfactant may be implicated in fading puppy complex. Abnormal surfactant has been implicated in the pathogenesis of sudden infant death syndrome in human infants.
Collapse
|
32
|
|
33
|
Abstract
Jejunal perfusion studies were performed in 12 healthy volunteers to study the effects of 14 and 56 mM glucose on fluid secretion induced by 5 mM glycodeoxycholate on 7 mM oleate. Glucose enhanced water absorption under control conditions and reduced water secretion induced by glycodeoxycholate or oleate (P less than 0.01). As has been observed previously, glycodeoxycholate and oleate inhibited glucose absorption (P less than 0.001) and significant linear relationships existed between net water movement and glucose absorption. Glycodeoxycholate also reduced the absorption of 14 mM arabinose (P less than 0.05) and oleate reduced the absorption of 56 mM mannitol (P less than 0.05). Reduced solute absorption in the presence of glycodeoxycholate and oleate, therefore, cannot be attributed to an effect on active transport alone. The relationships between sodium transport and water absorption varied with the glucose concentration in the perfusion solutions. Similarly, the relationships between glucose absorption and sodium absorption varied with glucose concentration. The data suggest that a significant amount of glucose can be absorbed without concomitant absorption of sodium. The data indicate that glucose absorption can stimulate water absorption directly without the mediation of sodium and that water movement follows glucose at a rate which maintains isotonicity.
Collapse
|
34
|
Pandey GN, Heinze WJ, Brown BD, Davis JM. Electroconvulsive shock treatment decrease beta-adrenergic receptor sensitivity in rat brain. Nature 1979; 280:234-5. [PMID: 221840 DOI: 10.1038/280234a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
35
|
Brown BD, Kafrawy AH, Patterson SS. Studies of Sargenti technique of endodontics--autoradiographic and scanning electron microscope studies. J Endod 1979; 5:13-9. [PMID: 296239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
36
|
|
37
|
Howard AN, Brown BD, Waligora Z, Patelski J. Studies on intravenous phosphatidyl choline preparations; their effects on lipolytic enzymes in the normal rabbit. Biochem Pharmacol 1977; 26:2393-5. [PMID: 597326 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(77)90447-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
38
|
Brown BD. [Idiopathic intestinal lymphangiectasia with hypoproteinemia. Unusual combination of complete diagnosis and ineffective therapy (author's transl)]. Leber Magen Darm 1977; 7:208-10. [PMID: 895324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This case illustrates the difficulties which occasionally are encountered in diagnosing and treating small intestinal diseases. The delay in diagnosis was due to the fact that symptoms started in 1950 but the disease was not described until 11 years later. Once the diagnosis was established, there was an unexplained failure of response to appropriate therapy.
Collapse
|
39
|
Waligora Z, Patelski J, Brown BD, Howard AN. Effect of a hypercholesterolaemic diet and a single injection of polyunsaturated phosphatidyl choline solution on the activities of lipolytic enzymes, acyl-CoA synthetase and acyl-CoA cholesterol acyl-transferase in rabbit tissues. Biochem Pharmacol 1975; 24:2263-7. [PMID: 1218098 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(75)90264-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
40
|
Brunngraber EG, Brown BD, Aro A. Distribution and age-dependent concentration in brain tissue of glycoproteins containing N-acetylgalactosamine. Neurobiology 1975; 5:339-46. [PMID: 1207868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Glycoproteins that yield non-dialyzable, alkali-labile, N-acetylgalactosamine-containing heteropolysaccharides upon proteolytic digestion show a threefold enrichment in white matter relative to gray matter. Approximately 50% of these glycoproteins appear in soluble extracts prepared from rat brain. This distribution contrasts with that of the predominant alkali-stable sialoglycopeptides, which account for 60% of the total brain glycoprotein-carbohydrate. The latter glycopeptides showed a twofold enrichment in gray matter compared with white, and only about 10% of the glycoproteins that yield these glycopeptides could be solubilized by extraction with aqueous solvents. The concentration of the N-acetylgalactosamine-containing glycoproteins in the 3-year-old cerebral gray matter from human brain was respectively 7-15 and 15-30 times greater than in 8- and 72-year-old tissue. Electrophoretic analysis of the non-dialyzable, alkali-stable, acidic glycopeptides that contain NANA, fucose, mannose, galactose, and N-acetylglucosamine, obtained from the microsomal and synaptosomal fractions, revealed that the composition of these glycopeptides in the two fractions was identical.
Collapse
|
41
|
Brown BD. Total security: a "safe prescription" for hospitals. Hosp Forum 1975; 18:5-6. [PMID: 10242034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
|
42
|
Brown BD, Kummer FS. Renovation and expansion of health facilities: control design-construction costs. Hospitals 1974; 48:75-7. [PMID: 4811536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
43
|
|
44
|
Brown BD, Doyon PR. An automatic, electronic food system. Hospitals 1973; 47:63-9. [PMID: 4747871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
45
|
|
46
|
Brown BD. A comparative study of the functionally generated path and techniques utilizing a semi-adjustable articulator in the construction of a fixed bridge. Dent Stud 1972; 50:65 passim. [PMID: 4507886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
47
|
Brunngraber EG, Brown BD, Chang I. Glycoproteins in subacute sclerosing leukoencephalitis: isolation and carbohydrate composition of glycopeptides from human brain. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1971; 30:525-35. [PMID: 5567574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
|
48
|
|
49
|
Brunngraber EG, Aro A, Brown BD. Differential determination of glucosamine, galactosamine, and mannosamine in glycopeptides derived from brain tissue glycoproteins. Clin Chim Acta 1970; 29:333-4. [PMID: 5493189 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(70)90054-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
50
|
Brunngraber EG, Brown BD, Aguilar V. Isolation and determination of non-diffusible sialofucohexosaminoglycans derived from brain glycoproteins and their anatomical distribution in bovine brain. J Neurochem 1969; 16:1059-70. [PMID: 5796863 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1969.tb05950.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|