1
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Langer S, Weschler CJ, Bekö G, Morrison G, Sjöblom A, Giovanoulis G, Wargocki P, Wang N, Zannoni N, Yang S, Williams J. Squalene Depletion in Skin Following Human Exposure to Ozone under Controlled Chamber Conditions. Environ Sci Technol 2024; 58:6693-6703. [PMID: 38577981 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c09394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
A major component of human skin oil is squalene, a highly unsaturated hydrocarbon that protects the skin from atmospheric oxidants. Skin oil, and thus squalene, is continuously replenished on the skin surface. Squalene is also quickly consumed through reactions with ozone and other oxidants. This study examined the extent of squalene depletion in the skin oils of the forearm of human volunteers after exposure to ozone in a climate chamber. Temperature, relative humidity (RH), skin coverage by clothing, and participants' age were varied in a controlled manner. Concentrations of squalene were determined in skin wipe samples collected before and after ozone exposure. Exposures to ozone resulted in statistically significant decreases in post-exposure squalene concentrations compared to pre-exposure squalene concentrations in the skin wipes when squalene concentrations were normalized by concentrations of co-occurring cholesterol but not by co-occurring pyroglutamic acid (PGA). The rate of squalene loss due to ozonolysis was lower than its replenishment on the skin surface. Within the ranges examined, temperature and RH did not significantly affect the difference between normalized squalene levels in post-samples versus pre-samples. Although not statistically significant, skin coverage and age of the volunteers (three young adults, three seniors, and three teenagers) did appear to impact squalene depletion on the skin surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarka Langer
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Environmental Chemistry, 40014 Göteborg, Sweden
- Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Division Building Services Engineering, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Charles J Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gabriel Bekö
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
- Healthy and Sustainable Built Environment Research Centre, Ajman University, P.O. Box 346 Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Glenn Morrison
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7431, United States
| | - Ann Sjöblom
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Environmental Chemistry, 40014 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Georgios Giovanoulis
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Environmental Chemistry, 40014 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Pawel Wargocki
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nijing Wang
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Nora Zannoni
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Shen Yang
- Human-Oriented Built Environment Lab, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Williams
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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2
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Nassikas NJ, McCormack MC, Ewart G, Balmes JR, Bond TC, Brigham E, Cromar K, Goldstein AH, Hicks A, Hopke PK, Meyer B, Nazaroff WW, Paulin LM, Rice MB, Thurston GD, Turpin BJ, Vance ME, Weschler CJ, Zhang J, Kipen HM. Indoor Air Sources of Outdoor Air Pollution: Health Consequences, Policy, and Recommendations: An Official American Thoracic Society Workshop Report. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2024; 21:365-376. [PMID: 38426826 PMCID: PMC10913763 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.202312-1067st] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Indoor sources of air pollution worsen indoor and outdoor air quality. Thus, identifying and reducing indoor pollutant sources would decrease both indoor and outdoor air pollution, benefit public health, and help address the climate crisis. As outdoor sources come under regulatory control, unregulated indoor sources become a rising percentage of the problem. This American Thoracic Society workshop was convened in 2022 to evaluate this increasing proportion of indoor contributions to outdoor air quality. The workshop was conducted by physicians and scientists, including atmospheric and aerosol scientists, environmental engineers, toxicologists, epidemiologists, regulatory policy experts, and pediatric and adult pulmonologists. Presentations and discussion sessions were centered on 1) the generation and migration of pollutants from indoors to outdoors, 2) the sources and circumstances representing the greatest threat, and 3) effective remedies to reduce the health burden of indoor sources of air pollution. The scope of the workshop was residential and commercial sources of indoor air pollution in the United States. Topics included wood burning, natural gas, cooking, evaporative volatile organic compounds, source apportionment, and regulatory policy. The workshop concluded that indoor sources of air pollution are significant contributors to outdoor air quality and that source control and filtration are the most effective measures to reduce indoor contributions to outdoor air. Interventions should prioritize environmental justice: Households of lower socioeconomic status have higher concentrations of indoor air pollutants from both indoor and outdoor sources. We identify research priorities, potential health benefits, and mitigation actions to consider (e.g., switching from natural gas to electric stoves and transitioning to scent-free consumer products). The workshop committee emphasizes the benefits of combustion-free homes and businesses and recommends economic, legislative, and education strategies aimed at achieving this goal.
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3
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Weschler CJ, Nazaroff WW. Ozone Loss: A Surrogate for the Indoor Concentration of Ozone-Derived Products. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:13569-13578. [PMID: 37639667 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Ozone concentrations tend to be substantially lower indoors than outdoors, largely because of ozone reactions with indoor surfaces. When there are no indoor sources of ozone, a common condition, the net concentration of gaseous products derived from indoor ozone chemistry scales linearly with the difference between outdoor and indoor ozone concentrations, termed "ozone loss." As such, ozone loss is a metric that might be used by epidemiologists to disentangle the adverse health effects of ozone's oxidation products from those of exposure to ozone itself. The present paper examines the characteristics, potential utility, and limitations of the ozone loss concept. We show that for commonly occurring indoor conditions, the ozone loss concentration is directly proportional to the total rate constant for ozone removal on surfaces (ksum) and inversely proportional to the net removal of ozone by air exchange (λ) plus surface reactions (ksum). It follows that the ratio of indoor ozone to ozone loss is equal to the ratio of λ to ksum. Ozone loss is a promising metric for probing potential adverse health effects resulting from exposures to products of indoor ozone chemistry. Notwithstanding its virtues, practitioners using it should be mindful of the limitations discussed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - William W Nazaroff
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1710, United States
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4
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Qu Y, Zou Z, Weschler CJ, Liu Y, Yang X. Quantifying Ozone-Dependent Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds from the Human Body. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:13104-13113. [PMID: 37610659 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Ozone reactions on human body surfaces produce volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that influence indoor air quality. However, the dependence of VOC emissions on the ozone concentration has received limited attention. In this study, we conducted 36 sets of single-person chamber experiments with three volunteers exposed to ozone concentrations ranging from 0 to 32 ppb. Emission fluxes from human body surfaces were measured for 11 targeted skin-oil oxidation products. For the majority of these products, the emission fluxes linearly correlated with ozone concentration, indicating a constant surface yield (moles of VOC emitted per mole of ozone deposited). However, for the second-generation oxidation product 4-oxopentanal, a higher surface yield was observed at higher ozone concentrations. Furthermore, many VOCs have substantial emissions in the absence of ozone. Overall, these results suggest that the complex surface reactions and mass transfer processes involved in ozone-dependent VOC emissions from the human body can be represented using a simplified parametrization based on surface yield and baseline emission flux. Values of these two parameters were quantified for targeted products and estimated for other semiquantified VOC signals, facilitating the inclusion of ozone/skin oil chemistry in indoor air quality models and providing new insights on skin oil chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuekun Qu
- Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziwei Zou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Charles J Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Yingjun Liu
- Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Xudong Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
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5
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He L, Weschler CJ, Zhang Y, Li F, Bergin MH, Black M, Zhang J(J. Ozone Reaction Products Associated with Biomarkers of Cardiorespiratory Pathophysiology. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2023; 207:1243-1246. [PMID: 36701642 PMCID: PMC10161747 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202212-2203le] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Linchen He
- College of Health, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Charles J. Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Marilyn Black
- Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., Marietta, Georgia; and
| | - Junfeng (Jim) Zhang
- Nicholas School of the Environment, and
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China
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6
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Zannoni N, Lakey PSJ, Won Y, Shiraiwa M, Rim D, Weschler CJ, Wang N, Ernle L, Li M, Bekö G, Wargocki P, Williams J. The human oxidation field. Science 2022; 377:1071-1077. [PMID: 36048928 DOI: 10.1126/science.abn0340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxyl (OH) radicals are highly reactive species that can oxidize most pollutant gases. In this study, high concentrations of OH radicals were found when people were exposed to ozone in a climate-controlled chamber. OH concentrations calculated by two methods using measurements of total OH reactivity, speciated alkenes, and oxidation products were consistent with those obtained from a chemically explicit model. Key to establishing this human-induced oxidation field is 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (6-MHO), which forms when ozone reacts with the skin-oil squalene and subsequently generates OH efficiently through gas-phase reaction with ozone. A dynamic model was used to show the spatial extent of the human-generated OH oxidation field and its dependency on ozone influx through ventilation. This finding has implications for the oxidation, lifetime, and perception of chemicals indoors and, ultimately, human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Zannoni
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Youngbo Won
- Department of Architectural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Donghyun Rim
- Department of Architectural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Charles J Weschler
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Environmental and Resource Engineering, DTU Sustain, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.,Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Nijing Wang
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Lisa Ernle
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mengze Li
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Gabriel Bekö
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Environmental and Resource Engineering, DTU Sustain, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Pawel Wargocki
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Environmental and Resource Engineering, DTU Sustain, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jonathan Williams
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany.,Energy, Environment and Water Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
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7
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Nazaroff WW, Weschler CJ. Indoor ozone: Concentrations and influencing factors. Indoor Air 2022; 32:e12942. [PMID: 34609012 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Because people spend most of their time indoors, much of their exposure to ozone occurs in buildings, which are partially protective against outdoor ozone. Measurements in approximately 2000 indoor environments (residences, schools, and offices) show a central tendency for average indoor ozone concentration of 4-6 ppb and an indoor to outdoor concentration ratio of about 25%. Considerable variability in this ratio exists among buildings, as influenced by seven building-associated factors: ozone removal in mechanical ventilation systems, ozone penetration through the building envelope, air-change rates, ozone loss rate on fixed indoor surfaces, ozone loss rate on human occupants, ozone loss by homogeneous reaction with nitrogen oxides, and ozone loss by reaction with gas-phase organics. Among these, the most important are air-change rates, ozone loss rate on fixed indoor surfaces, and, in densely occupied spaces, ozone loss rate on human occupants. Although most indoor ozone originates outdoors and enters with ventilation air, indoor emission sources can materially increase indoor ozone concentrations. Mitigation technologies to reduce indoor ozone concentrations are available or are being investigated. The most mature of these technologies, activated carbon filtration of mechanical ventilation supply air, shows a high modeled health-benefit to cost ratio when applied in densely occupied spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W Nazaroff
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Charles J Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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8
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Abbatt JPD, Morrison GC, Grassian VH, Shiraiwa M, Weschler CJ, Ziemann PJ. How should we define an indoor surface? Indoor Air 2022; 32:e12955. [PMID: 35104002 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Glenn C Morrison
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Vicki H Grassian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Charles J Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Paul J Ziemann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Boulder, Colorado, USA
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9
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Yang S, Licina D, Weschler CJ, Wang N, Zannoni N, Li M, Vanhanen J, Langer S, Wargocki P, Williams J, Bekö G. Ozone Initiates Human-Derived Emission of Nanocluster Aerosols. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:14536-14545. [PMID: 34672572 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nanocluster aerosols (NCAs, particles <3 nm) are important players in driving climate feedbacks and processes that impact human health. This study reports, for the first time, NCA formation when gas-phase ozone reacts with human surfaces. In an occupied climate-controlled chamber, we detected NCA only when ozone was present. NCA emissions were dependent on clothing coverage, occupant age, air temperature, and humidity. Ozone-initiated chemistry with human skin lipids (particularly their primary surface reaction products) is the key mechanism driving NCA emissions, as evidenced by positive correlations with squalene in human skin wipe samples and known gaseous products from ozonolysis of skin lipids. Oxidation by OH radicals, autoxidation reactions, and human-emitted NH3 may also play a role in NCA formation. Such chemical processes are anticipated to generate aerosols of the smallest size (1.18-1.55 nm), whereas larger clusters result from subsequent growth of the smaller aerosols. This study shows that whenever we encounter ozone indoors, where we spend most of our lives, NCAs will be produced in the air around us.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Yang
- Human-Oriented Built Environment Lab, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Dusan Licina
- Human-Oriented Built Environment Lab, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Charles J Weschler
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Nijing Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner Weg 1, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Nora Zannoni
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner Weg 1, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Mengze Li
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner Weg 1, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Joonas Vanhanen
- Airmodus Limited, Erik Palménin Aukio 1, Helsinki FI-00560, Finland
| | - Sarka Langer
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Göteborg SE-400 14, Sweden
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Division of Building Services Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - Pawel Wargocki
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Jonathan Williams
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner Weg 1, Mainz 55128, Germany
- Energy, Environment and Water Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia 2121, Cyprus
| | - Gabriel Bekö
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
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10
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Zannoni N, Li M, Wang N, Ernle L, Bekö G, Wargocki P, Langer S, Weschler CJ, Morrison G, Williams J. Effect of Ozone, Clothing, Temperature, and Humidity on the Total OH Reactivity Emitted from Humans. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:13614-13624. [PMID: 34591444 PMCID: PMC8529706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
People influence indoor air chemistry through their chemical emissions via breath and skin. Previous studies showed that direct measurement of total OH reactivity of human emissions matched that calculated from parallel measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from breath, skin, and the whole body. In this study, we determined, with direct measurements from two independent groups of four adult volunteers, the effect of indoor temperature and humidity, clothing coverage (amount of exposed skin), and indoor ozone concentration on the total OH reactivity of gaseous human emissions. The results show that the measured concentrations of VOCs and ammonia adequately account for the measured total OH reactivity. The total OH reactivity of human emissions was primarily affected by ozone reactions with organic skin-oil constituents and increased with exposed skin surface, higher temperature, and higher humidity. Humans emitted a comparable total mixing ratio of VOCs and ammonia at elevated temperature-low humidity and elevated temperature-high humidity, with relatively low diversity in chemical classes. In contrast, the total OH reactivity increased with higher temperature and higher humidity, with a larger diversity in chemical classes compared to the total mixing ratio. Ozone present, carbonyl compounds were the dominant reactive compounds in all of the reported conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Zannoni
- Atmospheric
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mengze Li
- Atmospheric
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Nijing Wang
- Atmospheric
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Lisa Ernle
- Atmospheric
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Gabriel Bekö
- International
Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Pawel Wargocki
- International
Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sarka Langer
- IVL
Swedish Environmental Research Institute, 41133 Göteborg, Sweden
- Division
of Building Services Engineering, Department of Architecture and Civil
Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Charles J. Weschler
- International
Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
- Environmental
and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Glenn Morrison
- Department
of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global
Public Health, The University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599-7431, United States
| | - Jonathan Williams
- Atmospheric
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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11
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Goldstein AH, Nazaroff WW, Weschler CJ, Williams J. How Do Indoor Environments Affect Air Pollution Exposure? Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:100-108. [PMID: 33284612 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - William W Nazaroff
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Charles J Weschler
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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12
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Eichler CMA, Hubal EAC, Xu Y, Cao J, Bi C, Weschler CJ, Salthammer T, Morrison GC, Koivisto AJ, Zhang Y, Mandin C, Wei W, Blondeau P, Poppendieck D, Liu X, Delmaar CJE, Fantke P, Jolliet O, Shin HM, Diamond ML, Shiraiwa M, Zuend A, Hopke PK, von Goetz N, Kulmala M, Little JC. Assessing Human Exposure to SVOCs in Materials, Products, and Articles: A Modular Mechanistic Framework. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:25-43. [PMID: 33319994 PMCID: PMC7877794 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A critical review of the current state of knowledge of chemical emissions from indoor sources, partitioning among indoor compartments, and the ensuing indoor exposure leads to a proposal for a modular mechanistic framework for predicting human exposure to semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs). Mechanistically consistent source emission categories include solid, soft, frequent contact, applied, sprayed, and high temperature sources. Environmental compartments are the gas phase, airborne particles, settled dust, indoor surfaces, and clothing. Identified research needs are the development of dynamic emission models for several of the source emission categories and of estimation strategies for critical model parameters. The modular structure of the framework facilitates subsequent inclusion of new knowledge, other chemical classes of indoor pollutants, and additional mechanistic processes relevant to human exposure indoors. The framework may serve as the foundation for developing an open-source community model to better support collaborative research and improve access for application by stakeholders. Combining exposure estimates derived using this framework with toxicity data for different end points and toxicokinetic mechanisms will accelerate chemical risk prioritization, advance effective chemical management decisions, and protect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara M A Eichler
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Elaine A Cohen Hubal
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jianping Cao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Chenyang Bi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Charles J Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Tunga Salthammer
- Fraunhofer WKI, Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Braunschweig 38108, Germany
| | - Glenn C Morrison
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Antti Joonas Koivisto
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Corinne Mandin
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), Champs sur Marne 77447, France
| | - Wenjuan Wei
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), Champs sur Marne 77447, France
| | - Patrice Blondeau
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Ingénieur pour l'Environnement - LaSIE, Université de La Rochelle, La Rochelle 77447, France
| | - Dustin Poppendieck
- Engineering Lab, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Christiaan J E Delmaar
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Center for Safety of Substances and Products, Bilthoven 3720, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Fantke
- Quantitative Sustainability Assessment, Department of Technology, Management and Economics, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Olivier Jolliet
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Hyeong-Moo Shin
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Miriam L Diamond
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1, Canada
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Andreas Zuend
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A0B9, Canada
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699-5708, United States
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | | | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - John C Little
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
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13
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Wang N, Zannoni N, Ernle L, Bekö G, Wargocki P, Li M, Weschler CJ, Williams J. Total OH Reactivity of Emissions from Humans: In Situ Measurement and Budget Analysis. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:149-159. [PMID: 33295177 PMCID: PMC7788569 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Humans are a potent, mobile source of various volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in indoor environments. Such direct anthropogenic emissions are gaining importance, as those from furnishings and building materials have become better regulated and energy efficient homes may reduce ventilation. While previous studies have characterized human emissions in indoor environments, the question remains whether VOCs remain unidentified by current measuring techniques. In this study conducted in a climate chamber occupied by four people, the total OH reactivity of air was quantified, together with multiple VOCs measured by proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) and fast gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (fast-GC-MS). Whole-body, breath, and dermal emissions were assessed. The comparison of directly measured OH reactivity and that of the summed reactivity of individually measured species revealed no significant shortfall. Ozone exposure (37 ppb) was found to have little influence on breath OH reactivity but enhanced dermal OH reactivity significantly. Without ozone, the whole-body OH reactivity was dominated by breath emissions, mostly isoprene (76%). With ozone present, OH reactivity nearly doubled, with the increase being mainly caused by dermal emissions of mostly carbonyl compounds (57%). No significant difference in total OH reactivity was observed for different age groups (teenagers/young adults/seniors) without ozone. With ozone present, the total OH reactivity decreased slightly with increasing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nijing Wang
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Nora Zannoni
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Lisa Ernle
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Gabriel Bekö
- International
Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Pawel Wargocki
- International
Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Mengze Li
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Charles J. Weschler
- International
Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
- Environmental
and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Jonathan Williams
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
- The
Cyprus Institute, Nicosia 2121, Cyprus
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14
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Bekö G, Wargocki P, Wang N, Li M, Weschler CJ, Morrison G, Langer S, Ernle L, Licina D, Yang S, Zannoni N, Williams J. The Indoor Chemical Human Emissions and Reactivity (ICHEAR) project: Overview of experimental methodology and preliminary results. Indoor Air 2020; 30:1213-1228. [PMID: 32424858 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
With the gradual reduction of emissions from building products, emissions from human occupants become more dominant indoors. The impact of human emissions on indoor air quality is inadequately understood. The aim of the Indoor Chemical Human Emissions and Reactivity (ICHEAR) project was to examine the impact on indoor air chemistry of whole-body, exhaled, and dermally emitted human bioeffluents under different conditions comprising human factors (t-shirts/shorts vs long-sleeve shirts/pants; age: teenagers, young adults, and seniors) and a variety of environmental factors (moderate vs high air temperature; low vs high relative humidity; presence vs absence of ozone). A series of human subject experiments were performed in a well-controlled stainless steel climate chamber. State-of-the-art measurement technologies were used to quantify the volatile organic compounds emitted by humans and their total OH reactivity; ammonia, nanoparticle, fluorescent biological aerosol particle (FBAP), and microbial emissions; and skin surface chemistry. This paper presents the design of the project, its methodologies, and preliminary results, comparing identical measurements performed with five groups, each composed of 4 volunteers (2 males and 2 females). The volunteers wore identical laundered new clothes and were asked to use the same set of fragrance-free personal care products. They occupied the ozone-free (<2 ppb) chamber for 3 hours (morning) and then left for a 10-min lunch break. Ozone (target concentration in occupied chamber ~35 ppb) was introduced 10 minutes after the volunteers returned to the chamber, and the measurements continued for another 2.5 hours. Under a given ozone condition, relatively small differences were observed in the steady-state concentrations of geranyl acetone, 6MHO, and 4OPA between the five groups. Larger variability was observed for acetone and isoprene. The absence or presence of ozone significantly influenced the steady-state concentrations of acetone, geranyl acetone, 6MHO, and 4OPA. Results of replicate experiments demonstrate the robustness of the experiments. Higher repeatability was achieved for dermally emitted compounds and their reaction products than for constituents of exhaled breath.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Bekö
- Department of Civil Engineering, International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Pawel Wargocki
- Department of Civil Engineering, International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nijing Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mengze Li
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Charles J Weschler
- Department of Civil Engineering, International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Glenn Morrison
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sarka Langer
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Göteborg, Sweden
- Division of Building Services Engineering, Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Lisa Ernle
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dusan Licina
- Human-Oriented Built Environment Laboratory, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Shen Yang
- Human-Oriented Built Environment Laboratory, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Nora Zannoni
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
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15
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Abstract
Numerous acids and bases influence indoor air quality. The most abundant of these species are CO2 (acidic) and NH3 (basic), both emitted by building occupants. Other prominent inorganic acids are HNO3 , HONO, SO2 , H2 SO4 , HCl, and HOCl. Prominent organic acids include formic, acetic, and lactic; nicotine is a noteworthy organic base. Sources of N-, S-, and Cl-containing acids can include ventilation from outdoors, indoor combustion, consumer product use, and chemical reactions. Organic acids are commonly more abundant indoors than outdoors, with indoor sources including occupants, wood, and cooking. Beyond NH3 and nicotine, other noteworthy bases include inorganic and organic amines. Acids and bases partition indoors among the gas-phase, airborne particles, bulk water, and surfaces; relevant thermodynamic parameters governing the partitioning are the acid-dissociation constant (Ka ), Henry's law constant (KH ), and the octanol-air partition coefficient (Koa ). Condensed-phase water strongly influences the fate of indoor acids and bases and is also a medium for chemical interactions. Indoor surfaces can be large reservoirs of acids and bases. This extensive review of the state of knowledge establishes a foundation for future inquiry to better understand how acids and bases influence the suitability of indoor environments for occupants, cultural artifacts, and sensitive equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W Nazaroff
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Charles J Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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16
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Eftekhari A, Frederiksen H, Andersson AM, Weschler CJ, Morrison G. Predicting Transdermal Uptake of Phthalates and a Paraben from Cosmetic Cream Using the Measured Fugacity. Environ Sci Technol 2020; 54:7471-7484. [PMID: 32432857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c01503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Transdermal uptake models compliment in vitro and in vivo experiments in assessing risk of environmental exposures to semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs). A key parameter for mechanistic models is the chemical driving force for mass transfer from environmental media to human skin. In this research, we measure this driving force in the form of fugacity for chemicals in cosmetic cream and use it to model uptake from cosmetics as a surrogate for condensed environmental media. A simple cosmetic cream, containing no target analytes, was mixed with diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), and butyl paraben (BP) and diluted to make creams with concentrations ranging from 0.025% to 6%. The fugacity, relative to the pure compound, was measured using solid-phase micro extraction (SPME). We found that the relationship between the concentration and fugacity is highly nonlinear. The relative fugacity of the chemicals for a 2% w/w formulation was used in a diffusion-based model to predict transdermal uptake of each chemical and was compared with excretion data from a prior human subject study with the same formulation. Dynamic simulations of excretion are generally consistent with the results of the human subject experiment but sensitive to the input parameters, especially the time between cream application and showering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azin Eftekhari
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27516, United States
| | - Hanne Frederiksen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction and International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna-Maria Andersson
- Department of Growth and Reproduction and International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charles J Weschler
- International Center for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Glenn Morrison
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27516, United States
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17
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Li M, Weschler CJ, Bekö G, Wargocki P, Lucic G, Williams J. Human Ammonia Emission Rates under Various Indoor Environmental Conditions. Environ Sci Technol 2020; 54:5419-5428. [PMID: 32233434 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3) is typically present at higher concentrations in indoor air (∼10-70 ppb) than in outdoor air (∼50 ppt to 5 ppb). It is the dominant neutralizer of acidic species in indoor environments, strongly influencing the partitioning of gaseous acidic and basic species to aerosols, surface films, and bulk water. We have measured NH3 emissions from humans in an environmentally controlled chamber. A series of experiments, each with four volunteers, quantified NH3 emissions as a function of temperature (25.1-32.6 °C), clothing (long-sleeved shirts/pants or T-shirts/shorts), age (teenagers, adults, and seniors), relative humidity (low or high), and ozone (<2 ppb or ∼35 ppb). Higher temperature and more skin exposure (T-shirts/shorts) significantly increased emission rates. For adults and seniors (long clothing), NH3 emissions are estimated to be 0.4 mg h-1 person-1 at 25 °C, 0.8 mg h-1 person-1 at 27 °C, and 1.4 mg h-1 person-1 at 29 °C, based on the temperature relationship observed in this study. Human NH3 emissions are sufficient to neutralize the acidifying impacts of human CO2 emissions. Results from this study can be used to more accurately model indoor and inner-city outdoor NH3 concentrations and associated chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengze Li
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Charles J Weschler
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Gabriel Bekö
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Pawel Wargocki
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Gregor Lucic
- Picarro Inc., 3105 Patrick Henry Drive, Santa Clara, California 95054, United States
| | - Jonathan Williams
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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18
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Yao M, Weschler CJ, Zhao B, Zhang L, Ma R. Breathing-rate adjusted population exposure to ozone and its oxidation products in 333 cities in China. Environ Int 2020; 138:105617. [PMID: 32155513 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
While PM2.5 (particles with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 µm) concentrations in China are beginning to decline because of pollution abatement measures, ozone (O3) concentrations continue to rise. In this study, we have used a Monte Carlo approach to estimate breathing-rate adjusted (BRA) population exposure to ozone and its oxidation products based on hourly O3 measurements collected in 2017 from monitoring stations in 333 Chinese cities. The median measured outdoor O3 concentration in these cities was 31 ppb, while the median calculated indoor concentrations of ozone and ozone-derived oxidation products were 7.5 ppb and 21 ppb, respectively. The median BRA O3 exposure concentration was 12 ppb, ranging from 2.2 ppb to 18 ppb among the cities. Eastern and central cities had higher exposure concentrations, while northeastern and western cities had lower. On average, the residents of these cities spent 88% of their time indoors. Consequently, even with breathing rate adjustments, indoor O3 exposure averaged 50% of the total O3 exposure nationwide. The median BRA exposure concentration for ozone-derived products was 18 ppb, ranging from 4.5 ppb to 32 ppb among the cities. On average, BRA exposure concentrations were 1.6 times larger for oxidation products than for ozone, while seasonal variations of exposure concentrations were smaller for oxidation products than for ozone. As many of the products of indoor ozone chemistry are toxic, the health consequences of exposure to such products should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyao Yao
- Department of Building Science, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Charles J Weschler
- Department of Building Science, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Building Science, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Lin Zhang
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, China
| | - Rui Ma
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, China
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19
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Salvador CM, Bekö G, Weschler CJ, Morrison G, Le Breton M, Hallquist M, Ekberg L, Langer S. Indoor ozone/human chemistry and ventilation strategies. Indoor Air 2019; 29:913-925. [PMID: 31420890 PMCID: PMC6856811 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to better understand and quantify the influence of ventilation strategies on occupant-related indoor air chemistry. The oxidation of human skin oil constituents was studied in a continuously ventilated climate chamber at two air exchange rates (1 h-1 and 3 h-1 ) and two initial ozone mixing ratios (30 and 60 ppb). Additional measurements were performed to investigate the effect of intermittent ventilation ("off" followed by "on"). Soiled t-shirts were used to simulate the presence of occupants. A time-of-flight-chemical ionization mass spectrometer (ToF-CIMS) in positive mode using protonated water clusters was used to measure the oxygenated reaction products geranyl acetone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (6-MHO) and 4-oxopentanal (4-OPA). The measurement data were used in a series of mass balance models accounting for formation and removal processes. Reactions of ozone with squalene occurring on the surface of the t-shirts are mass transport limited; ventilation rate has only a small effect on this surface chemistry. Ozone-squalene reactions on the t-shirts produced gas-phase geranyl acetone, which was subsequently removed almost equally by ventilation and further reaction with ozone. About 70% of gas-phase 6-MHO was produced in surface reactions on the t-shirts, the remainder in secondary gas-phase reactions of ozone with geranyl acetone. 6-MHO was primarily removed by ventilation, while further reaction with ozone was responsible for about a third of its removal. 4-OPA was formed primarily on the surfaces of the shirts (~60%); gas-phase reactions of ozone with geranyl acetone and 6-MHO accounted for ~30% and ~10%, respectively. 4-OPA was removed entirely by ventilation. The results from the intermittent ventilation scenarios showed delayed formation of the reaction products and lower product concentrations compared to continuous ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Mark Salvador
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular BiologyAtmospheric SciencesUniversity of GöteborgGöteborgSweden
| | - Gabriel Bekö
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and EnergyDepartment of Civil EngineeringTechnical University of DenmarkLyngbyDenmark
| | - Charles J. Weschler
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and EnergyDepartment of Civil EngineeringTechnical University of DenmarkLyngbyDenmark
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences InstituteRutgers UniversityPiscatawayNJUSA
| | - Glenn Morrison
- Department of Environmental Sciences and EngineeringGillings School of Global Public HealthThe University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Michael Le Breton
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular BiologyAtmospheric SciencesUniversity of GöteborgGöteborgSweden
- Present address:
Volvo Group Trucks and Technology Method and Technical DevelopmentGöteborgSweden
| | - Mattias Hallquist
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular BiologyAtmospheric SciencesUniversity of GöteborgGöteborgSweden
| | - Lars Ekberg
- CIT Energy Management ABGöteborgSweden
- Division of Building Services EngineeringDepartment of Architecture and Civil EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologyGöteborgSweden
| | - Sarka Langer
- Division of Building Services EngineeringDepartment of Architecture and Civil EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologyGöteborgSweden
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research InstituteGöteborgSweden
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20
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Bope A, Haines SR, Hegarty B, Weschler CJ, Peccia J, Dannemiller KC. Degradation of phthalate esters in floor dust at elevated relative humidity. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2019; 21:1268-1279. [PMID: 30944918 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00050j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Emerging investigator series: Phthalate esters are present at elevated concentrations in floor dust, and resuspension of dust represents a major source for human exposure to chemicals. Biodegradation of phthalates occurs in aquatic systems and soils but has not been demonstrated in house dust. The goal of this study was to quantify indoor phthalate ester degradation through both biotic and abiotic mechanisms. Worn carpet squares were embedded with dust and incubated for one to six weeks at equilibrium relative humidity (ERH) levels of 50, 80, 85, 90, 95, and 100%, and nine phthalates were measured. Removal was observed for DEHP, BBzP, DINP, DiDP, and DMP (p < 0.05) when incubated under elevated relative humidity conditions. Abiotic and biotic losses were examined separately using dust spiked with deuterated di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (d-DEHP) that was embedded in carpet and incubated at 100% ERH. Abiotic processes resulted in a 10.1% (±1.1%, standard error) to 69.6% (±4.8%) decrease in total d-DEHP after one week (p = 0.03) and a 27.2% (±1.4%) to 52.0% (±2.1%) decrease after three weeks (p = 0.008). Biodegradation resulted in a decrease in total d-DEHP after one week, ranging from 5.9% (±8.9%) to 8.5% (±1.7%) (p = 0.07) and a 1.7% (±3.9%) to 10.3% (±4.5%) decrease after three weeks (p = 0.044). Metatranscriptomic-based analysis indicates that fungi found in carpet dust express genes capable of degrading phthalate esters via various biochemical processes (including β-oxidation and hydrolysis). Overall, these results support the hypothesis that phthalate losses in floor dust are due to a combination of abiotic and microbial degradation at ≥80% ERH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh Bope
- Department of Civil, Environmental & Geodetic Engineering, Environmental Health Sciences, College of Engineering, Ohio State University, 470 Hitchcock Hall, 2070 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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21
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Xiang J, Weschler CJ, Zhang J, Zhang L, Sun Z, Duan X, Zhang Y. Ozone in urban China: Impact on mortalities and approaches for establishing indoor guideline concentrations. Indoor Air 2019; 29:604-615. [PMID: 31077433 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Reducing indoor ozone levels may be an effective strategy to reduce total exposure and associated mortality. Here we estimate (a) premature mortalities attributable to ozone for China's urban population ≥25 years of age; (b) the fraction of total exposure occurring indoors; and (c) mortalities that can be potentially avoided through meeting current and more stringent indoor ozone standards/guidelines based on 1-hour daily maxima. To estimate ozone-attributable premature mortalities, we used hourly outdoor ozone concentrations measured at 1497 monitoring stations located in 339 Chinese cities and a published concentration-response model. We proceeded to estimate province-specific infiltration factors and co-occurring hourly indoor ozone concentrations. For the year 2015, we estimated that indoor exposures accounted for 59% (95% confidence interval (CI): 26%-79%) of the total ozone exposure that resulted in 70800 (95% CI: 35 900-137 700) premature all-cause mortalities in urban China. If the current Chinese indoor ozone standards (80 ppbv (160 µg/m3 ); 56 ppbv (112 µg/m3 )) were met, the mean estimates of reduction in mortalities would be indistinguishable from zero. With stricter 1-hour indoor ozone guidelines, the expected mortality reductions increase exponentially per unit decrease in indoor ozone. The analysis in this paper should help facilitate formulating present and future indoor ozone guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbang Xiang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Charles J Weschler
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- Global Health Institute and the Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- Global and Environmental Health, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoli Duan
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
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22
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Abstract
A growing body of evidence identifies clothing as an important mediator of human exposure to chemicals and particles, which may have public health significance. This paper reviews and critically assesses the state of knowledge regarding how clothing, during wear, influences exposure to molecular chemicals, abiotic particles, and biotic particles, including microbes and allergens. The underlying processes that govern the acquisition, retention, and transmission of clothing-associated contaminants and the consequences of these for subsequent exposures are explored. Chemicals of concern have been identified in clothing, including byproducts of their manufacture and chemicals that adhere to clothing during use and care. Analogously, clothing acts as a reservoir for biotic and abiotic particles acquired from occupational and environmental sources. Evidence suggests that while clothing can be protective by acting as a physical or chemical barrier, clothing-mediated exposures can be substantial in certain circumstances and may have adverse health consequences. This complex process is influenced by the type and history of the clothing; the nature of the contaminant; and by wear, care, and storage practices. Future research efforts are warranted to better quantify, predict, and control clothing-related exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusan Licina
- Human-Oriented Built Environment Lab, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering , École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , CH-1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Glenn C Morrison
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health , The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Gabriel Bekö
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering , Technical University of Denmark , Lyngby 2800 , Denmark
| | - Charles J Weschler
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering , Technical University of Denmark , Lyngby 2800 , Denmark
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute , Rutgers University , Piscataway , New Jersey 08901 , United States
| | - William W Nazaroff
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720-1710 , United States
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Xiang J, Weschler CJ, Wang Q, Zhang L, Mo J, Ma R, Zhang J, Zhang Y. Reducing Indoor Levels of "Outdoor PM 2.5" in Urban China: Impact on Mortalities. Environ Sci Technol 2019; 53:3119-3127. [PMID: 30794390 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b06878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This study estimates adult mortalities attributed to PM2.5 across urban China in 2015 and the corresponding mortalities that might be avoided by meeting the yearly averaged indoor PM2.5 threshold in the newly established Assessment Standard for Healthy Building (ASHB) and seven other potential thresholds. We use outdoor PM2.5 concentrations from ∼1500 monitoring sites in 339 Chinese cities, coupled with a detailed exposure model, to estimate outdoor and indoor exposures to PM2.5 originating outdoors. We proceed to calculate premature mortality attributable to PM2.5 exposure using an integrated exposure-response model. Results indicate that indoor exposures accounted for 66%-87% of total exposure to PM2.5 of outdoor origin and 81% (95% confidence interval (CI), 71%-87%), i.e., 316 000 (95% CI, 176 000-435 000), of the 389 000 (95% CI, 245 000-501 000) mortalities attributable to "outdoor PM2.5" for the urban population ≥25 years of age in China in 2015. Potentially 14 000 (95% CI, 8000-20 000) deaths might be avoided if indoor PM2.5 of outdoor origin met the ASHB guideline of 35 μg/m3 for annual mean indoor PM2.5, and 162 000 (95% CI, 79 000-237 000) deaths might be avoided by meeting a 10 μg/m3 threshold. The analysis in this work should be helpful in formulating indoor air quality policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbang Xiang
- Department of Building Science , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
| | - Charles J Weschler
- Department of Building Science , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute , Rutgers University , Piscataway , New Jersey 08854 , United States
| | - Qingqin Wang
- China Academy of Building Research , Beijing 100013 , P. R. China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Electronic Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute , Tsinghua University , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518071 , P. R. China
| | - Jinhan Mo
- Department of Building Science , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
| | - Rui Ma
- Department of Electronic Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- Global Health Institute and the Nicholas School of Environment , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina 27708 , United States
- Global and Environmental Health , Duke Kunshan University , Kunshan , Jiangsu 215316 , P. R. China
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
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Day DB, Clyde MA, Xiang J, Li F, Cui X, Mo J, Gong J, Weschler CJ, Zhang Y, Zhang JJ. Age modification of ozone associations with cardiovascular disease risk in adults: a potential role for soluble P-selectin and blood pressure. J Thorac Dis 2018; 10:4643-4652. [PMID: 30174917 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2018.06.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Studies have suggested that age increases susceptibility to ozone-associated mortality, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. In a previous study, personal exposure to ozone was significantly associated with a platelet activation biomarker, plasma soluble P-selectin (sCD62P), and blood pressure in 89 healthy adults, aged 22-52 years. The present study examines whether age modifies these associations in the same adults and in additional adults. Methods Interaction terms of age and exposure were analyzed using hierarchical Bayesian mixed effects ridge regressions. Data from a similar additional study involving 71 healthy participants, aged 19-26 years, were pooled with the data from the first study to evaluate age effect modification when more young adults were added to the analysis. Results In the 89 adults, significant age interactions were observed for past 24-hour and 2-week ozone exposures and sCD62P. Based on the pooled data (89 plus 71 adults), a 10 ppb increase in 24-hour ozone exposure was associated with increases in sCD62P and systolic blood pressure (SBP) by 22.3% (95% CI: 14.3%, 31.2%) and 1.35 (-0.18, 2.84) mmHg, respectively, at age 25; these values increased to 48.6% (32.7%, 65.1%) and 4.98 (2.56, 7.35) mmHg, respectively, at age 40. Conclusions These results mechanistically suggest that increasing age enhances cardiovascular effects of ozone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew B Day
- Global Health Institute and Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Merlise A Clyde
- Department of Statistical Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jianbang Xiang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xiaoxing Cui
- Global Health Institute and Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jinhan Mo
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jicheng Gong
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering and Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Charles J Weschler
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing 100084, China.,Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Junfeng Jim Zhang
- Global Health Institute and Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering and Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan 215347, China
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25
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Salthammer T, Zhang Y, Mo J, Koch HM, Weschler CJ. Erfassung der Humanexposition mit organischen Verbindungen in Innenraumumgebungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201711023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tunga Salthammer
- Fachbereich Materialanalytik und Innenluftchemie; Fraunhofer WKI; 38108 Braunschweig Bienroder Weg 54E Deutschland
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science; Tsinghua University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control; Beijing 100084 PR China
| | - Jinhan Mo
- Department of Building Science; Tsinghua University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control; Beijing 100084 PR China
| | - Holger M. Koch
- Institut für Prävention und Arbeitsmedizin der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (IPA); Institut der Ruhr-Universität Bochum; 44789 Bochum Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1 Deutschland
| | - Charles J. Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI); Rutgers University; 170 Frelinghuysen Road Piscataway NJ 08854 USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Tunga Salthammer
- Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry; Fraunhofer WKI; 38108 Braunschweig Bienroder Weg 54E Germany
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science; Tsinghua University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control; Beijing 100084 PR China
| | - Jinhan Mo
- Department of Building Science; Tsinghua University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control; Beijing 100084 PR China
| | - Holger M. Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA); Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum; 44789 Bochum Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1 Germany
| | - Charles J. Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI); Rutgers University; 170 Frelinghuysen Road Piscataway NJ 08854 USA
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27
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Cui X, Li F, Xiang J, Fang L, Chung MK, Day DB, Mo J, Weschler CJ, Gong J, He L, Zhu D, Lu C, Han H, Zhang Y, Zhang JJ. Cardiopulmonary effects of overnight indoor air filtration in healthy non-smoking adults: A double-blind randomized crossover study. Environ Int 2018; 114:27-36. [PMID: 29475121 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than 90% of the world's population lives in areas where outdoor air pollution levels exceed health-based limits. In these areas, individuals may use indoor air filtration, often on a sporadic basis, in their residences to reduce exposure to respirable particles (PM2.5). Whether this intervention can lead to improvements in health outcomes has not been evaluated. METHODS Seventy non-smoking healthy adults, aged 19 to 26 years, received both true and sham indoor air filtration in a double-blinded randomized crossover study. Each filtration session was approximately 13 h long. True and sham filtration sessions were separated by a two-week washout interval. The study was carried out in a suburb of Shanghai. RESULTS During the study period, outdoor PM2.5 concentrations ranged from 18.6 to 106.9 μg/m3, which overlapped with levels measured in Western Europe and North America. Compared to sham filtration, true filtration on average decreased indoor PM2.5 concentration by 72.4% to 10.0 μg/m3 and particle number concentration by 59.2% to 2316/cm3. For lung function measured immediately after the end of filtration, true filtration significantly lowered airway impedance at 5 Hz (Z5) by 7.1% [95% CI: 2.4%, 11.9%], airway resistance at 5 Hz (R5) by 7.4% [95% CI: 2.4%, 12.5%], and small airway resistance (R5-R20) by 20.3% [95% CI: 0.1%, 40.5%], reflecting improved airway mechanics especially for the small airways. However, no significant improvements for spirometry indicators (FEV1, FVC) were observed. True filtration also significantly lowered von Willebrand factor (VWF) by 26.9% [95% CI: 7.3%, 46.4%] 24 h after the end of filtration, indicating reduced risk for thrombosis. Stratified analysis in male and female participants showed that true filtration significantly decreased pulse pressure by 3.3% [95% CI: 0.8%, 7.4%] in females, and significantly reduced VWF by 42.4% [95% CI: 17.4%, 67.4%] and interleukin-6 by 22.6% [95% CI: 0.4%, 44.9%] in males. Effect modification analyses indicated that filtration effects in male and female participants were not significantly different. CONCLUSION A single overnight residential air filtration, capable of reducing indoor particle concentrations substantially, can lead to improved airway mechanics and reduced thrombosis risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxing Cui
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA.
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China.
| | - Jianbang Xiang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Lin Fang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Ming Kei Chung
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu Province 215316, China.
| | - Drew B Day
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA; Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| | - Jinhan Mo
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Charles J Weschler
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing 100084, China; Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Jicheng Gong
- Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Linchen He
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA.
| | - Dong Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Chengjian Lu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Hailong Han
- Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Junfeng Jim Zhang
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA; Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu Province 215316, China; Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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28
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Day DB, Xiang J, Mo J, Clyde MA, Weschler CJ, Li F, Gong J, Chung M, Zhang Y, Zhang J(J. Combined use of an electrostatic precipitator and a high-efficiency particulate air filter in building ventilation systems: Effects on cardiorespiratory health indicators in healthy adults. Indoor Air 2018; 28:360-372. [PMID: 29288500 PMCID: PMC5903943 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filtration in combination with an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) can be a cost-effective approach to reducing indoor particulate exposure, but ESPs produce ozone. The health effect of combined ESP-HEPA filtration has not been examined. We conducted an intervention study in 89 volunteers. At baseline, the air-handling units of offices and residences for all subjects were comprised of coarse, ESP, and HEPA filtration. During the 5-week long intervention, the subjects were split into 2 groups, 1 with just the ESP removed and the other with both the ESP and HEPA removed. Each subject was measured for cardiopulmonary risk indicators once at baseline, twice during the intervention, and once 2 weeks after baseline conditions were restored. Measured indoor and outdoor PM2.5 and ozone concentrations, coupled with time-activity data, were used to calculate exposures. Removal of HEPA filters increased 24-hour mean PM2.5 exposure by 38 (95% CI: 31, 45) μg/m3 . Removal of ESPs decreased 24-hour mean ozone exposure by 2.2 (2.0, 2.5) ppb. No biomarkers were significantly associated with HEPA filter removal. In contrast, ESP removal was associated with a -16.1% (-21.5%, -10.4%) change in plasma-soluble P-selectin and a -3.0% (-5.1%, -0.8%) change in systolic blood pressure, suggesting reduced cardiovascular risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew B Day
- Global Health Institute and Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Box 90328, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Jianbang Xiang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinhan Mo
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Merlise A Clyde
- Department of Statistical Science, Duke University, 214A Old Chemistry Building, Box 90251, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Charles J Weschler
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing 100084, China
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Room N100, 675 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, China 200080
| | - Jicheng Gong
- Department of Environmental Science, Peking University, 116 Old Geosciences Building, Beijing, China 100871
| | - Mingkei Chung
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, 10 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Junfeng (Jim) Zhang
- Global Health Institute and Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Box 90328, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Department of Environmental Science, Peking University, 116 Old Geosciences Building, Beijing, China 100871
- Duke Kunshan University, No. 8 Duke Avenue, Kunshan, Jiangsu Province, China 215316
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Abstract
This review aims to encapsulate the importance, ubiquity, and complexity of indoor chemistry. We discuss the many sources of indoor air pollutants and summarize their chemical reactions in the air and on surfaces. We also summarize some of the known impacts of human occupants, who act as sources and sinks of indoor chemicals, and whose activities (e.g., cooking, cleaning, smoking) can lead to extremely high pollutant concentrations. As we begin to use increasingly sensitive and selective instrumentation indoors, we are learning more about chemistry in this relatively understudied environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute , Rutgers University , Piscataway , New Jersey 08854 , United States
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering , Technical University of Denmark , Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Nicola Carslaw
- Environment Department , University of York , York , North Yorkshire YO10 5NG , U.K
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30
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Bekö G, Morrison G, Weschler CJ, Koch HM, Pälmke C, Salthammer T, Schripp T, Eftekhari A, Toftum J, Clausen G. Dermal uptake of nicotine from air and clothing: Experimental verification. Indoor Air 2018; 28:247-257. [PMID: 29095533 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to elucidate in greater detail the dermal uptake of nicotine from air or from nicotine-exposed clothes, which was demonstrated recently in a preliminary study. Six non-smoking participants were exposed to gaseous nicotine (between 236 and 304 μg/m3 ) over 5 hours while breathing clean air through a hood. Four of the participants wore only shorts and 2 wore a set of clean clothes. One week later, 2 of the bare-skinned participants were again exposed in the chamber, but they showered immediately after exposure instead of the following morning. The 2 participants who wore clean clothes on week 1 were now exposed wearing a set of clothes that had been exposed to nicotine. All urine was collected for 84 hours after exposure and analyzed for nicotine and its metabolites, cotinine and 3OH-cotinine. All participants except those wearing fresh clothes excreted substantial amounts of biomarkers, comparable to levels expected from inhalation intake. Uptake for 1 participant wearing exposed clothes exceeded estimated intake via inhalation by >50%. Biomarker excretion continued during the entire urine collection period, indicating that nicotine accumulates in the skin and is released over several days. Absorbed nicotine was significantly lower after showering in 1 subject but not the other. Differences in the normalized uptakes and in the excretion patterns were observed among the participants. The observed cotinine half-lives suggest that non-smokers exposed to airborne nicotine may receive a substantial fraction through the dermal pathway. Washing skin and clothes exposed to nicotine may meaningfully decrease exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bekö
- Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - G Morrison
- Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA
| | - C J Weschler
- Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - H M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - C Pälmke
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | | | - T Schripp
- Fraunhofer WKI, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - A Eftekhari
- Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA
| | - J Toftum
- Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - G Clausen
- Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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31
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Weisel CP, Fiedler N, Weschler CJ, Ohman-Strickland P, Mohan KR, McNeil K, Space D. Human symptom responses to bioeffluents, short-chain carbonyls/acids, and long-chain carbonyls in a simulated aircraft cabin environment. Indoor Air 2017; 27:1154-1167. [PMID: 28440000 PMCID: PMC5638674 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Occupants of aircraft have reported an array of symptoms related to general discomfort and irritation. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been suggested to contribute to the reported symptoms. VOCs are from products used, bioeffluents from people and oxidation reaction products. Thirty-six healthy, young female subjects rated symptoms and environmental quality during an eight-hour exposure to groups of compounds often present in aircraft: (i) long-chain carbonyls, (ii) simulated bioeffluents, and (iii) short-chain carbonyls/organic acids. Statistically more symptoms were identified for the simulated bioeffluents and, to a lesser extent, short-chain carbonyls/organic acids compared to a control condition, although they remained in the acceptable range. There were three temporal patterns in the environmental quality and symptom reports: (i) an adaptive response (immediate increases followed by a decline); (ii) an apparent physiological effect (increases one to three hours into the exposure that remained elevated); and (iii) no statistical differences in reported environmental quality or symptom severity compared to the control air conditions. Typical concentrations found in aircraft can cause transitory symptoms in healthy individuals questioning the adequacy of current standards. Understanding the effects on individuals sensitive to air pollutants and methods to remove the compounds causing the greatest symptom responses are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford P. Weisel
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
- Corresponding Author:
| | - Nancy Fiedler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Charles J. Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Pamela Ohman-Strickland
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Krishnan R. Mohan
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Kathy McNeil
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - David Space
- Environmental Control Systems, Boeing Commercial Aircraft Group, Seattle, WA 98203
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Lorber M, Weschler CJ, Morrison G, Bekö G, Gong M, Koch HM, Salthammer T, Schripp T, Toftum J, Clausen G. Linking a dermal permeation and an inhalation model to a simple pharmacokinetic model to study airborne exposure to di(n-butyl) phthalate. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2017; 27:601-609. [PMID: 27531370 PMCID: PMC5658674 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2016.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Six males clad only in shorts were exposed to high levels of airborne di(n-butyl) phthalate (DnBP) and diethyl phthalate (DEP) in chamber experiments conducted in 2014. In two 6 h sessions, the subjects were exposed only dermally while breathing clean air from a hood, and both dermally and via inhalation when exposed without a hood. Full urine samples were taken before, during, and for 48 h after leaving the chamber and measured for key DnBP and DEP metabolites. The data clearly demonstrated high levels of DnBP and DEP metabolite excretions while in the chamber and during the first 24 h once leaving the chamber under both conditions. The data for DnBP were used in a modeling exercise linking dose models for inhalation and transdermal permeation with a simple pharmacokinetic model that predicted timing and mass of metabolite excretions. These models were developed and calibrated independent of these experiments. Tests included modeling of the "hood-on" (transdermal penetration only), "hood-off" (both inhalation and transdermal) scenarios, and a derived "inhalation-only" scenario. Results showed that the linked model tended to duplicate the pattern of excretion with regard to timing of peaks, decline of concentrations over time, and the ratio of DnBP metabolites. However, the transdermal model tended to overpredict penetration of DnBP such that predictions of metabolite excretions were between 1.1 and 4.5 times higher than the cumulative excretion of DnBP metabolites over the 54 h of the simulation. A similar overprediction was not seen for the "inhalation-only" simulations. Possible explanations and model refinements for these overpredictions are discussed. In a demonstration of the linked model designed to characterize general population exposures to typical airborne indoor concentrations of DnBP in the United States, it was estimated that up to one-quarter of total exposures could be due to inhalation and dermal uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Lorber
- Office of Research and Development, US EPA, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Office of Research and Development, US EPA, NCEA (8623N), 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20460, USA. Tel.: 703 347-8535. Fax: 703 347-8690. E-mail:
| | - Charles J Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Glenn Morrison
- Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri, USA
| | - Gabriel Bekö
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mengyan Gong
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Tunga Salthammer
- Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Fraunhofer WKI, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Tobias Schripp
- Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Fraunhofer WKI, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jørn Toftum
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Geo Clausen
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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33
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Abstract
We present a model for the growth of organic films on impermeable indoor surfaces. The model couples transport through a gas-side boundary layer adjacent to the surface with equilibrium partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) between the gas phase and the surface film. Model predictions indicate that film growth would primarily be influenced by the gas-phase concentration of SVOCs with octanol-air partitioning (Koa ) values in the approximate range 10≤log Koa ≤13. Within the relevant range, SVOCs with lower values will equilibrate with the surface film more rapidly. Over time, the film becomes relatively enriched in species with higher log Koa values, while the proportion of gas-phase SVOCs not in equilibrium with the film decreases. Given stable airborne SVOC concentrations, films grow at faster rates initially and then subsequently diminish to an almost steady growth rate. Once an SVOC is equilibrated with the film, its mass per unit film volume remains constant, while its mass per unit area increases in proportion to overall film thickness. The predictions of the conceptual model and its mathematical embodiment are generally consistent with results reported in the peer-reviewed literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - W W Nazaroff
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Morrison GC, Bekö G, Weschler CJ, Schripp T, Salthammer T, Hill J, Andersson AM, Toftum J, Clausen G, Frederiksen H. Dermal Uptake of Benzophenone-3 from Clothing. Environ Sci Technol 2017; 51:11371-11379. [PMID: 28858503 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Benzophenone-3 (also known as BP-3 or oxybenzone) is added to sunscreens, plastics, and some coatings to filter UV radiation. The suspected endocrine disruptor BP-3 has been detected in the air and settled dust of homes and is expected to redistribute from its original sources to other indoor compartments, including clothing. Given its physical and chemical properties, we hypothesized that dermal uptake from clothing could contribute to the body burden of this compound. First, cotton shirts were exposed to air at an elevated concentration of BP-3 for 32 days; the final air concentration was 4.4 μg/m3. Next, three participants wore the exposed shirts for 3 h. After 3 h of exposure, participants wore their usual clothing during the collection of urine samples for the next 48 h. Urine was analyzed for BP-3, a metabolite (BP-1), and six other UV filters. The rate of urinary excretion of the sum of BP-1 and BP-3 increased for all participants during and following the 3 h of exposure. The summed mass of BP-1 and BP-3 excreted during the first 24 h attributable to wearing exposed t-shirts were 12, 9.9, and 82 μg for participants 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Analysis of these results, coupled with predictions of steady-state models, suggest that dermal uptake of BP-3 from clothing could meaningfully contribute to overall body burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn C Morrison
- Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology , Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Gabriel Bekö
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark , Lyngby, 2800 Denmark
| | - Charles J Weschler
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark , Lyngby, 2800 Denmark
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University , Piscataway, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Tobias Schripp
- Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Fraunhofer WKI , Braunschweig 38108, Germany
- Institute of Combustion Technology, German Aerospace Center , Stuttgart, 70569, Germany
| | - Tunga Salthammer
- Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Fraunhofer WKI , Braunschweig 38108, Germany
| | - Jonathan Hill
- Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology , Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | | | - Jørn Toftum
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark , Lyngby, 2800 Denmark
| | - Geo Clausen
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark , Lyngby, 2800 Denmark
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35
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Day DB, Xiang J, Mo J, Li F, Chung M, Gong J, Weschler CJ, Ohman-Strickland PA, Sundell J, Weng W, Zhang Y, Zhang J(J. Association of Ozone Exposure With Cardiorespiratory Pathophysiologic Mechanisms in Healthy Adults. JAMA Intern Med 2017; 177:1344-1353. [PMID: 28715576 PMCID: PMC5710579 DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.2842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Importance Exposure to ozone has been associated with cardiovascular mortality, but the underlying biological mechanisms are not yet understood. Objective To examine the association between ozone exposure and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic mechanisms. Design, Setting, and Participants A longitudinal study involving 89 healthy adult participants living on a work campus in Changsha City, China, was conducted from December 1, 2014, to January 31, 2015. This unique quasiexperimental setting allowed for better characterization of air pollutant exposure effects because the participants spent most of their time in controlled indoor environments. Concentrations of indoor and outdoor ozone, along with the copollutants particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide, were monitored throughout the study period and then combined with time-activity information and filtration conditions of each residence and office to estimate 24-hour and 2-week combined indoor and outdoor mean exposure concentrations. Associations between each exposure measure and outcome measure were analyzed using single-pollutant and 2-pollutant linear mixed models controlling for ambient temperature, secondhand smoke exposure, and personal-level time-varying covariates. Main Outcomes and Measures Biomarkers indicative of inflammation and oxidative stress, arterial stiffness, blood pressure, thrombotic factors, and spirometry were measured at 4 sessions. Results Of the 89 participants, 25 (28%) were women and the mean (SD) age was 31.5 (7.6) years. The 24-hour ozone exposure concentrations ranged from 1.4 to 19.4 parts per billion (ppb), corresponding to outdoor concentrations ranging from 4.3 to 47.9 ppb. Within this range, in models controlling for a second copollutant and other potential confounders, a 10-ppb increase in 24-hour ozone was associated with mean increases of 36.3% (95% CI, 29.9%-43.0%) in the level of platelet activation marker soluble P-selectin, 2.8% (95% CI, 0.6%-5.1%) in diastolic blood pressure, 18.1% (95% CI, 4.5%-33.5%) in pulmonary inflammation markers fractional exhaled nitric oxide, and 31.0% (95% CI, 0.2%-71.1%) in exhaled breath condensate nitrite and nitrate as well as a -9.5% (95% CI, -17.7% to -1.4%) decrease in arterial stiffness marker augmentation index. A 10-ppb increase in 2-week ozone was associated with increases of 61.1% (95% CI, 37.8%-88.2%) in soluble P-selectin level and 126.2% (95% CI, 12.1%-356.2%) in exhaled breath condensate nitrite and nitrate level. Other measured biomarkers, including spirometry, showed no significant associations with either 24-hour ozone or 2-week ozone exposures. Conclusions and Relevance Short-term ozone exposure at levels not associated with lung function changes was associated with platelet activation and blood pressure increases, suggesting a possible mechanism by which ozone may affect cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew B. Day
- Global Health Institute, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jianbang Xiang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Jinhan Mo
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingkei Chung
- Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jicheng Gong
- Global Health Institute, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering and Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Charles J. Weschler
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | | | - Jan Sundell
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenguo Weng
- Institute of Public Safety Research, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Junfeng (Jim) Zhang
- Global Health Institute, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu Province, China
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering and Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
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36
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Fantke P, Jolliet O, Apte JS, Hodas N, Evans J, Weschler CJ, Stylianou KS, Jantunen M, McKone TE. Characterizing Aggregated Exposure to Primary Particulate Matter: Recommended Intake Fractions for Indoor and Outdoor Sources. Environ Sci Technol 2017; 51:9089-9100. [PMID: 28682605 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) from indoor and outdoor sources is a leading environmental contributor to global disease burden. In response, we established under the auspices of the UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative a coupled indoor-outdoor emission-to-exposure framework to provide a set of consistent primary PM2.5 aggregated exposure factors. We followed a matrix-based mass balance approach for quantifying exposure from indoor and ground-level urban and rural outdoor sources using an effective indoor-outdoor population intake fraction and a system of archetypes to represent different levels of spatial detail. Emission-to-exposure archetypes range from global indoor and outdoor averages, via archetypal urban and indoor settings, to 3646 real-world cities in 16 parametrized subcontinental regions. Population intake fractions from urban and rural outdoor sources are lowest in Northern regions and Oceania and highest in Southeast Asia with population-weighted means across 3646 cities and 16 subcontinental regions of, respectively, 39 ppm (95% confidence interval: 4.3-160 ppm) and 2 ppm (95% confidence interval: 0.2-6.3 ppm). Intake fractions from residential and occupational indoor sources range from 470 ppm to 62 000 ppm, mainly as a function of air exchange rate and occupancy. Indoor exposure typically contributes 80-90% to overall exposure from outdoor sources. Our framework facilitates improvements in air pollution reduction strategies and life cycle impact assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Fantke
- Quantitative Sustainability Assessment Division, Department of Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark , Bygningstorvet 116B, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Olivier Jolliet
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Joshua S Apte
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Natasha Hodas
- Division of Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - John Evans
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Cyprus International Institute for Environment and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology , 3041 Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Charles J Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University , Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Technical University of Denmark , 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Katerina S Stylianou
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Matti Jantunen
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare , 70701 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Thomas E McKone
- School of Public Health, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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37
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Abstract
Inhaled semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) are simultaneously present in gas and particle phases. Particles desorb a fraction of their SVOCs moving through the human respiratory tract (RT). Quantifying such desorption is challenging but important since gas- and particle-phase SVOCs deposit in different locations in the RT, encountering different cell populations with varying health consequences. This paper presents a mass transfer model to quantify this desorption process in the head, tracheobronchial, and alveolar regions of the RT. The desorption of SVOCs from inhaled particles can be gauged using the ratio of particle residence time to the time required to achieve particle/gas equilibrium. Results indicate that the larger this ratio is, the more likely particles desorb the SVOCs they carry. For particles smaller than 0.5 μm diameter and SVOCs with a particle/gas partition coefficient (unitless) of 1010, accounting for desorption reduces the estimated particle-phase SVOC concentrations in the alveolar region by more than 35%; the reduction is almost 700% for 0.05 μm diameter particles. In hypothetical scenarios representing common indoor and outdoor situations, neglecting desorption significantly overestimates the concentration of ultrafine particle associated SVOCs in the alveolar region. This model is a preliminary step toward more nuanced estimates of exposure to inhaled SVOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Liu
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Charles J Weschler
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University , Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control , Beijing 100084, China
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38
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Morrison GC, Weschler CJ, Bekö G. Dermal uptake of phthalates from clothing: Comparison of model to human participant results. Indoor Air 2017; 27:642-649. [PMID: 27859617 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this research, we extend a model of transdermal uptake of phthalates to include a layer of clothing. When compared with experimental results, this model better estimates dermal uptake of diethylphthalate and di-n-butylphthalate (DnBP) than a previous model. The model predictions are consistent with the observation that previously exposed clothing can increase dermal uptake over that observed in bare-skin participants for the same exposure air concentrations. The model predicts that dermal uptake from clothing of DnBP is a substantial fraction of total uptake from all sources of exposure. For compounds that have high dermal permeability coefficients, dermal uptake is increased for (i) thinner clothing, (ii) a narrower gap between clothing and skin, and (iii) longer time intervals between laundering and wearing. Enhanced dermal uptake is most pronounced for compounds with clothing-air partition coefficients between 104 and 107 . In the absence of direct measurements of cotton cloth-air partition coefficients, dermal exposure may be predicted using equilibrium data for compounds in equilibrium with cellulose and water, in combination with computational methods of predicting partition coefficients.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Morrison
- Missouri University of Science & Technology, Rolla, MO, USA
| | - C J Weschler
- EOHSI, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - G Bekö
- Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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39
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Burkholder JB, Abbatt JPD, Barnes I, Roberts JM, Melamed ML, Ammann M, Bertram AK, Cappa CD, Carlton AG, Carpenter LJ, Crowley JN, Dubowski Y, George C, Heard DE, Herrmann H, Keutsch FN, Kroll JH, McNeill VF, Ng NL, Nizkorodov SA, Orlando JJ, Percival CJ, Picquet-Varrault B, Rudich Y, Seakins PW, Surratt JD, Tanimoto H, Thornton JA, Tong Z, Tyndall GS, Wahner A, Weschler CJ, Wilson KR, Ziemann PJ. The Essential Role for Laboratory Studies in Atmospheric Chemistry. Environ Sci Technol 2017; 51:2519-2528. [PMID: 28169528 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory studies of atmospheric chemistry characterize the nature of atmospherically relevant processes down to the molecular level, providing fundamental information used to assess how human activities drive environmental phenomena such as climate change, urban air pollution, ecosystem health, indoor air quality, and stratospheric ozone depletion. Laboratory studies have a central role in addressing the incomplete fundamental knowledge of atmospheric chemistry. This article highlights the evolving science needs for this community and emphasizes how our knowledge is far from complete, hindering our ability to predict the future state of our atmosphere and to respond to emerging global environmental change issues. Laboratory studies provide rich opportunities to expand our understanding of the atmosphere via collaborative research with the modeling and field measurement communities, and with neighboring disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Burkholder
- Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Ian Barnes
- University of Wuppertal , School of Mathematics and Natural Science, Institute of Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Gauss Strasse 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - James M Roberts
- Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Megan L Melamed
- IGAC Executive Officer, University of Colorado/CIRES , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0216 United States
| | - Markus Ammann
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute , Villigen, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Allan K Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Christopher D Cappa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Annmarie G Carlton
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92617, United States
| | - Lucy J Carpenter
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York , York, United Kingdom , YO10 5DD
| | | | - Yael Dubowski
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering Technion, Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Christian George
- Université Lyon 1CNRS, UMR5256, IRCELYON, Institut de recherches sur la catalyse et l'environnement de Lyon , Villeurbanne F-69626, France
| | - Dwayne E Heard
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds , Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Leibniz-Institut für Troposphärenforschung (TROPOS), D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Frank N Keutsch
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02128, United States
| | - Jesse H Kroll
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - V Faye McNeill
- Chemical Engineering, Columbia University , New York, New York, United States
| | - Nga Lee Ng
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering and School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Sergey A Nizkorodov
- Department of Chemistry University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - John J Orlando
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory , Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Carl J Percival
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester , Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Bénédicte Picquet-Varrault
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA), UMR 7583 CNRS, Universités Paris-Est Créteil et Paris Diderot, Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace , Créteil Cedex, France
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Paul W Seakins
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds , Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Jason D Surratt
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Hiroshi Tanimoto
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
| | - Joel A Thornton
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Zhu Tong
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University , Beijing, China
| | - Geoffrey S Tyndall
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory , Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Andreas Wahner
- Institue of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-8: Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Charles J Weschler
- Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University , Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Kevin R Wilson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Paul J Ziemann
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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40
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Bekö G, Morrison G, Weschler CJ, Koch HM, Pälmke C, Salthammer T, Schripp T, Toftum J, Clausen G. Measurements of dermal uptake of nicotine directly from air and clothing. Indoor Air 2017; 27:427-433. [PMID: 27555532 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In this preliminary study, we have investigated whether dermal uptake of nicotine directly from air or indirectly from clothing can be a meaningful exposure pathway. Two participants wearing only shorts and a third participant wearing clean cotton clothes were exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), generated by mechanically "smoking" cigarettes, for three hours in a chamber while breathing clean air from head-enveloping hoods. The average nicotine concentration (420 μg/m3 ) was comparable to the highest levels reported for smoking sections of pubs. Urine samples were collected immediately before exposure and 60 hour post-exposure for bare-skinned participants. For the clothed participant, post-exposure urine samples were collected for 24 hour. This participant then entered the chamber for another three-hour exposure wearing a hood and clothes, including a shirt that had been exposed for five days to elevated nicotine levels. The urine samples were analyzed for nicotine and two metabolites-cotinine and 3OH-cotinine. Peak urinary cotinine and 3OH-cotinine concentrations for the bare-skinned participants were comparable to levels measured among non-smokers in hospitality environments before smoking bans. The amount of dermally absorbed nicotine for each bare-skinned participant was conservatively estimated at 570 μg, but may have been larger. For the participant wearing clean clothes, uptake was ~20 μg, and while wearing a shirt previously exposed to nicotine, uptake was ~80 μg. This study demonstrates meaningful dermal uptake of nicotine directly from air or from nicotine-exposed clothes. The findings are especially relevant for children in homes with smoking or vaping.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bekö
- Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - G Morrison
- Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA
| | - C J Weschler
- Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - H M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Bochum, Germany
| | - C Pälmke
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - T Schripp
- Fraunhofer WKI, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - J Toftum
- Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - G Clausen
- Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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41
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Dannemiller KC, Weschler CJ, Peccia J. Fungal and bacterial growth in floor dust at elevated relative humidity levels. Indoor Air 2017; 27:354-363. [PMID: 27272645 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Under sustained, elevated building moisture conditions, bacterial and fungal growth occurs. The goal of this study was to characterize microbial growth in floor dust at variable equilibrium relative humidity (ERH) levels. Floor dust from one home was embedded in coupons cut from a worn medium-pile nylon carpet and incubated at 50%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, and 100% ERH levels. Quantitative PCR and DNA sequencing of ribosomal DNA for bacteria and fungi were used to quantify growth and community shifts. Over a 1-wk period, fungal growth occurred above 80% ERH. Growth rates at 85% and 100% ERH were 1.1 × 104 and 1.5 × 105 spore equivalents d-1 mg dust-1 , respectively. Bacterial growth occurred only at 100% ERH after 1 wk (9.0 × 104 genomes d-1 mg dust-1 ). Growth resulted in significant changes in fungal (P<.00001) and bacterial community structure (P<.00001) at varying ERH levels. Comparisons between fungal taxa incubated at different ERH levels revealed more than 100 fungal and bacterial species that were attributable to elevated ERH. Resuspension modeling indicated that more than 50% of airborne microbes could originate from the resuspension of fungi grown at ERH levels of 85% and above.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Dannemiller
- Department of Civil, Environmental & Geodetic Engineering, College of Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - C J Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - J Peccia
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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42
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Abstract
Ultrafine particles (UFP) produced by electric heating of stoves and metal cooking pans, absent food, have been hypothesized to be created from a surface film of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) sorbed from the surrounding air. This study tests that hypothesis by size-resolved measurements extending the lower range of the UFP studied from 10 to 2.3 nm, and including other surfaces (glass, aluminum, and porcelain). Heating glass Petri dishes or squares of aluminum foil to about 350-400 °C for 4-6 min removed all sorbed organic substances completely. Subsequent exposure of these "clean" Petri dishes and foil squares to indoor air in two different residences for successively longer periods (1 h to 281 days), followed by heating the materials for 4-6 min, indicated a strong relationship of the number, size distribution, and mass of the UFP to the time exposed. Estimates of the accumulation rate of SVOCs on surfaces were similar to those in studies of organic film buildup on indoor windows. Transfer of skin oils by touching the glass or foil surfaces, or after washing the glass surface with detergent and bare hands, was also observed, with measured particle production comparable with that produced by long-term exposure to indoor air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance A Wallace
- Independent Researcher , 428 Woodley Way, Santa Rosa, California 95409, United States
| | - Wayne R Ott
- Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University , 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Charles J Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University , Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark , Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Alvin C K Lai
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong , 83 Tat Chee Ave., Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
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43
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Morrison GC, Weschler CJ, Bekö G. Dermal uptake directly from air under transient conditions: advances in modeling and comparisons with experimental results for human subjects. Indoor Air 2016; 26:913-924. [PMID: 26718287 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the dermal exposure pathway, we enhance an existing mechanistic model of transdermal uptake by including skin surface lipids (SSL) and consider the impact of clothing. Addition of SSL increases the overall resistance to uptake of SVOCs from air but also allows for rapid transfer of SVOCs to sinks like clothing or clean air. We test the model by simulating di-ethyl phthalate (DEP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) exposures of six bare-skinned (Weschler et al. 2015, Environ. Health Perspect., 123, 928) and one clothed participant (Morrison et al. 2016, J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol., 26, 113). The model predicts total uptake values that are consistent with the measured values. For bare-skinned participants, the model predicts a normalized mass uptake of DEP of 3.1 (μg/m2 )/(μg/m3 ), whereas the experimental results range from 1.0 to 4.3 (μg/m2 )/(μg/m3 ); uptake of DnBP is somewhat overpredicted: 4.6 (μg/m2 )/(μg/m3 ) vs. the experimental range of 0.5-3.2 (μg/m2 )/(μg/m3 ). For the clothed participant, the model predicts higher than observed uptake for both species. Uncertainty in model inputs, including convective mass transfer coefficients, partition coefficients, and diffusion coefficients, could account for overpredictions. Simulations that include transfer of skin oil to clothing improve model predictions. A dynamic model that includes SSL is more sensitive to changes that impact external mass transfer such as putting on and removing clothes and bathing.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Morrison
- Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA
| | - C J Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Department of Civil Engineering, International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - G Bekö
- Department of Civil Engineering, International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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Hodas N, Loh M, Shin HM, Li D, Bennett D, McKone TE, Jolliet O, Weschler CJ, Jantunen M, Lioy P, Fantke P. Indoor inhalation intake fractions of fine particulate matter: review of influencing factors. Indoor Air 2016; 26:836-856. [PMID: 26562829 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5 ) is a major contributor to the global human disease burden. The indoor environment is of particular importance when considering the health effects associated with PM2.5 exposures because people spend the majority of their time indoors and PM2.5 exposures per unit mass emitted indoors are two to three orders of magnitude larger than exposures to outdoor emissions. Variability in indoor PM2.5 intake fraction (iFin,total ), which is defined as the integrated cumulative intake of PM2.5 per unit of emission, is driven by a combination of building-specific, human-specific, and pollutant-specific factors. Due to a limited availability of data characterizing these factors, however, indoor emissions and intake of PM2.5 are not commonly considered when evaluating the environmental performance of product life cycles. With the aim of addressing this barrier, a literature review was conducted and data characterizing factors influencing iFin,total were compiled. In addition to providing data for the calculation of iFin,total in various indoor environments and for a range of geographic regions, this paper discusses remaining limitations to the incorporation of PM2.5 -derived health impacts into life cycle assessments and makes recommendations regarding future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hodas
- Division of Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Department of Environmental Science and Management, Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - M Loh
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, UK
| | - H-M Shin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - D Li
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - D Bennett
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - T E McKone
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - O Jolliet
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - C J Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - M Jantunen
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - P Lioy
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - P Fantke
- Department of Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Xiang J, Weschler CJ, Mo J, Day D, Zhang J, Zhang Y. Ozone, Electrostatic Precipitators, and Particle Number Concentrations: Correlations Observed in a Real Office during Working Hours. Environ Sci Technol 2016; 50:10236-10244. [PMID: 27571436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the impacts of outdoor and indoor ozone concentrations, ESP operation and occupancy on particle number concentrations within a modern office in Changsha, China. The office's one-pass air handling system contains a mini-bag filter (MERV 12) followed by an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) and high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter. Over a five-week period the system was operated either without the ESP (Stage 1, first-third week) or with the ESP (Stage 2, fourth and fifth week). Ozone and particle number concentrations were measured on working days. During both stages, indoor ozone and particle number concentrations tracked the outdoor ozone concentration. When operating, the ESP produced approximately 29 mg h(-1) of ozone, increasing supply air ozone by 15 ppb and steady-state indoor ozone by about 3 ppb. Occupancy tended to decrease indoor ozone and increase particle levels. During occupancy, indoor particle levels were low (∼2600 particle/cm(3)) when the supply air ozone level was less than 18 ppb. Above this threshold, the supply air ozone concentration and indoor particle number concentration were linearly related, and ESP operation increased the average indoor particle level by about 22 000 particles/cm(3). The implications for worker exposure to both ozone and particles are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbang Xiang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Charles J Weschler
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing 100084, China
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University , Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Jinhan Mo
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Drew Day
- Global Health Institute and the Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- Global Health Institute and the Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Duke Kunshan University , Kunshan, Jiangsu 215316, China
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing 100084, China
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Langer S, Fredricsson M, Weschler CJ, Bekö G, Strandberg B, Remberger M, Toftum J, Clausen G. Organophosphate esters in dust samples collected from Danish homes and daycare centers. Chemosphere 2016; 154:559-566. [PMID: 27085316 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphates are used in a wide range of materials and consumer products and are ubiquitous in indoor environments. Certain organophosphates have been associated with various adverse health effects. The present paper reports mass fractions of organophosphates in dust samples collected from 500 bedrooms and 151 daycare centers of children living in Odense, Denmark. The identified compounds include: tris(isobutyl) phosphate (TIBP), tri-n-butyl phosphate (TNBP), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP), tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP), tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), triphenylphosphate (TPHP), 2-ethylhexyl-diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP), tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) and tris(methylphenyl) phosphate (TMPP). Both the number of organophosphates with median values above the limit of detection and the median values were higher for samples from daycare centers than for samples from homes. Organophosphates with median mass fractions above the limit of detection were: TCEP from homes (6.9 μg g(-1)), and TCEP (16 μg g(-1)), TCIPP (5.6 μg g(-1)), TDCIPP (7.1 μg g(-1)), TBOEP (26 μg g(-1)), TPHP (2.0 μg g(-1)) and EHDPP (2.1 μg g(-1)) from daycare centers. When present, TBOEP was typically the most abundant of the identified OPs. The sum of the organophosphate dust mass fractions measured in this study was roughly in the mid-range of summed mass fractions reported for dust samples collected in other countries. On a global scale, the geographical distribution of organophosphates in indoor dust is quite variable, with higher concentrations in industrialized countries. This trend differs from that for phthalate esters, whose geographic distribution is more homogeneous. Exposure to organophosphates via dust ingestion is relatively low, although there is considerable uncertainly in this assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarka Langer
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd., P.O. Box 53021, SE-400 14 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Malin Fredricsson
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd., P.O. Box 53021, SE-400 14 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Charles J Weschler
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark; Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Gabriel Bekö
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Bo Strandberg
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Box 414, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Mikael Remberger
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd., P.O. Box 210 60, SE-100 31 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jørn Toftum
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Geo Clausen
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
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Gong M, Weschler CJ, Zhang Y. Impact of Clothing on Dermal Exposure to Phthalates: Observations and Insights from Sampling Both Skin and Clothing. Environ Sci Technol 2016; 50:4350-4357. [PMID: 27007912 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Clothing can either retard or accelerate dermal exposure to phthalates. To investigate the impact of clothing on dermal exposure to six phthalates (DMP/DEP/DiBP/DnBP/BBzP/DEHP) in real environments, two sets of experiments have been conducted: (1) Skin wipes were collected from 11 adults to examine the phthalate levels on both bare-skin (hand/forehead) and clothing-covered body locations (arm/back/calf); (2) Five adults were asked to wear just-washed jeans for 1 day (1(st) experiment), 5 days (2(nd) experiment), and 10 days (3(rd) experiment). Phthalate levels on their legs were measured on selected days during the wearing period, and phthalate levels in the jeans were measured at the end of each experiment and again after washing. Measured phthalate levels on body locations covered by clothing were lower than those on uncovered locations, but still substantial. Dermal uptake would be underestimated by a factor of 2 to 5 if absorption through body locations covered by clothing were neglected. Phthalate levels in the jeans and on the legs increased with the wearing time. However, the levels in the jeans and on the legs were not strongly correlated, indicating that other pathways, e.g, contact with bedding or bedclothes, likely contribute to the levels on the legs. The efficiency with which laundering washing removed phthalates from the jeans increased with decreasing Kow; median values ranged from very low (<5%) for DEHP to very high (∼75%) for DMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyan Gong
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Charles J Weschler
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control , Beijing 100084, China
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University , Piscataway, New Jersey 07722, United States
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control , Beijing 100084, China
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Abstract
Over the last decade, influences of the human occupant on indoor chemistry have been investigated in environments ranging from simulated aircraft cabins to actual classrooms. We have learned that ozone reacts rapidly with constituents of skin surface lipids on exposed skin, hair, and clothing, substantially reducing indoor ozone concentrations but increasing airborne levels of mono- and bifunctional compounds that contain carbonyl, carboxyl, or α-hydroxy ketone groups. Moreover, occupants transfer skin oils to and shed skin flakes (desquamation) onto indoor surfaces. Evidence for the presence of skin flakes/oils has been found in airborne particles, settled dust, and wipes of indoor surfaces. These occupant residues are also anticipated to scavenge ozone and produce byproducts. Under typical conditions, occupancy is anticipated to decrease the net level of oxidants in indoor air. When occupants scavenge ozone, the level of SOA derived from ozone/terpene chemistry decreases; the fraction of SVOCs in the gas-phase increases, and the fraction associated with airborne particles decreases. Occupants also remove organic compounds, including certain chemically active species, via bodily intake. Studies reviewed in this paper demonstrate the pronounced influences of humans on chemistry within the spaces they inhabit and the consequences of these influences on their subsequent chemical exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- International Center for Indoor Environment and Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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49
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Cao J, Weschler CJ, Luo J, Zhang Y. C(m)-History Method, a Novel Approach to Simultaneously Measure Source and Sink Parameters Important for Estimating Indoor Exposures to Phthalates. Environ Sci Technol 2016; 50:825-834. [PMID: 26677723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The concentration of a gas-phase semivolatile organic compound (SVOC) in equilibrium with its mass-fraction in the source material, y0, and the coefficient for partitioning of an SVOC between clothing and air, K, are key parameters for estimating emission and subsequent dermal exposure to SVOCs. Most of the available methods for their determination depend on achieving steady-state in ventilated chambers. This can be time-consuming and of variable accuracy. Additionally, no existing method simultaneously determines y0 and K in a single experiment. In this paper, we present a sealed-chamber method, using early-stage concentration measurements, to simultaneously determine y0 and K. The measurement error for the method is analyzed, and the optimization of experimental parameters is explored. Using this method, y0 for phthalates (DiBP, DnBP, and DEHP) emitted by two types of PVC flooring, coupled with K values for these phthalates partitioning between a cotton T-shirt and air, were measured at 25 and 32 °C (room and skin temperatures, respectively). The measured y0 values agree well with results obtained by alternate methods. The changes of y0 and K with temperature were used to approximate the changes in enthalpy, ΔH, associated with the relevant phase changes. We conclude with suggestions for further related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Cao
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University , 100084, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control , 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Charles J Weschler
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University , 100084, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control , 100084, Beijing, China
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University , Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854, United States
| | - Jiajun Luo
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University , 100084, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control , 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University , 100084, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control , 100084, Beijing, China
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Morrison GC, Weschler CJ, Bekö G, Koch HM, Salthammer T, Schripp T, Toftum J, Clausen G. Role of clothing in both accelerating and impeding dermal absorption of airborne SVOCs. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2016; 26:113-8. [PMID: 26058800 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2015.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
To assess the influence of clothing on dermal uptake of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), we measured uptake of selected airborne phthalates for an individual wearing clean clothes or air-exposed clothes and compared these results with dermal uptake for bare-skinned individuals under otherwise identical experimental conditions. Using a breathing hood to isolate dermal from inhalation uptake, we measured urinary metabolites of diethylphthalate (DEP) and di-n-butylphthalate (DnBP) from an individual exposed to known concentrations of these compounds for 6 h in an experimental chamber. The individual wore either clean (fresh) cotton clothes or cotton clothes that had been exposed to the same chamber air concentrations for 9 days. For a 6-h exposure, the net amounts of DEP and DnBP absorbed when wearing fresh clothes were, respectively, 0.017 and 0.007 μg/kg/(μg/m(3)); for exposed clothes the results were 0.178 and 0.261 μg/kg/(μg/m(3)), respectively (values normalized by air concentration and body mass). When compared against the average results for bare-skinned participants, clean clothes were protective, whereas exposed clothes increased dermal uptake for DEP and DnBP by factors of 3.3 and 6.5, respectively. Even for non-occupational environments, wearing clothing that has adsorbed/absorbed indoor air pollutants can increase dermal uptake of SVOCs by substantial amounts relative to bare skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn C Morrison
- Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri, USA
| | - Charles J Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Civil Engineering, International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gabriel Bekö
- Department of Civil Engineering, International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, Bochum, Germany
| | - Tunga Salthammer
- Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Fraunhofer WKI, Bienroder Weg 54E, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Tobias Schripp
- Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Fraunhofer WKI, Bienroder Weg 54E, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jørn Toftum
- Department of Civil Engineering, International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Geo Clausen
- Department of Civil Engineering, International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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