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Thangaraj JWV, Prosperi C, Kumar MS, Hasan AZ, Kumar VS, Winter AK, Bansal AK, Chauhan SL, Grover GS, Jain AK, Kulkarni RN, Sharma SK, Soman B, Chaaithanya IK, Kharwal S, Mishra SK, Salvi NR, Sarmah NP, Sharma S, Varghese A, Sabarinathan R, Duraiswamy A, Rani DS, Kanagasabai K, Lachyan A, Gawali P, Kapoor M, Chonker SK, Sangal L, Mehendale SM, Sapkal GN, Gupta N, Hayford K, Moss WJ, Murherkar MV. Post-campaign coverage evaluation of a measles and rubella supplementary immunization activity in five districts in India, 2019-2020. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297385. [PMID: 38551928 PMCID: PMC10980234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In alignment with the Measles and Rubella (MR) Strategic Elimination plan, India conducted a mass measles and rubella vaccination campaign across the country between 2017 and 2020 to provide a dose of MR containing vaccine to all children aged 9 months to 15 years. We estimated campaign vaccination coverage in five districts in India and assessed campaign awareness and factors associated with vaccination during the campaign to better understand reasons for not receiving the dose. METHODS AND FINDINGS Community-based cross-sectional serosurveys were conducted in five districts of India among children aged 9 months to 15 years after the vaccination campaign. Campaign coverage was estimated based on home-based immunization record or caregiver recall. Campaign coverage was stratified by child- and household-level risk factors and descriptive analyses were performed to assess reasons for not receiving the campaign dose. Three thousand three hundred and fifty-seven children aged 9 months to 15 years at the time of the campaign were enrolled. Campaign coverage among children aged 9 months to 5 years documented or by recall ranged from 74.2% in Kanpur Nagar District to 90.4% in Dibrugarh District, Assam. Similar coverage was observed for older children. Caregiver awareness of the campaign varied from 88.3% in Hoshiarpur District, Punjab to 97.6% in Dibrugarh District, Assam, although 8% of children whose caregivers were aware of the campaign were not vaccinated during the campaign. Failure to receive the campaign dose was associated with urban settings, low maternal education, and lack of school attendance although the associations varied by district. CONCLUSION Awareness of the MR vaccination campaign was high; however, campaign coverage varied by district and did not reach the elimination target of 95% coverage in any of the districts studied. Areas with lower coverage among younger children must be prioritized by strengthening the routine immunization programme and implementing strategies to identify and reach under-vaccinated children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christine Prosperi
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Muthusamy Santhosh Kumar
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Epidemiology, Epidemiology Chennai, Chennai, India
| | - Alvira Z. Hasan
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - V. Saravana Kumar
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Epidemiology, Epidemiology Chennai, Chennai, India
| | - Amy K. Winter
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Avi Kumar Bansal
- ICMR-National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, India
| | - Sanjay L. Chauhan
- ICMR- National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Mumbai, India
| | | | | | - Ragini N. Kulkarni
- ICMR- National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Biju Soman
- Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Itta K. Chaaithanya
- Department of Health Research, Model Rural Health Research Unit-Dahanu, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sanchit Kharwal
- Department of Health Research, Model Rural Health Research Unit-Hoshiarpur, Punjab, India
| | - Sunil K. Mishra
- Department of Health Research, Model Rural Health Research Unit-Hoshiarpur, Punjab, India
| | - Neha R. Salvi
- Department of Health Research, Model Rural Health Research Unit-Dahanu, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nilanju P. Sarmah
- Department of Health Research, Model Rural Health Research Unit-Chabua, Assam, India
| | - Sandeep Sharma
- ICMR-National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, India
| | - Adarsh Varghese
- Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - R. Sabarinathan
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Epidemiology, Epidemiology Chennai, Chennai, India
| | - Augustine Duraiswamy
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Epidemiology, Epidemiology Chennai, Chennai, India
| | - D. Sudha Rani
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Epidemiology, Epidemiology Chennai, Chennai, India
| | - K. Kanagasabai
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Epidemiology, Epidemiology Chennai, Chennai, India
| | - Abhishek Lachyan
- Department of Health Research, Model Rural Health Research Unit-Dahanu, Maharashtra, India
| | - Poonam Gawali
- Department of Health Research, Model Rural Health Research Unit-Dahanu, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mitali Kapoor
- Department of Health Research, Model Rural Health Research Unit-Dahanu, Maharashtra, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar Chonker
- Department of Health Research, Model Rural Health Research Unit-Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Lucky Sangal
- World Health Organization, Southeast Asia Region Office, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Nivedita Gupta
- Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Kyla Hayford
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - William J. Moss
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Manoj V. Murherkar
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Epidemiology, Epidemiology Chennai, Chennai, India
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Yadav PD, Sardana V, Deshpande GR, Shinde PV, Thangaraj JWV, George LS, Sapkal GN, Patil DY, Sahay RR, Shete AM, Joshi M, Murhekar M, Godbole S, Gupta N, Prakash S, Rathore M, Ujjainiya R, Singh AP, Mishra A, Dash D, Chaudhary K, Sengupta S. Neutralizing antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants: Post six months following two-dose & three-dose vaccination of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 or BBV152. Indian J Med Res 2024; 159:223-231. [PMID: 38517215 PMCID: PMC11050759 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_948_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND OBJECTIVES The Omicron sub-lineages are known to have higher infectivity, immune escape and lower virulence. During December 2022 - January 2023 and March - April 2023, India witnessed increased SARS-CoV-2 infections, mostly due to newer Omicron sub-lineages. With this unprecedented rise in cases, we assessed the neutralization potential of individuals vaccinated with ChAdOx1 nCoV (Covishield) and BBV152 (Covaxin) against emerging Omicron sub-lineages. METHODS Neutralizing antibody responses were measured in the sera collected from individuals six months post-two doses (n=88) of Covishield (n=44) or Covaxin (n=44) and post-three doses (n=102) of Covishield (n=46) or Covaxin (n=56) booster dose against prototype B.1 strain, lineages of Omicron; XBB.1, BQ.1, BA.5.2 and BF.7. RESULTS The sera of individuals collected six months after the two-dose and the three-dose demonstrated neutralizing activity against all variants. The neutralizing antibody (NAbs) level was highest against the prototype B.1 strain, followed by BA5.2 (5-6 fold lower), BF.7 (11-12 fold lower), BQ.1 (12 fold lower) and XBB.1 (18-22 fold lower). INTERPRETATION CONCLUSIONS Persistence of NAb responses was comparable in individuals with two- and three-dose groups post six months of vaccination. Among the Omicron sub-variants, XBB.1 showed marked neutralization escape, thus pointing towards an eventual immune escape, which may cause more infections. Further, the correlation of study data with complete clinical profile of the participants along with observations for cell-mediated immunity may provide a clear picture for the sustained protection due to three-dose vaccination as well as hybrid immunity against the newer variants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Viren Sardana
- Big Data and Informatics Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | | | | | - Leyanna S. George
- Division of Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Rima R. Sahay
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anita M. Shete
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Madhavi Joshi
- Department of Science & Technology, Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Manoj Murhekar
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sheela Godbole
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nivedita Gupta
- Division of Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Satyartha Prakash
- Big Data and Informatics Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mamta Rathore
- Cardiometabolic Disease Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajat Ujjainiya
- Cardiometabolic Disease Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ajay Pratap Singh
- Cardiometabolic Disease Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aastha Mishra
- Cardiometabolic Disease Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Debasis Dash
- Cardiometabolic Disease Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kumardeep Chaudhary
- Big Data and Informatics Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shantanu Sengupta
- Big Data and Informatics Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Yadav PD, Sahay RR, Salwe S, Trimbake D, Babar P, Sapkal GN, Deshpande GR, Bhise K, Shete AM, Abraham P, Tripathy AS. Broadly Reactive SARS-CoV-2-Specific T-Cell Response and Participation of Memory B and T Cells in Patients with Omicron COVID-19 Infection. J Immunol Res 2023; 2023:8846953. [PMID: 37881339 PMCID: PMC10597734 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8846953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
January 2022 onward, India witnessed a sudden increase in Omicron COVID-19 infections, having a mild course that prompted us to identify the key host factors/immune molecules modulating disease course/outcomes. The current study evaluated the percentages of lymphocyte subsets by flowcytometry, SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cell immune response by ELISPOT, estimation of plasma cytokine/chemokine levels on a Bio-plex Multiplex Immunoassay System and anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 19 mild Omicron infected patients, 45 mild SARS-CoV-2 (2020) patients and 36 uninfected controls from India. Natural killer cells, B and memory B cells were high in vaccinated and total Omicron-infected patients groups compared to the mild SARS-CoV-2 (2020) patient group, while CD8+ T cells were high in total Omicron-infected patients group compared to the uninfected control group (p < 0.05 each). Omicron-infected patients had T-cell response against SARS-CoV-2 whole virus, S1 proteins (wild type and delta variant) in 10 out of 17 (59%), 10 out of 17 (59%), and 8 out of 17 (47%), respectively. The current study of Omicron-infected patients elucidates broadly reactive antibody, T-cell response, and participation of memory B and T cells induced by vaccination/natural infection. The limited effect of Omicron's mutations on T-cell response is suggestive of protection from severity. Pro-inflammatory IL-6, IFN-γ, chemokines CCL-2, CCL-3, CCL-4, CCL-5, and IL-8 as potential biomarkers of Omicron infection may have future diagnostic importance. The cellular immune response data in Omicron-infected patients with parental Omicron lineage could serve as a starting point to define the readouts of protective immunity against circulating Omicron subvariants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya D. Yadav
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rima R. Sahay
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sukeshani Salwe
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Diptee Trimbake
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prasad Babar
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | | | - Kiran Bhise
- COVID Hospital, Baner, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anita M. Shete
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Priya Abraham
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Sambhare SB, Gurav YK, Minhas N, Sapkal GN, Deshpande GR, Ullas PT, Shete A, Abraham P. Cost estimation of COVID Kavach test developed in 2020: A National Reference Laboratory initiative during early phase of Indian pandemic mitigation. Indian J Med Res 2023; 158:363-369. [PMID: 37988033 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_2533_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND OBJECTIVES A new indigenously developed technology, coronavirus disease (COVID) Kavach, an IgG immunoglobulin-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit, was developed in 2020 by the Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology (ICMR-NIV), Pune, India. The primary objective of this study was to determine the total cost of development of COVID Kavach IgG ELISA and estimate the unit cost (UC) as well. METHODS The total development cost (TDC) of COVID Kavach and its UC during the early phase of pandemic mitigation were estimated through a micro-costing approach from provider's perspective. An activity-based bottom-up costing approach was used to facilitate data collection from all resources, and analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel version 2016. The micro-costing data were utilized to interpret the breakdown of cost across all inputs and different levels of activity. RESULTS The TDC of COVID Kavach was estimated to be JOURNAL/ijmer/04.03/02223309-202310000-00007/363FF04/v/2023-11-25T134903Z/r/image-tiff 2,884,032 (US$ 38,265). The UC of providing test results for exposure to severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) was estimated to be JOURNAL/ijmer/04.03/02223309-202310000-00007/363FF04/v/2023-11-25T134903Z/r/image-tiff 300 (US$ 4) during July 2020. The capital and recurrent cost were incurred around 5-10 per cent and 90-95 per cent, respectively, in both the development and UC of COVID Kavach. The major portion of funds (70-80%) was utilized for procurement of laboratory consumables, followed by human resources (8-12%) in the development as well as for UC of COVID Kavach. INTERPRETATION CONCLUSIONS The estimates from this study can be useful for conducting economic evaluations, which will help in deciding upon the subsidy in government health facilities. The data may be useful to set up laboratory facilities analogous to the National Reference Laboratory located at the ICMR-NIV, Pune and for allotting sufficient budget to develop such assays in government-funded laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Naveen Minhas
- Health Technology Assessment Group, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | | | | | - Anita Shete
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Priya Abraham
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Tandale BV, Deshmukh PS, Tomar SJ, Narang R, Qazi MS, Goteti Venkata P, Jain M, Jain D, Guduru VK, Jain J, Gosavi RV, Valupadas CS, Deshmukh PR, Raut AV, Narlawar UW, Jha PK, Bondre VP, Sapkal GN, Damle RG, Khude PM, Niswade AK, Talapalliwar M, Rathod P, Balla PS, Muttineni PK, Kalepally Janakiram KK, Rajderkar SS. Incidence of Japanese Encephalitis and Acute Encephalitis Syndrome Hospitalizations in the Medium-Endemic Region in Central India. J Epidemiol Glob Health 2023; 13:173-179. [PMID: 37162636 PMCID: PMC10271976 DOI: 10.1007/s44197-023-00110-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We estimated the incidence of Japanese encephalitis (JE) and acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) following routine immunization with the live-attenuated SA 14-14-2 JE vaccine. METHODS We implemented enhanced surveillance of AES and JE hospitalizations in endemic districts in Maharashtra and Telangana States during 2015-2016 and 2018-2020. We estimated incidence and compared differences in the incidence of JE and AES between two states, and vaccinated and unvaccinated districts during two study periods. We also considered secondary data from public health services to understand long-term trends from 2007 to 2020. RESULTS The annual AES incidence rate of 2.25 cases per 100,000 children in Maharashtra during 2018-2020 was significantly lower than 3.36 cases per 100,000 children during 2015-2016. The six JE-vaccinated districts in Maharashtra had significantly lower incidence rates during 2018-2020 (2.03, 95% CI 1.73-2.37) than in 2015-16 (3.26, 2.86-3.70). In addition, the incidence of both JE and AES in two unvaccinated districts was higher than in the vaccinated districts in Maharashtra. Telangana had a lower incidence of both JE and AES than Maharashtra. The AES incidence rate of 0.95 (0.77-1.17) during 2018-2020 in Telangana was significantly lower than 1.67 (1.41-1.97) during 2015-2016. CONCLUSIONS The annual incidence rate of Japanese encephalitis was < 1 case per 100,000 children. It indicated accelerated control of Japanese encephalitis after routine immunization. However, the annual incidence of acute encephalitis syndrome was still > 1 case per 100,000 children. It highlights the need for improving surveillance and evaluating the impacts of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babasaheb V Tandale
- Epidemiology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra, 411021, India.
| | - Pravin S Deshmukh
- Epidemiology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra, 411021, India
| | - Shilpa J Tomar
- Epidemiology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra, 411021, India
| | - Rahul Narang
- Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sewagram, Wardha, Maharashtra, India
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, Hyderabad, India
| | | | | | - Manish Jain
- Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sewagram, Wardha, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dipty Jain
- Government Medical College, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Jyoti Jain
- Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sewagram, Wardha, Maharashtra, India
| | | | | | - Pradeep R Deshmukh
- Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sewagram, Wardha, Maharashtra, India
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Abhishek V Raut
- Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sewagram, Wardha, Maharashtra, India
| | | | | | - Vijay P Bondre
- Epidemiology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra, 411021, India
| | - Gajanan N Sapkal
- Epidemiology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra, 411021, India
| | - Rekha G Damle
- Epidemiology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra, 411021, India
| | - Poornima M Khude
- Epidemiology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra, 411021, India
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Lole KS, Thorat NC, Bhukya PL, Ramdasi AY, Hundekar SL, Patil AR, Shelkande SD, Sapkal GN. Circulation of a single hepatitis A virus genotype IIIA with two distinct clusters in different states of India. Indian J Med Microbiol 2023; 43:96-100. [PMID: 36481121 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With the changing hepatitis A epidemiology in India, focal viral outbreaks are being reported from different parts of the country. This study presents Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) strain characterization (period 2009-2020) from 18 states of India. For that, blood and stool samples (n = 280) were screened for HAV RNA and sequences for 5'non-coding and VP3 regions were generated from positive samples (n = 68). Presence of a single IIIA genotype in all samples indicated IIIA being the only HAV genotype currently circulating in India. Interestingly, it was evident that these strains form two distinct groups suggesting independent evolution of these two clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita S Lole
- Hepatitis Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Neeta C Thorat
- Hepatitis Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prudhvi Lal Bhukya
- Resource Centre and Virus Diagnostic Laboratory (RCVDL), ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ashwini Y Ramdasi
- Hepatitis Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Supriya L Hundekar
- Hepatitis Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anuradha R Patil
- Hepatitis Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sunil D Shelkande
- Hepatitis Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Gajanan N Sapkal
- Resource Centre and Virus Diagnostic Laboratory (RCVDL), ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Sahay RR, Patil DY, Sapkal GN, Shete AM, Yadav PD. Cases of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection with Omicron BA.2 post breakthrough infection with Delta and Kappa variants. Infect Dis (Lond) 2023; 55:63-66. [PMID: 35999819 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2022.2114538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rima R Sahay
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Deepak Y Patil
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Gajanan N Sapkal
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anita M Shete
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pragya D Yadav
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Patil DR, Shete AM, Yadav PD, Sapkal GN, Deshpande GR, Kaushal H, Mohandas S, Fulari S, Jain R, Kumar A, Abraham P. Host immune responses in aged rhesus macaques against BBV152, an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, and cross-neutralization with beta and delta variants. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1161571. [PMID: 37187744 PMCID: PMC10175569 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1161571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The magnitude and duration of immune response to COVID-19 vaccination in older adults are known to be adversely affected due to immunosenescence and inflammaging. The threat of emerging variants warrants studies on immune response in older adults to primary vaccination and booster doses so as to understand the effectiveness of vaccines in countering the threat of emerging variants. Non-human primates (NHPs) are ideal translational models, as the immunological responses in NHPs are similar to those in humans, so it enables us to understand host immune responses to the vaccine. We initially studied humoral immune responses in aged rhesus macaques employing a three-dose regimen of BBV152, an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Initially, the study investigated whether the third dose enhances the neutralizing antibody (Nab) titer against the homologous virus strain (B.1) and variants of concern (Beta and Delta variants) in aged rhesus macaques immunized with BBV152, adjuvanted with Algel/Algel-IMDG (imidazoquinoline). Later, we also attempted to understand cellular immunity in terms of lymphoproliferation against γ-inactivated SARS-CoV-2 B.1 and delta in naïve and vaccinated rhesus macaques after a year of the third dose. Following the three-dose regimen with 6 µg of BBV152 with Algel-IMDG, animals had increased Nab responses across all SARS-CoV-2 variants studied, which suggested the importance of booster dose for the enhanced immune response against SARS-CoV-2-circulating variants. The study also revealed the pronounced cellular immunity against B.1 and delta variants of SARS-CoV-2 in the aged rhesus macaques even after a year of vaccination.
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Sahay RR, Yadav PD, Nandapurkar A, Dhawde R, Suryawanshi A, Patil DY, Shete AM, Sapkal GN, Kulkarni M, Gurav YK, Deshpande GR, Ghodke JS, Jain R, Hawale R, Kalele K, Yemul J, Gawande P, Abraham P. Evaluation of immunogenicity post two doses of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, Covaxin after six months. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2156753. [PMID: 36576223 PMCID: PMC9891675 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2156753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We have evaluated the immunogenicity of two dose of Covaxin given at a one-month interval to two adult populations, i.e. COVID-19 naïve-vaccinated individuals (n = 118) and COVID-19 recovered individuals (n = 128) with the vaccination. The immune response in the study population were assessed at three follow-ups, namely at one month post first dose, one and six months after the second dose. The persistence of S1RBD IgG and neutralizing antibodies for six months post vaccination was observed at different time intervals. The enhanced immune response was observed in both the participant groups. The study emphasizes the need for a booster dose post six months of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima R. Sahay
- Maximum Containment Facility, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Pragya D. Yadav
- Maximum Containment Facility, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India,CONTACT Pragya D. Yadav Maximum Containment Facility, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra411021, India
| | | | - Rutuja Dhawde
- Maximum Containment Facility, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Annasaheb Suryawanshi
- Maximum Containment Facility, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Deepak Y. Patil
- Maximum Containment Facility, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Anita M. Shete
- Maximum Containment Facility, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Gajanan N. Sapkal
- Maximum Containment Facility, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | | | - Yogesh K. Gurav
- Maximum Containment Facility, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Gururaj R. Deshpande
- Maximum Containment Facility, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | | | - Rajlaxmi Jain
- Maximum Containment Facility, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Raj Hawale
- Maximum Containment Facility, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Kaumudi Kalele
- Maximum Containment Facility, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Jyoti Yemul
- Maximum Containment Facility, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Pranita Gawande
- Maximum Containment Facility, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Priya Abraham
- Maximum Containment Facility, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
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Shete AM, Patil DY, Sahay RR, Sapkal GN, Deshpande GR, Yadav PD. Waning natural and vaccine-induced immunity leading to reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2127289. [PMID: 36170667 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2127289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated six COVID-19 recovered cases with two doses of Covishield vaccination followed by reinfection. The primary SARS-CoV-2 infection found to occur with B.1 and reinfection with Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 variants. The genomic characterization and duration between two infections confirms these cases as SARS-CoV-2 reinfection. The immune response determined at different time intervals demonstrated boost post two dose vaccination, decline in pre-reinfection sera post 7 months and rise post reinfection. In conclusion, it was observed that these cases got SARS-CoV-2 reinfection with declined hybrid immunity acquired from primary infection and two dose covishield vaccination. This findings suggests the need to protect the community through booster dose of vaccination and prevent further infections following personal hygiene and non-pharmaceutical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita M Shete
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Deepak Y Patil
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Rima R Sahay
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Gajanan N Sapkal
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Gururaj R Deshpande
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Pragya D Yadav
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
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11
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Murhekar MV, Gupta N, Hasan AZ, Kumar MS, Kumar VS, Prosperi C, Sapkal GN, Thangaraj JWV, Kaduskar O, Bhatt V, Deshpande GR, Thankappan UP, Bansal AK, Chauhan SL, Grover GS, Jain AK, Kulkarni RN, Sharma SK, Chaaithanya IK, Kharwal S, Mishra SK, Salvi NR, Sharma S, Sarmah NP, Sabarinathan R, Duraiswamy A, Rani DS, Kanagasabai K, Lachyan A, Gawali P, Kapoor M, Shrivastava AK, Chonker SK, Tilekar B, Tandale BV, Ahmad M, Sangal L, Winter A, Mehendale SM, Moss WJ, Hayford K. Evaluating the effect of measles and rubella mass vaccination campaigns on seroprevalence in India: a before-and-after cross-sectional household serosurvey in four districts, 2018-2020. Lancet Glob Health 2022; 10:e1655-e1664. [PMID: 36240831 PMCID: PMC9579355 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(22)00379-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Background India did phased measles–rubella supplementary immunisation activities (MR-SIAs; ie, mass-immunisation campaigns) targeting children aged 9 months to less than 15 years. We estimated measles–rubella seroprevalence before and after the MR-SIAs to quantify the effect on population immunity and identify remaining immunity gaps. Methods Between March 9, 2018 and March 19, 2020 we did community-based, cross-sectional serosurveys in four districts in India before and after MR-SIAs. 30 villages or wards were selected within each district, and one census enumeration block from each was selected as the survey cluster. Households were enumerated and 13 children in the younger age group (9 months to <5 years) and 13 children in the older ager group (5 to <15 years) were randomly selected by use of computer-generated random numbers. Serum samples were tested for IgG antibodies to measles and rubella viruses by enzyme immunoassay. Findings Specimens were collected from 2570 children before the MR-SIA and from 2619 children afterwards. The weighted MR-SIA coverage ranged from 73·7% to 90·5% in younger children and from 73·6% to 93·6% in older children. Before the MR-SIA, district-level measles seroprevalence was between 80·7% and 88·5% among younger children in all districts, and between 63·4% and 84·5% among older children. After the MR-SIA, measles seroprevalence among younger children increased to more than 90% (range 91·5 to 96·0) in all districts except Kanpur Nagar, in which it remained unchanged 80·4%. Among older children, measles seroprevalence increased to more than 90·0% (range 93·7% to 96·5%) in all districts except Hoshiarpur (88·7%). A significant increase in rubella seroprevalence was observed in all districts in both age groups, with the largest effect in Dibrugarh, where rubella seroprevalence increased from 10·6% to 96·5% among younger children. Interpretation Measles–rubella seroprevalence increased substantially after the MR-SIAs but the serosurvey also identified remaining gaps in population immunity. Funding The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and Indian Council of Medical Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj V Murhekar
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India,Correspondence to: Dr Manoj V Murhekar, ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Tamil Nadu Housing Board, Ayapakkam, Ambattur, Chennai 600 070, India
| | - Nivedita Gupta
- Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Alvira Z Hasan
- International Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - V Saravana Kumar
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India
| | - Christine Prosperi
- International Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Avi Kumar Bansal
- ICMR-National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, India
| | - Sanjay L Chauhan
- ICMR- National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Mumbai, India
| | | | | | - Ragini N Kulkarni
- ICMR- National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Itta K Chaaithanya
- ICMR- National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Mumbai, India,Department of Health Research, Model Rural Health Research Unit-Dahanu, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sanchit Kharwal
- Department of Health Research, Model Rural Health Research Unit-Hoshiarpur, Punjab, India
| | - Sunil K Mishra
- Department of Health Research, Model Rural Health Research Unit-Hoshiarpur, Punjab, India
| | - Neha R Salvi
- Department of Health Research, Model Rural Health Research Unit-Dahanu, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sandeep Sharma
- ICMR-National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, India
| | - Nilanju P Sarmah
- Department of Health Research, Model Rural Health Research Unit-Chabua, Assam, India
| | - R Sabarinathan
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India
| | - Augustine Duraiswamy
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India
| | - D Sudha Rani
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India
| | - K Kanagasabai
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India
| | - Abhishek Lachyan
- Department of Health Research, Model Rural Health Research Unit-Dahanu, Maharashtra, India
| | - Poonam Gawali
- Department of Health Research, Model Rural Health Research Unit-Dahanu, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mitali Kapoor
- Department of Health Research, Model Rural Health Research Unit-Dahanu, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Saurabh Kumar Chonker
- ICMR-National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, India
| | | | | | | | - Lucky Sangal
- WHO, Southeast Asia Region Office, New Delhi, India
| | - Amy Winter
- International Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - William J Moss
- International Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kyla Hayford
- International Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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12
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Yadav PD, Kaur H, Gupta N, Sahay RR, Sapkal GN, Shete AM, Deshpande GR, Mohandas S, Majumdar T, Patil S, Pandit P, Kumar A, Nyayanit DA, Sreelatha KH, Manjusree S, Sami H, Khan HM, Malhotra A, Dhingra K, Gadepalli R, Sudha Rani V, Singh MK, Joshi Y, Dudhmal M, Duggal N, Chabbra M, Dar L, Gawande P, Yemul J, Kalele K, Arjun R, Nagamani K, Borkakoty B, Sahoo G, Praharaj I, Dutta S, Barde P, Jaryal SC, Rawat V. Zika a Vector Borne Disease Detected in Newer States of India Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:888195. [PMID: 35756041 PMCID: PMC9226610 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.888195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, outbreaks of Zika were reported from Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, and Maharashtra, India in 2021. The Dengue and Chikungunya negative samples were retrospectively screened to determine the presence of the Zika virus from different geographical regions of India. Methods During May to October 2021, the clinical samples of 1475 patients, across 13 states and a union territory of India were screened and re-tested for Dengue, Chikungunya and Zika by CDC Trioplex Real time RT-PCR. The Zika rRTPCR positive samples were further screened with anti-Zika IgM and Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test. Next generation sequencing was used for further molecular characterization. Results The positivity was observed for Zika (67), Dengue (121), and Chikungunya (10) amongst screened cases. The co-infections of Dengue/Chikungunya, Dengue/Zika, and Dengue/Chikungunya/Zika were also observed. All Zika cases were symptomatic with fever (84%) and rash (78%) as major presenting symptoms. Of them, four patients had respiratory distress, one presented with seizures, and one with suspected microcephaly at birth. The Asian Lineage of Zika and all four serotypes of Dengue were found in circulation. Conclusion Our study indicates the spread of the Zika virus to several states of India and an urgent need to strengthen its surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya D Yadav
- Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Harmanmeet Kaur
- Indian Council of Medical Research, V. Ramalingaswami Bhawan, New Delhi, India
| | - Nivedita Gupta
- Indian Council of Medical Research, V. Ramalingaswami Bhawan, New Delhi, India
| | - Rima R Sahay
- Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Gajanan N Sapkal
- Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Anita M Shete
- Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Gururaj R Deshpande
- Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | | | - Triparna Majumdar
- Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Savita Patil
- Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Priyanka Pandit
- Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Abhinendra Kumar
- Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Dimpal A Nyayanit
- Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - K H Sreelatha
- Virus Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - S Manjusree
- Virus Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Hiba Sami
- Virus Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh, India
| | - Haris Mazoor Khan
- Virus Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh, India
| | - Anuradha Malhotra
- Virus Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Government Medical College, Amritsar, India
| | - Kanwardeep Dhingra
- Virus Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Government Medical College, Amritsar, India
| | - Ravisekhar Gadepalli
- Virus Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - V Sudha Rani
- Virus Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Osmania Medical College Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Singh
- Virus Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, India
| | - Yash Joshi
- Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Manisha Dudhmal
- Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Nandini Duggal
- Virus Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences & Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Mala Chabbra
- Virus Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences & Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Lalit Dar
- Virus Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Pranita Gawande
- Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Jyoti Yemul
- Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Kaumudi Kalele
- Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | | | - K Nagamani
- Virus Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Gandhi Medical College, Secunderabad, India
| | - Biswa Borkakoty
- Virus Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Dibrugarh, India
| | - Ganesh Sahoo
- Virus Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - Ira Praharaj
- Virus Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Shanta Dutta
- Virus Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Pradip Barde
- Virus Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, India
| | - S C Jaryal
- Virus Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Government Medical College, Tanda, India
| | - Vinita Rawat
- Virus Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Government Medical College, Haldwani, India
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13
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Deshpande GR, Yadav PD, Abraham P, Nyayanit DA, Sapkal GN, Shete AM, Gupta N, Vadrevu KM, Ella R, Panda S, Bhargava B. Booster dose of the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine BBV152 (Covaxin) enhances the neutralizing antibody response against Alpha, Beta, Delta and Omicron variants of concern. J Travel Med 2022; 29:6553803. [PMID: 35325176 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taac039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The neutralizing antibody responses were significantly elevated after 3rd dose of BBV152/Covaxin against the B.1 (19.11 fold) variant including Delta (16.51 fold), Beta (14.70 fold) and Omicron (18.53 fold) Variants of concern in comparison with two dose vaccine, providing assurance of a protective immune response of booster in recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gururaj Rao Deshpande
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, MCC 130/1 Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra 411021, India
| | - Pragya D Yadav
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, MCC 130/1 Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra 411021, India
| | - Priya Abraham
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, MCC 130/1 Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra 411021, India
| | - Dimpal A Nyayanit
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, MCC 130/1 Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra 411021, India
| | - Gajanan N Sapkal
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, MCC 130/1 Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra 411021, India
| | - Anita M Shete
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, MCC 130/1 Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra 411021, India
| | - Nivedita Gupta
- Indian Council of Medical Research, V. Ramalingaswami Bhawan, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Raches Ella
- Bharat Biotech International Limited, Genome Valley, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Samiran Panda
- Indian Council of Medical Research, V. Ramalingaswami Bhawan, New Delhi, India
| | - Balram Bhargava
- Indian Council of Medical Research, V. Ramalingaswami Bhawan, New Delhi, India
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14
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Deshpande GR, Bhukya PL, Yadav PD, Salunke A, Patil C, Tilekar BN, Rakhe A, Srivastava R, Gurav YK, Potdar V, Abraham P, Sapkal GN. Comparison of neutralizing antibody response in first and second waves of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in India. J Travel Med 2022; 29:6485192. [PMID: 34963131 PMCID: PMC8807193 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taab196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The Delta variant leads to the resurgence of the second wave in India. A 1.51-fold increase in neutralizing antibody response was observed in the second wave compared with first wave, indicating the second wave dominated by the Delta elicited a robust immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Asha Salunke
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411021, India
| | - Chetan Patil
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411021, India
| | | | - Aparna Rakhe
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411021, India
| | | | | | - Varsha Potdar
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411021, India
| | - Priya Abraham
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411021, India
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15
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Tandale BV, Tomar SJ, Bondre VP, Sapkal GN, Damle RG, Narang R, Qazi MS, Padmaja GV, Jain M, Jain D, Guduru VK, Jain J, Gosavi RV, Sekhar VC, Infectious-Encephalitis-Aetiologies-Study-Group, Pavitrakar DV, Shankarraman V, Mahamuni SA, Salunkhe A, Khude P, Deshmukh PS, Deshmukh PR, Raut AV, Niswade AK, Bansod YV, Narlawar UW, Talpalliwar M, Rathod P, Kumari Jha P, Rao RK, Jyothi K, Soujanya BP, Kumar MP, Kumar KJK, Taksande A, Kumar S, Mudey G, Yelke B, Kamble M, Tankhiwale S. Infectious causes of acute encephalitis syndrome hospitalizations in Central India, 2018-20. J Clin Virol 2022; 153:105194. [PMID: 35687988 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2022.105194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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16
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Yadav PD, Mohandas S, Shete AM, Nyayanit DA, Gupta N, Patil DY, Sapkal GN, Potdar V, Kadam M, Kumar A, Kumar S, Suryavanshi D, Mote CS, Abraham P, Panda S, Bhargava B. SARS-CoV-2 Kappa Variant Shows Pathogenicity in a Syrian Hamster Model. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2022; 22:289-296. [PMID: 35580212 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2021.0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.617 variants in India has been associated with a surge in the number of daily infections. We investigated the pathogenic potential of Kappa (B.1.617.1) variant in Syrian golden hamsters. Methods: Two groups of Syrian golden hamsters (18 each) were inoculated intranasally with SARS-CoV-2 isolates, B.1 (D614G) and Kappa variant, respectively. The animals were monitored daily for the clinical signs and body weight. Throat swab, nasal wash, and organ samples (lungs, nasal turbinate, trachea) were collected and screened using SARS-CoV-2-specific RT-qPCR. Histopathologic evaluation of the lung samples was performed. Results: The hamsters infected with the Kappa variant demonstrated increased body weight loss compared to the B.1 lineage isolate. The highest viral RNA load was observed in the nasal turbinate and lung specimens of animals infected with both variants. A significantly higher sgRNA load was observed in the nasal swabs (7 DPI), trachea (3 DPI), and lungs (3 DPI) of hamsters infected with the Kappa variant. Neutralizing antibody response generated in the B.1 lineage-infected hamster sera were comparable against both B.1 and Kappa variant in contrast to Kappa variant-infected hamsters, which showed lower titers against B.1 lineage isolate. Gross and microscopic evaluation of the lung specimens showed severe lung lesions in hamsters infected with Kappa variant compared to B.1. Conclusions: The study demonstrates pathogenicity of Kappa variant in hamsters evident with reduced body weight, high viral RNA load in lungs, and pronounced lung lesions. Both Kappa variant- and B.1-infected hamsters produced neutralizing antibodies against both variants studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya D Yadav
- Maximum Containment Facility, Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Sreelekshmy Mohandas
- Maximum Containment Facility, Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Anita M Shete
- Maximum Containment Facility, Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Dimpal A Nyayanit
- Maximum Containment Facility, Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Nivedita Gupta
- Indian Council of Medical Research, V. Ramalingaswami Bhawan, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepak Y Patil
- Maximum Containment Facility, Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Gajanan N Sapkal
- Maximum Containment Facility, Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Varsha Potdar
- Maximum Containment Facility, Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Manoj Kadam
- Maximum Containment Facility, Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Abhimanyu Kumar
- Maximum Containment Facility, Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Command Hospital (Southern Command), Armed Forces Medical College (AFMC), Pune, India
| | - Deepak Suryavanshi
- Maximum Containment Facility, Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Chandrashekhar S Mote
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Krantisinh Nana Patil College of Veterinary Science, Shirwal, India
| | - Priya Abraham
- Maximum Containment Facility, Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Samiran Panda
- Indian Council of Medical Research, V. Ramalingaswami Bhawan, New Delhi, India
| | - Balram Bhargava
- Indian Council of Medical Research, V. Ramalingaswami Bhawan, New Delhi, India
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Yadav PD, Sahay RR, Agrawal S, Shete A, Adsul B, Tripathy S, Nyayanit DA, Manrai M, Patil DY, Kumar S, Marwah V, Sapkal GN, Shastri J, Viswanathan R, Pandit P, Mishra Y, Chavan S, Joshi Y, Kumar TA, Majumdar T, Kumar A, Patil S, Munshi R, Desai U, Kaushal H, Suryawanshi A, Dudhmal M, Gawande P, Jain R, Waghmare A, Kalele K, Vedpathak P, Yemul J, Bodke P, Kore T, Kakrani AL, Athavale P, Suryawanshi P, Patsute S, Padbidri V, Awate P, Abraham P. Clinical, immunological and genomic analysis of the post vaccinated SARS-CoV-2 infected cases with Delta derivatives from Maharashtra, India, 2021. J Infect 2022; 85:e26-e29. [PMID: 35398410 PMCID: PMC8990527 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2022.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pragya D Yadav
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India.
| | - Rima R Sahay
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Sachee Agrawal
- Kasturba Hospital for Infectious Diseases, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anita Shete
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | | | - Srikanth Tripathy
- Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dimpal A Nyayanit
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Manish Manrai
- Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Deepak Y Patil
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Command Hospital (South Command), Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vikas Marwah
- Army Institute of Cardio Thoracic Sciences, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Gajanan N Sapkal
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Jayanthi Shastri
- Kasturba Hospital for Infectious Diseases, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | | | | | | | - Smita Chavan
- Seven Hills Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Yash Joshi
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - T Ajai Kumar
- Army Institute of Cardio Thoracic Sciences, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Triparna Majumdar
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Abhinendra Kumar
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Savita Patil
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Renuka Munshi
- Kasturba Hospital for Infectious Diseases, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Unnati Desai
- Kasturba Hospital for Infectious Diseases, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Himanshu Kaushal
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | | | - Manisha Dudhmal
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Pranita Gawande
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Rajlaxmi Jain
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Ashwini Waghmare
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Kaumudi Kalele
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Pratiksha Vedpathak
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Jyoti Yemul
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Poonam Bodke
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Tejashri Kore
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - A L Kakrani
- Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prachi Athavale
- Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Poonam Suryawanshi
- Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sudhir Patsute
- Naidu Infectious Diseases Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vikram Padbidri
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pradip Awate
- State Surveillance Officer, Integrated Disease Surveillance program, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Priya Abraham
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
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Yadav PD, Sapkal GN, Sahay RR, Patil DY, Agrawal S, Adsul B, Tripathy S, Deshpande GR, Nyayanit DA, Shete AM, Shastri J, Abraham P. Reduced neutralizing antibody response in naïve Covishield vaccinees against Omicron emphasizes booster vaccination. J Infect 2022; 85:90-122. [PMID: 35461911 PMCID: PMC9021040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2022.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Yadav PD, Sapkal GN, Sahay RR, Patil DY, Deshpande GR, Jain R, Nyayanit DA, Shete AM, Suryawanshi A, Nandapurkar A, Gurav YK, Abraham P. Elevated neutralization of Omicron with sera of COVID-19 recovered and breakthrough cases vaccinated with Covaxin than two dose naïve vaccinees. J Infect 2022; 84:834-872. [PMID: 35318093 PMCID: PMC8934181 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2022.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Sahay RR, Patil DY, Sapkal GN, Deshpande GR, Shete AM, Nyayanit DA, Kumar S, Yadav PD. SARS-CoV-2 Delta and delta derivatives impact on neutralization of Covishield recipient sera. J Infect 2022; 84:e36-e38. [PMID: 35192896 PMCID: PMC8857767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2022.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Yadav PD, Niyas VKM, Arjun R, Sahay RR, Shete AM, Sapkal GN, Pawar S, Patil DY, Gupta N, Abraham P. Detection of Zika virus disease in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India 2021 during second wave of COVID-19 pandemic. J Med Virol 2022; 94:2346-2349. [PMID: 35102566 PMCID: PMC9015449 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pragya D Yadav
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India, Pin-411021
| | | | - Rajalakshmi Arjun
- Kerala Institute of Medical Sciences and Health (KIMSHEALTH), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India, Pin-695029
| | - Rima R Sahay
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India, Pin-411021
| | - Anita M Shete
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India, Pin-411021
| | - Gajanan N Sapkal
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India, Pin-411021
| | - Shailesh Pawar
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India, Pin-411021
| | - Deepak Y Patil
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India, Pin-411021
| | - Nivedita Gupta
- ndian Council of Medical Research, V. Ramalingaswami Bhawan, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India, Pin-110029
| | - Priya Abraham
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India, Pin-411021
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Yadav PD, Sapkal GN, Abraham P, Ella R, Deshpande G, Patil DY, Nyayanit DA, Gupta N, Sahay RR, Shete AM, Panda S, Bhargava B, Mohan VK. Neutralization of Variant Under Investigation B.1.617.1 With Sera of BBV152 Vaccinees. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 74:366-368. [PMID: 33961693 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pragya D Yadav
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Gajanan N Sapkal
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Priya Abraham
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Raches Ella
- Bharat Biotech International Limited, Genome Valley, Hyderabad, India
| | - Gururaj Deshpande
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Deepak Y Patil
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Dimpal A Nyayanit
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Nivedita Gupta
- Indian Council of Medical Research, V. Ramalingaswami Bhawan, New Delhi, India
| | - Rima R Sahay
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Anita M Shete
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Samiran Panda
- Indian Council of Medical Research, V. Ramalingaswami Bhawan, New Delhi, India
| | - Balram Bhargava
- Indian Council of Medical Research, V. Ramalingaswami Bhawan, New Delhi, India
| | - V Krishna Mohan
- Bharat Biotech International Limited, Genome Valley, Hyderabad, India
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Deoshatwar AR, Gokhale MD, Sapkal GN, Viswanathan R, Potdar VA, Tilekar B, Khamankar LD, Gurav YK, Abraham P. SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity among non-medical frontline workers in Pune, Maharashtra, India. Indian J Med Res 2022; 155:578-581. [PMID: 36124498 PMCID: PMC9807206 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_2484_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Bipin Tilekar
- Diagnostic Virology Group, Pune 411 001, Maharashtra, India
| | | | | | - Priya Abraham
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411 001, Maharashtra, India
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Kaduskar O, Gurav YK, Deshpande K, Desphande GR, Yadav P, Rakhe A, Tilekar BN, Gomade P, Salunke A, Patil C, Dange V, Salve P, Patsute S, Abraham P, Sapkal GN. Understanding the dynamics of IgM & IgG antibodies in COVID-19-positive patients. Indian J Med Res 2022; 155:565-569. [PMID: 36124504 PMCID: PMC9807202 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_675_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives The pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 has been a threat to humankind due to the rapid spread of infection and appearance of multiple new variants. In the present study, we report the dynamics and persistence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies in asymptomatic and symptomatic COVID-19 patients by chemiluminescent assay. Methods A total of 463 serum samples from 218 SARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive patients were collected over a period of 124 days post-onset of disease (POD). Antibody levels were measured by chemiluminescence bioanalyzer. Neutralizing antibody titres were assessed by plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) for SARS-CoV-2. Results Both IgM and IgG started appearing from day five post-infection in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. IgM antibody response peaked around day 35 POD and rapidly diminished thereafter, with the last IgM-positive sample observed at 90 days POD. IgG antibody response peaked around 45 days POD and persisted till 124 days. The chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) results showed a moderate correlation (R=0.5846, P<0.001) compared with PRNT. Additional analysis indicated a neutralizing titre of 250 corresponded to 12.948 AU/ml of YHLO iFlash SARS-CoV-2 IgG units. Interpretation & conclusions Both symptomatic and asymptomatic COVID-19 patients seem to initiate production of antibody responses from day five of onset of disease. Although the CLIA gives high sensitivity and specificity and also its binding IgG antibody titres may correlate moderately with protective immunity, our results indicate that the values of binding antibody alone may not be a perfect guide to represent virus neutralization titre during donor selection for plasma therapy. However, IgM and IgG antibody detection may help in monitoring the status of disease progression and burden in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ojas Kaduskar
- Diagnostic Virology Group, Pune Municipal Corporation, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Yogesh K. Gurav
- Dengue and Chikungunya Group, Pune Municipal Corporation, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ketki Deshpande
- Diagnostic Virology Group, Pune Municipal Corporation, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Pragya Yadav
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, Pune Municipal Corporation, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Aparana Rakhe
- Diagnostic Virology Group, Pune Municipal Corporation, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Bipin N. Tilekar
- Diagnostic Virology Group, Pune Municipal Corporation, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prasad Gomade
- Diagnostic Virology Group, Pune Municipal Corporation, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Asha Salunke
- Diagnostic Virology Group, Pune Municipal Corporation, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Chetan Patil
- Diagnostic Virology Group, Pune Municipal Corporation, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Varsha Dange
- Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation, Pune Municipal Corporation, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pavan Salve
- Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation, Pune Municipal Corporation, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sudhir Patsute
- Naidu Hospital, Pune Municipal Corporation, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Priya Abraham
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune Municipal Corporation, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Gajanan N. Sapkal
- Diagnostic Virology Group, Pune Municipal Corporation, Pune, Maharashtra, India,For correspondence: Dr Gajanan N. Sapkal, Diagnostic Virology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune 411 021, Maharashtra, India e-mail:
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Sahay RR, Shete AM, Sapkal GN, Deshpande GR, Shah AD, Kumar S, Abraham P, Yadav PD. Reduced severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection by Kappa variant of interest (B.1.617.1) in a healthcare worker post-vaccination from Gujarat, India. Indian J Med Res 2022; 155:575-577. [PMID: 35975349 PMCID: PMC9807192 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1390_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anita M. Shete
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, Sumandeep Vidhyapeeth, Vadodara 391 760, Gujarat, India
| | - Gajanan N. Sapkal
- Diagnostic Virology Group, Sumandeep Vidhyapeeth, Vadodara 391 760, Gujarat, India
| | - Gururaj R. Deshpande
- Diagnostic Virology Group, Sumandeep Vidhyapeeth, Vadodara 391 760, Gujarat, India
| | - Arti D. Shah
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Smt. B. K. Shah Medical Institute & Research Centre, Sumandeep Vidhyapeeth, Vadodara 391 760, Gujarat, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Command Hospital (Southern Command), Armed Forces Medical College, Pune 411 040, Maharashtra, India
| | - Priya Abraham
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411 021, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pragya D. Yadav
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, Sumandeep Vidhyapeeth, Vadodara 391 760, Gujarat, India,For correspondence:
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26
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Munivenkatappa A, Sahay RR, Deshpande GR, Patil DY, Shete AM, Sapkal GN, Kumar R, Narayana M, Yadav PD, Shettar V. A case with SARS-CoV-2 reinfection from India. Indian J Med Microbiol 2021; 40:166-168. [PMID: 34789389 PMCID: PMC8590946 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A healthcare worker presented with fever, cough, headache and tested positive by SARS-CoV-2 real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). He got admitted to hospital and recovered after 14 days. After 2 months, as a screening protocol considering the high risk setup he got tested and again found to be positive for SARS-CoV-2 by qRT-PCR. Our patient had detectable levels of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies during the reinfection but found negative for Neutralizing antibodies (NAb). Our findings suggest that the person after the initial infection might not develop the desired protective immunity to prevent the reinfection as demonstrated by absence of NAb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Munivenkatappa
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Bangalore Unit, Karnataka, 560029, India.
| | - Rima R Sahay
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, 411021, India.
| | - Gururaj R Deshpande
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, 411021, India.
| | - Deepak Y Patil
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, 411021, India.
| | - Anita M Shete
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, 411021, India.
| | - Gajanan N Sapkal
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, 411021, India.
| | - Ravish Kumar
- Employees' State Insurance Corporation Medical College and Hospital, Gulbarga, Karnataka, 585106, India.
| | - Marappa Narayana
- Employees' State Insurance Corporation Medical College and Hospital, Gulbarga, Karnataka, 585106, India.
| | - Pragya D Yadav
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, 411021, India.
| | - Vijay Shettar
- Employees' State Insurance Corporation Medical College and Hospital, Gulbarga, Karnataka, 585106, India.
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27
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Sapkal GN, Yadav PD, Sahay RR, Deshpande G, Gupta N, Nyayanit DA, Patil DY, Shete AM, Kumar S, Abraham P, Panda S, Bhargava B. Neutralization of Delta variant with sera of Covishield™ vaccinees and COVID-19-recovered vaccinated individuals. J Travel Med 2021; 28:6338089. [PMID: 34343316 PMCID: PMC8385819 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taab119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gajanan N Sapkal
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra 411021, India
| | - Pragya D Yadav
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: +912026006111; Fax No. +912026122669; Equal first author
| | - Rima R Sahay
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra 411021, India
| | - Gururaj Deshpande
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra 411021, India
| | - Nivedita Gupta
- Indian Council of Medical Research, V. Ramalingaswami Bhawan, PO Box No. 4911, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Dimpal A Nyayanit
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra 411021, India
| | - Deepak Y Patil
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra 411021, India
| | - Anita M Shete
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra 411021, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Command Hospital (Southern Command), Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra 411040, India
| | - Priya Abraham
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra 411021, India
| | - Samiran Panda
- Indian Council of Medical Research, V. Ramalingaswami Bhawan, PO Box No. 4911, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Balram Bhargava
- Indian Council of Medical Research, V. Ramalingaswami Bhawan, PO Box No. 4911, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
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Yadav PD, Sapkal GN, Ella R, Sahay RR, Nyayanit DA, Patil DY, Deshpande G, Shete AM, Gupta N, Mohan VK, Abraham P, Panda S, Bhargava B. Neutralization of Beta and Delta variant with sera of COVID-19 recovered cases and vaccinees of inactivated COVID-19 vaccine BBV152/Covaxin. J Travel Med 2021; 28:6316247. [PMID: 34230972 PMCID: PMC8344909 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taab104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern mainly Delta and Beta is global public health concern due to its impact on existing vaccines. Here, we assessed the neutralization of sera from COVID-19 recovered cases and BBV152 vaccinees against Beta and Delta variants. BBV152 vaccine found to confer significant protection against both the variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya D Yadav
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Gajanan N Sapkal
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Raches Ella
- Bharat Biotech International Limited, Genome Valley, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Rima R Sahay
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Dimpal A Nyayanit
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Deepak Y Patil
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Gururaj Deshpande
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Anita M Shete
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Nivedita Gupta
- Indian Council of Medical Research, V. Ramalingaswami Bhawan, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - V Krishna Mohan
- Bharat Biotech International Limited, Genome Valley, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Priya Abraham
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Samiran Panda
- Indian Council of Medical Research, V. Ramalingaswami Bhawan, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Balram Bhargava
- Indian Council of Medical Research, V. Ramalingaswami Bhawan, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
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29
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Hasan AZ, Kumar MS, Prosperi C, Thangaraj JWV, Sabarinathan R, Saravanakumar V, Duraiswamy A, Kaduskar O, Bhatt V, Deshpande GR, Ullas PT, Sapkal GN, Sangal L, Mehendale SM, Gupta N, Moss WJ, Hayford K, Murhekar MV. Implementing Serosurveys in India: Experiences, Lessons Learned, and Recommendations. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 105:1608-1617. [PMID: 34607310 PMCID: PMC8641364 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-0401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Serological surveillance for vaccine-preventable diseases, such as measles and rubella, can provide direct measures of population immunity across age groups, identify gaps in immunity, and document changes in immunity over time. Rigorously conducted, representative household serosurveys provide high-quality estimates with minimal bias. However, they can be logistically challenging, expensive, and have higher refusal rates than vaccine coverage surveys. This article shares lessons learned through implementing nine measles and rubella household serosurveys in five districts in India—the challenges faced, the potential impact on results, and recommendations to facilitate the conduct of serosurveys. Specific lessons learned arose from challenges related to community mobilization owing to lack of cooperation in certain settings and populations, limitations of outdated census information, nonresponse due to refusal or unavailability during survey enumeration and enrollment, data collection issues, and specimen collection and handling issues. Although some experiences are specific to serosurveys in India, these lessons are generalizable to other household surveys, particularly vaccination coverage and serosurveys conducted in low- and middle-income settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvira Z. Hasan
- International Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Christine Prosperi
- International Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | | | | | | - Ojas Kaduskar
- Diagnostic Virology Group, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)–National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vaishali Bhatt
- Diagnostic Virology Group, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)–National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Gururaj Rao Deshpande
- Diagnostic Virology Group, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)–National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Gajanan N. Sapkal
- Diagnostic Virology Group, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)–National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Lucky Sangal
- World Health Organization, Southeast Asia Region Office, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjay M. Mehendale
- Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Nivedita Gupta
- Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - William J. Moss
- International Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kyla Hayford
- International Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Manoj V. Murhekar
- ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India
- Address correspondence to Manoj V. Murhekar, National Institute of Epidemiology, Indian Council of Medical Research, R-127, Tamil Nadu Housing Board, Ayapakkam, Ambattur, Chennai 600 070, India. E-mail: † Cosenior authors. The order was mutually agreed on accounting for equal roles in multiple manuscripts and final editorial responsibilities. ‡ These authors contributed equally to this work. The order was mutually agreed on accounting for equal roles in multiple manuscripts and final editorial responsibilities
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Tandale BV, Bondre VP, Sapkal GN, Gopalkrishna V, Gurav YK, Rao RK, Qazi MS, Narang R, Guduru VK, Niswade AK, Jain M. Childhood encephalitis hospitalizations associated with virus agents in medium-endemic states in India. J Clin Virol 2021; 144:104970. [PMID: 34560339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2021.104970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Japanese encephalitis (JE) is the leading cause of childhood acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) in India. We enhanced the AES surveillance in sentinel hospitals to determine trends and virus etiologies in central India. METHODS The neurological hospitalizations among children ≤15 years were tracked by using the AES case definition implemented by the national program. Acute and convalescent sera along with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens were collected and tested at the strengthened site hospital laboratories for anti-JE, anti-Dengue and anti-Chikungunya virus by IgM ELISA; along with Chandipura virus RT-PCR. Herpes simplex and enterovirus testing was undertaken at the reference laboratory. RESULTS Among 1619 pediatric neurological hospitalizations reported during 2015-16, AES case definition was fulfilled in 332 (20.5%) cases. After excluding 52 non-AES cases, 280 AES cases resident from study districts were considered eligible for study. The treating physicians diagnosed non-viral causes in 90 cases, therefore 190 (67.9%) of 280 AES cases were suspected with viral etiologies. We enrolled 140 (73.7%) of 190 eligible AES cases. Viral etiologies were confirmed in 31 (22.1%) of 140 enrolled AES cases. JE (n = 22) was the leading cause. Additional non-JE viral agents included Chikungunya (5), Dengue (2) and Chandipura (2). However, only 21 (9.4%) of 222 additional AES cases referred from peripheral hospitals were confirmed as JE. CONCLUSIONS Japanese encephalitis virus continues to be the leading cause of childhood acute encephalitis syndrome in central India despite vaccination program. Surveillance needs to be intensified for assessing the true disease burden of Japanese encephalitis following vaccination program implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vijay P Bondre
- ICMR - National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | | | - Yogesh K Gurav
- ICMR - National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - R Kondal Rao
- Kakatiya Medical College, Warangal, Telangana, India
| | | | - Rahul Narang
- Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sewagram, Wardha, Maharashtra, India
| | | | | | - Manish Jain
- Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sewagram, Wardha, Maharashtra, India
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- ICMR - National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India; Kakatiya Medical College, Warangal, Telangana, India; Government Medical College, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India; Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sewagram, Wardha, Maharashtra, India
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31
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Sapkal GN, Yadav PD, Ella R, Deshpande GR, Sahay RR, Gupta N, Vadrevu KM, Abraham P, Panda S, Bhargava B. Inactivated COVID-19 vaccine BBV152/COVAXIN effectively neutralizes recently emerged B.1.1.7 variant of SARS-CoV-2. J Travel Med 2021; 28:6193609. [PMID: 33772577 PMCID: PMC8083765 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taab051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gajanan N Sapkal
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra 411021, India
| | - Pragya D Yadav
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra 411021, India
| | - Raches Ella
- Bharat Biotech International Limited, Genome Valley, Hyderabad, Telangana 500078, India
| | - Gururaj R Deshpande
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra 411021, India
| | - Rima R Sahay
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra 411021, India
| | - Nivedita Gupta
- Indian Council of Medical Research, V. Ramalingaswami Bhawan, PO Box 4911, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Krishna Mohan Vadrevu
- Bharat Biotech International Limited, Genome Valley, Hyderabad, Telangana 500078, India
| | - Priya Abraham
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra 411021, India
| | - Samiran Panda
- Indian Council of Medical Research, V. Ramalingaswami Bhawan, PO Box 4911, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Balram Bhargava
- Indian Council of Medical Research, V. Ramalingaswami Bhawan, PO Box 4911, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
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Yadav PD, Sapkal GN, Abraham P, Deshpande G, Nyayanit DA, Patil DY, Gupta N, Sahay RR, Shete AM, Kumar S, Panda S, Bhargava B. Neutralization potential of Covishield vaccinated individuals sera against B.1.617.1. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 74:558-559. [PMID: 34036309 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pragya D Yadav
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Gajanan N Sapkal
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Priya Abraham
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Gururaj Deshpande
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Dimpal A Nyayanit
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Deepak Y Patil
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Nivedita Gupta
- Indian Council of Medical Research, V. Ramalingaswami Bhawan, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Rima R Sahay
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Anita M Shete
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Command Hospital (Southern Command), Armed Forces Medical College (AFMC), Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Samiran Panda
- Indian Council of Medical Research, V. Ramalingaswami Bhawan, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Balram Bhargava
- Indian Council of Medical Research, V. Ramalingaswami Bhawan, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
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Ganneru B, Jogdand H, Daram VK, Das D, Molugu NR, Prasad SD, Kannappa SV, Ella KM, Ravikrishnan R, Awasthi A, Jose J, Rao P, Kumar D, Ella R, Abraham P, Yadav PD, Sapkal GN, Shete-Aich A, Desphande G, Mohandas S, Basu A, Gupta N, Vadrevu KM. Th1 skewed immune response of whole virion inactivated SARS CoV 2 vaccine and its safety evaluation. iScience 2021; 24:102298. [PMID: 33723528 PMCID: PMC7944858 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the development and evaluation of safety and immunogenicity of a whole virion inactivated (WVI) SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (BBV152), adjuvanted with aluminum hydroxide gel (Algel), or TLR7/8 agonist chemisorbed Algel. We used a well-characterized SARS-CoV-2 strain and an established Vero cell platform to produce large-scale GMP-grade highly purified inactivated antigen. Product development and manufacturing process were carried out in a BSL-3 facility. Immunogenicity and safety were determined at two antigen concentrations (3μg and 6μg), with two different adjuvants, in mice, rats, and rabbits. Our results show that BBV152 vaccine formulations generated significantly high antigen-binding and neutralizing antibody titers (NAb), at both concentrations, in all three species with excellent safety profiles. The inactivated vaccine formulation contains TLR7/8 agonist adjuvant-induced Th1-biased antibody responses with elevated IgG2a/IgG1 ratio and increased levels of SARS-CoV-2-specific IFN-γ+ CD4+ T lymphocyte response. Our results support further development for phase I/II clinical trials in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brunda Ganneru
- Bharat Biotech International Ltd, Hyderabad (BBIL), Telangana 500 078, India
| | - Harsh Jogdand
- Bharat Biotech International Ltd, Hyderabad (BBIL), Telangana 500 078, India
| | - Vijaya Kumar Daram
- Bharat Biotech International Ltd, Hyderabad (BBIL), Telangana 500 078, India
| | - Dipankar Das
- Bharat Biotech International Ltd, Hyderabad (BBIL), Telangana 500 078, India
| | | | - Sai D. Prasad
- Bharat Biotech International Ltd, Hyderabad (BBIL), Telangana 500 078, India
| | | | - Krishna M. Ella
- Bharat Biotech International Ltd, Hyderabad (BBIL), Telangana 500 078, India
| | | | - Amit Awasthi
- Translational Health Sciences and Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, PO box #04, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | - Jomy Jose
- RCC Laboratories India Private Ltd, Hyderabad, Telangana 500 078, India
| | - Panduranga Rao
- Bharat Biotech International Ltd, Hyderabad (BBIL), Telangana 500 078, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Bharat Biotech International Ltd, Hyderabad (BBIL), Telangana 500 078, India
| | - Raches Ella
- Bharat Biotech International Ltd, Hyderabad (BBIL), Telangana 500 078, India
| | - Priya Abraham
- National Institute of Virology-Indian Council of Medical Research (NIV-ICMR), Pune, Maharashtra 411021, India
| | - Pragya D. Yadav
- National Institute of Virology-Indian Council of Medical Research (NIV-ICMR), Pune, Maharashtra 411021, India
| | - Gajanan N. Sapkal
- National Institute of Virology-Indian Council of Medical Research (NIV-ICMR), Pune, Maharashtra 411021, India
| | - Anita Shete-Aich
- National Institute of Virology-Indian Council of Medical Research (NIV-ICMR), Pune, Maharashtra 411021, India
| | - Gururaj Desphande
- National Institute of Virology-Indian Council of Medical Research (NIV-ICMR), Pune, Maharashtra 411021, India
| | - Sreelekshmy Mohandas
- National Institute of Virology-Indian Council of Medical Research (NIV-ICMR), Pune, Maharashtra 411021, India
| | - Atanu Basu
- National Institute of Virology-Indian Council of Medical Research (NIV-ICMR), Pune, Maharashtra 411021, India
| | - Nivedita Gupta
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), India, V. Ramalingaswami Bhawan, P.O. Box No. 4911, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
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Murhekar MV, Bhatnagar T, Selvaraju S, Rade K, Saravanakumar V, Vivian Thangaraj JW, Kumar MS, Shah N, Sabarinathan R, Turuk A, Anand PK, Asthana S, Balachandar R, Bangar SD, Bansal AK, Bhat J, Chakraborty D, Rangaraju C, Chopra V, Das D, Deb AK, Devi KR, Dwivedi GR, Salim Khan SM, Haq I, Kumar MS, Laxmaiah A, (Major) Madhukar, Mahapatra A, Mitra A, Nirmala A, Pagdhune A, Qurieshi MA, Ramarao T, Sahay S, Sharma Y, Shrinivasa MB, Shukla VK, Singh PK, Viramgami A, Wilson VC, Yadav R, Girish Kumar C, Luke HE, Ranganathan UD, Babu S, Sekar K, Yadav PD, Sapkal GN, Das A, Das P, Dutta S, Hemalatha R, Kumar A, Narain K, Narasimhaiah S, Panda S, Pati S, Patil S, Sarkar K, Singh S, Kant R, Tripathy S, Toteja G, Babu GR, Kant S, Muliyil J, Pandey RM, Sarkar S, Singh SK, Zodpey S, Gangakhedkar RR, Reddy D, Bhargava B. Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in India: Findings from the national serosurvey, May-June 2020. Indian J Med Res 2020; 152:48-60. [PMID: 32952144 PMCID: PMC7853249 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_3290_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Population-based seroepidemiological studies measure the extent of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a country. We report the findings of the first round of a national serosurvey, conducted to estimate the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among adult population of India. METHODS From May 11 to June 4, 2020, a randomly sampled, community-based survey was conducted in 700 villages/wards, selected from the 70 districts of the 21 States of India, categorized into four strata based on the incidence of reported COVID-19 cases. Four hundred adults per district were enrolled from 10 clusters with one adult per household. Serum samples were tested for IgG antibodies using COVID Kavach ELISA kit. All positive serum samples were re-tested using Euroimmun SARS-CoV-2 ELISA. Adjusting for survey design and serial test performance, weighted seroprevalence, number of infections, infection to case ratio (ICR) and infection fatality ratio (IFR) were calculated. Logistic regression was used to determine the factors associated with IgG positivity. RESULTS Total of 30,283 households were visited and 28,000 individuals were enrolled. Population-weighted seroprevalence after adjusting for test performance was 0.73 per cent [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.34-1.13]. Males, living in urban slums and occupation with high risk of exposure to potentially infected persons were associated with seropositivity. A cumulative 6,468,388 adult infections (95% CI: 3,829,029-11,199,423) were estimated in India by the early May. The overall ICR was between 81.6 (95% CI: 48.3-141.4) and 130.1 (95% CI: 77.0-225.2) with May 11 and May 3, 2020 as plausible reference points for reported cases. The IFR in the surveyed districts from high stratum, where death reporting was more robust, was 11.72 (95% CI: 7.21-19.19) to 15.04 (9.26-24.62) per 10,000 adults, using May 24 and June 1, 2020 as plausible reference points for reported deaths. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 was low among the adult population in India around the beginning of May 2020. Further national and local serosurveys are recommended to better inform the public health strategy for containment and mitigation of the epidemic in various parts of the country.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tarun Bhatnagar
- ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention & Research, Noida, India
| | | | - Kiran Rade
- WHO Country Office for India, New Delhi, India
| | - V. Saravanakumar
- Division of Epidemiology & Bio-Statistics, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | | | | | - R. Sabarinathan
- Division of Epidemiology & Bio-Statistics, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Alka Turuk
- Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Smita Asthana
- Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Noida, India
| | | | | | | | - Jyothi Bhat
- Division of Communicable Diseases, ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Debjit Chakraborty
- Division of Epidemiology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Chethana Rangaraju
- Division of Advocacy, Communication & Social Mobilisation, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Vishal Chopra
- State TB Training & Demonstration Centre, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Dasarathi Das
- ICMRRegional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Alok Kumar Deb
- Division of Epidemiology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Kangjam Rekha Devi
- Division of Enteric Diseases, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | | | - S. Muhammad Salim Khan
- Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Inaamul Haq
- Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - M. Sunil Kumar
- State TB Training & Demonstration Centre Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Avula Laxmaiah
- Division of Public Health Nutrition, ICMRNational Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - (Major) Madhukar
- Division of Clinical Medicine, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
| | | | - Anindya Mitra
- State TB Training & Demonstration Centre Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - A.R. Nirmala
- Lady Willingdon State TB Centre, Government of Karnataka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Mariya Amin Qurieshi
- Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | | | - Seema Sahay
- Social and Behavioural Research Sciences, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Y.K. Sharma
- Directorate Health Services, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | | | | | - Prashant Kumar Singh
- Division of Preventive Oncology, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention & Research, Noida, India
| | - Ankit Viramgami
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | | | - Rajiv Yadav
- Division of Communicable Diseases, ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - C.P. Girish Kumar
- Laboratory Division, ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Uma Devi Ranganathan
- Immunology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Subash Babu
- NIH-ICER (International Centers for Excellence in Research) Program, Chennai, India
| | | | | | - Gajanan N. Sapkal
- Diagnostic Virology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Aparup Das
- ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Pradeep Das
- ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Shanta Dutta
- ICMR-National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Ashwani Kumar
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry, India
| | - Kanwar Narain
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry, India
| | | | - Samiran Panda
- ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sanghamitra Pati
- ICMRRegional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Shripad Patil
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Kamalesh Sarkar
- ICMR-National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Shalini Singh
- ICMR-National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, India
| | - Rajni Kant
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Gorakhpur, India
| | - Srikanth Tripathy
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - G.S. Toteja
- ICMR-National Institute for Implementation Research on Non-Communicable Diseases, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | | | - Shashi Kant
- Centre for Community Medicine, New Delhi, India
| | - J.P. Muliyil
- Independent Consultant, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ravindra Mohan Pandey
- Department of Biostatistics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Swarup Sarkar
- Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Raman R. Gangakhedkar
- Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - D.C.S. Reddy
- Independent Consultant, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Deshpande GR, Sapkal GN, Tilekar BN, Yadav PD, Gurav Y, Gaikwad S, Kaushal H, Deshpande KS, Kaduskar O, Sarkale P, Baradkar S, Suryawanshi A, Lakra R, Sugunan AP, Balakrishnan A, Abraham P, Salve P. Neutralizing antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 patients. Indian J Med Res 2020; 152:82-87. [PMID: 32859866 PMCID: PMC7853248 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_2382_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: The global pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus has challenged public health system worldwide due to the unavailability of approved preventive and therapeutic options. Identification of neutralizing antibodies (NAb) and understanding their role is important. However, the data on kinetics of NAb response among COVID-19 patients are unclear. To understand the NAb response in COVID-19 patients, we compared the findings of microneutralization test (MNT) and plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) for the SARS-CoV-2. Further, the kinetics of NAb response among COVID-19 patients was assessed. Methods: A total of 343 blood samples (89 positive, 58 negative for SARS-CoV-2 and 17 cross-reactive and 179 serum from healthy individuals) were collected and tested by MNT and PRNT. SARS-CoV-2 virus was prepared by propagating the virus in Vero CCL-81 cells. The intra-class correlation was calculated to assess the correlation between MNT and PRNT. The neutralizing endpoint as the reduction in the number of plaque count by 90 per cent (PRNT90) was also calculated. Results: The analysis of MNT and PRNT quantitative results indicated that the intra-class correlation was 0.520. Of the 89 confirmed COVID-19 patients, 64 (71.9%) showed NAb response. Interpretation & conclusions: The results of MNT and PRNT were specific with no cross-reactivity. In the early stages of infection, the NAb response was observed with variable antibody kinetics. The neutralization assays can be used for titration of NAb in recovered/vaccinated or infected COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gururaj Rao Deshpande
- Diagnostic Virology Group, Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Gajanan N Sapkal
- Diagnostic Virology Group, Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Bipin N Tilekar
- Diagnostic Virology Group, Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pragya D Yadav
- Maximum Containment Facility, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Yogesh Gurav
- Epidemiology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shivshankar Gaikwad
- Diagnostic Virology Group, Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Himanshu Kaushal
- Influenza Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ketki S Deshpande
- Diagnostic Virology Group, Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ojas Kaduskar
- Diagnostic Virology Group, Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prasad Sarkale
- Maximum Containment Facility, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Srikant Baradkar
- Maximum Containment Facility, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Annasaheb Suryawanshi
- Maximum Containment Facility, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rajen Lakra
- Maximum Containment Facility, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - A P Sugunan
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Kerala Unit, Alappuzha, Kerala, India
| | | | - Priya Abraham
- Diagnostic Virology Group, Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pavan Salve
- Medical Department, Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Naik S, Robinson ML, Alexander M, Chandanwale A, Sambarey P, Kinikar A, Bharadwaj R, Sapkal GN, Chebrolu P, Deshpande P, Kulkarni V, Nimkar S, Mave V, Gupta A, Mathad J. Intensified Short Symptom Screening Program for Dengue Infection during Pregnancy, India. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26:738-743. [PMID: 32186485 PMCID: PMC7101120 DOI: 10.3201/eid2604.191476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoborne diseases (e.g., malaria, dengue, and chikungunya) are endemic to India and pose diagnostic challenges during pregnancy. We evaluated an intensified short symptom screening program in India to diagnose dengue during pregnancy. During October 2017–January 2018, we screened pregnant women during antenatal surveillance for symptoms of mosquitoborne diseases (fever only, fever with conjunctivitis, fever with rash, or all 3 symptoms) within the previous 15 days. Of 5,843 pregnant women screened, 52 were enrolled and tested for dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses by using a Trioplex real-time reverse transcription PCR. Of 49 who had complete results, 7 (14%) were dengue positive. Of these ocular pain was seen in 4 (57%) and conjunctivitis in 7 (100%). Intensified symptom screening using conjunctivitis, in addition to rash, in pregnant women with fever might improve dengue case detection and can be included in routine symptom screening during pregnancy.
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Pawar SD, Keng SS, Tare DS, Thormothe AL, Sapkal GN, Anukumar B, Lole KS, Mullick J, Mourya DT. A virus precipitation method for concentration & detection of avian influenza viruses from environmental water resources & its possible application in outbreak investigations. Indian J Med Res 2020; 150:612-619. [PMID: 32048625 PMCID: PMC7038801 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1697_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives Avian influenza (AI) viruses have been a major cause of public health concern. Wild migratory birds and contaminated environmental sources such as waterbodies soiled with bird droppings play a significant role in the transmission of AI viruses. The objective of the present study was to develop a sensitive and user-friendly method for the concentration and detection of AI viruses from environmental water sources. Methods Municipal potable water, surface water from reservoirs and sea were spiked with low pathogenic AI viruses. To concentrate the viruses by precipitation, a combination of potassium aluminium sulphate with milk powder was used. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was performed for virus detection, and the results were compared with a virus concentration method using erythrocytes. Drinking water specimens from poultry markets were also tested for the presence of AI viruses. Results A minimum of 101.0 EID50(50% egg infectious dose)/ml spiked H5N1 and 101.7 EID50/ml spiked H9N2 viruses were detected from spiked potable water; 101.0 and 102.0 EID50/ml spiked H5N1 virus was detected from surface water and seawater samples, respectively. The present method was more sensitive than the erythrocyte-binding method as approximately 10-fold higher infectious virus titres were obtained. AI H9N2 viruses were detected and isolated from water from local poultry markets, using this method. Interpretation & conclusions Viability and recovery of the spiked viruses were not affected by precipitation. The present method may be suitable for the detection of AI viruses from different environmental water sources and can also be applied during outbreak investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailesh D Pawar
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology-Mumbai Unit (Formerly Enterovirus Research Center), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sachin S Keng
- Avian Influenza Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology-Microbial Containment Complex, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Deeksha S Tare
- Avian Influenza Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology-Microbial Containment Complex, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anil L Thormothe
- Avian Influenza Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology-Microbial Containment Complex, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Gajanan N Sapkal
- Diagnostic Virology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology-Microbial Containment Complex, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - B Anukumar
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology-Kerala Unit, Government TD Medical College Hospital, Alappuzha, Kerala, India
| | - Kavita S Lole
- Hepatitis Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology-Microbial Containment Complex, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jayati Mullick
- Avian Influenza Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology-Microbial Containment Complex, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Devendra T Mourya
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology-Microbial Containment Complex, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Abstract
Rubella or German measles is an infection caused by rubella virus (RV). Infection of children and adults is usually characterized by a mild exanthematous febrile illness. However, RV is a major cause of birth defects and fetal death following infection in pregnant women. RV is a teratogen and is a major cause of public health concern as there are more than 100,000 cases of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) estimated to occur every year. Several lines of evidence in the field of molecular biology of RV have provided deeper insights into the teratogenesis process. The damage to the growing fetus in infected mothers is multifactorial, arising from a combination of cellular damage, as well as its effect on the dividing cells. This review focuses on the findings in the molecular biology of RV, with special emphasis on the mitochondrial, cytoskeleton and the gene expression changes. Further, the review addresses in detail, the role of apoptosis in the teratogenesis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suji George
- Diagnostic Virology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411001 India
| | - Rajlakshmi Viswanathan
- Diagnostic Virology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411001 India
| | - Gajanan N. Sapkal
- Diagnostic Virology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411001 India
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Bharadwaj SD, Sahay RR, Yadav PD, Dhanawade S, Basu A, Meena VK, George S, Damle R, Sapkal GN. Acute Encephalitis with Atypical Presentation of Rubella in Family Cluster, India. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:1923-1925. [PMID: 30226166 PMCID: PMC6154155 DOI: 10.3201/eid2410.180053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report 3 atypical rubella cases in a family cluster in India. The index case-patient showed only mild febrile illness, whereas the other 2 patients showed acute encephalitis and died of the disease. We confirmed rubella in the index and third cases using next-generation sequencing and IgM.
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Joshi MS, Tandale BV, Gore MM, Bhalla S, Gurav YK, Sapkal GN, Kushwaha KP, Mishra AC, Chitambar SD. Evidence of hepatitis A virus infection in the patients with acute encephalitis syndrome in Gorakhpur region, North India. Acta Virol 2018; 62:208-213. [PMID: 29895163 DOI: 10.4149/av_2018_215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The etiological agent remained unidentified in a large number of patients hospitalized for acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) in 2008-2009 in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, north India. All patients were found to present with fever and altered sensorium, while 28%, 19% and 13% showed hepatomegaly, splenomegaly and meningeal signs, respectively. Involvement mostly of children with abnormal hepatic features prompted us to undertake an exploratory study on viral hepatitis A to determine its association, if any, with hepatic derangements. AES patients (n = 2515) and healthy children (n = 167) were investigated for the presence of serum anti-hepatitis A virus (anti-HAV) IgM and anti-Japanese encephalitis (anti-JE) virus IgM by ELISA. Cerebrospinal fluids (CSFs, n = 595) and rectal swabs (n = 182) were examined for anti-HAV IgM and/or HAV RNA. Anti-HAV IgM was detected in the sera of 14.6% patients as against 6.6% of healthy children (p = 0.0042). Anti-JE virus IgM positivity was Keywords: acute encephalitis syndrome; cerebrospinal fluid; hepatitis A virus; anti-HAV IgM; non-Japanese encephalitis.
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Murhekar M, Bavdekar A, Benakappa A, Santhanam S, Singh K, Verma S, Sapkal GN, Gupta N, Verghese VP, Viswanathan R, Abraham AM, Choudhary S, Deshpande GN, George S, Goyal G, Gupta PC, Jhamb I, John D, Philip S, Kadam S, Sachdeva RK, Kumar P, Lepcha A, Mahantesh S, Manasa S, Nehra U, Munjal SK, Nag VL, Naik S, Raj N, Ram J, Ratho R, Raut C, Rohit MK, Sabarinathan R, Shah S, Singh P, Singh MP, Tiwari A, Vaid N. Sentinel Surveillance for Congenital Rubella Syndrome - India, 2016-2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2018; 67:1012-1016. [PMID: 30212443 PMCID: PMC6146948 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6736a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
Introduction: In recent years, the Chandipura virus (CHPV) has emerged as an encephalitic pathogen and found associated with a number of outbreaks in different parts of India. Children under 15 years of age are most susceptible to natural infection. CHPV is emerging as a significant encephalitis, causing virus in the Indian subcontinent. Severe outbreaks caused by the virus have been reported from several parts of India. Expalanation: In the recent past, the noticeable association of CHPV with pediatric sporadic encephalitis cases as well as a number of outbreaks in Andhra Pradesh (2004, 2005, 2007 and 2008), Gujarat in (2005, 2009-12) and Vidarbha region of Maharashtra (2007, 2009-12) have been documented. Prevalence and seasonal activity of the virus in these regions are established by NIV through outbreak investigations, sero-survey and diagnosis of the referred clinical specimens. Recently CHPV has been isolated from pools of sand flies collected during outbreak investigations in Vidarbha region of Maharashtra. Since its discovery from India and above-mentioned activity of CHPV, it was suspected to be restricted only to India. Conclusion: However, CHPV has also been isolated from human cases during 1971-72 in Nigeria, and hedgehogs (Atelerix spiculus) during entomological surveillance in Senegal, Africa (1990-96) and recently referred samples from Bhutan and Nepal and from wild toque macaques (Macaca sinica) at Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka during 1993 suggest its circulation in many tropical countries. Based on the limited study on vector related report, it appears that sandflies may be the principle vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajanan N Sapkal
- National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune 411001, India
| | - Pradeep M Sawant
- National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune 411001, India
| | - Devendra T Mourya
- National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune 411001, India
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Kulkarni R, Sapkal GN, Kaushal H, Mourya DT. Japanese Encephalitis: A Brief Review on Indian Perspectives. Open Virol J 2018; 12:121-130. [PMID: 30288200 PMCID: PMC6142657 DOI: 10.2174/1874357901812010121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Japanese encephalitis (JE) is recently declared as a notifiable disease in India due to its expanding geographical distribution. The disease notification facilitates effective implementation of preventive measures and case management. Expalantion: JE is a vector-borne disease that can be prevented by vaccine administration. It is caused by Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), belonging to family Flaviviridae. Amongst the known etiological viral encephalitis agents, it is one of the leading viral agents of acute encephalitis syndrome in many Asian countries where it is identified to cause substantial morbidity and mortality as well as disability. Globally, it is responsible for approximately 68,000 clinical cases every year. Conclusion: In the absence of antivirals, patients are given supportive treatment to relieve and stabilize. Amongst available control strategies; vector control is resource intensive while animal and human vaccination are the most effective tool against the disease. This review highlights recent progress focusing challenges with diagnosis and prophylactic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshma Kulkarni
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune-411001, India
| | - Gajanan N Sapkal
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune-411001, India
| | - Himanshu Kaushal
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune-411001, India
| | - Devendra T Mourya
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune-411001, India
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Gurav YK, Yadav PD, Gokhale MD, Chiplunkar TR, Vishwanathan R, Patil DY, Jain R, Shete AM, Patil SL, Sarang GD, Sapkal GN, Andhare MD, Sale YR, Awate PS, Mourya DT. Kyasanur Forest Disease Prevalence in Western Ghats Proven and Confirmed by Recent Outbreak in Maharashtra, India, 2016. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2018; 18:164-172. [PMID: 29336707 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2017.2129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Kyasanur forest disease (KFD) outbreak was confirmed in Dodamarg Taluka, Sindhudurga district (Maharashtra) in India during the year 2016. The rise in suspected KFD cases was reported in January 2016, peaked during March, and then declined gradually from April 2016. The outbreak was thoroughly investigated considering different socio-clinical parameters. METHODS Total, 488 suspected KFD cases were investigated using KFD specific real-time RT-PCR and anti-KFDV IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Sero-epidemiological survey was carried out in the affected area using anti-KFDV IgG ELISA. RESULTS Among suspected KFD cases, high age-specific attack rate (105.1 per 1000 persons) was observed in adults (aged 40-59 years). Out of 488 suspected KFD cases, 130 were laboratory confirmed. Of these, 54 cases were KFDV real-time RT-PCR positive, 66 cases were anti-KFDV IgM ELISA positive and 10 cases were positive by both the assays. Case fatality ratio among laboratory-confirmed KFD cases were 2.3% (3/130). Majority of laboratory-confirmed KFD cases (93.1%) had visited Western Ghats forest in Dodamarg for activities like working in cashew nut farms (79.8%), cashew nut fruit collection (76.6%), collection of firewood (68.5%) and dry leaves/grass (40.3%), etc., before the start of symptoms. Common clinical features included fever (100%), headache (93.1%), weakness (84.6%), and myalgia (83.1%). Hemorrhagic manifestations were observed in nearly one-third of the laboratory-confirmed KFD cases (28.5%). A seroprevalence of (9.7%, 72/745) was recorded in KFD-affected area and two neighboring villages (9.1%, 15/165). Serosurvey conducted in Ker village showed clinical to subclinical ratio of 6:1 in KFD-affected areas. CONCLUSION This study confirms the outbreak of KFD Sindhudurg district with 130 cases. Detection of anti-KFDV IgG antibodies among the healthy population in KFD-affected area during the KFD outbreak suggested the past exposure of KFD infection. This outbreak investigation has helped health authorities in adopting KFD vaccination strategy for the population at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh K Gurav
- 1 Microbial Containment Complex, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Pragya D Yadav
- 1 Microbial Containment Complex, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Mangesh D Gokhale
- 1 Microbial Containment Complex, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | | | | | - Deepak Y Patil
- 1 Microbial Containment Complex, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Rajlaxmi Jain
- 1 Microbial Containment Complex, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Anita M Shete
- 1 Microbial Containment Complex, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Savita L Patil
- 1 Microbial Containment Complex, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - G D Sarang
- 3 Medical Officer, Primary Health Center, Dodamarg, Sindhudurg, India
| | - Gajanan N Sapkal
- 1 Microbial Containment Complex, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - M D Andhare
- 3 Medical Officer, Primary Health Center, Dodamarg, Sindhudurg, India
| | - Y R Sale
- 4 Health Department, Zilla Parishad , Oras, India
| | - Pradeep S Awate
- 5 State Epidemiologist (Integrated Disease Surveillance Program), Joint Director of Health Services Office, Pune, India
| | - Devendra T Mourya
- 1 Microbial Containment Complex, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
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Sapkal GN, Yadav PD, Vegad MM, Viswanathan R, Gupta N, Mourya DT. First laboratory confirmation on the existence of Zika virus disease in India. J Infect 2017; 76:314-317. [PMID: 28988896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2017.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gajanan N Sapkal
- Diagnostic Virology Group, Microbial Containment Complex, National Institute of Virology, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune 411021, India
| | - Pragya D Yadav
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, Microbial Containment Complex, National Institute of Virology, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune 411021, India
| | - Mahendra M Vegad
- Department of Microbiology, 2nd Floor B.J. Medical College, Civil Hospital Campus, Ahmedabad 380016, Gujarat, India
| | - Rajlakshmi Viswanathan
- Diagnostic Virology Group, Microbial Containment Complex, National Institute of Virology, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune 411021, India
| | - Nivedita Gupta
- Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Indian Council of Medical Research, V. RamalingaswamiBhawan, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Devendra T Mourya
- National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Ambedkar Road, Pune 411001, India.
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Bondre VP, Sankararaman V, Andhare V, Tupekar M, Sapkal GN. Genetic characterization of human herpesvirus type 1: Full-length genome sequence of strain obtained from an encephalitis case from India. Indian J Med Res 2017; 144:750-760. [PMID: 28361829 PMCID: PMC5393087 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_747_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: Human herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is the most common cause of sporadic encephalitis in humans that contributes to >10 per cent of the encephalitis cases occurring worldwide. Availability of limited full genome sequences from a small number of isolates resulted in poor understanding of host and viral factors responsible for variable clinical outcome. In this study genetic relationship, extent and source of recombination using full-length genome sequence derived from a newly isolated HSV-1 isolate was studied in comparison with those sampled from patients with varied clinical outcome. Methods: Full genome sequence of HSV-1 isolated from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of a patient with acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) by inoculation in baby hamster kidney-21 (BHK-21) cells was determined using next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology. Phylogenetic analysis of the newly generated sequence in comparison with 33 additional full-length genomes defined genetic relationship with worldwide distributed strains. The bootscan and similarity plot analysis defined recombination crossovers and similarities between newly isolated Indian HSV-1 with six Asian and a total of 34 worldwide isolated strains. Results: Mapping of 376,332 reads amplified from HSV-1 DNA by NGS generated full-length genome of 151,024 bp from newly isolated Indian HSV-1. Phylogenetic analysis classified worldwide distributed strains into three major evolutionary lineages correlating to their geographic distribution. Lineage 1 containing strains were isolated from America and Europe; lineage 2 contained all the strains from Asian countries along with the North American KOS and RE strains whereas the South African isolates were distributed into two groups under lineage 3. Recombination analysis confirmed events of recombination in Indian HSV-1 genome resulting from mixing of different strains evolved in Asian countries. Interpretation & conclusions: Our results showed that the full-length genome sequence generated from an Indian HSV-1 isolate shared close genetic relationship with the American KOS and Chinese CR38 strains which belonged to the Asian genetic lineage. Recombination analysis of Indian isolate demonstrated multiple recombination crossover points throughout the genome. This full-length genome sequence amplified from the Indian isolate would be helpful to study HSV evolution, genetic basis of differential pathogenesis, host-virus interactions and viral factors contributing towards differential clinical outcome in human infections.
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Abstract
The emergence of Zika virus (ZiV), a mosquito borne Flavivirus like dengue (DEN) and chikungunya (CHIK), in Brazil in 2014 and its spread to various countries have led to a global health emergency. Aedes aegypti is the major vector for ZiV. Fast dissemination of this virus in different geographical areas posses a major threat especially to regions where the population lacks herd immunity against the ZiV and there is abundance of Aedes mosquitoes. In this review, we focus on current global scenario, epidemiology, biology, diagnostic challenges and remedial measures for ZiVconsidering the Indian perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pratip Shil
- National Institute of Virology (ICMR), Pune, India
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Damle RG, Patil AA, Bhide VS, Pawar SD, Sapkal GN, Bondre VP. Development of a novel rapid micro-neutralization ELISA for the detection of neutralizing antibodies against Chandipura virus. J Virol Methods 2016; 240:1-6. [PMID: 27856212 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chandipura virus (CHPV) is a leading cause of acute encephalitis with high mortality in paediatric population in India. A micro-neutralization ELISA (MN-ELISA) assay was developed for the detection of neutralizing antibodies (Nab) against CHPV. This novel method gives read-out in the form of ELISA optical density (OD) values and has a shorter turn-around time (TAT) as compared to the conventional cytopathic effect (CPE)-based neutralization assay (MN-CPE). The assay was developed using an Indian strain of CHPV. During the development of the assay different parameters such as cell count, dilution of primary and secondary antibodies and time point for the test termination were optimized. The new and conventional assays were run in parallel where known positive and negative human serum samples were used as test controls. The conventional MN-CPE was terminated at 48h post-infection (p.i.) and stained with Amido black, while in the new assay, MN-ELISA was terminated at pre-determined 18h p.i. and the infected cells were fixed with acetone, followed by in-situ ELISA. Results of both the assays were compared. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of the new test was 100% when compared with the conventional MN-CPE method as a 'gold standard'. The MN-ELISA showed two-fold higher antibody titer in one sample and one sample was additionally positive than MN-CPE ELISA. CONCLUSION The MN-ELISA is rapid, more sensitive and read-out of results is by measurement of OD, which could be more accurate than manual observation of reduction in CPE. This novel test could be used as an alternative to the conventional MN-CPE based assay in sero-surveillance and in future vaccine studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Damle
- National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
| | - A A Patil
- National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - V S Bhide
- National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - S D Pawar
- National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - G N Sapkal
- National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - V P Bondre
- National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Mourya DT, Sapkal GN, Yadav PD. Difference in vector ticks dropping rhythm governs the epidemiology of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever & Kyasanur forest disease in India. Indian J Med Res 2016; 144:633-635. [PMID: 28256476 PMCID: PMC5345314 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5916.200892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Devendra T. Mourya
- Viral Diagnostic Laboratory, National Institute of Virology, Pune 411 001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Gajanan N. Sapkal
- Viral Diagnostic Laboratory, National Institute of Virology, Pune 411 001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pragya D. Yadav
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, National Institute of Virology, Pune 411 001, Maharashtra, India
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Anukumar B, Sapkal GN, Tandale BV, Balasubramanian R, Gangale D. West Nile encephalitis outbreak in Kerala, India, 2011. J Clin Virol 2014; 61:152-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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