1
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Leborgne NG, Devisme C, Kozarac N, Berenguer Veiga I, Ebert N, Godel A, Grau-Roma L, Scherer M, Plattet P, Thiel V, Zimmer G, Taddeo A, Benarafa C. Neutrophil proteases are protective against SARS-CoV-2 by degrading the spike protein and dampening virus-mediated inflammation. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e174133. [PMID: 38470488 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.174133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Studies on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have highlighted the crucial role of host proteases for viral replication and the immune response. The serine proteases furin and TMPRSS2 and lysosomal cysteine proteases facilitate viral entry by limited proteolytic processing of the spike (S) protein. While neutrophils are recruited to the lungs during COVID-19 pneumonia, little is known about the role of the neutrophil serine proteases (NSPs) cathepsin G (CatG), elastase (NE), and proteinase 3 (PR3) on SARS-CoV-2 entry and replication. Furthermore, the current paradigm is that NSPs may contribute to the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19. Here, we show that these proteases cleaved the S protein at multiple sites and abrogated viral entry and replication in vitro. In mouse models, CatG significantly inhibited viral replication in the lung. Importantly, lung inflammation and pathology were increased in mice deficient in NE and/or CatG. These results reveal that NSPs contribute to innate defenses against SARS-CoV-2 infection via proteolytic inactivation of the S protein and that NE and CatG limit lung inflammation in vivo. We conclude that therapeutic interventions aiming to reduce the activity of NSPs may interfere with viral clearance and inflammation in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Gf Leborgne
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty
| | - Christelle Devisme
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty
| | - Nedim Kozarac
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences
| | - Inês Berenguer Veiga
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty
| | - Nadine Ebert
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty
| | - Aurélie Godel
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty
| | | | - Melanie Scherer
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, and
| | - Philippe Plattet
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, and
- Multidisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases (MCID), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Volker Thiel
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty
- Multidisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases (MCID), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gert Zimmer
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty
| | - Adriano Taddeo
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty
| | - Charaf Benarafa
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty
- Multidisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases (MCID), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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2
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Thompson D, Cismaru CV, Rougier JS, Schwemmle M, Zimmer G. The M2 proteins of bat influenza A viruses reveal atypical features compared to conventional M2 proteins. J Virol 2023; 97:e0038823. [PMID: 37540019 PMCID: PMC10506471 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00388-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The influenza A virus (IAV) M2 protein has proton channel activity, which plays a role in virus uncoating and may help to preserve the metastable conformation of the IAV hemagglutinin (HA). In contrast to the highly conserved M2 proteins of conventional IAV, the primary sequences of bat IAV H17N10 and H18N11 M2 proteins show remarkable divergence, suggesting that these proteins may differ in their biological function. We, therefore, assessed the proton channel activity of bat IAV M2 proteins and investigated its role in virus replication. Here, we show that the M2 proteins of bat IAV did not fully protect acid-sensitive HA of classical IAV from low pH-induced conformational change, indicating low proton channel activity. Interestingly, the N31S substitution not only rendered bat IAV M2 proteins sensitive to inhibition by amantadine but also preserved the metastable conformation of acid-sensitive HA to a greater extent. In contrast, the acid-stable HA of H18N11 did not rely on such support by M2 protein. When mutant M2(N31S) protein was expressed in the context of chimeric H18N11/H5N1(6:2) encoding HA and NA of avian IAV H5N1, amantadine significantly inhibited virus entry, suggesting that ion channel activity supported virus uncoating. Finally, the cytoplasmic domain of the H18N11 M2 protein mediated rapid internalization of the protein from the plasma membrane leading to low-level expression at the cell surface. However, cell surface levels of H18N11 M2 protein were significantly enhanced in cells infected with the chimeric H18N11/H5N1(6:2) virus. The potential role of the N1 sialidase in arresting M2 internalization is discussed. IMPORTANCE Bat IAV M2 proteins not only differ from the homologous proteins of classical IAV by their divergent primary sequence but are also unable to preserve the metastable conformation of acid-sensitive HA, indicating low proton channel activity. This unusual feature may help to avoid M2-mediated cytotoxic effects and inflammation in bats infected with H17N10 or H18N11. Unlike classical M2 proteins, bat IAV M2 proteins with the N31S substitution mediated increased protection of HA from acid-induced conformational change. This remarkable gain of function may help to understand how single point mutations can modulate proton channel activity. In addition, the cytoplasmic domain was found to be responsible for the low cell surface expression level of bat IAV M2 proteins. Given that the M2 cytoplasmic domain of conventional IAV is well known to participate in virus assembly at the plasma membrane, this atypical feature might have consequences for bat IAV budding and egress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Thompson
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christiana Victoria Cismaru
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Martin Schwemmle
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Gert Zimmer
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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3
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Avanthay R, Garcia-Nicolas O, Zimmer G, Summerfield A. NS1 and PA-X of H1N1/09 influenza virus act in a concerted manner to manipulate the innate immune response of porcine respiratory epithelial cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1222805. [PMID: 37565063 PMCID: PMC10410561 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1222805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Live-attenuated influenza A viruses (LAIV) may be superior to inactivated or subunit vaccines since they can be administered via mucosal routes to induce local immunity in the respiratory tract. In addition, LAIV are expected to trigger stronger T-cell responses that may protect against a broader range of antigen-drifted viruses. However, the development of LAIV is challenging since a proper balance between immunogenicity and safety has to be reached. In this study, we took advantage of reverse genetics to generate three LAIV based on the pandemic H1N1 2009 (pH1N1/09) virus strain: ΔPA-X, which is defective in the synthesis of the accessory PA-X protein, NS1(1-126) lacking 93 amino acids at the C-terminus of the NS1 protein, and a combination of both. Characterization of these recombinant viruses using a novel porcine bronchiolar epithelial cell line (T3) revealed that the ΔPA-X mutant replicated similar to wild type (WT) virus. However, in contrast to the parental virus the ΔPA-X mutant allowed transcription of genes involved in cell cycle progression and limits apoptosis. The NS1(1-126) mutant also replicated comparable to WT virus, but triggered the release of type I and III IFN and several chemokines and cytokines. Surprisingly, only the NS1(1-126)/ΔPA-X double mutant was significantly attenuated on T3 cells, and this was associated with enhanced transcription of genes of the innate immune system and complete absence of apoptosis induction. In conclusion, these findings indicate that NS1 and PA-X act in a concerted manner to manipulate the host cell response, which may help to develop swine LAIV vaccine with a more favorable balance of safety and immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Avanthay
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Obdulio Garcia-Nicolas
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gert Zimmer
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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4
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García-Nicolás O, Godel A, Zimmer G, Summerfield A. Macrophage phagocytosis of SARS-CoV-2-infected cells mediates potent plasmacytoid dendritic cell activation. Cell Mol Immunol 2023:10.1038/s41423-023-01039-4. [PMID: 37253946 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-01039-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Early and strong interferon type I (IFN-I) responses are usually associated with mild COVID-19 disease, whereas persistent or unregulated proinflammatory cytokine responses are associated with severe disease outcomes. Previous work suggested that monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) are resistant and unresponsive to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here, we demonstrate that upon phagocytosis of SARS-CoV-2-infected cells, MDMs are activated and secrete IL-6 and TNF. Importantly, activated MDMs in turn mediate strong activation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), leading to the secretion of high levels of IFN-α and TNF. Furthermore, pDC activation promoted IL-6 production by MDMs. This kind of pDC activation was dependent on direct integrin-mediated cell‒cell contacts and involved stimulation of the TLR7 and STING signaling pathways. Overall, the present study describes a novel and potent pathway of pDC activation that is linked to the macrophage-mediated clearance of infected cells. These findings suggest that a high infection rate by SARS-CoV-2 may lead to exaggerated cytokine responses, which may contribute to tissue damage and severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- O García-Nicolás
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
- Multidisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - A Godel
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - G Zimmer
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - A Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Multidisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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5
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Brigger D, Guntern P, Jonsdottir HR, Pennington LF, Weber B, Taddeo A, Zimmer G, Leborgne NGF, Benarafa C, Jardetzky TS, Eggel A. Sex-specific differences in immune response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination vanish with age. Allergy 2023. [PMID: 36680391 DOI: 10.1111/all.15652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Brigger
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Inselspital, University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Guntern
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Inselspital, University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hulda R Jonsdottir
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Inselspital, University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Spiez Laboratory, Federal Office for Civil Protection, Spiez, Switzerland
| | - Luke F Pennington
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Benjamin Weber
- Spiez Laboratory, Federal Office for Civil Protection, Spiez, Switzerland
| | - Adriano Taddeo
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Mittelhäusern and Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gert Zimmer
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Mittelhäusern and Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nathan G F Leborgne
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Mittelhäusern and Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Charaf Benarafa
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Mittelhäusern and Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Multidisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases (MCID), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Theodore S Jardetzky
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Alexander Eggel
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Inselspital, University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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6
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Heinen N, Marheinecke CS, Bessen C, Blazquez-Navarro A, Roch T, Stervbo U, Anft M, Plaza-Sirvent C, Busse S, Klöhn M, Schrader J, Vidal Blanco E, Urlaub D, Watzl C, Hoffmann M, Pöhlmann S, Tenbusch M, Steinmann E, Todt D, Hagenbeck C, Zimmer G, Schmidt WE, Quast DR, Babel N, Schmitz I, Pfänder S. In-depth analysis of T cell immunity and antibody responses in heterologous prime-boost-boost vaccine regimens against SARS-CoV-2 and Omicron variant. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1062210. [PMID: 36618413 PMCID: PMC9811676 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1062210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
With the emergence of novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) Variants of Concern (VOCs), vaccination studies that elucidate the efficiency and effectiveness of a vaccination campaign are critical to assess the durability and the protective immunity provided by vaccines. SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have been found to induce robust humoral and cell-mediated immunity in individuals vaccinated with homologous vaccination regimens. Recent studies also suggest improved immune response against SARS-CoV-2 when heterologous vaccination strategies are employed. Yet, few data exist on the extent to which heterologous prime-boost-boost vaccinations with two different vaccine platforms have an impact on the T cell-mediated immune responses with a special emphasis on the currently dominantly circulating Omicron strain. In this study, we collected serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 57 study participants of median 35-year old's working in the health care field, who have received different vaccination regimens. Neutralization assays revealed robust but decreased neutralization of Omicron VOC, including BA.1 and BA.4/5, compared to WT SARS-CoV-2 in all vaccine groups and increased WT SARS-CoV-2 binding and neutralizing antibodies titers in homologous mRNA prime-boost-boost study participants. By investigating cytokine production, we found that homologous and heterologous prime-boost-boost-vaccination induces a robust cytokine response of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Collectively, our results indicate robust humoral and T cell mediated immunity against Omicron in homologous and heterologous prime-boost-boost vaccinated study participants, which might serve as a guide for policy decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Heinen
- Department of Molecular & Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Clara Bessen
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Arturo Blazquez-Navarro
- Center for Translational Medicine and Immune Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital, University Hospital of the Ruhr University Bochum, Herne, Germany,BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Toralf Roch
- Center for Translational Medicine and Immune Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital, University Hospital of the Ruhr University Bochum, Herne, Germany,BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrik Stervbo
- Center for Translational Medicine and Immune Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital, University Hospital of the Ruhr University Bochum, Herne, Germany
| | - Moritz Anft
- Center for Translational Medicine and Immune Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital, University Hospital of the Ruhr University Bochum, Herne, Germany
| | | | - Sandra Busse
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Mara Klöhn
- Department of Molecular & Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jil Schrader
- Department of Molecular & Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Elena Vidal Blanco
- Department of Molecular & Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Doris Urlaub
- Department for Immunology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo) at TU Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Carsten Watzl
- Department for Immunology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo) at TU Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Markus Hoffmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Tenbusch
- Institut für klinische und molekulare Virologie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen und Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eike Steinmann
- Department of Molecular & Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Daniel Todt
- Department of Molecular & Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany,European Virus Bioinformatics Center, Jena, Germany
| | - Carsten Hagenbeck
- Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gert Zimmer
- Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Daniel Robert Quast
- Department of Medicine I, St. Josef-Hospital Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Nina Babel
- Center for Translational Medicine and Immune Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital, University Hospital of the Ruhr University Bochum, Herne, Germany,BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingo Schmitz
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany,*Correspondence: Ingo Schmitz, ; Stephanie Pfänder,
| | - Stephanie Pfänder
- Department of Molecular & Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany,*Correspondence: Ingo Schmitz, ; Stephanie Pfänder,
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7
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Taddeo A, Veiga IB, Devisme C, Boss R, Plattet P, Weigang S, Kochs G, Thiel V, Benarafa C, Zimmer G. Optimized intramuscular immunization with VSV-vectored spike protein triggers a superior immune response to SARS-CoV-2. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:82. [PMID: 35879345 PMCID: PMC9309237 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00508-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunization with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-vectored COVID-19 vaccine candidates expressing the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in place of the VSV glycoprotein relies implicitly on expression of the ACE2 receptor at the muscular injection site. Here, we report that such a viral vector vaccine did not induce protective immunity following intramuscular immunization of K18-hACE2 transgenic mice. However, when the viral vector was trans-complemented with the VSV glycoprotein, intramuscular immunization resulted in high titers of spike-specific neutralizing antibodies. The vaccinated animals were fully protected following infection with a lethal dose of SARS-CoV-2-SD614G via the nasal route, and partially protected if challenged with the SARS-CoV-2Delta variant. While dissemination of the challenge virus to the brain was completely inhibited, replication in the lung with consequent lung pathology was not entirely controlled. Thus, intramuscular immunization was clearly enhanced by trans-complementation of the VSV-vectored vaccines by the VSV glycoprotein and led to protection from COVID-19, although not achieving sterilizing immunity.
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8
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Callegari I, Schneider M, Berloffa G, Mühlethaler T, Holdermann S, Galli E, Roloff T, Boss R, Infanti L, Khanna N, Egli A, Buser A, Zimmer G, Derfuss T, Sanderson NSR. Potent neutralization by monoclonal human IgM against SARS-CoV-2 is impaired by class switch. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e53956. [PMID: 35548920 PMCID: PMC9253785 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202153956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the class‐dependent properties of anti‐viral IgM antibodies, we use membrane antigen capture activated cell sorting to isolate spike‐protein‐specific B cells from donors recently infected with SARS‐CoV‐2, allowing production of recombinant antibodies. We isolate 20, spike‐protein‐specific antibodies of classes IgM, IgG, and IgA, none of which shows any antigen‐independent binding to human cells. Two antibodies of class IgM mediate virus neutralization at picomolar concentrations, but this potency is lost following artificial switch to IgG. Although, as expected, the IgG versions of the antibodies appear to have lower avidity than their IgM parents, this is not sufficient to explain the loss of potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Callegari
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,MS Center, Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mika Schneider
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Giuliano Berloffa
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Mühlethaler
- Biophysics Facility, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Holdermann
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,MS Center, Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Edoardo Galli
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,MS Center, Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tim Roloff
- Applied Microbiology Research, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Clinical Bacteriology and Mycology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Renate Boss
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Laura Infanti
- Regional Blood Transfusion Service, Swiss Red Cross, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nina Khanna
- Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Egli
- Applied Microbiology Research, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Clinical Bacteriology and Mycology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Buser
- Regional Blood Transfusion Service, Swiss Red Cross, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gert Zimmer
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern & Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Derfuss
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,MS Center, Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas S R Sanderson
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,MS Center, Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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9
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Walter JD, Scherer M, Hutter CAJ, Garaeva AA, Zimmermann I, Wyss M, Rheinberger J, Ruedin Y, Earp JC, Egloff P, Sorgenfrei M, Hürlimann LM, Gonda I, Meier G, Remm S, Thavarasah S, van Geest G, Bruggmann R, Zimmer G, Slotboom DJ, Paulino C, Plattet P, Seeger MA. Biparatopic sybodies neutralize SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and mitigate drug resistance. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e54199. [PMID: 35253970 PMCID: PMC8982573 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202154199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing COVID‐19 pandemic represents an unprecedented global health crisis. Here, we report the identification of a synthetic nanobody (sybody) pair, Sb#15 and Sb#68, that can bind simultaneously to the SARS‐CoV‐2 spike RBD and efficiently neutralize pseudotyped and live viruses by interfering with ACE2 interaction. Cryo‐EM confirms that Sb#15 and Sb#68 engage two spatially discrete epitopes, influencing rational design of bispecific and tri‐bispecific fusion constructs that exhibit up to 100‐ and 1,000‐fold increase in neutralization potency, respectively. Cryo‐EM of the sybody‐spike complex additionally reveals a novel up‐out RBD conformation. While resistant viruses emerge rapidly in the presence of single binders, no escape variants are observed in the presence of the bispecific sybody. The multivalent bispecific constructs further increase the neutralization potency against globally circulating SARS‐CoV‐2 variants of concern. Our study illustrates the power of multivalency and biparatopic nanobody fusions for the potential development of therapeutic strategies that mitigate the emergence of new SARS‐CoV‐2 escape mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin D Walter
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Scherer
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cedric A J Hutter
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alisa A Garaeva
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Membrane Enzymology at the Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Iwan Zimmermann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Linkster Therapeutics AG, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marianne Wyss
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jan Rheinberger
- Department of Structural Biology at the Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yelena Ruedin
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern & Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer C Earp
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Egloff
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Linkster Therapeutics AG, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michèle Sorgenfrei
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lea M Hürlimann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Imre Gonda
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gianmarco Meier
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sille Remm
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sujani Thavarasah
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Geert van Geest
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and Swiss, Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rémy Bruggmann
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and Swiss, Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gert Zimmer
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern & Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dirk J Slotboom
- Department of Membrane Enzymology at the Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cristina Paulino
- Department of Membrane Enzymology at the Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Structural Biology at the Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Philippe Plattet
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Markus A Seeger
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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10
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Weigang S, Fuchs J, Zimmer G, Schnepf D, Kern L, Beer J, Luxenburger H, Ankerhold J, Falcone V, Kemming J, Hofmann M, Thimme R, Neumann-Haefelin C, Ulferts S, Grosse R, Hornuss D, Tanriver Y, Rieg S, Wagner D, Huzly D, Schwemmle M, Panning M, Kochs G. Within-host evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in an immunosuppressed COVID-19 patient as a source of immune escape variants. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6405. [PMID: 34737266 PMCID: PMC8568958 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26602-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The origin of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern remains unclear. Here, we test whether intra-host virus evolution during persistent infections could be a contributing factor by characterizing the long-term SARS-CoV-2 infection dynamics in an immunosuppressed kidney transplant recipient. Applying RT-qPCR and next-generation sequencing (NGS) of sequential respiratory specimens, we identify several mutations in the viral genome late in infection. We demonstrate that a late viral isolate exhibiting genome mutations similar to those found in variants of concern first identified in UK, South Africa, and Brazil, can escape neutralization by COVID-19 antisera. Moreover, infection of susceptible mice with this patient’s escape variant elicits protective immunity against re-infection with either the parental virus and the escape variant, as well as high neutralization titers against the alpha and beta SARS-CoV-2 variants, B.1.1.7 and B.1.351, demonstrating a considerable immune control against such variants of concern. Upon lowering immunosuppressive treatment, the patient generated spike-specific neutralizing antibodies and resolved the infection. Our results suggest that immunocompromised patients could be a source for the emergence of potentially harmful SARS-CoV-2 variants. Here, in a longitudinal case study, Weigang et al. demonstrate that evolution of SARS-CoV-2 within a persistently infected immunosuppressed patient can result in the emergence of novel variants with reduced sensitivity to antibody neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Weigang
- Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jonas Fuchs
- Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gert Zimmer
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern & Mittelhäusern, Switzerland, and Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Schnepf
- Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Kern
- Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julius Beer
- Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hendrik Luxenburger
- Department of Medicine II, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jakob Ankerhold
- Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Valeria Falcone
- Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Janine Kemming
- Department of Medicine II, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maike Hofmann
- Department of Medicine II, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert Thimme
- Department of Medicine II, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Neumann-Haefelin
- Department of Medicine II, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Svenja Ulferts
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert Grosse
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Hornuss
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Dept. Med. II, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yakup Tanriver
- Division of Nephrology, Dept. Med. IV, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Siegbert Rieg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Dept. Med. II, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Wagner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Dept. Med. II, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Huzly
- Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Schwemmle
- Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Panning
- Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Georg Kochs
- Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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11
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Cramer J, Lakkaichi A, Aliu B, Jakob RP, Klein S, Cattaneo I, Jiang X, Rabbani S, Schwardt O, Zimmer G, Ciancaglini M, Abreu Mota T, Maier T, Ernst B. Sweet Drugs for Bad Bugs: A Glycomimetic Strategy against the DC-SIGN-Mediated Dissemination of SARS-CoV-2. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:17465-17478. [PMID: 34652144 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The C-type lectin receptor DC-SIGN is a pattern recognition receptor expressed on macrophages and dendritic cells. It has been identified as a promiscuous entry receptor for many pathogens, including epidemic and pandemic viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, Ebola virus, and HIV-1. In the context of the recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, DC-SIGN-mediated virus dissemination and stimulation of innate immune responses has been implicated as a potential factor in the development of severe COVID-19. Inhibition of virus binding to DC-SIGN, thus, represents an attractive host-directed strategy to attenuate overshooting innate immune responses and prevent the progression of the disease. In this study, we report on the discovery of a new class of potent glycomimetic DC-SIGN antagonists from a focused library of triazole-based mannose analogues. Structure-based optimization of an initial screening hit yielded a glycomimetic ligand with a more than 100-fold improved binding affinity compared to methyl α-d-mannopyranoside. Analysis of binding thermodynamics revealed an enthalpy-driven improvement of binding affinity that was enabled by hydrophobic interactions with a loop region adjacent to the binding site and displacement of a conserved water molecule. The identified ligand was employed for the synthesis of multivalent glycopolymers that were able to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein binding to DC-SIGN-expressing cells, as well as DC-SIGN-mediated trans-infection of ACE2+ cells by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-expressing viruses, in nanomolar concentrations. The identified glycomimetic ligands reported here open promising perspectives for the development of highly potent and fully selective DC-SIGN-targeted therapeutics for a broad spectrum of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Cramer
- University of Basel, Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter of the University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.,Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Adem Lakkaichi
- University of Basel, Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter of the University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Butrint Aliu
- University of Basel, Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter of the University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roman P Jakob
- Department Biozentrum, Focal Area Structural Biology, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Klein
- University of Basel, Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter of the University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Cattaneo
- University of Basel, Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter of the University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- University of Basel, Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter of the University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Said Rabbani
- University of Basel, Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter of the University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Schwardt
- University of Basel, Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter of the University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gert Zimmer
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Matias Ciancaglini
- Department Biomedicine, University of Basel, Petersplatz 8, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tiago Abreu Mota
- Department Biomedicine, University of Basel, Petersplatz 8, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Timm Maier
- Department Biozentrum, Focal Area Structural Biology, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Beat Ernst
- University of Basel, Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter of the University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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12
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Stervbo U, Blazquez-Navarro A, Blanco EV, Safi L, Meister TL, Paniskaki K, Stockhausen M, Marheinecke C, Zimmer G, Wellenkötter J, Giglio T, Arora P, Pöhlmann S, Hoffmann M, Seibert FS, Pfaender S, Roch T, Westhoff TH, Cinkilic O, Babel N. Improved cellular and humoral immunity upon a second BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 boost in prime-boost vaccination no/low responders with end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int 2021; 100:1335-1337. [PMID: 34619233 PMCID: PMC8489293 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2021.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrik Stervbo
- Center for Translational Medicine and Immune Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Herne, Germany
| | - Arturo Blazquez-Navarro
- Center for Translational Medicine and Immune Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Herne, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elena Vidal Blanco
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lema Safi
- Center for Translational Medicine and Immune Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Herne, Germany
| | - Toni L Meister
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Krystallenia Paniskaki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Mara Stockhausen
- Center for Translational Medicine and Immune Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Herne, Germany
| | - Corinna Marheinecke
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Gert Zimmer
- Institut für Virologie und Immunologie, Abteilung Virologie, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Prerna Arora
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany; Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany; Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Markus Hoffmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany; Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Felix S Seibert
- Center for Translational Medicine and Immune Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Herne, Germany
| | - Stephanie Pfaender
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Toralf Roch
- Center for Translational Medicine and Immune Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Herne, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies, Berlin, Germany
| | - Timm H Westhoff
- Center for Translational Medicine and Immune Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Herne, Germany
| | | | - Nina Babel
- Center for Translational Medicine and Immune Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Herne, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies, Berlin, Germany.
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13
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Sava M, Sommer G, Daikeler T, Woischnig AK, Martinez AE, Leuzinger K, Hirsch H, Erlanger T, Wiencierz A, Bassetti S, Tamm M, Tschudin-Sutter S, Stoeckle M, Pargger H, Siegemund M, Boss R, Zimmer G, Vu DL, Kaiser L, Dell-Kuster S, Weisser M, Battegay M, Hostettler K, Khanna N. Ninety-day outcome of patients with severe COVID-19 treated with tocilizumab - a single centre cohort study. Swiss Med Wkly 2021; 151:w20550. [PMID: 34375986 DOI: 10.4414/smw.2021.20550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Patients with severe COVID-19 may be at risk of longer term sequelae. Long-term clinical, immunological, pulmonary and radiological outcomes of patients treated with anti-inflammatory drugs are lacking. METHODS In this single-centre prospective cohort study, we assessed 90-day clinical, immunological, pulmonary and radiological outcomes of hospitalised patients with severe COVID-19 treated with tocilizumab from March 2020 to May 2020. Criteria for tocilizumab administration were oxygen saturation <93%, respiratory rate >30/min, C-reactive protein levels >75 mg/l, extensive area of ground-glass opacities or progression on computed tomography (CT). Descriptive analyses were performed using StataIC 16. RESULTS Between March 2020 and May 2020, 50 (27%) of 186 hospitalised patients had severe COVID-19 and were treated with tocilizumab. Of these, 52% were hospitalised on the intensive care unit (ICU) and 12% died. Eleven (22%) patients developed at least one microbiologically confirmed super-infection, of which 91% occurred on ICU. Median duration of hospitalisation was 15 days (interquartile range [IQR] 10–24) with 24 days (IQR 14–32) in ICU patients and 10 days (IQR 7–15) in non-ICU patients. At day 90, 41 of 44 survivors (93%) were outpatients. No long-term adverse events or late-onset infections were identified after acute hospital care. High SARS-CoV-2 antibody titres were found in all but one patient, who was pretreated with rituximab. Pulmonary function tests showed no obstructive patterns, but restrictive patterns in two (5.7%) and impaired diffusion capacities for carbon monoxide in 11 (31%) of 35 patients, which predominated in prior ICU patients. Twenty-one of 35 (60%) CT-scans at day 90 showed residual abnormalities, with similar distributions between prior ICU and non-ICU patients. CONCLUSIONS In this cohort of severe COVID-19 patients, no tocilizumab-related long-term adverse events or late-onset infections were identified. Although chest CT abnormalities were highly prevalent at day 90, the majority of patients showed normal lung function. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04351503.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Sava
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland / Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, Germany
| | - Gregor Sommer
- Clinic of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Daikeler
- Division of Rheumatology, University Hospital of Basel, Switzerland / Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Kathrin Woischnig
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Aurelien E Martinez
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karoline Leuzinger
- Division of Clinical Virology, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland / Transplantation and Clinical Virology, Department Biomedicine, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hans Hirsch
- Division of Clinical Virology, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland / Transplantation and Clinical Virology, Department Biomedicine, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Erlanger
- Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Wiencierz
- Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Bassetti
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Tamm
- Clinics of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Tschudin-Sutter
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland / Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Stoeckle
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hans Pargger
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Siegemund
- Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland / Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
| | - Renate Boss
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gert Zimmer
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Mittelhäusern, Switzerland / Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Diem-Lan Vu
- Division of Infectious Disease, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland / Laboratory of Virology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Kaiser
- Division of Infectious Disease, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland / Laboratory of Virology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Salome Dell-Kuster
- Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland / Department of Anaesthesiology, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland / Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maja Weisser
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland / Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Battegay
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Katrin Hostettler
- Clinics of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nina Khanna
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland / Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland / Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Switzerland
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14
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Hammond KC, Laggner FM, Diallo A, Doskoczynski S, Freeman C, Funaba H, Gates DA, Rozenblat R, Tchilinguirian G, Xing Z, Yamada I, Yasuhara R, Zimmer G, Kolemen E. Initial operation and data processing on a system for real-time evaluation of Thomson scattering signals on the Large Helical Device. Rev Sci Instrum 2021; 92:063523. [PMID: 34243539 DOI: 10.1063/5.0041507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A scalable system for real-time analysis of electron temperature and density based on signals from the Thomson scattering diagnostic, initially developed for and installed on the NSTX-U experiment, was recently adapted for the Large Helical Device and operated for the first time during plasma discharges. During its initial operation run, it routinely recorded and processed signals for four spatial points at the laser repetition rate of 30 Hz, well within the system's rated capability for 60 Hz. We present examples of data collected from this initial run and describe subsequent adaptations to the analysis code to improve the fidelity of the temperature calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Hammond
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - F M Laggner
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - A Diallo
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - S Doskoczynski
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - C Freeman
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - H Funaba
- National Institute for Fusion Science, Toki 509-5292, Japan
| | - D A Gates
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - R Rozenblat
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - G Tchilinguirian
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - Z Xing
- Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - I Yamada
- National Institute for Fusion Science, Toki 509-5292, Japan
| | - R Yasuhara
- National Institute for Fusion Science, Toki 509-5292, Japan
| | - G Zimmer
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - E Kolemen
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
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15
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García-Nicolás O, V'kovski P, Zettl F, Zimmer G, Thiel V, Summerfield A. No Evidence for Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophage Infection and Antibody-Mediated Enhancement of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:644574. [PMID: 33912475 PMCID: PMC8072125 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.644574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are essential to control the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and to protect the vulnerable population. However, one safety concern of vaccination is the possible development of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The potential infection of Fc receptor bearing cells such as macrophages, would support continued virus replication and inflammatory responses, and thereby potentially worsen the clinical outcome of COVID-19. Here we demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV neither infect human monocyte-derived macrophages (hMDM) nor induce inflammatory cytokines in these cells, in sharp contrast to Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus and the common cold human coronavirus 229E. Furthermore, serum from convalescent COVID-19 patients neither induced enhancement of SARS-CoV-2 infection nor innate immune response in hMDM. Although, hMDM expressed angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, no or very low levels of transmembrane protease serine 2 were found. These results support the view that ADE may not be involved in the immunopathological processes associated with COVID-19, however, more studies are necessary to understand the potential contribution of antibodies-virus complexes with other cells expressing FcR receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obdulio García-Nicolás
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philip V'kovski
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ferdinand Zettl
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gert Zimmer
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Volker Thiel
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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16
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Moreno H, Rastrojo A, Pryce R, Fedeli C, Zimmer G, Bowden TA, Gerold G, Kunz S. A novel circulating tamiami mammarenavirus shows potential for zoonotic spillover. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0009004. [PMID: 33370288 PMCID: PMC7794035 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A detailed understanding of the mechanisms underlying the capacity of a virus to break the species barrier is crucial for pathogen surveillance and control. New World (NW) mammarenaviruses constitute a diverse group of rodent-borne pathogens that includes several causative agents of severe viral hemorrhagic fever in humans. The ability of the NW mammarenaviral attachment glycoprotein (GP) to utilize human transferrin receptor 1 (hTfR1) as a primary entry receptor plays a key role in dictating zoonotic potential. The recent isolation of Tacaribe and lymphocytic choriominingitis mammarenaviruses from host-seeking ticks provided evidence for the presence of mammarenaviruses in arthropods, which are established vectors for numerous other viral pathogens. Here, using next generation sequencing to search for other mammarenaviruses in ticks, we identified a novel replication-competent strain of the NW mammarenavirus Tamiami (TAMV-FL), which we found capable of utilizing hTfR1 to enter mammalian cells. During isolation through serial passaging in mammalian immunocompetent cells, the quasispecies of TAMV-FL acquired and enriched mutations leading to the amino acid changes N151K and D156N, within GP. Cell entry studies revealed that both substitutions, N151K and D156N, increased dependence of the virus on hTfR1 and binding to heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Moreover, we show that the substituted residues likely map to the sterically constrained trimeric axis of GP, and facilitate viral fusion at a lower pH, resulting in viral egress from later endosomal compartments. In summary, we identify and characterize a naturally occurring TAMV strain (TAMV-FL) within ticks that is able to utilize hTfR1. The TAMV-FL significantly diverged from previous TAMV isolates, demonstrating that TAMV quasispecies exhibit striking genetic plasticity that may facilitate zoonotic spillover and rapid adaptation to new hosts. Mammarenaviruses include emergent pathogens responsible of severe disease in humans in zoonotic events. The ability to use the human Transferrin receptor 1 (hTfR1) strongly correlates with their pathogenicity in humans. We isolated a new infectious Tamiami virus strain (TAMV-FL) from host-seeking ticks, which, contrary to the previous rodent-derived reference strain, can use hTfR1 to enter human cells. Moreover, serial passaging of TAMV-FL in human immunocompetent cells selected for two substitutions in the viral envelope glycoprotein: N151K and D156N. These substitutions increase the ability to highjack hTfR1 and the binding capacity to heparan sulfate proteoglycans and cause delayed endosomal escape. Our findings provide insight into the acquisition of novel traits by currently circulating TAMV that increase its potential to trespass the inter-species barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Moreno
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital (IMUL-CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Alberto Rastrojo
- Department of Virology and Microbiology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Genetic Unit, Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rhys Pryce
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Chiara Fedeli
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital (IMUL-CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gert Zimmer
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology (DIP), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas A. Bowden
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gisa Gerold
- TWINCORE -Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Institute for Experimental Virology, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology & Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (WCMM), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover Germany
| | - Stefan Kunz
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital (IMUL-CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
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17
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Pfaender S, Mar KB, Michailidis E, Kratzel A, Boys IN, V'kovski P, Fan W, Kelly JN, Hirt D, Ebert N, Stalder H, Kleine-Weber H, Hoffmann M, Hoffmann HH, Saeed M, Dijkman R, Steinmann E, Wight-Carter M, McDougal MB, Hanners NW, Pöhlmann S, Gallagher T, Todt D, Zimmer G, Rice CM, Schoggins JW, Thiel V. LY6E impairs coronavirus fusion and confers immune control of viral disease. Nat Microbiol 2020; 5:1330-1339. [PMID: 32704094 PMCID: PMC7916999 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-020-0769-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Zoonotic coronaviruses (CoVs) are substantial threats to global health, as exemplified by the emergence of two severe acute respiratory syndrome CoVs (SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2) and Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV) within two decades1-3. Host immune responses to CoVs are complex and regulated in part through antiviral interferons. However, interferon-stimulated gene products that inhibit CoVs are not well characterized4. Here, we show that lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus E (LY6E) potently restricts infection by multiple CoVs, including SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV. Mechanistic studies revealed that LY6E inhibits CoV entry into cells by interfering with spike protein-mediated membrane fusion. Importantly, mice lacking Ly6e in immune cells were highly susceptible to a murine CoV-mouse hepatitis virus. Exacerbated viral pathogenesis in Ly6e knockout mice was accompanied by loss of hepatic immune cells, higher splenic viral burden and reduction in global antiviral gene pathways. Accordingly, we found that constitutive Ly6e directly protects primary B cells from murine CoV infection. Our results show that LY6E is a critical antiviral immune effector that controls CoV infection and pathogenesis. These findings advance our understanding of immune-mediated control of CoV in vitro and in vivo-knowledge that could help inform strategies to combat infection by emerging CoVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Pfaender
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Katrina B Mar
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Eleftherios Michailidis
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Annika Kratzel
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ian N Boys
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Philip V'kovski
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Wenchun Fan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jenna N Kelly
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dagny Hirt
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nadine Ebert
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hanspeter Stalder
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hannah Kleine-Weber
- Deutsches Primatenzentrum, Leibniz-Institut für Primatenforschung, Göttingen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Markus Hoffmann
- Deutsches Primatenzentrum, Leibniz-Institut für Primatenforschung, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Heinrich Hoffmann
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mohsan Saeed
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ronald Dijkman
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center (EVBC), Jena, Germany
| | - Eike Steinmann
- Department for Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Mary Wight-Carter
- Animal Resource Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Matthew B McDougal
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Natasha W Hanners
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- Deutsches Primatenzentrum, Leibniz-Institut für Primatenforschung, Göttingen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tom Gallagher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daniel Todt
- Department for Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center (EVBC), Jena, Germany
| | - Gert Zimmer
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Charles M Rice
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - John W Schoggins
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Volker Thiel
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland.
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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18
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Meyer B, Torriani G, Yerly S, Mazza L, Calame A, Arm-Vernez I, Zimmer G, Agoritsas T, Stirnemann J, Spechbach H, Guessous I, Stringhini S, Pugin J, Roux-Lombard P, Fontao L, Siegrist CA, Eckerle I, Vuilleumier N, Kaiser L. Validation of a commercially available SARS-CoV-2 serological immunoassay. Clin Microbiol Infect 2020; 26:1386-1394. [PMID: 32603801 PMCID: PMC7320699 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To validate the diagnostic accuracy of a Euroimmun SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgA immunoassay for COVID-19. METHODS In this unmatched (1:2) case-control validation study, we used sera of 181 laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases and 326 controls collected before SARS-CoV-2 emergence. Diagnostic accuracy of the immunoassay was assessed against a whole spike protein-based recombinant immunofluorescence assay (rIFA) by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses. Discrepant cases between ELISA and rIFA were further tested by pseudo-neutralization assay. RESULTS COVID-19 patients were more likely to be male and older than controls, and 50.3% were hospitalized. ROC curve analyses indicated that IgG and IgA had high diagnostic accuracies with AUCs of 0.990 (95% Confidence Interval [95%CI]: 0.983-0.996) and 0.978 (95%CI: 0.967-0.989), respectively. IgG assays outperformed IgA assays (p=0.01). Taking an assessed 15% inter-assay imprecision into account, an optimized IgG ratio cut-off > 2.5 displayed a 100% specificity (95%CI: 99-100) and a 100% positive predictive value (95%CI: 96-100). A 0.8 cut-off displayed a 94% sensitivity (95%CI: 88-97) and a 97% negative predictive value (95%CI: 95-99). Substituting the upper threshold for the manufacturer's, improved assay performance, leaving 8.9% of IgG ratios indeterminate between 0.8-2.5. CONCLUSIONS The Euroimmun assay displays a nearly optimal diagnostic accuracy using IgG against SARS-CoV-2 in patient samples, with no obvious gains from IgA serology. The optimized cut-offs are fit for rule-in and rule-out purposes, allowing determination of whether individuals in our study population have been exposed to SARS-CoV-2 or not. IgG serology should however not be considered as a surrogate of protection at this stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Meyer
- Centre for Vaccinology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - G Torriani
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - S Yerly
- Laboratory of Virology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - L Mazza
- Laboratory of Virology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - A Calame
- Division of Infectious Disease, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - I Arm-Vernez
- Laboratory of Virology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - G Zimmer
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology (DIP), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - T Agoritsas
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Stirnemann
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - H Spechbach
- Division and Department of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - I Guessous
- Division and Department of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - S Stringhini
- Division and Department of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Unit of Population Epidemiology, Division of Primary Care, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - J Pugin
- Division of Intensive Care, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - P Roux-Lombard
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Diagnostics, Geneva University Hospitals and Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - L Fontao
- Division of Dermatology and of Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - C-A Siegrist
- Centre for Vaccinology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - I Eckerle
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Infectious Disease, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Geneva Centre for Emerging Viral Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - N Vuilleumier
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Diagnostics, Geneva University Hospitals and Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - L Kaiser
- Laboratory of Virology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Infectious Disease, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Geneva Centre for Emerging Viral Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
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19
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Pfaender S, Mar KB, Michailidis E, Kratzel A, Hirt D, V'kovski P, Fan W, Ebert N, Stalder H, Kleine-Weber H, Hoffmann M, Hoffmann HH, Saeed M, Dijkman R, Steinmann E, Wight-Carter M, Hanners NW, Pöhlmann S, Gallagher T, Todt D, Zimmer G, Rice CM, Schoggins JW, Thiel V. LY6E impairs coronavirus fusion and confers immune control of viral disease. bioRxiv 2020:2020.03.05.979260. [PMID: 32511345 PMCID: PMC7255780 DOI: 10.1101/2020.03.05.979260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Zoonotic coronaviruses (CoVs) are significant threats to global health, as exemplified by the recent emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) 1 . Host immune responses to CoV are complex and regulated in part through antiviral interferons. However, the interferon-stimulated gene products that inhibit CoV are not well characterized 2 . Here, we show that interferon-inducible lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus E (LY6E) potently restricts cellular infection by multiple CoVs, including SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Mechanistic studies revealed that LY6E inhibits CoV entry into cells by interfering with spike protein-mediated membrane fusion. Importantly, mice lacking Ly6e in hematopoietic cells were highly susceptible to murine CoV infection. Exacerbated viral pathogenesis in Ly6e knockout mice was accompanied by loss of hepatic and splenic immune cells and reduction in global antiviral gene pathways. Accordingly, we found that Ly6e directly protects primary B cells and dendritic cells from murine CoV infection. Our results demonstrate that LY6E is a critical antiviral immune effector that controls CoV infection and pathogenesis. These findings advance our understanding of immune-mediated control of CoV in vitro and in vivo , knowledge that could help inform strategies to combat infection by emerging CoV.
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20
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Torriani G, Mayor J, Zimmer G, Kunz S, Rothenberger S, Engler O. Macropinocytosis contributes to hantavirus entry into human airway epithelial cells. Virology 2019; 531:57-68. [PMID: 30852272 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hantaviruses are emerging rodent-borne negative-strand RNA viruses associated with severe human diseases. Zoonotic transmission occurs via aerosols of contaminated rodent excreta and cells of the human respiratory epithelium represent likely early targets. Here we investigated cellular factors involved in entry of the pathogenic Old and New World hantaviruses Hantaan virus (HTNV) and Andes virus (ANDV) into human respiratory epithelial cells. Screening of a kinase inhibitor library using a biocontained recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotype platform revealed differential requirement for host kinases for HTNV and ANDV entry and provided first hints for an involvement of macropinocytosis. Examination of a selected panel of well-defined inhibitors of endocytosis confirmed that both HTNV and ANDV enter human respiratory epithelial cells via a pathway that critically depends on sodium proton exchangers and actin, hallmarks of macropinocytosis. However, HTNV and ANDV differed in their individual requirements for regulatory factors of macropinocytosis, indicating virus-specific differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Torriani
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 48, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Mayor
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 48, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; Spiez Laboratory, CH-3700 Spiez, Switzerland
| | - Gert Zimmer
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), CH-3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Kunz
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 48, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Sylvia Rothenberger
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 48, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; Spiez Laboratory, CH-3700 Spiez, Switzerland.
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21
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Krischuns T, Günl F, Henschel L, Binder M, Willemsen J, Schloer S, Rescher U, Gerlt V, Zimmer G, Nordhoff C, Ludwig S, Brunotte L. Phosphorylation of TRIM28 Enhances the Expression of IFN-β and Proinflammatory Cytokines During HPAIV Infection of Human Lung Epithelial Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2229. [PMID: 30323812 PMCID: PMC6172303 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Human infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) is often associated with severe tissue damage due to hyperinduction of interferons and proinflammatory cytokines. The reasons for this excessive cytokine expression are still incompletely understood, which has hampered the development of efficient immunomodulatory treatment options. The host protein TRIM28 associates to the promoter regions of over 13,000 genes and is recognized as a genomic corepressor and negative immune regulator. TRIM28 corepressor activity is regulated by post-translational modifications, specifically phosphorylation of S473, which modulates binding of TRIM28 to the heterochromatin-binding protein HP1. Here, we identified TRIM28 as a key immune regulator leading to increased IFN-β and proinflammatory cytokine levels during infection with HPAIV. Using influenza A virus strains of the subtype H1N1 as well as HPAIV of subtypes H7N7, H7N9, and H5N1, we could demonstrate that strain-specific phosphorylation of TRIM28 S473 is induced by a signaling cascade constituted of PKR, p38 MAPK, and MSK1 in response to RIG-I independent sensing of viral RNA. Furthermore, using chemical inhibitors as well as knockout cell lines, our results suggest that phosphorylation of S473 facilitates a functional switch leading to increased levels of IFN-β, IL-6, and IL-8. In summary, we have identified TRIM28 as a critical factor controlling excessive expression of type I IFNs as well as proinflammatory cytokines during infection with H5N1, H7N7, and H7N9 HPAIV. In addition, our data indicate a novel mechanism of PKR-mediated IFN-β expression, which could lay the ground for novel treatment options aiming at rebalancing dysregulated immune responses during severe HPAIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Krischuns
- Institute of Virology Muenster, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence “Cells in Motion”, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Franziska Günl
- Institute of Virology Muenster, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence “Cells in Motion”, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Lea Henschel
- Institute of Virology Muenster, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence “Cells in Motion”, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Marco Binder
- Research Group “Dynamics of Early Viral Infection and the Innate Antiviral Response”, Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis (F170), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joschka Willemsen
- Research Group “Dynamics of Early Viral Infection and the Innate Antiviral Response”, Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis (F170), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schloer
- Cluster of Excellence “Cells in Motion”, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Ursula Rescher
- Cluster of Excellence “Cells in Motion”, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Vanessa Gerlt
- Institute of Virology Muenster, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence “Cells in Motion”, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Gert Zimmer
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology (DIP), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Carolin Nordhoff
- Institute of Virology Muenster, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence “Cells in Motion”, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Virology Muenster, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence “Cells in Motion”, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Linda Brunotte
- Institute of Virology Muenster, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence “Cells in Motion”, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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Locher S, Schweneker M, Hausmann J, Zimmer G. Immunogenicity of propagation-restricted vesicular stomatitis virus encoding Ebola virus glycoprotein in guinea pigs. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:866-879. [PMID: 29869979 PMCID: PMC6152369 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) expressing the Ebola virus (EBOV) glycoprotein (GP) in place of the VSV glycoprotein G (VSV/EBOV-GP) is a promising EBOV vaccine candidate which has already entered clinical phase 3 studies. Although this chimeric virus was tolerated overall by volunteers, it still caused viremia and adverse effects such as fever and arthritis, suggesting that it might not be sufficiently attenuated. In this study, the VSV/EBOV-GP vector was further modified in order to achieve attenuation while maintaining immunogenicity. All recombinant VSV constructs were propagated on VSV G protein expressing helper cells and used to immunize guinea pigs via the intramuscular route. The humoral immune response was analysed by EBOV-GP-specific fluorescence-linked immunosorbent assay, plaque reduction neutralization test and in vitro virus-spreading inhibition test that employed recombinant VSV/EBOV-GP expressing either green fluorescent protein or secreted Nano luciferase. Most modified vector constructs induced lower levels of protective antibodies than the parental VSV/EBOV-GP or a recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara vector encoding full-length EBOV-GP. However, the VSV/EBOV-GP(F88A) mutant was at least as immunogenic as the parental vaccine virus although it was highly propagation-restricted. This finding suggests that VSV-vectored vaccines need not be propagation-competent to induce a robust humoral immune response. However, VSV/EBOV-GP(F88A) rapidly reverted to a fully propagation-competent virus indicating that a single-point mutation is not sufficient to maintain the propagation-restricted phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Locher
- Institut für Virologie und Immunologie (IVI), Sensemattstrasse 293, CH-3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Marc Schweneker
- Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstraße 13, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hausmann
- Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstraße 13, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Gert Zimmer
- Institut für Virologie und Immunologie (IVI), Sensemattstrasse 293, CH-3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
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23
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Ricklin ME, Python S, Vielle NJ, Brechbühl D, Zumkehr B, Posthaus H, Zimmer G, Ruggli N, Summerfield A. Virus replicon particle vaccines expressing nucleoprotein of influenza A virus mediate enhanced inflammatory responses in pigs. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16379. [PMID: 29180817 PMCID: PMC5703990 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16419-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies in the mouse model indicate that the nucleoprotein of influenza A virus represents an interesting vaccine antigen being well conserved across subtypes of influenza virus but still able to induce protective immune responses. Here we show that immunizations of pigs with vesicular stomatitis virus- and classical swine fever virus-derived replicon (VRP) particles expressing the nucleoprotein (NP) of H1N1 A/swine/Belzig/2/01 induced potent antibody and T-cell responses against influenza A virus. In contrast to a conventional whole inactivated virus vaccine, the VRP vaccines induced both NP-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells responses, including interferon-γ and tumor-necrosis-factor dual-secreting cell. Although T-cells and antibody responses were cross-reactive with the heterologous H1N2 A/swine/Bakum/R757/2010 challenge virus, they did not provide protection against infection. Surprisingly, vaccinated pigs showed enhanced virus shedding, lung inflammation and increased levels of systemic and lung interferon-α as well as elevated lung interleukin-6. In conclusion, our study shows that NP, although efficacious in the mouse model, appears not to be a promising stand-alone vaccine antigen for pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meret E Ricklin
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Sensemattstrasse 293, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Sylvie Python
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Sensemattstrasse 293, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie J Vielle
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Sensemattstrasse 293, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Brechbühl
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Sensemattstrasse 293, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice Zumkehr
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Sensemattstrasse 293, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Horst Posthaus
- Institute for Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggasstrasse 122, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggasstrasse 122, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gert Zimmer
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Sensemattstrasse 293, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Ruggli
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Sensemattstrasse 293, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Sensemattstrasse 293, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland. .,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggasstrasse 122, Bern, Switzerland.
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24
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Galan-Navarro C, Rincon-Restrepo M, Zimmer G, Ollmann Saphire E, Hubbell JA, Hirosue S, Swartz MA, Kunz S. Oxidation-sensitive polymersomes as vaccine nanocarriers enhance humoral responses against Lassa virus envelope glycoprotein. Virology 2017; 512:161-171. [PMID: 28963882 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Lassa virus (LASV) causes severe hemorrhagic fever with high mortality, yet no vaccine currently exists. Antibodies targeting viral attachment proteins are crucial for protection against many viral infections. However, the envelope glycoprotein (GP)-1 of LASV elicits weak antibody responses due to extensive glycan shielding. Here, we explored a novel vaccine strategy to enhance humoral immunity against LASV GP1. Using structural information, we designed a recombinant GP1 immunogen, and then encapsulated it into oxidation-sensitive polymersomes (PS) as nanocarriers that promote intracellular MHCII loading. Mice immunized with adjuvanted PS (LASV GP1) showed superior humoral responses than free LASV GP1, including antibodies with higher binding affinity to virion GP1, increased levels of polyfunctional anti-viral CD4 T cells, and IgG-secreting B cells. PS (LASV GP1) elicited a more diverse epitope repertoire of anti-viral IgG. Together, these data demonstrate the potential of our nanocarrier vaccine platform for generating virus-specific antibodies against weakly immunogenic viral antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Galan-Navarro
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital. Lausanne, Switzerland; Laboratory of Lymphatic and Cancer Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Féderal de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marcela Rincon-Restrepo
- Laboratory of Lymphatic and Cancer Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Féderal de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gert Zimmer
- Division of Virology, Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States; Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Jeffrey A Hubbell
- Laboratory of Lymphatic and Cancer Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Féderal de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Institute for Molecular Engineering and Ben May Department of Cancer Research, University of Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Sachiko Hirosue
- Laboratory of Lymphatic and Cancer Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Féderal de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Melody A Swartz
- Laboratory of Lymphatic and Cancer Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Féderal de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Institute for Molecular Engineering and Ben May Department of Cancer Research, University of Chicago, IL, United States.
| | - Stefan Kunz
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital. Lausanne, Switzerland.
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25
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Abstract
In 2012 and 2013, influenza virus genome sequences of two new influenza A virus (IAV) subtypes were discovered in bat specimens, but further characterization was largely impeded by the lack of infectious virus. With the identification of highly susceptible cell lines, reconstitution of infectious bat IAV by reverse genetics recently succeeded and allowed a first insight into the life cycle of these viruses. Although there is a certain degree of functional compatibility between bat and conventional influenza A virus proteins, there are striking differences, including receptor usage, polarity of infection and reassortment potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Ciminski
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thiprampai Thamamongood
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Virology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gert Zimmer
- Division of Virology, Institute of Virology and Immunology, CH-3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Martin Schwemmle
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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26
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Malyuta Y, Klaucke C, Zimmer G, Darling C. 267 Quantifying the Effect of Crystalloid Infusion on Hematocrit Dilution. Ann Emerg Med 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2016.08.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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27
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Darling C, Reljin N, Zimmer G, Malyuta Y, Blehar D, Mendelson Y, Chon K. 298 Detecting Blood Loss With a Wearable Photoplethysmography Device. Ann Emerg Med 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2016.08.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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28
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Moeschler S, Locher S, Conzelmann KK, Krämer B, Zimmer G. Quantification of Lyssavirus-Neutralizing Antibodies Using Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Pseudotype Particles. Viruses 2016; 8:v8090254. [PMID: 27649230 PMCID: PMC5035968 DOI: 10.3390/v8090254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a highly fatal zoonotic disease which is primarily caused by rabies virus (RABV) although other members of the genus Lyssavirus can cause rabies as well. As yet, 14 serologically and genetically diverse lyssaviruses have been identified, mostly in bats. To assess the quality of rabies vaccines and immunoglobulin preparations, virus neutralization tests with live RABV are performed in accordance with enhanced biosafety standards. In the present work, a novel neutralization test is presented which takes advantage of a modified vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) from which the glycoprotein G gene has been deleted and replaced by reporter genes. This single-cycle virus was trans-complemented with RABV envelope glycoprotein. Neutralization of this pseudotype virus with RABV reference serum or immune sera from vaccinated mice showed a strong correlation with the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT). Importantly, pseudotype viruses containing the envelope glycoproteins of other lyssaviruses were neutralized by reference serum to a significantly lesser extent or were not neutralized at all. Taken together, a pseudotype virus system has been successfully developed which allows the safe, fast, and sensitive detection of neutralizing antibodies directed against different lyssaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Moeschler
- Institut für Virologie und Immunologie (IVI), Abteilung Virologie, CH-3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
| | - Samira Locher
- Institut für Virologie und Immunologie (IVI), Abteilung Virologie, CH-3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
| | - Karl-Klaus Conzelmann
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institut und Genzentrum, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, D-81377 München, Germany.
| | - Beate Krämer
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Abteilung Veterinärmedizin, D-63225 Langen, Germany.
| | - Gert Zimmer
- Institut für Virologie und Immunologie (IVI), Abteilung Virologie, CH-3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
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29
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Ricklin ME, Vielle NJ, Python S, Brechbühl D, Zumkehr B, Posthaus H, Zimmer G, Summerfield A. Partial Protection against Porcine Influenza A Virus by a Hemagglutinin-Expressing Virus Replicon Particle Vaccine in the Absence of Neutralizing Antibodies. Front Immunol 2016; 7:253. [PMID: 27446083 PMCID: PMC4928594 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This work was initiated by previous reports demonstrating that mismatched influenza A virus (IAV) vaccines can induce enhanced disease, probably mediated by antibodies. Our aim was, therefore, to investigate if a vaccine inducing opsonizing but not neutralizing antibodies against the hemagglutinin (HA) of a selected heterologous challenge virus would enhance disease or induce protective immune responses in the pig model. To this end, we immunized pigs with either whole inactivated virus (WIV)-vaccine or HA-expressing virus replicon particles (VRP) vaccine based on recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). Both types of vaccines induced virus neutralizing and opsonizing antibodies against homologous virus as shown by a highly sensitive plasmacytoid dendritic cell-based opsonization assay. Opsonizing antibodies showed a broader reactivity against heterologous IAV compared with neutralizing antibodies. Pigs immunized with HA-recombinant VRP vaccine were partially protected from infection with a mismatched IAV, which was not neutralized but opsonized by the immune sera. The VRP vaccine reduced lung lesions, lung inflammatory cytokine responses, serum IFN-α responses, and viral loads in the airways. Only the VRP vaccine was able to prime IAV-specific IFNγ/TNFα dual secreting CD4(+) T cells detectable in the peripheral blood. In summary, this work demonstrates that with the virus pair selected, a WIV vaccine inducing opsonizing antibodies against HA which lack neutralizing activity, is neither protective nor does it induce enhanced disease in pigs. In contrast, VRP-expressing HA is efficacious vaccines in swine as they induced both potent antibodies and T-cell immunity resulting in a broader protective value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meret E Ricklin
- Institute of Virology and Immunology , Mittelhäusern , Switzerland
| | | | - Sylvie Python
- Institute of Virology and Immunology , Mittelhäusern , Switzerland
| | - Daniel Brechbühl
- Institute of Virology and Immunology , Mittelhäusern , Switzerland
| | - Beatrice Zumkehr
- Institute of Virology and Immunology , Mittelhäusern , Switzerland
| | - Horst Posthaus
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute for Animal Pathology, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Gert Zimmer
- Institute of Virology and Immunology , Mittelhäusern , Switzerland
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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30
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Eck M, Durán MG, Ricklin ME, Locher S, Sarraseca J, Rodríguez MJ, McCullough KC, Summerfield A, Zimmer G, Ruggli N. Virus replicon particles expressing porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus proteins elicit immune priming but do not confer protection from viremia in pigs. Vet Res 2016; 47:33. [PMID: 26895704 PMCID: PMC4761149 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0318-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is the causative agent of one of the most devastating and economically significant viral disease of pigs worldwide. The vaccines currently available on the market elicit only limited protection. Recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) replicon particles (VRP) have been used successfully to induce protection against influenza A virus (IAV) in chickens and bluetongue virus in sheep. In this study, VSV VRP expressing the PRRSV envelope proteins GP5, M, GP4, GP3, GP2 and the nucleocapsid protein N, individually or in combination, were generated and evaluated as a potential vector vaccine against PRRSV infection. High level expression of the recombinant PRRSV proteins was demonstrated in cell culture. However, none of the PRRSV antigens expressed from VRP, with the exception of the N protein, did induce any detectable antibody response in pigs before challenge infection with PRRSV. After challenge however, the antibody responses against GP5, GP4 and GP3 appeared in average 2 weeks earlier than in pigs vaccinated with the empty control VRP. No reduction of viremia was observed in the vaccinated group compared with the control group. When pigs were co-vaccinated with VRP expressing IAV antigens and VRP expressing PRRSV glycoproteins, only antibody responses to the IAV antigens were detectable. These data show that the VSV replicon vector can induce immune responses to heterologous proteins in pigs, but that the PRRSV envelope proteins expressed from VSV VRP are poorly immunogenic. Nevertheless, they prime the immune system for significantly earlier B-cell responses following PRRSV challenge infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Eck
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland. .,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Margarita García Durán
- Inmunología y Genética aplicada, S.A. (INGENASA), Calle de Los Hermanos García Noblejas 39, 28037, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Meret E Ricklin
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
| | - Samira Locher
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
| | - Javier Sarraseca
- Inmunología y Genética aplicada, S.A. (INGENASA), Calle de Los Hermanos García Noblejas 39, 28037, Madrid, Spain.
| | - María José Rodríguez
- Inmunología y Genética aplicada, S.A. (INGENASA), Calle de Los Hermanos García Noblejas 39, 28037, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Kenneth C McCullough
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland. .,Department of Infectious Disease and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3001, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Gert Zimmer
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
| | - Nicolas Ruggli
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
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31
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Bolz M, Ruggli N, Ruf MT, Ricklin ME, Zimmer G, Pluschke G. Experimental infection of the pig with Mycobacterium ulcerans: a novel model for studying the pathogenesis of Buruli ulcer disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2968. [PMID: 25010421 PMCID: PMC4091941 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Buruli ulcer (BU) is a slowly progressing, necrotising disease of the skin caused by infection with Mycobacterium ulcerans. Non-ulcerative manifestations are nodules, plaques and oedema, which may progress to ulceration of large parts of the skin. Histopathologically, BU is characterized by coagulative necrosis, fat cell ghosts, epidermal hyperplasia, clusters of extracellular acid fast bacilli (AFB) in the subcutaneous tissue and lack of major inflammatory infiltration. The mode of transmission of BU is not clear and there is only limited information on the early pathogenesis of the disease available. Methodology/Principal Findings For evaluating the potential of the pig as experimental infection model for BU, we infected pigs subcutaneously with different doses of M. ulcerans. The infected skin sites were excised 2.5 or 6.5 weeks after infection and processed for histopathological analysis. With doses of 2×107 and 2×106 colony forming units (CFU) we observed the development of nodular lesions that subsequently progressed to ulcerative or plaque-like lesions. At lower inoculation doses signs of infection found after 2.5 weeks had spontaneously resolved at 6.5 weeks. The observed macroscopic and histopathological changes closely resembled those found in M. ulcerans disease in humans. Conclusion/Significance Our results demonstrate that the pig can be infected with M. ulcerans. Productive infection leads to the development of lesions that closely resemble human BU lesions. The pig infection model therefore has great potential for studying the early pathogenesis of BU and for the development of new therapeutic and prophylactic interventions. Buruli ulcer caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans infection is a necrotizing disease of the skin and the underlying subcutaneous tissue. Since the skin of pigs (Sus scrofa) has striking structural and physiological similarities with human skin, we investigated whether it is possible to develop an experimental M. ulcerans infection model by subcutaneous injection of the mycobacteria into pig skin. Injection of 2×106 or 2×107 colony forming units of M. ulcerans led to the development of lesions that were both macroscopically and microscopically very similar to human Buruli ulcer lesions. In particular for the characterization of the pathogenesis of Buruli ulcer and of immune defence mechanisms against M. ulcerans, the pig model appears to be superior to the mouse foot pad model commonly used for the evaluation of the efficacy of chemotherapeutic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Bolz
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Ruggli
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Thérèse Ruf
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Meret E. Ricklin
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Gert Zimmer
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Gerd Pluschke
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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32
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Kochinger S, Renevey N, Hofmann MA, Zimmer G. Vesicular stomatitis virus replicon expressing the VP2 outer capsid protein of bluetongue virus serotype 8 induces complete protection of sheep against challenge infection. Vet Res 2014; 45:64. [PMID: 24928313 PMCID: PMC4063687 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-45-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an arthropod-borne pathogen that causes an often fatal, hemorrhagic disease in ruminants. Different BTV serotypes occur throughout many temperate and tropical regions of the world. In 2006, BTV serotype 8 (BTV-8) emerged in Central and Northern Europe for the first time. Although this outbreak was eventually controlled using inactivated virus vaccines, the epidemic caused significant economic losses not only from the disease in livestock but also from trade restrictions. To date, BTV vaccines that allow simple serological discrimination of infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA) have not been approved for use in livestock. In this study, we generated recombinant RNA replicon particles based on single-cycle vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) vectors. Immunization of sheep with infectious VSV replicon particles expressing the outer capsid VP2 protein of BTV-8 resulted in induction of BTV-8 serotype-specific neutralizing antibodies. After challenge with a virulent BTV-8 strain, the vaccinated animals neither developed signs of disease nor showed viremia. In contrast, immunization of sheep with recombinant VP5 - the second outer capsid protein of BTV - did not confer protection. Discrimination of infected from vaccinated animals was readily achieved using an ELISA for detection of antibodies against the VP7 antigen. These data indicate that VSV replicon particles potentially represent a safe and efficacious vaccine platform with which to control future outbreaks by BTV-8 or other serotypes, especially in previously non-endemic regions where discrimination between vaccinated and infected animals is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gert Zimmer
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Sensemattstrasse 293, CH-3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
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33
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Zimmer G, Locher S, Berger Rentsch M, Halbherr SJ. Pseudotyping of vesicular stomatitis virus with the envelope glycoproteins of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:1634-1639. [PMID: 24814925 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.065201-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudotype viruses are useful for studying the envelope proteins of harmful viruses. This work describes the pseudotyping of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) with the envelope glycoproteins of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. VSV lacking the homotypic glycoprotein (G) gene (VSVΔG) was used to express haemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA) or the combination of both. Propagation-competent pseudotype viruses were only obtained when HA and NA were expressed from the same vector genome. Pseudotype viruses containing HA from different H5 clades were neutralized specifically by immune sera directed against the corresponding clade. Fast and sensitive reading of test results was achieved by vector-mediated expression of GFP. Pseudotype viruses expressing a mutant VSV matrix protein showed restricted spread in IFN-competent cells. This pseudotype system will facilitate the detection of neutralizing antibodies against virulent influenza viruses, circumventing the need for high-level biosafety containment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gert Zimmer
- Institut für Virologie und Immunologie (IVI), Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Samira Locher
- Institut für Virologie und Immunologie (IVI), Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Marianne Berger Rentsch
- Institut für Virologie und Immunologie (IVI), Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Stefan J Halbherr
- Institut für Virologie und Immunologie (IVI), Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
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34
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Halbherr SJ, Brostoff T, Tippenhauer M, Locher S, Berger Rentsch M, Zimmer G. Vaccination with recombinant RNA replicon particles protects chickens from H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66059. [PMID: 23762463 PMCID: PMC3677925 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) of subtype H5N1 not only cause a devastating disease in domestic chickens and turkeys but also pose a continuous threat to public health. In some countries, H5N1 viruses continue to circulate and evolve into new clades and subclades. The rapid evolution of these viruses represents a problem for virus diagnosis and control. In this work, recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) vectors expressing HA of subtype H5 were generated. To comply with biosafety issues the G gene was deleted from the VSV genome. The resulting vaccine vector VSV*ΔG(HA) was propagated on helper cells providing the VSV G protein in trans. Vaccination of chickens with a single intramuscular dose of 2×10⁸ infectious replicon particles without adjuvant conferred complete protection from lethal H5N1 infection. Subsequent application of the same vaccine strongly boosted the humoral immune response and completely prevented shedding of challenge virus and transmission to sentinel birds. The vaccine allowed serological differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) by employing a commercially available ELISA. Immunized chickens produced antibodies with neutralizing activity against multiple H5 viruses representing clades 1, 2.2, 2.5, and low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (classical clade). Studies using chimeric H1/H5 hemagglutinins showed that the neutralizing activity was predominantly directed against the globular head domain. In summary, these results suggest that VSV replicon particles are safe and potent DIVA vaccines that may help to control avian influenza viruses in domestic poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan J Halbherr
- Institute of Virology and Immunology-IVI, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
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Ricklin M, Zimmer G, Summerfield A. Opsonizing antibodies against influenza virus proteins mediate activation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells and are broadly cross-reactive. (P6194). The Journal of Immunology 2013. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.190.supp.189.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Cross-protective immunity are observed between different strains of influenza viruses within one subtype and even between certain subtypes in the absence of neutralizing antibodies. So far most studies have focused on T cell immunity as the main mechanism of heterologous protection. The aim of this study was to test and characterize the functional and cross-reactive activity of antibodies against nucleoprotein (NP), hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) of swine influenza viruses in the pig model. Our results demonstrate that antibodies against the internal well-conserved NP of distant strains can mediate NP-RNA complex uptake by plasmacytoid DC resulting in a robust IFN-alpha response. This function can mainly be observed at low concentrations of NP-RNA complexes released from dying infected cells. Furthermore, antibodies against the external HA and NA can mediate efficient uptake of immune complexed virus resulting in a robust IFN-alpha response at low concentrations of virus and antibodies. This reactivity is found with both, neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibodies. The latter are highly cross-reactive within on subtype and even between subtypes. In addition to T-cell immunity, such antibodies could play a role in promoting subtype cross-reactive (partial) immunity after influenza virus infection or following vaccination. Studies to test the impact of opsonizing antibodies in vivo are ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meret Ricklin
- 1Research, Institute of immunology and virology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Gert Zimmer
- 1Research, Institute of immunology and virology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Artur Summerfield
- 1Research, Institute of immunology and virology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
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Lepson JK, Beiersdorfer P, Clementson J, Bitter M, Hill KW, Kaita R, Skinner CH, Roquemore AL, Zimmer G. High-resolution time-resolved extreme ultraviolet spectroscopy on NSTX. Rev Sci Instrum 2012; 83:10D520. [PMID: 23126861 DOI: 10.1063/1.4731753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We report on upgrades to the flat-field grazing-incidence grating spectrometers X-ray and Extreme Ultraviolet Spectrometer (XEUS) and Long-Wavelength Extreme Ultraviolet Spectrometer (LoWEUS), at the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory. XEUS employs a variable space grating with an average spacing of 2400 lines/mm and covers the 9-64 Å wavelength band, while LoWEUS has an average spacing of 1200 lines/mm and is positioned to monitor the 90-270 Å wavelength band. Both spectrometers have been upgraded with new cameras that achieve 12.5 ms time resolution. We demonstrate the new time resolution capability by showing the time evolution of iron in the NSTX plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Lepson
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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37
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Zimmer B, Summermatter K, Zimmer G. Stability and inactivation of vesicular stomatitis virus, a prototype rhabdovirus. Vet Microbiol 2012; 162:78-84. [PMID: 22995872 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Viruses may remain infectious outside the host cell for considerable time and represent a source of accidental infection if not properly inactivated. In this study, the survival of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in suspension and dried on surfaces was analyzed. In addition, the sensitivity of VSV to disinfectants and physicochemical changes was investigated. VSV showed a notable stability in suspension at 4°C with virus titers remaining high over several weeks. The presence of serum proteins had a stabilizing effect on virus infectivity, whereas elevated temperatures reduced survival times. VSV dried on polystyrene, glass or stainless steel surfaces remained infectious for at least 6 days at ambient temperature. VSV showed a remarkable resistance to extreme pH in particular in the alkaline range, but could be rapidly inactivated by heating at 55°C or higher. The virus was highly sensitive to inactivation by commonly used disinfectants such as aldehydes, alcohols, and detergents. The high stability of VSV on surfaces and in suspension may facilitate dissemination of the virus in livestock by contaminated feeding and water troughs, hands, and milking equipment. This knowledge on the sensitivity of VSV to disinfectants will help to set up appropriate hygiene measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Zimmer
- Institut für Viruskrankheiten und Immunprophylaxe (IVI), Sensemattstrasse 293, CH-3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
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Meyer FS, Trübner K, Schöpfer J, Zimmer G, Schmidt E, Püschel K, Vennemann M, Bajanowski T, Althaus L, Bach P, Banaschak S, Cordes O, Dettmeyer SR, Dressler J, Gahr B, Grellner W, Héroux V, Mützel E, Tatschner T, Zack F, Zedler B. Accidental mechanical asphyxia of children in Germany between 2000 and 2008. Int J Legal Med 2012; 126:765-71. [PMID: 22752751 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-012-0737-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Accidents constitute one of the greatest risks to children, yet there are few medical reports that discuss the subject of accidental asphyxia. However, a systematic analysis of all documented cases in Germany over the years 2000-2008 has now been conducted, aiming at identifying patterns of accidental asphyxia, deducing findings, defining avoidance measures and recommending ways of increasing product safety and taking possible precautions. The analysis is based on a detailed retrospective analysis of all 91 relevant autopsy reports from 24 different German forensic institutes. A variety of demographic and morphological data was systematically collected and analysed. In 84 of the 91 cases, the sex of the victim was reported, resulting in a total of 57 boys (68 %) and 27 girls (32 %). The age spread ranged between 1 day and 14 years, with an average of 5.9 years. Most accidents occurred in the first year of life (20 %) or between the ages of 1 and 2 years (13 %). In 46 % of cases, the cause of death was strangulation, with the majority occurring in the home environment. In 31 % of all cases, the cause of death was positional asphyxia, the majority resulting from chest compression. In 23 % of cases, the cause of death was aspiration, mainly of foreign bodies. Today, accidental asphyxiation is a rare cause of death in children in Germany. Nevertheless, the majority of cases could have been avoided. Future incidence can be reduced by implementing two major precautions: increasing product safety and educating parents of potentially fatal risks. Specific recommendations relate to children's beds, toys and food.
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Affiliation(s)
- F S Meyer
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
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Berger Rentsch M, Zimmer G. A vesicular stomatitis virus replicon-based bioassay for the rapid and sensitive determination of multi-species type I interferon. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25858. [PMID: 21998709 PMCID: PMC3187809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN) comprise a family of cytokines that signal through a common cellular receptor to induce a plethora of genes with antiviral and other activities. Recombinant IFNs are used for the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection, multiple sclerosis, and certain malignancies. The capability of type I IFN to suppress virus replication and resultant cytopathic effects is frequently used to measure their bioactivity. However, these assays are time-consuming and require appropriate biosafety containment. In this study, an improved IFN assay is presented which is based on a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) replicon encoding two reporter proteins, firefly luciferase and green fluorescent protein. The vector lacks the essential envelope glycoprotein (G) gene of VSV and is propagated on a G protein-expressing transgenic cell line. Several mammalian and avian cells turned out to be susceptible to infection with the complemented replicon particles. Infected cells readily expressed the reporter proteins at high levels five hours post infection. When human fibroblasts were treated with serial dilutions of human IFN-β prior to infection, reporter expression was accordingly suppressed. This method was more sensitive and faster than a classical IFN bioassay based on VSV cytopathic effects. In addition, the antiviral activity of human IFN-λ (interleukin-29), a type III IFN, was determined on Calu-3 cells. Both IFN-β and IFN-λ were acid-stable, but only IFN-β was resistant to alkaline treatment. The antiviral activities of canine, porcine, and avian type I IFN were analysed with cell lines derived from the corresponding species. This safe bioassay will be useful for the rapid and sensitive quantification of multi-species type I IFN and potentially other antiviral cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gert Zimmer
- Institut für Viruskrankheiten und Immunprophylaxe, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
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Frentzen A, Hüging K, Bitzegeio J, Friesland M, Haid S, Gentzsch J, Hoffmann M, Lindemann D, Zimmer G, Zielecki F, Weber F, Steinmann E, Pietschmann T. Completion of hepatitis C virus replication cycle in heterokaryons excludes dominant restrictions in human non-liver and mouse liver cell lines. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002029. [PMID: 21552323 PMCID: PMC3084199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is hepatotropic and only infects humans and chimpanzees. Consequently, an immunocompetent small animal model is lacking. The restricted tropism of HCV likely reflects specific host factor requirements. We investigated if dominant restriction factors expressed in non-liver or non-human cell lines inhibit HCV propagation thus rendering these cells non-permissive. To this end we explored if HCV completes its replication cycle in heterokaryons between human liver cell lines and non-permissive cell lines from human non-liver or mouse liver origin. Despite functional viral pattern recognition pathways and responsiveness to interferon, virus production was observed in all fused cells and was only ablated when cells were treated with exogenous interferon. These results exclude that constitutive or virus-induced expression of dominant restriction factors prevents propagation of HCV in these cell types, which has important implications for HCV tissue and species tropism. In turn, these data strongly advocate transgenic approaches of crucial human HCV cofactors to establish an immunocompetent small animal model. The barriers preventing viral transmission across species are only incompletely understood. On one hand, narrow tropism reflects dependence of viruses on host cell factors and their species-specific utilization. On the other hand, host cellular antiviral factors can preclude virus replication. These may be constitutively expressed or induced by interferon triggered upon viral infection. Although viruses have evolved strategies to cope with these “restriction factors” in their natural hosts, these mechanisms often fail in alternative host species. Consequently, restriction factors pose an important barrier to cross-species viral transmission. We investigated if virus-induced or constitutively expressed dominant restriction factors preclude HCV propagation in non-liver tissue and in non-human cells. Using cell fusions between human and mouse cells we show that HCV completes its replication cycle in these heterokaryons. Moreover, we show that the mouse cells analyzed by us are able to sense viral infection and to respond to exogenous interferon. These results rule out that constitutive or virus-induced dominant restriction factors preclude HCV propagation in these cells. These findings have implications for HCV tissue and species tropism and they raise hopes for development of immunocompetent small models for HCV by transgenesis of essential human factors and without manipulation of innate immune mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Frentzen
- Division of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research; a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Kathrin Hüging
- Division of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research; a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Julia Bitzegeio
- Division of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research; a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Martina Friesland
- Division of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research; a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Sibylle Haid
- Division of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research; a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Juliane Gentzsch
- Division of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research; a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Markus Hoffmann
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dirk Lindemann
- Institute of Virology, Carl Gustav Carus Medical Facility, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gert Zimmer
- Institute of Virology and Immunoprophylaxis (IVI), Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Florian Zielecki
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Friedemann Weber
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Eike Steinmann
- Division of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research; a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail: (TP); (ES)
| | - Thomas Pietschmann
- Division of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research; a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail: (TP); (ES)
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Zimmer G, Gerstmann K, Kästner B, Bolz J. [P1.01]: Ephrin‐a5 affects the laminar organisation of the neocortex. Int J Dev Neurosci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2010.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- G. Zimmer
- Friedrich‐Schiller Universität JenaGermany
| | | | - B. Kästner
- Friedrich‐Schiller Universität JenaGermany
| | - J. Bolz
- Friedrich‐Schiller Universität JenaGermany
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Hoffmann M, Wu YJ, Gerber M, Berger-Rentsch M, Heimrich B, Schwemmle M, Zimmer G. Fusion-active glycoprotein G mediates the cytotoxicity of vesicular stomatitis virus M mutants lacking host shut-off activity. J Gen Virol 2010; 91:2782-93. [PMID: 20631091 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.023978-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytopathogenicity of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) has been attributed mainly to the host shut-off activity of the viral matrix (M) protein, which inhibits both nuclear transcription and nucleocytoplasmic RNA transport, thereby effectively suppressing the synthesis of type I interferon (IFN). The M protein from persistently VSV-infected cells was shown to harbour characteristic amino acid substitutions (M51R, V221F and S226R) implicated in IFN induction. This study demonstrates that infection of human fibroblasts with recombinant VSV containing the M51R substitution resulted in IFN induction, whereas neither the V221F nor the S226R substitution effected an IFN-inducing phenotype. Only when V221F was combined with S226R were the host shut-off activity of the M protein abolished and IFN induced, independently of M51R. The M33A substitution, previously implicated in VSV cytotoxicity, did not affect host shut-off activity. M-mutant VSV containing all four amino acid substitutions retained cytotoxic properties in both Vero cells and IFN-competent primary fibroblasts. Infected-cell death was associated with the formation of giant polynucleated cells, suggesting that the fusion activity of the VSV G protein was involved. Accordingly, M-mutant VSV expressing a fusion-defective G protein or with a deletion of the G gene showed significantly reduced cytotoxic properties and caused long-lasting infections in Vero cells and mouse hippocampal slice cultures. In contrast, a G-deleted VSV expressing wild-type M protein remained cytotoxic. These findings indicate that the host shut-off activity of the M protein dominates VSV cytotoxicty, whilst the fusion-active G protein is mainly responsible for the cytotoxicity remaining with M-mutant VSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Hoffmann
- Institut für Virologie, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Abstract
RNA replicons are derived from either positive- or negative-strand RNA viruses. They represent disabled virus vectors that are not only avirulent, but also unable to revert to virulence. Due to autonomous RNA replication, RNA replicons are able to drive high level, cytosolic expression of recombinant antigens stimulating both the humoral and the cellular branch of the immune system. This review provides an update on the available literature covering influenza virus vaccines based on RNA replicons. The pros and cons of these vaccine strategies will be discussed and future perspectives disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gert Zimmer
- Institute of Virology and Immunoprophylaxis (IVI), Sensemattstrasse 293, CH-3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
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Ochsendorf FR, Rinne D, Fuchs J, Such P, Zimmer G. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy for the investigation of the fluidity of human spermatozoa plasma membranes: a feasibility study. Andrologia 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0272.2000.tb02882.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Kalhoro NH, Veits J, Rautenschlein S, Zimmer G. A recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus replicon vaccine protects chickens from highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H7N1). Vaccine 2009; 27:1174-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2008] [Revised: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Ronecker S, Zimmer G, Herrler G, Greiser-Wilke I, Grummer B. Formation of bovine viral diarrhea virus E1-E2 heterodimers is essential for virus entry and depends on charged residues in the transmembrane domains. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:2114-2121. [PMID: 18753220 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.2008/001792-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The envelope of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) contains the glycoproteins Erns, E1 and E2. Complementation of a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) with BVDV glycoproteins resulted in infectious pseudotyped viruses. To elucidate the specific role of each of the single envelope glycoproteins during viral entry, pseudotypes were generated bearing the BVDV envelope proteins in different combinations. Pseudoviruses that contained E1 and E2 but not Erns were infectious, indicating that Erns is dispensable for virus entry. VSV/BVDV pseudotypes with chimeric proteins (the ectodomain of the BVDV glycoprotein and the transmembrane domain of the VSV-G protein) were not infectious. The fact that E1-E2 heterodimers were not detected if one of the proteins was chimeric indicated that the heterodimers are crucial for BVDV entry. It was shown by site-directed mutagenesis that the charged amino acids in the transmembrane domains of BVDV E1 (lysine and arginine) and the charged amino acid in the transmembrane domain of E2 (arginine) play a key role in heterodimer formation. Pseudoviruses bearing the mutation E2-R/A, where the charged amino acid was substituted by alanine, were not infectious, supporting the hypothesis that E1-E2 heterodimers are essential for BVDV entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Ronecker
- Institute of Virology, Department for Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gert Zimmer
- Institute of Virology, Department for Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Georg Herrler
- Institute of Virology, Department for Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Irene Greiser-Wilke
- Institute of Virology, Department for Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Beatrice Grummer
- Institute of Virology, Department for Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Liman M, Peiser L, Zimmer G, Pröpsting M, Naim HY, Rautenschlein S. A genetically engineered prime-boost vaccination strategy for oculonasal delivery with poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) microparticles against infection of turkeys with avian Metapneumovirus. Vaccine 2007; 25:7914-26. [PMID: 17920166 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2006] [Revised: 07/11/2007] [Accepted: 09/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study we demonstrated the use of an oculonasally delivered poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) microparticle (PLGA-MP)-based and genetically engineered vaccination strategy in the avian system. An avian Metapneumovirus (aMPV) fusion (F) protein-encoding plasmid vaccine and the corresponding recombinant protein vaccine were produced and bound to or encapsulated by PLGA-MP, respectively. The PLGA-MP as the controlled release system was shown in vitro to not induce any cytopathic effects and to efficiently deliver the F protein-based aMPV-vaccines to avian cells for further processing. Vaccination of turkeys was carried out by priming with an MP-bound F protein-encoding plasmid vaccine and a booster-vaccination with an MP-encapsulated recombinant F protein. Besides the prime-boost F-specific vaccinated birds, negative control birds inoculated with a mock-MP prime-boost regimen as well as non-vaccinated birds and live vaccinated positive control birds were included in the study. The MP-based immunization of turkeys via the oculonasal route induced systemic humoral immune reactions as well as local and systemic cellular immune reactions, and had no adverse effects on the upper respiratory tract. The F protein-specific prime-boost strategy induced partial protection. After challenge the F protein-specific MP-vaccinated birds showed less clinical signs and histopathological lesions than control birds of mock MP-vaccinated and non-vaccinated groups did. The vaccination improved viral clearance and induced accumulation of local and systemic CD4+ T cells when compared to the mock MP-vaccination. It also induced systemic aMPV-neutralizing antibodies. The comparison of mock- and F protein-specific MP-vaccinated birds to non-vaccinated control birds suggests that aMPV-specific effects as well as adjuvant effects mediated by MP may have contributed to the overall protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Liman
- Clinic of Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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48
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Voges B, Vallbracht S, Zimmer G, Bossow S, Neubert WJ, Richter K, Hobeika E, Herrler G, Ehl S. Recombinant Sendai virus induces T cell immunity against respiratory syncytial virus that is protective in the absence of antibodies. Cell Immunol 2007; 247:85-94. [PMID: 17904538 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2007.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2007] [Revised: 07/20/2007] [Accepted: 07/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes severe respiratory disease in infants and a vaccine is highly desirable. The fusion (F) protein of RSV is an important vaccine target, but the contribution of F-specific T cells to successful vaccination remains unclear. We studied the immune response to vaccination of mice with a recombinant Sendai virus expressing RSV F (rSeV F). rSeV F induced protective neutralizing antibody and RSV F-specific CTL responses. T cell immunity was stronger than that induced by recombinant vaccinia virus (rVV F), a well characterized reference vector. Vaccination of antibody-deficient mice showed that vaccine-induced RSV F-specific T cells were sufficient for protective immunity. rSeV F induced T cell immunity in the presence of neutralizing antibodies, which did not impair the vaccine response. Although the F protein only contains a subdominant CTL epitope, vaccination with rSeV F is sufficient to induce protective T cell immunity against RSV in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Voges
- Institut für Virologie, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Mehring
- a Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57, W-70550 , Stuttgart , Germany
| | - F. Rachdi
- b Resonance Magnetique de Materiaux Solides, Groupe de Dynamique des Phases Condensées, Université des Sciences et Techniques de Languedoc , Case 026, 34095 , Montpellier , France
| | - G. Zimmer
- a Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57, W-70550 , Stuttgart , Germany
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Valarcher JF, Furze J, Wyld SG, Cook R, Zimmer G, Herrler G, Taylor G. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus lacking the virokinin or with a mutation in furin cleavage site RA(R/K)R109 induces less pulmonary inflammation without impeding the induction of protective immunity in calves. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:1659-1667. [PMID: 16690931 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81755-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The BRSV fusion (F) protein is cleaved at two furin consensus sequence sites, resulting in the generation of disulphide-linked F1 and F2 subunits and the release of an intervening peptide of 27 amino acids (pep27), which is converted into a biologically active tachykinin (virokinin). The role of the virokinin and the importance of one of the furin cleavage sites, FCS-2 [RA(R/K)R109], in the pathogenesis of BRSV infection and in the subsequent development of immunity was studied in gnotobiotic calves infected with a recombinant BRSV (rBRSV) lacking pep27 (rBRSVdelta p27) or with rBRSV108/109, which contains two amino acid substitutions in FCS-2 (RANN109). Although replication of the mutant viruses and the parental wild-type (WT) rBRSV in the lungs was similar, the extent of gross and microscopic lesions induced by the mutant viruses was less than that induced by WT rBRSV. Furthermore, the numbers of eosinophils in the lungs of calves infected with the mutant viruses were significantly less than that in calves infected with WT virus. These observations suggest a role for the virokinin in the pathogenesis of BRSV infection. Following mucosal immunization with rBRSVdelta p27, the levels of BRSV-specific serum antibodies were similar to those induced by WT virus. In contrast, the level of neutralizing antibodies induced by rBRSV108/109 was 10-fold lower than that induced by WT virus. Nevertheless, resistance to BRSV challenge induced by the mutant and WT viruses was similar, suggesting that neither pep27 nor FCS-2 plays a major role in the induction of protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-F Valarcher
- UMR INRA-ENVT 1225, ENVT, 31076 Toulouse cedex 3, France
- Institute for Animal Health, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire RG20 7NN, UK
| | - J Furze
- Institute for Animal Health, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire RG20 7NN, UK
| | - S G Wyld
- Institute for Animal Health, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire RG20 7NN, UK
| | - R Cook
- Institute for Animal Health, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire RG20 7NN, UK
| | - G Zimmer
- Institut für Virologie, Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Bünteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - G Herrler
- Institut für Virologie, Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Bünteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - G Taylor
- Institute for Animal Health, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire RG20 7NN, UK
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