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El-Shesheny R, Franks J, Kandeil A, Badra R, Turner J, Seiler P, Marathe BM, Jeevan T, Kercher L, Hu M, Sim YE, Hui KPY, Chan MCW, Thompson AJ, McKenzie P, Govorkova EA, Russell CJ, Vogel P, Paulson JC, Peiris JSM, Webster RG, Ali MA, Kayali G, Webby RJ. Cross-species spill-over potential of the H9N2 bat influenza A virus. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3449. [PMID: 38664384 PMCID: PMC11045754 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47635-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In 2017, a novel influenza A virus (IAV) was isolated from an Egyptian fruit bat. In contrast to other bat influenza viruses, the virus was related to avian A(H9N2) viruses and was probably the result of a bird-to-bat transmission event. To determine the cross-species spill-over potential, we biologically characterize features of A/bat/Egypt/381OP/2017(H9N2). The virus has a pH inactivation profile and neuraminidase activity similar to those of human-adapted IAVs. Despite the virus having an avian virus-like preference for α2,3 sialic acid receptors, it is unable to replicate in male mallard ducks; however, it readily infects ex-vivo human respiratory cell cultures and replicates in the lungs of female mice. A/bat/Egypt/381OP/2017 replicates in the upper respiratory tract of experimentally-infected male ferrets featuring direct-contact and airborne transmission. These data suggest that the bat A(H9N2) virus has features associated with increased risk to humans without a shift to a preference for α2,6 sialic acid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabeh El-Shesheny
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - John Franks
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ahmed Kandeil
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Jasmine Turner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Patrick Seiler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Bindumadhav M Marathe
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Trushar Jeevan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Lisa Kercher
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Meng Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Yul Eum Sim
- Department of Biology, Wanek School of Natural Science, High Point University, High Point, NC, USA
| | - Kenrie P Y Hui
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Michael C W Chan
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Andrew J Thompson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Pamela McKenzie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Elena A Govorkova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Charles J Russell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Peter Vogel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - James C Paulson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - J S Malik Peiris
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Robert G Webster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Mohamed A Ali
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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Barman S, Turner JCM, Kamrul Hasan M, Akhtar S, Jeevan T, Franks J, Walker D, Mukherjee N, Seiler P, Kercher L, McKenzie P, Webster RG, Feeroz MM, Webby RJ. Emergence of a new genotype of clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses in Bangladesh. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:e2252510. [PMID: 37622753 PMCID: PMC10563617 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2252510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Influenza virological surveillance was conducted in Bangladesh from January to December 2021 in live poultry markets (LPMs) and in Tanguar Haor, a wetland region where domestic ducks have frequent contact with migratory birds. The predominant viruses circulating in LPMs were low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H9N2 and clade 2.3.2.1a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses. Additional LPAIs were found in both LPM (H4N6) and Tanguar Haor wetlands (H7N7). Genetic analyses of these LPAIs strongly suggested long-distance movement of viruses along the Central Asian migratory bird flyway. We also detected a novel clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 virus from ducks in free-range farms in Tanguar Haor that was similar to viruses first detected in October 2020 in The Netherlands but with a different PB2. Identification of clade 2.3.4.4b HPAI H5N1 viruses in Tanguar Haor provides continued support of the role of migratory birds in transboundary movement of influenza A viruses (IAV), including HPAI viruses. Domestic ducks in free range farm in wetland areas, like Tangua Haor, serve as a conduit for the introduction of LPAI and HPAI viruses into Bangladesh. Clade 2.3.4.4b viruses have dominated in many regions of the world since mid-2021, and it remains to be seen if these viruses will replace the endemic clade 2.3.2.1a H5N1 viruses in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Barman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jasmine C. M. Turner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - M. Kamrul Hasan
- Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sharmin Akhtar
- Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Trushar Jeevan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - John Franks
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - David Walker
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Nabanita Mukherjee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Patrick Seiler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Lisa Kercher
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Pamela McKenzie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Robert G. Webster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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3
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Andreev K, Jones JC, Seiler P, Kandeil A, Turner JCM, Barman S, Rubrum AM, Webby RJ, Govorkova EA. Antiviral Susceptibility of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Viruses Circulating Globally in 2022-2023. J Infect Dis 2023:jiad418. [PMID: 37770028 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The antiviral susceptibility of currently circulating (2022-2023) highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) viruses was assessed by genotypic and phenotypic approaches. The frequency of neuraminidase (NA) and polymerase acidic (PA) substitutions associated with reduced inhibition by NA inhibitors (NAIs) (21/2698, 0.78%) or by the PA inhibitor baloxavir (14/2600, 0.54%) was low. Phenotypic testing of 22 clade 2.3.2.1a and 2.3.4.4b viruses revealed broad susceptibility to NAIs and baloxavir concluding that most contemporary HPAI A(H5N1) viruses retain susceptibility to antiviral drugs. Novel NA-K432E and NA-T438I substitutions (N2 numbering) were identified at elevated frequencies (104/2698, 3.85%) and caused reduced zanamivir and peramivir inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Andreev
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital; Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jeremy C Jones
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital; Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Patrick Seiler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital; Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ahmed Kandeil
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital; Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jasmine C M Turner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital; Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Subrata Barman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital; Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Adam M Rubrum
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital; Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital; Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Elena A Govorkova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital; Memphis, TN, USA
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4
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Kercher L, Seiler P, Jeevan T, Franks J, Trifkovic S, Marathe B, Henry J, Gaut J, Webby RJ. It's the Wrong Virus: Rapid Adaptation of Operations Inside a Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Select Agent Laboratory in Response to the 2019 SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic. Appl Biosaf 2022; 27:58-63. [PMID: 36776748 PMCID: PMC9908283 DOI: 10.1089/apb.2021.0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background The Animal Biosafety Level 3 Enhanced (ABSL-3+) laboratory at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital has a long history of influenza pandemic preparedness. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and subsequent expansion into a pandemic has put new and unanticipated demands on laboratory operations since April 2020. Administrative changes, investigative methods requiring increased demand for inactivation and validation of sample removal, and the adoption of a new animal model into the space required all arms of our Biorisk Management System (BMS) to respond with speed and innovation. Results In this report, we describe the outcomes of three major operational changes that were implemented to adapt the ABSL-3+ select agent space into a multipathogen laboratory. First were administrative controls that were revised and developed with new Institutional Biosafety Committee protocols, laboratory space segregation, training of staff, and occupational health changes for potential exposure to SARS-CoV-2 inside the laboratory. Second were extensive inactivation and validation experiments performed for both highly pathogenic avian influenza and SARS-CoV-2 to meet the demands for sample removal to a lower biosafety level. Third was the establishment of a new caging system to house Syrian Golden hamsters for SARS-CoV-2 risk assessment modeling. Summary The demands placed on biocontainment laboratories for response to SARS-CoV-2 has highlighted the importance of a robust BMS. In a relatively short time, the ABSL-3+ was able to adapt from a single select agent space to a multipathogen laboratory and expand our pandemic response capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Kercher
- Department of Infectious Diseases and St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Address correspondence to: Lisa Kercher, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS330, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Patrick Seiler
- Department of Infectious Diseases and St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Trushar Jeevan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - John Franks
- Department of Infectious Diseases and St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sanja Trifkovic
- Department of Infectious Diseases and St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Bindumadhav Marathe
- Department of Environmental Health and Safety, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - James Henry
- Department of Environmental Health and Safety, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - James Gaut
- Department of Environmental Health and Safety, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases and St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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5
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Turner JCM, Barman S, Feeroz MM, Hasan MK, Akhtar S, Walker D, Jeevan T, Mukherjee N, El-Shesheny R, Seiler P, Franks J, McKenzie P, Kercher L, Webster RG, Webby RJ. Distinct but connected avian influenza virus activities in wetlands and live poultry markets in Bangladesh, 2018-2019. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e605-e620. [PMID: 34989481 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
From April 2018 to October 2019, we continued active surveillance for influenza viruses in Bangladeshi live poultry markets (LPMs) and in Tanguar Haor, a wetland region of Bangladesh where domestic ducks have frequent contact with migratory birds. The predominant virus subtypes circulating in the LPMs were low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H9N2 and clade 2.3.2.1a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses of the H5N1-R1 genotype, like those found in previous years. Viruses of the H5N1-R2 genotype, which were previously reported as co-circulating with H5N1-R1 genotype viruses in LPM, were not detected. In addition to H9N2 viruses, which were primarily found in chicken and quail, H2N2, H3N8 and H11N3 LPAI viruses were detected in LPMs, exclusively in ducks. Viruses in domestic ducks and/or wild birds in Tanguar Haor were more diverse, with H1N1, H4N6, H7N1, H7N3, H7N4, H7N6, H8N4, H10N3, H10N4 and H11N3 detected. Phylogenetic analyses of these LPAI viruses suggested that some were new to Bangladesh (H2N2, H7N6, H8N4, H10N3 and H10N4), likely introduced by migratory birds of the Central Asian flyway. Our results show a complex dynamic of viral evolution and diversity in Bangladesh based on factors such as host populations and geography. The LPM environment was characterised by maintenance of viruses with demonstrated zoonotic potential and H5N1 genotype turnover. The wetland environment was characterised by greater viral gene pool diversity but a lower overall influenza virus detection rate. The genetic similarity of H11N3 viruses in both environments demonstrates that LPM and wetlands are connected despite their having distinct influenza ecologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine C M Turner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Subrata Barman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Md Kamrul Hasan
- Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Bangladesh
| | - Sharmin Akhtar
- Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Bangladesh
| | - David Walker
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Trushar Jeevan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Nabanita Mukherjee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Rabeh El-Shesheny
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Patrick Seiler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - John Franks
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Pamela McKenzie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lisa Kercher
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Robert G Webster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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6
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Diamond M, Halfmann P, Maemura T, Iwatsuki-Horimoto K, Iida S, Kiso M, Scheaffer S, Darling T, Joshi A, Loeber S, Foster S, Ying B, Whitener B, Floyd K, Ujie M, Nakajima N, Ito M, Wright R, Uraki R, Li R, Sakai Y, Liu Y, Larson D, Osorio J, Hernandez-Ortiz J, Čiuoderis K, Florek K, Patel M, Bateman A, Odle A, Wong LY, Wang Z, Edara VV, Chong Z, Thackray L, Ueki H, Yamayoshi S, Imai M, Perlman S, Webby R, Seder R, Suthar M, Garcia-Sastre A, Schotsaert M, Suzuki T, Boon A, Kawaoka Y, Douek D, Moliva J, Sullivan N, Gagne M, Ransier A, Case J, Jeevan T, Franks J, Fabrizio T, DeBeauchamp J, Kercher L, Seiler P, Singh G, Warang P, Gonzalez-Reiche AS, Sordillo E, van Bakel H, Simon V. The SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 Omicron virus causes attenuated infection and disease in mice and hamsters. Res Sq 2021:rs.3.rs-1211792. [PMID: 34981044 PMCID: PMC8722607 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1211792/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite the development and deployment of antibody and vaccine countermeasures, rapidly-spreading SARS-CoV-2 variants with mutations at key antigenic sites in the spike protein jeopardize their efficacy. The recent emergence of B.1.1.529, the Omicron variant1,2, which has more than 30 mutations in the spike protein, has raised concerns for escape from protection by vaccines and therapeutic antibodies. A key test for potential countermeasures against B.1.1.529 is their activity in pre-clinical rodent models of respiratory tract disease. Here, using the collaborative network of the SARS-CoV-2 Assessment of Viral Evolution (SAVE) program of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), we evaluated the ability of multiple B.1.1.529 Omicron isolates to cause infection and disease in immunocompetent and human ACE2 (hACE2) expressing mice and hamsters. Despite modeling and binding data suggesting that B.1.1.529 spike can bind more avidly to murine ACE2, we observed attenuation of infection in 129, C57BL/6, and BALB/c mice as compared with previous SARS-CoV-2 variants, with limited weight loss and lower viral burden in the upper and lower respiratory tracts. Although K18-hACE2 transgenic mice sustained infection in the lungs, these animals did not lose weight. In wild-type and hACE2 transgenic hamsters, lung infection, clinical disease, and pathology with B.1.1.529 also were milder compared to historical isolates or other SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Overall, experiments from multiple independent laboratories of the SAVE/NIAID network with several different B.1.1.529 isolates demonstrate attenuated lung disease in rodents, which parallels preliminary human clinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Halfmann
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | | | - Shun Iida
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo
| | - Maki Kiso
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Tokyo
| | | | | | | | | | - Stephanie Foster
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine
| | | | - Bradley Whitener
- Departments of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Michiko Ujie
- Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo
| | | | - Mutsumi Ito
- University of Tokyo, Institute of Medical Science
| | - Ryan Wright
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Ryuta Uraki
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Animal Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University
| | - Yuko Sakai
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Tokyo
| | - Yanan Liu
- Department of Animal Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University
| | - Deanna Larson
- Department of Animal Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University
| | | | - Juan Hernandez-Ortiz
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine. University of Wisconsin, Madison
| | | | | | - Mit Patel
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine
| | | | - Abby Odle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa
| | - Lok-Yin Wong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - James Case
- Washington University School of Medicine
| | | | - John Franks
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | | | - Lisa Kercher
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Patrick Seiler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
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7
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El-Shesheny R, Turner JCM, Walker D, Franks J, Seiler P, Barman S, Feeroz MM, Hasan MK, Akhtar S, Mukherjee N, Kercher L, McKenzie P, Webster RG, Webby RJ. Detection of a Novel Reassortant H9N9 Avian Influenza Virus in Free-Range Ducks in Bangladesh. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122357. [PMID: 34960626 PMCID: PMC8704232 DOI: 10.3390/v13122357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Wild aquatic birds are the primary natural reservoir for influenza A viruses (IAVs). In this study, an A(H9N9) influenza A virus (A/duck/Bangladesh/44493/2020) was identified via routine surveillance in free-range domestic ducks in Bangladesh. Phylogenetic analysis of hemagglutinin showed that the H9N9 virus belonged to the Y439-like lineage. The HA gene had the highest nucleotide identity to A/Bean Goose (Anser fabalis)/South Korea/KNU 2019-16/2019 (H9N2). The other seven gene segments clustered within the Eurasian lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabeh El-Shesheny
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (R.E.-S.); (J.C.M.T.); (D.W.); (J.F.); (P.S.); (S.B.); (N.M.); (L.K.); (P.M.); (R.G.W.)
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Jasmine C. M. Turner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (R.E.-S.); (J.C.M.T.); (D.W.); (J.F.); (P.S.); (S.B.); (N.M.); (L.K.); (P.M.); (R.G.W.)
| | - David Walker
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (R.E.-S.); (J.C.M.T.); (D.W.); (J.F.); (P.S.); (S.B.); (N.M.); (L.K.); (P.M.); (R.G.W.)
| | - John Franks
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (R.E.-S.); (J.C.M.T.); (D.W.); (J.F.); (P.S.); (S.B.); (N.M.); (L.K.); (P.M.); (R.G.W.)
| | - Patrick Seiler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (R.E.-S.); (J.C.M.T.); (D.W.); (J.F.); (P.S.); (S.B.); (N.M.); (L.K.); (P.M.); (R.G.W.)
| | - Subrata Barman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (R.E.-S.); (J.C.M.T.); (D.W.); (J.F.); (P.S.); (S.B.); (N.M.); (L.K.); (P.M.); (R.G.W.)
| | - Mohammed M. Feeroz
- Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar 1342, Bangladesh; (M.M.F.); (M.K.H.); (S.A.)
| | - Md Kamrul Hasan
- Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar 1342, Bangladesh; (M.M.F.); (M.K.H.); (S.A.)
| | - Sharmin Akhtar
- Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar 1342, Bangladesh; (M.M.F.); (M.K.H.); (S.A.)
| | - Nabanita Mukherjee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (R.E.-S.); (J.C.M.T.); (D.W.); (J.F.); (P.S.); (S.B.); (N.M.); (L.K.); (P.M.); (R.G.W.)
| | - Lisa Kercher
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (R.E.-S.); (J.C.M.T.); (D.W.); (J.F.); (P.S.); (S.B.); (N.M.); (L.K.); (P.M.); (R.G.W.)
| | - Pamela McKenzie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (R.E.-S.); (J.C.M.T.); (D.W.); (J.F.); (P.S.); (S.B.); (N.M.); (L.K.); (P.M.); (R.G.W.)
| | - Robert G. Webster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (R.E.-S.); (J.C.M.T.); (D.W.); (J.F.); (P.S.); (S.B.); (N.M.); (L.K.); (P.M.); (R.G.W.)
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (R.E.-S.); (J.C.M.T.); (D.W.); (J.F.); (P.S.); (S.B.); (N.M.); (L.K.); (P.M.); (R.G.W.)
- Correspondence:
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8
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Turner JCM, Barman S, Feeroz MM, Hasan MK, Akhtar S, Jeevan T, Walker D, Franks J, Seiler P, Mukherjee N, Kercher L, McKenzie P, Lam T, El-Shesheny R, Webby RJ. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N6) Virus Clade 2.3.4.4h in Wild Birds and Live Poultry Markets, Bangladesh. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:2492-2494. [PMID: 34424167 PMCID: PMC8386775 DOI: 10.3201/eid2709.210819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Migratory birds play a major role in spreading influenza viruses over long distances. We report highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N6) viruses in migratory and resident ducks in Bangladesh. The viruses were genetically similar to viruses detected in wild birds in China and Mongolia, suggesting migration-associated dissemination of these zoonotic pathogens.
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9
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Horwood PF, Fabrizio T, Horm SV, Metlin A, Ros S, Tok S, Jeevan T, Seiler P, Y P, Rith S, Suttie A, Buchy P, Karlsson EA, Webby R, Dussart P. Transmission experiments support clade-level differences in the transmission and pathogenicity of Cambodian influenza A/H5N1 viruses. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:1702-1711. [PMID: 32666894 PMCID: PMC7473085 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1792353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A/H5N1 has circulated in Asia since 2003 and is now enzootic in many countries in that region. In Cambodia, the virus has circulated since 2004 and has intermittently infected humans. During this period, we have noted differences in the rate of infections in humans, potentially associated with the circulation of different viral clades. In particular, a reassortant clade 1.1.2 virus emerged in early 2013 and was associated with a dramatic increase in infections of humans (34 cases) until it was replaced by a clade 2.3.2.1c virus in early 2014. In contrast, only one infection of a human has been reported in the 6 years since the clade 2.3.2.1c virus became the dominant circulating virus. We selected three viruses to represent the main viral clades that have circulated in Cambodia (clade 1.1.2, clade 1.1.2 reassortant, and clade 2.3.2.1c), and we conducted experiments to assess the virulence and transmissibility of these viruses in avian (chicken, duck) and mammalian (ferret) models. Our results suggest that the clade 2.3.2.1c virus is more "avian-like," with high virulence in both ducks and chickens, but there is no evidence of aerosol transmission of the virus from ducks to ferrets. In contrast, the two clade 1 viruses were less virulent in experimentally infected and contact ducks. However, evidence of chicken-to-ferret aerosol transmission was observed for both clade 1 viruses. The transmission experiments provide insights into clade-level differences that might explain the variation in A/H5N1 infections of humans observed in Cambodia and other settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul F. Horwood
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Thomas Fabrizio
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Srey Viseth Horm
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Artem Metlin
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sopheaktra Ros
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Songha Tok
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Trushar Jeevan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Patrick Seiler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Phalla Y
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sareth Rith
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Annika Suttie
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Federation University, Churchill, Australia
| | - Philippe Buchy
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines R&D Intercontinental, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Erik A. Karlsson
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Richard Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Philippe Dussart
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
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10
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Kim H, Seiler P, Jones JC, Ridout G, Camp KP, Fabrizio TP, Jeevan T, Miller LA, Throm RE, Ferrara F, Fredrickson RL, Lowe JF, Wang L, Odemuyiwa SO, Wan XF, Webby RJ. Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Antigens in Humans and Animals. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040684. [PMID: 33207583 PMCID: PMC7712576 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To optimize the public health response to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), we must first understand the antibody response to individual proteins on the severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the antibody's cross reactivity to other coronaviruses. Using a panel of 37 convalescent COVID-19 human serum samples, we showed that the magnitude and specificity of responses varied across individuals, independent of their reactivity to seasonal human coronaviruses (HCoVs). These data suggest that COVID-19 vaccines will elicit primary humoral immune responses in naïve individuals and variable responses in those previously exposed to SARS-CoV-2. Unlike the limited cross-coronavirus reactivities in humans, serum samples from 96 dogs and 10 cats showed SARS-CoV-2 protein-specific responses focused on non-S1 proteins. The correlation of this response with those to other coronaviruses suggests that the antibodies are cross-reactive and generated to endemic viruses within these hosts, which must be considered in seroepidemiologic studies. We conclude that substantial variation in antibody generation against coronavirus proteins will influence interpretations of serologic data in the clinical and veterinary settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsuh Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (H.K.); (P.S.); (J.C.J.); (T.P.F.); (T.J.); (L.A.M.)
| | - Patrick Seiler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (H.K.); (P.S.); (J.C.J.); (T.P.F.); (T.J.); (L.A.M.)
| | - Jeremy C. Jones
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (H.K.); (P.S.); (J.C.J.); (T.P.F.); (T.J.); (L.A.M.)
| | - Granger Ridout
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA;
| | | | - Thomas P. Fabrizio
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (H.K.); (P.S.); (J.C.J.); (T.P.F.); (T.J.); (L.A.M.)
| | - Trushar Jeevan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (H.K.); (P.S.); (J.C.J.); (T.P.F.); (T.J.); (L.A.M.)
| | - Lance A. Miller
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (H.K.); (P.S.); (J.C.J.); (T.P.F.); (T.J.); (L.A.M.)
| | - Robert E. Throm
- Vector Development & Production, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (R.E.T.); (F.F.)
| | - Francesca Ferrara
- Vector Development & Production, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (R.E.T.); (F.F.)
| | - Richard L. Fredrickson
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61820, USA;
| | - James F. Lowe
- Integrated Food Animal Management Systems, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61820, USA;
| | - Leyi Wang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine and the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61820, USA;
| | - Solomon O. Odemuyiwa
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (S.O.O.); (X.-F.W.)
| | - Xiu-Feng Wan
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (S.O.O.); (X.-F.W.)
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (H.K.); (P.S.); (J.C.J.); (T.P.F.); (T.J.); (L.A.M.)
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-901-595-3014
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11
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Barman S, Turner JCM, Hasan MK, Akhtar S, El-Shesheny R, Franks J, Walker D, Seiler P, Friedman K, Kercher L, Jeevan T, McKenzie P, Webby RJ, Webster RG, Feeroz MM. Continuing evolution of highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses in Bangladeshi live poultry markets. Emerg Microbes Infect 2019; 8:650-661. [PMID: 31014196 PMCID: PMC6493222 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1605845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Since November 2008, we have conducted active avian influenza surveillance in Bangladesh. Clades 2.2.2, 2.3.4.2, and 2.3.2.1a of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses have all been identified in Bangladeshi live poultry markets (LPMs), although, since the end of 2014, H5N1 viruses have been exclusively from clade 2.3.2.1a. In June 2015, a new reassortant H5N1 virus (H5N1-R1) from clade 2.3.2.1a was identified, containing haemagglutinin, neuraminidase, and matrix genes of H5N1 viruses circulating in Bangladesh since 2011, plus five other genes of Eurasian-lineage low pathogenic avian influenza A (LPAI) viruses. Here we report the status of circulating avian influenza A viruses in Bangladeshi LPMs from March 2016 to January 2018. Until April 2017, H5N1 viruses exclusively belonged to H5N1-R1 clade 2.3.2.1a. However, in May 2017, we identified another reassortant H5N1 (H5N1-R2), also of clade 2.3.2.1a, wherein the PA gene segment of H5N1-R1 was replaced by that of another Eurasian-lineage LPAI virus related to A/duck/Bangladesh/30828/2016 (H3N8), detected in Bangladeshi LPM in September 2016. Currently, both reassortant H5N1-R1 and H5N1-R2 co-circulate in Bangladeshi LPMs. Furthermore, some LPAI viruses isolated from LPMs during 2016–2017 were closely related to those from ducks in free-range farms and wild birds in Tanguar haor, a wetland region of Bangladesh where ducks have frequent contact with migratory birds. These data support a hypothesis where Tanguar haor-like ecosystems provide a mechanism for movement of LPAI viruses to LPMs where reassortment with poultry viruses occurs adding to the diversity of viruses at this human-animal interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Barman
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Jasmine C M Turner
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - M Kamrul Hasan
- b Department of Zoology , Jahangirnagar University , Dhaka , Bangladesh
| | - Sharmin Akhtar
- b Department of Zoology , Jahangirnagar University , Dhaka , Bangladesh
| | - Rabeh El-Shesheny
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis , TN , USA.,c Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses , National Research Centre , Giza , Egypt
| | - John Franks
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - David Walker
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Patrick Seiler
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Kimberly Friedman
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Lisa Kercher
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Trushar Jeevan
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Pamela McKenzie
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Richard J Webby
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Robert G Webster
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Mohammed M Feeroz
- b Department of Zoology , Jahangirnagar University , Dhaka , Bangladesh
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12
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Seiler P, Kercher L, Feeroz MM, Shanmuganatham K, Jones-Engel L, Turner J, Walker D, Alam SMR, Hasan MK, Akhtar S, McKenzie P, Franks J, Krauss S, Webby RJ, Webster RG. H9N2 influenza viruses from Bangladesh: Transmission in chicken and New World quail. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2018; 12:814-817. [PMID: 29989679 PMCID: PMC6185884 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The H9N2 influenza viruses that have become established in Bangladeshi live poultry markets possess five gene segments of the highly pathogenic H7N3 avian influenza virus. We assessed the replication, transmission, and disease potential of three H9N2 viruses in chickens and New World quail. Each virus replicated to high titers and transmitted by the airborne route to contacts in both species. Infected chickens showed no disease signs, and the viruses differed in their disease potential in New World quail. New World quail were more susceptible than chickens to H9N2 viruses and shed virus after airborne transmission for 10 days. Consequently, New World quail are a potential threat in the maintenance and spread of influenza virus in live poultry markets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Seiler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Lisa Kercher
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | | | - Karthik Shanmuganatham
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.,Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, Iowa
| | - Lisa Jones-Engel
- National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jasmine Turner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - David Walker
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - S M Rabiul Alam
- Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M Kamrul Hasan
- Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sharmin Akhtar
- Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Pamela McKenzie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - John Franks
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Scott Krauss
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Robert G Webster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
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13
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El-Shesheny R, Barman S, Feeroz MM, Hasan MK, Jones-Engel L, Franks J, Turner J, Seiler P, Walker D, Friedman K, Kercher L, Begum S, Akhtar S, Datta AK, Krauss S, Kayali G, McKenzie P, Webby RJ, Webster RG. Genesis of Influenza A(H5N8) Viruses. Emerg Infect Dis 2017; 23:1368-1371. [PMID: 28609260 PMCID: PMC5547793 DOI: 10.3201/eid2308.170143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N8) clade 2.3.4.4 virus emerged in 2016 and spread to Russia, Europe, and Africa. Our analysis of viruses from domestic ducks at Tanguar haor, Bangladesh, showed genetic similarities with other viruses from wild birds in central Asia, suggesting their potential role in the genesis of A(H5N8).
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14
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Marinova-Petkova A, Shanmuganatham K, Feeroz MM, Jones-Engel L, Hasan MK, Akhtar S, Turner J, Walker D, Seiler P, Franks J, McKenzie P, Krauss S, Webby RJ, Webster RG. The Continuing Evolution of H5N1 and H9N2 Influenza Viruses in Bangladesh Between 2013 and 2014. Avian Dis 2017; 60:108-17. [PMID: 27309046 DOI: 10.1637/11136-050815-reg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In 2011, avian influenza surveillance at the Bangladesh live bird markets (LBMs) showed complete replacement of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus of clade 2.2.2 (Qinghai-like H5N1 lineage) by the HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.2.1. This clade, which continues to circulate in Bangladesh and neighboring countries, is an intra-and interclade reassortant; its HA, polymerase basic 1 (PB1), polymerase (PA), and nonstructural (NS) genes come from subclade 2.3.2.1a; the polymerase basic 2 (PB2) comes from subclade 2.3.2.1c; and the NA, nucleocapsid protein (NP), and matrix (M) gene from clade 2.3.4.2. The H9N2 influenza viruses cocirculating in the Bangladesh LBMs are also reassortants, possessing five genes (NS, M, NP, PA, and PB1) from an HPAI H7N3 virus previously isolated in Pakistan. Despite frequent coinfection of chickens and ducks, reassortment between these H5N1 and H9N2 viruses has been rare. However, all such reassortants detected in 2011 through 2013 have carried seven genes from the local HPAI H5N1 lineage and the PB1 gene from the Bangladeshi H9N2 clade G1 Mideast, itself derived from HPAI H7N3 virus. Although the live birds we sampled in Bangladesh showed no clinical signs of morbidity, the emergence of this reassortant HPAI H5N1 lineage further complicates endemic circulation of H5N1 viruses in Bangladesh, posing a threat to both poultry and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mohammed M Feeroz
- B Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh 1342
| | - Lisa Jones-Engel
- C National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - M Kamrul Hasan
- B Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh 1342
| | - Sharmin Akhtar
- B Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh 1342
| | - Jasmine Turner
- A Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - David Walker
- A Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Patrick Seiler
- A Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - John Franks
- A Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Pamela McKenzie
- A Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Scott Krauss
- A Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Richard J Webby
- A Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Robert G Webster
- A Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105.,D Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia 21589
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15
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Turner JCM, Feeroz MM, Hasan MK, Akhtar S, Walker D, Seiler P, Barman S, Franks J, Jones-Engel L, McKenzie P, Krauss S, Webby RJ, Kayali G, Webster RG. Insight into live bird markets of Bangladesh: an overview of the dynamics of transmission of H5N1 and H9N2 avian influenza viruses. Emerg Microbes Infect 2017; 6:e12. [PMID: 28270655 PMCID: PMC5378921 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2016.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 and low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H9N2 viruses have been recognized as threats to public health in Bangladesh since 2007. Although live bird markets (LBMs) have been implicated in the transmission, dissemination, and circulation of these viruses, an in-depth analysis of the dynamics of avian transmission of H5N1 and H9N2 viruses at the human-animal interface has been lacking. Here we present and evaluate epidemiological findings from active surveillance conducted among poultry in various production sectors in Bangladesh from 2008 to 2016. Overall, the prevalence of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in collected samples was 24%. Our data show that AIVs are more prevalent in domestic birds within LBMs (30.4%) than in farms (9.6%). Quail, chickens and ducks showed a high prevalence of AIVs (>20%). The vast majority of AIVs detected (99.7%) have come from apparently healthy birds and poultry drinking water served as a reservoir of AIVs with a prevalence of 32.5% in collected samples. HPAI H5N1 was more frequently detected in ducks while H9N2 was more common in chickens and quail. LBMs, particularly wholesale markets, have become a potential reservoir for various types of AIVs, including HPAI H5N1 and LPAI H9N2. The persistence of AIVs in LBMs is of great concern to public health, and this study highlights the importance of regularly reviewing and implementing infection control procedures as a means of reducing the exposure of the general public to AIVs.Emerging Microbes & Infections (2017) 6, e12; doi:10.1038/emi.2016.142; published online 8 March 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine C M Turner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Mohammed M Feeroz
- Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
| | - M Kamrul Hasan
- Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Sharmin Akhtar
- Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - David Walker
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Patrick Seiler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Subrata Barman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - John Franks
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Lisa Jones-Engel
- Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Pamela McKenzie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Scott Krauss
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Ghazi Kayali
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX 77459, USA
- Human Link, Hazmieh, Baabda 1107-2090, Lebanon
| | - Robert G Webster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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16
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Marinova-Petkova A, Georgiev G, Petkov T, Darnell D, Franks J, Kayali G, Walker D, Seiler P, Danner A, Graham A, McKenzie P, Krauss S, Webby RJ, Webster RG. Influenza surveillance on 'foie gras' duck farms in Bulgaria, 2008-2012. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2016; 10:98-108. [PMID: 26663739 PMCID: PMC4746559 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Ducks can shed and spread influenza A viruses (IAVs) while showing no disease signs. Our objective was to clarify the role of ‘foie gras’ ducks in the circulation of IAVs in Bulgaria. Methods Monthly avian influenza surveillance was conducted on 63 ‘foie gras’ duck farms, 52 of which were surveyed throughout the study between November 2008 and April 2012. Virologic and serologic samples were collected and tested. During this time, wild bird samples were collected at major wild bird‐resting areas near the Black Sea coast and Danube River. Results The study showed high isolation frequency of low‐pathogenicity avian influenza viruses. In the raising population (<75 days old), subtypes H3, H4, and H6 were detected monthly and H5 LPAIV, sporadically. Different subtypes (H1, H10, H11) were isolated from the fattening premises (75‐ to 100‐day‐old ducks), suggesting different routes of introduction. Only 6 of the 52 farms that were surveyed both virologically and serologically were influenza‐free throughout the study, possibly due to higher biosecurity measures implemented. No evidence of direct transmission of IAV from wild birds was found. Wild bird surveillance showed low isolation frequency of IAV. IAV prevalence of 0·55% for migratory ducks and 0·53% for migratory geese was estimated in November–December 2011 and January–February 2012, respectively, at two ornithologically important locations near the Black Sea coast. Conclusions The ‘foie gras’ duck farms in Bulgaria are an optimal niche where Eurasian‐like IAVs are maintained and reassorted unapparent to farmers and veterinarians.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Todor Petkov
- Bulgarian Society for the Protection of Birds, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - John Franks
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ghazi Kayali
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - David Walker
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Angela Danner
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | | | - Scott Krauss
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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17
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Shanmuganatham KK, Jones JC, Marathe BM, Feeroz MM, Jones-Engel L, Walker D, Turner J, Rabiul Alam SM, Kamrul Hasan M, Akhtar S, Seiler P, McKenzie P, Krauss S, Webby RJ, Webster RG. The replication of Bangladeshi H9N2 avian influenza viruses carrying genes from H7N3 in mammals. Emerg Microbes Infect 2016; 5:e35. [PMID: 27094903 PMCID: PMC4855072 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2016.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza viruses are continuously monitored by the World Health Organization because they are endemic; they continually reassort with H5N1, H7N9 and H10N8 viruses; and they periodically cause human infections. We characterized H9N2 influenza viruses carrying internal genes from highly pathogenic H7N3 viruses, which were isolated from chickens or quail from live-bird markets in Bangladesh between 2010 and 2013. All of the H9N2 viruses used in this study carried mammalian host-specific mutations. We studied their replication kinetics in normal human bronchoepithelial cells and swine tracheal and lung explants, which exhibit many features of the mammalian airway epithelium and serve as a mammalian host model. All H9N2 viruses replicated to moderate-to-high titers in the normal human bronchoepithelial cells and swine lung explants, but replication was limited in the swine tracheal explants. In Balb/c mice, the H9N2 viruses were nonlethal, replicated to moderately high titers and the infection was confined to the lungs. In the ferret model of human influenza infection and transmission, H9N2 viruses possessing the Q226L substitution in hemagglutinin replicated well without clinical signs and spread via direct contact but not by aerosol. None of the H9N2 viruses tested were resistant to the neuraminidase inhibitors. Our study shows that the Bangladeshi H9N2 viruses have the potential to infect humans and highlights the importance of monitoring and characterizing this influenza subtype to better understand the potential risk these viruses pose to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeremy C Jones
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Bindumadhav M Marathe
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Mohammed M Feeroz
- Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Lisa Jones-Engel
- National Primate Research Center University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-5502, USA
| | - David Walker
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jasmine Turner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - S M Rabiul Alam
- Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
| | - M Kamrul Hasan
- Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Sharmin Akhtar
- Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Patrick Seiler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Pamela McKenzie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Scott Krauss
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Robert G Webster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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18
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Wong SS, Kaplan B, Zanin M, Debeauchamp J, Kercher L, Crumpton JC, Seiler P, Sun Y, Tang L, Krauss S, Webster R, Webby RJ. Impact of Adjuvants on the Immunogenicity and Efficacy of Split-Virion H7N9 Vaccine in Ferrets. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:542-51. [PMID: 25712975 PMCID: PMC4598806 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An effective vaccine is urgently needed against the H7N9 avian influenza virus. We evaluated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a split-virion H7N9 vaccine with or without the oil-in-water adjuvants in ferrets. METHODS Ferrets were vaccinated with 2 doses of unadjuvanted, MF59 or AS03-adjuvanted A/Shanghai/2/2013 (H7N9) vaccine, and the induction of antibodies to hemagglutinin (HA) or neuraminidase proteins was evaluated. Ferrets were then challenged with wild-type H7N9 virus to assess the vaccine's protective efficacy. The vaccine composition and integrity was also evaluated in vitro. RESULTS Adjuvanted vaccines stimulated robust serum antibody titers against HA and neuraminidase compared with the unadjuvanted vaccines. Although there was a difference in adjuvanticity between AS03 and MF59 at a lower dose (3.75 µg of HA), both adjuvants induced comparable antibody responses after 2 doses of 15 µg. On challenge, ferrets that received adjuvanted vaccines showed lower viral burden than the control or unadjuvanted vaccine group. In vitro examinations revealed that the vaccine contained visible split-virus particles and retained the native conformation of HA recognizable by polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. CONCLUSIONS The adjuvanted H7N9 vaccines demonstrated superior immunogenicity and protective efficacy against H7N9 infection in ferrets and hold potential as a vaccination regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yilun Sun
- Department of Biostatistics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Li Tang
- Department of Biostatistics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
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19
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Duan S, Govorkova EA, Bahl J, Zaraket H, Baranovich T, Seiler P, Prevost K, Webster RG, Webby RJ. Epistatic interactions between neuraminidase mutations facilitated the emergence of the oseltamivir-resistant H1N1 influenza viruses. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5029. [PMID: 25297528 PMCID: PMC4197134 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oseltamivir-resistant H1N1 influenza viruses carrying the H275Y neuraminidase mutation predominated worldwide during the 2007–2009 seasons. While several neuraminidase substitutions were found to be necessary to counteract the adverse effects of H275Y, the order and impact of evolutionary events involved remain elusive. Here, we reconstruct H1N1 neuraminidase phylogeny during 1999–2009, estimate the timing and order of crucial amino acid changes, and evaluate their impact on the biological outcome of the H275Y mutation. Of the twelve neuraminidase substitutions that occurred during 1999–2009, five (chronologically, V234M, R222Q, K329E, D344N, H275Y, and D354G) are necessary for maintaining full neuraminidase function in the presence of the H275Y mutation by altering protein accumulation or enzyme affinity/activity. The sequential emergence and cumulative effects of these mutations clearly illustrate a role for epistasis in shaping the emergence and subsequent evolution of a drug-resistant virus population, which can be useful in understanding emergence of novel viral phenotypes of influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susu Duan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Mail Stop 330, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Elena A Govorkova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Mail Stop 330, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Justin Bahl
- 1] School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1200 Pressler Street, Houston, Texas 77030, USA [2] Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Hassan Zaraket
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Mail Stop 330, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Tatiana Baranovich
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Mail Stop 330, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Patrick Seiler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Mail Stop 330, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Kristi Prevost
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Mail Stop 330, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Robert G Webster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Mail Stop 330, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Mail Stop 330, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
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20
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Wong SS, Yoon SW, Zanin M, Song MS, Oshansky C, Zaraket H, Sonnberg S, Rubrum A, Seiler P, Ferguson A, Krauss S, Cardona C, Webby RJ, Crossley B. Characterization of an H4N2 influenza virus from Quails with a multibasic motif in the hemagglutinin cleavage site. Virology 2014; 468-470:72-80. [PMID: 25151061 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The cleavage motif in the hemagglutinin (HA) protein of highly pathogenic H5 and H7 subtypes of avian influenza viruses is characterized by a peptide insertion or a multibasic cleavage site (MBCS). Here, we isolated an H4N2 virus from quails (Quail/CA12) with two additional arginines in the HA cleavage site, PEKRRTR/G, forming an MBCS-like motif. Quail/CA12 is a reassortant virus with the HA and neuraminidase (NA) gene most similar to a duck-isolated H4N2 virus, PD/CA06 with a monobasic HA cleavage site. Quail/CA12 required exogenous trypsin for efficient growth in culture and caused no clinical illness in infected chickens. Quail/CA12 had high binding preference for α2,6-linked sialic acids and showed higher replication and transmission ability in chickens and quails than PD/CA06. Although the H4N2 virus remained low pathogenic, these data suggests that the acquisition of MBCS in the field is not restricted to H5 or H7 subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sook-San Wong
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis TN, United States
| | - Sun-Woo Yoon
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis TN, United States; Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Mark Zanin
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis TN, United States
| | - Min-Suk Song
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis TN, United States
| | | | - Hassan Zaraket
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis TN, United States; American University of Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Adam Rubrum
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis TN, United States
| | - Patrick Seiler
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis TN, United States
| | - Angela Ferguson
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis TN, United States
| | - Scott Krauss
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis TN, United States
| | | | - Richard J Webby
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis TN, United States
| | - Beate Crossley
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, United States.
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21
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Wong SS, Jeevan T, Kercher L, Yoon SW, Petkova AM, Crumpton JC, Franks J, Debeauchamp J, Rubrum A, Seiler P, Krauss S, Webster R, Webby RJ. A single dose of whole inactivated H7N9 influenza vaccine confers protection from severe disease but not infection in ferrets. Vaccine 2014; 32:4571-4577. [PMID: 24950355 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The H7N9 influenza virus caused significant mortality and morbidity in infected humans during an outbreak in China in 2013 stimulating vaccine development efforts. As previous H7-based vaccines have been poorly immunogenic in humans we sought to determine the immunogenic and protective properties of an inactivated whole virus vaccine derived from a 2013 H7N9 virus in ferrets. As whole virus vaccine preparations have been shown to be more immunogenic in humans, but less likely to be used, than split or surface antigen formulations, we vaccinated ferrets with a single dose of 15, 30, or 50 μg of the vaccine and subsequently challenged with wild-type A/Anhui/1/2013 (H7N9) either by direct instillation or by contact with infected animals. Although ferrets vaccinated with higher doses of vaccine had higher serum hemagglutinin inhibition (HI) titers, the titers were still low. During subsequent instillation challenge, however, ferrets vaccinated with 50 μg of vaccine showed no illness and shed significantly less virus than mock vaccinated controls. All vaccinated ferrets had lower virus loads in their lungs as compared to controls. In a separate study where unvaccinated-infected ferrets were placed in the same cage with vaccinated-uninfected ferrets, vaccination did not prevent infection in the contact ferrets, although they showed a trend of lower viral load. Overall, we conclude that inactivated whole-virus H7N9 vaccine was able to reduce the severity of infection and viral load, despite the lack of hemagglutinin-inhibiting antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sook-San Wong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | - Trushar Jeevan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | - Lisa Kercher
- Animal Resource Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | - Sun-Woo Yoon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA; Viral Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Youseong-gu, Daejeon 305-806, South Korea
| | - Atanaska-Marinova Petkova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | - Jeri-Carol Crumpton
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | - John Franks
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | - Jennifer Debeauchamp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | - Adam Rubrum
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | - Patrick Seiler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | - Scott Krauss
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | - Robert Webster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA.
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22
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Shanmuganatham K, Feeroz MM, Jones-Engel L, Smith GJD, Fourment M, Walker D, McClenaghan L, Alam SMR, Hasan MK, Seiler P, Franks J, Danner A, Barman S, McKenzie P, Krauss S, Webby RJ, Webster RG. Antigenic and molecular characterization of avian influenza A(H9N2) viruses, Bangladesh. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 19. [PMID: 23968540 PMCID: PMC3810925 DOI: 10.3201/eid1909.130336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human infection with avian influenza A(H9N2) virus was identified in Bangladesh in 2011. Surveillance for influenza viruses in apparently healthy poultry in live-bird markets in Bangladesh during 2008-2011 showed that subtype H9N2 viruses are isolated year-round, whereas highly pathogenic subtype H5N1 viruses are co-isolated with subtype H9N2 primarily during the winter months. Phylogenetic analysis of the subtype H9N2 viruses showed that they are reassortants possessing 3 gene segments related to subtype H7N3; the remaining gene segments were from the subtype H9N2 G1 clade. We detected no reassortment with subtype H5N1 viruses. Serologic analyses of subtype H9N2 viruses from chickens revealed antigenic conservation, whereas analyses of viruses from quail showed antigenic drift. Molecular analysis showed that multiple mammalian-specific mutations have become fixed in the subtype H9N2 viruses, including changes in the hemagglutinin, matrix, and polymerase proteins. Our results indicate that these viruses could mutate to be transmissible from birds to mammals, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Shanmuganatham
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, MS 330, 262 Danny Thomas Pl, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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23
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Jones JC, Sonnberg S, Koçer ZA, Shanmuganatham K, Seiler P, Shu Y, Zhu H, Guan Y, Peiris M, Webby RJ, Webster RG. Possible role of songbirds and parakeets in transmission of influenza A(H7N9) virus to humans. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 20:380-5. [PMID: 24572739 PMCID: PMC3944875 DOI: 10.3201/eid2003.131271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian-origin influenza A(H7N9) recently emerged in China, causing severe human disease. Several subtype H7N9 isolates contain influenza genes previously identified in viruses from finch-like birds. Because wild and domestic songbirds interact with humans and poultry, we investigated the susceptibility and transmissibility of subtype H7N9 in these species. Finches, sparrows, and parakeets supported replication of a human subtype H7N9 isolate, shed high titers through the oropharyngeal route, and showed few disease signs. Virus was shed into water troughs, and several contact animals seroconverted, although they shed little virus. Our study demonstrates that a human isolate can replicate in and be shed by such songbirds and parakeets into their environment. This finding has implications for these birds' potential as intermediate hosts with the ability to facilitate transmission and dissemination of A(H7N9) virus.
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24
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Govorkova EA, Baranovich T, Seiler P, Armstrong J, Burnham A, Guan Y, Peiris M, Webby RJ, Webster RG. Antiviral resistance among highly pathogenic influenza A (H5N1) viruses isolated worldwide in 2002-2012 shows need for continued monitoring. Antiviral Res 2013; 98:297-304. [PMID: 23458714 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic (HP) H5N1 influenza viruses are evolving pathogens with the potential to cause sustained human-to-human transmission and pandemic virus spread. Specific antiviral drugs can play an important role in the early stages of a pandemic, but the emergence of drug-resistant variants can limit control options. The available data on the susceptibility of HP H5N1 influenza viruses to neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors and adamantanes is scarce, and there is no extensive analysis. Here, we systematically examined the prevalence of NA inhibitor and adamantane resistance among HP H5N1 influenza viruses that circulated worldwide during 2002-2012. The phenotypic fluorescence-based assay showed that both human and avian HP H5N1 viruses are susceptible to NA inhibitors oseltamivir and zanamivir with little variability over time and ∼5.5-fold less susceptibility to oseltamivir of viruses of hemagglutinin (HA) clade 2 than of clade 1. Analysis of available sequence data revealed a low incidence of NA inhibitor-resistant variants. The established markers of NA inhibitor resistance (E119A, H274Y, and N294S, N2 numbering) were found in 2.4% of human and 0.8% of avian isolates, and the markers of reduced susceptibility (I117V, K150N, I222V/T/K, and S246N) were found in 0.8% of human and 2.9% of avian isolates. The frequency of amantadine-resistant variants was higher among human (62.2%) than avian (31.6%) viruses with disproportionate distribution among different HA clades. As in human isolates, avian H5N1 viruses carry double L26I and S31N M2 mutations more often than a single S31N mutation. Overall, both human and avian HP H5N1 influenza viruses are susceptible to NA inhibitors; some proportion is still susceptible to amantadine in contrast to ∼100% amantadine resistance among currently circulating seasonal human H1N1 and H3N2 viruses. Continued antiviral susceptibility monitoring of H5N1 viruses is needed to maintain therapeutic approaches for control of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Govorkova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
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25
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Marinova-Petkova A, Georgiev G, Seiler P, Darnell D, Franks J, Krauss S, Webby RJ, Webster RG. Spread of influenza virus A (H5N1) clade 2.3.2.1 to Bulgaria in common buzzards. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 18:1596-602. [PMID: 23017273 PMCID: PMC3471626 DOI: 10.3201/eid1810.120357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
On March 15, 2010, a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus was isolated from the carcass of a common buzzard (Buteo buteo) in Bulgaria. Phylogenetic analyses of the virus showed a close genetic relationship with influenza virus A (H5N1) clade 2.3.2.1 viruses isolated from wild birds in the Tyva Republic and Mongolia during 2009-2010. Designated A/common buzzard/Bulgaria/38WB/2010, this strain was highly pathogenic in chickens but had low pathogenicity in mice and ferrets and no molecular markers of increased pathogenicity in mammals. The establishment of clade 2.3.2.1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of the H5N1 subtype in wild birds in Europe would increase the likelihood of health threats to humans and poultry in the region.
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26
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Barman S, Krylov PS, Fabrizio TP, Franks J, Turner JC, Seiler P, Wang D, Rehg JE, Erickson GA, Gramer M, Webster RG, Webby RJ. Pathogenicity and transmissibility of North American triple reassortant swine influenza A viruses in ferrets. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002791. [PMID: 22829764 PMCID: PMC3400563 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
North American triple reassortant swine (TRS) influenza A viruses have caused sporadic human infections since 2005, but human-to-human transmission has not been documented. These viruses have six gene segments (PB2, PB1, PA, HA, NP, and NS) closely related to those of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic viruses. Therefore, understanding of these viruses' pathogenicity and transmissibility may help to identify determinants of virulence of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic viruses and to elucidate potential human health threats posed by the TRS viruses. Here we evaluated in a ferret model the pathogenicity and transmissibility of three groups of North American TRS viruses containing swine-like and/or human-like HA and NA gene segments. The study was designed only to detect informative and significant patterns in the transmissibility and pathogenicity of these three groups of viruses. We observed that irrespective of their HA and NA lineages, the TRS viruses were moderately pathogenic in ferrets and grew efficiently in both the upper and lower respiratory tracts. All North American TRS viruses studied were transmitted between ferrets via direct contact. However, their transmissibility by respiratory droplets was related to their HA and NA lineages: TRS viruses with human-like HA and NA were transmitted most efficiently, those with swine-like HA and NA were transmitted minimally or not transmitted, and those with swine-like HA and human-like NA (N2) showed intermediate transmissibility. We conclude that the lineages of HA and NA may play a crucial role in the respiratory droplet transmissibility of these viruses. These findings have important implications for pandemic planning and warrant confirmation. North American triple reassortant swine (TRS) influenza A viruses have caused sporadic human infections, but human-to-human transmission has not been established. We wished to elucidate potential human health threats posed by the TRS viruses and to identify determinants of virulence in the TRS and closely related 2009 H1N1 pandemic viruses. We used a ferret model to evaluate the pathogenicity and transmissibility of North American TRS viruses with the HA and NA antigenic proteins of swine viruses and of human viruses. We observed that the North American TRS viruses grew efficiently in both the upper and lower respiratory tracts and caused moderate pathogenicity in ferrets. The viruses were readily transmissible via direct contact, irrespective of their HA and NA lineages. However, transmissibility via respiratory droplets was substantially greater when the viruses carried the HA and NA of human influenza A viruses rather than of swine influenza A viruses. Because ferrets are a useful model of human influenza infection, this finding helps to predict features that increase the risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Barman
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Petr S. Krylov
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Thomas P. Fabrizio
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - John Franks
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jasmine C. Turner
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Patrick Seiler
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - David Wang
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jerold E. Rehg
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Gene A. Erickson
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (NCVDL) System, North Carolina Department of Agriculture, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Marie Gramer
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Robert G. Webster
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Duan S, Boltz DA, Seiler P, Li J, Bragstad K, Nielsen LP, Webby RJ, Webster RG, Govorkova EA. Competitive transmissibility and fitness of oseltamivirsensitive and resistant pandemic influenza H1N1 viruses in ferrets. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2011; 5:79-82. [PMID: 21751461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Susu Duan
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
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Negovetich NJ, Feeroz MM, Jones-Engel L, Walker D, Alam SMR, Hasan K, Seiler P, Ferguson A, Friedman K, Barman S, Franks J, Turner J, Krauss S, Webby RJ, Webster RG. Live bird markets of Bangladesh: H9N2 viruses and the near absence of highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19311. [PMID: 21541296 PMCID: PMC3082571 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza surveillance in Bangladesh has been passive, relying on poultry farmers to report suspected outbreaks of highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza. Here, the results of an active surveillance effort focusing on the live-bird markets are presented. Prevalence of influenza infection in the birds of the live bird markets is 23.0%, which is similar to that in poultry markets in other countries. Nearly all of the isolates (94%) were of the non-pathogenic H9N2 subtype, but viruses of the H1N2, H1N3, H3N6, H4N2, H5N1, and H10N7 subtypes were also observed. The highly pathogenic H5N1-subtype virus was observed at extremely low prevalence in the surveillance samples (0.08%), and we suggest that the current risk of infection for humans in the retail poultry markets in Bangladesh is negligible. However, the high prevalence of the H9 subtype and its potential for interaction with the highly pathogenic H5N1-subtype, i.e., reassortment and attenuation of host morbidity, highlight the importance of active surveillance of the poultry markets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lisa Jones-Engel
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David Walker
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | | | - Kamrul Hasan
- Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, People's Republic of Bangladesh
| | - Patrick Seiler
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Angie Ferguson
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Kim Friedman
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Subrata Barman
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - John Franks
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jasmine Turner
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Scott Krauss
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Webby
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Robert G. Webster
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Duan S, Boltz DA, Seiler P, Li J, Bragstad K, Nielsen LP, Webby RJ, Webster RG, Govorkova EA. Oseltamivir-resistant pandemic H1N1/2009 influenza virus possesses lower transmissibility and fitness in ferrets. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1001022. [PMID: 20686654 PMCID: PMC2912389 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuraminidase (NA) inhibitor oseltamivir offers an important immediate option for the control of influenza, and its clinical use has increased substantially during the recent H1N1 pandemic. In view of the high prevalence of oseltamivir-resistant seasonal H1N1 influenza viruses in 2007–2008, there is an urgent need to characterize the transmissibility and fitness of oseltamivir-resistant H1N1/2009 viruses, although resistant variants have been isolated at a low rate. Here we studied the transmissibility of a closely matched pair of pandemic H1N1/2009 clinical isolates, one oseltamivir-sensitive and one resistant, in the ferret model. The resistant H275Y mutant was derived from a patient on oseltamivir prophylaxis and was the first oseltamivir-resistant isolate of the pandemic virus. Full genome sequencing revealed that the pair of viruses differed only at NA amino acid position 275. We found that the oseltamivir-resistant H1N1/2009 virus was not transmitted efficiently in ferrets via respiratory droplets (0/2), while it retained efficient transmission via direct contact (2/2). The sensitive H1N1/2009 virus was efficiently transmitted via both routes (2/2 and 1/2, respectively). The wild-type H1N1/2009 and the resistant mutant appeared to cause a similar disease course in ferrets without apparent attenuation of clinical signs. We compared viral fitness within the host by co-infecting a ferret with oseltamivir-sensitive and -resistant H1N1/2009 viruses and found that the resistant virus showed less growth capability (fitness). The NA of the resistant virus showed reduced substrate-binding affinity and catalytic activity in vitro and delayed initial growth in MDCK and MDCK-SIAT1 cells. These findings may in part explain its less efficient transmission. The fact that the oseltamivir-resistant H1N1/2009 virus retained efficient transmission through direct contact underlines the necessity of continuous monitoring of drug resistance and characterization of possible evolving viral proteins during the pandemic. Most of the currently circulating pandemic H1N1/2009 (“swine”) influenza viruses are susceptible to the anti-influenza drug oseltamivir. Many countries have stockpiled oseltamivir for pandemic preparedness, and to date only a small proportion of the H1N1/2009 viruses isolated have been oseltamivir-resistant. However, if these viruses can be readily transmitted, oseltamivir resistance may spread. We evaluated the transmissibility of a pair of pandemic H1N1/2009 influenza viruses in ferrets. One virus was oseltamivir-sensitive and the other carried the oseltamivir resistance-associated H275Y NA mutation. We also investigated the viruses' susceptibility to NA inhibitors (the drug class to which oseltamivir belongs), their NA enzyme kinetics, and their replication efficiency in cultured cells. Under identical conditions, the resistant H1N1/2009 virus was not transmitted by respiratory droplets but was efficiently transmitted by direct contact, while the sensitive H1N1/2009 virus was efficiently transmitted by both routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susu Duan
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - David A. Boltz
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Patrick Seiler
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jiang Li
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Karoline Bragstad
- National Influenza Laboratory, Department of Virology, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars P. Nielsen
- National Influenza Laboratory, Department of Virology, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Robert G. Webster
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Elena A. Govorkova
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Boltz DA, Douangngeun B, Phommachanh P, Sinthasak S, Mondry R, Obert C, Seiler P, Keating R, Suzuki Y, Hiramatsu H, Govorkova EA, Webster RG. Emergence of H5N1 avian influenza viruses with reduced sensitivity to neuraminidase inhibitors and novel reassortants in Lao People's Democratic Republic. J Gen Virol 2010; 91:949-59. [PMID: 20016036 PMCID: PMC2888158 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.017459-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pandemic influenza viruses can emerge through continuous evolution and the acquisition of specific mutations or through reassortment. This study assessed the pandemic potential of H5N1 viruses isolated from poultry outbreaks occurring from July 2006 to September 2008 in the Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR). We analyzed 29 viruses isolated from chickens and ducks and two from fatal human cases in 2007. Prior to 2008, all H5N1 isolates in Lao PDR were from clade 2.3.4; however, clade 2.3.2 was introduced in September 2008. Of greatest concern was the circulation of three isolates that showed reduced sensitivity to the neuraminidase (NA) inhibitor oseltamivir in an enzyme inhibition assay, each with different NA mutations - V116A, I222L and K150N, and a previously unreported S246N mutation. In addition, six isolates had an S31N mutation in the M2 protein, which conferred resistance to amantadine not previously reported in clade 2.3.4 viruses. Two H5N1 reassortants were isolated whose polymerase genes, PB1 and PB2, were homologous to those of Eurasian viruses giving rise to a novel H5N1 genotype, genotype P. All H5N1 viruses retained avian-like receptor specificity, but four had altered affinities for alpha2,3-linked sialic acid. This study shows that, in a genetically similar population of H5N1 viruses in Lao PDR, mutants emerged with natural resistance to antivirals and altered affinities for alpha2,3-linked sialic acids, together with reassortants with polymerase genes homologous to Eurasian viruses. These changes may contribute to the emergence of a pandemic influenza strain and are critical in devising surveillance strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Boltz
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | | | | | - Settha Sinthasak
- National Animal Health Centre, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Ricarda Mondry
- Food and Agriculture Organization, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Caroline Obert
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Patrick Seiler
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Rachael Keating
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yasuo Suzuki
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Health Science Hills, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
- Global COE Program for Innovation in Human Health Sciences, University of Shizuoka School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Hiramatsu
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Health Science Hills, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
- Global COE Program for Innovation in Human Health Sciences, University of Shizuoka School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Elena A. Govorkova
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Robert G. Webster
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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Aamir UB, Naeem K, Ahmed Z, Obert CA, Franks J, Krauss S, Seiler P, Webster RG. Zoonotic potential of highly pathogenic avian H7N3 influenza viruses from Pakistan. Virology 2009; 390:212-20. [PMID: 19535120 PMCID: PMC2710411 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2009] [Revised: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
H5 and H7 avian influenza viruses can become highly pathogenic in chickens after interspecies transmission. These viruses have transmitted directly to humans from birds in Eurasia and Africa (H5N1), the Netherlands (H7N7), and Canada (H7N3). Here we report antigenic, sequence, and phylogenetic analyses of H7N3 viruses isolated from chickens in Pakistan from 1995 to 2002. We compared the pathogenic and zoonotic potential of the Pakistani viruses in avian and mammalian hosts. In chickens, all of the isolates showed high pathogenicity with poor transmissibility to contact birds. Viral shedding from the trachea and cloaca was equivalent, but cloacal shedding occurred longer; dissemination of virus into the tissues was widespread. In contrast, the viruses replicated poorly in 6-week-old mallard ducks. In mammalian hosts, of the two Pakistani H7N3/02 viruses that caused weight loss, one also caused 40% mortality in mice without prior adaptation, and preliminary experiments in ferrets showed significant virus multiplication in the lungs, intestine, and conjunctiva. We conclude that the H7N3/02 isolates from Pakistan show limited antigenic drift and have evolved slowly during their 8-year circulation in chickens; however, these viruses have the potential to infect mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzma B. Aamir
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
- Influenza Section, Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Naeem
- National Reference Laboratory for Poultry Diseases (NRLPD), National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad-45500, Pakistan
| | - Zaheer Ahmed
- National Reference Laboratory for Poultry Diseases (NRLPD), National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad-45500, Pakistan
| | - Caroline A Obert
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - John Franks
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Scott Krauss
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Patrick Seiler
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Robert G. Webster
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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Boon ACM, Sandbulte MR, Seiler P, Webby RJ, Songserm T, Guan Y, Webster RG. Role of terrestrial wild birds in ecology of influenza A virus (H5N1). Emerg Infect Dis 2008; 13:1720-4. [PMID: 18217557 PMCID: PMC3375785 DOI: 10.3201/eid1311.070114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent viruses are pathogenic for some small terrestrial bird species. House sparrows, European starlings, and Carneux pigeons were inoculated with 4 influenza A (H5N1) viruses isolated from different avian species. We monitored viral replication, death after infection, and transmission to uninfected contact birds of the same species. Sparrows were susceptible to severe infection; 66%–100% of birds died within 4–7 days. High levels of virus were detected from oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs and in organs of deceased sparrows. Inoculation of starlings caused no deaths, despite high levels of virus shedding evident in oropharyngeal swabs. Least susceptible were pigeons, which had no deaths and very low levels of virus in oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs. Transmission to contact birds did not occur frequently: only A/common magpie/Hong Kong/645/2006 virus was shown to transmit to 1 starling. In summary, recent influenza (H5N1) viruses are pathogenic for small terrestrial bird species but the rate of intraspecies transmission in these hosts is very low.
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33
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Webster RG, Webby RJ, Hoffmann E, Rodenberg J, Kumar M, Chu HJ, Seiler P, Krauss S, Songserm T. The immunogenicity and efficacy against H5N1 challenge of reverse genetics-derived H5N3 influenza vaccine in ducks and chickens. Virology 2006; 351:303-11. [PMID: 16690097 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2005] [Revised: 12/22/2005] [Accepted: 01/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
H5N1 avian influenza viruses are continuing to spread in waterfowl in Eurasia and to threaten the health of avian and mammalian species. The possibility that highly pathogenic (HP) H5N1 avian influenza is now endemic in both domestic and migratory birds in Eurasia makes it unlikely that culling alone will control H5N1 influenza. Because ducks are not uniformly killed by HP H5N1 viruses, they are considered a major contributor to virus spread. Here, we describe a reverse genetics-derived high-growth H5N3 strain containing the modified H5 of A/chicken/Vietnam/C58/04, the N3 of A/duck/Germany/1215/73, and the internal genes of A/PR/8/34. One or two doses of inactivated oil emulsion vaccine containing 0.015 to 1.2 microg of HA protein provide highly efficacious protection against lethal H5N1 challenge in ducks; only the two dose regimen has so far been tested in chickens with high protective efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Webster
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Virology, 332 N. Lauderdale, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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Sturm-Ramirez KM, Hulse-Post DJ, Govorkova EA, Humberd J, Seiler P, Puthavathana P, Buranathai C, Nguyen TD, Chaisingh A, Long HT, Naipospos TSP, Chen H, Ellis TM, Guan Y, Peiris JSM, Webster RG. Are ducks contributing to the endemicity of highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus in Asia? J Virol 2005; 79:11269-79. [PMID: 16103179 PMCID: PMC1193583 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.17.11269-11279.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild waterfowl are the natural reservoir of all influenza A viruses, and these viruses are usually nonpathogenic in these birds. However, since late 2002, H5N1 outbreaks in Asia have resulted in mortality among waterfowl in recreational parks, domestic flocks, and wild migratory birds. The evolutionary stasis between influenza virus and its natural host may have been disrupted, prompting us to ask whether waterfowl are resistant to H5N1 influenza virus disease and whether they can still act as a reservoir for these viruses. To better understand the biology of H5N1 viruses in ducks and attempt to answer this question, we inoculated juvenile mallards with 23 different H5N1 influenza viruses isolated in Asia between 2003 and 2004. All virus isolates replicated efficiently in inoculated ducks, and 22 were transmitted to susceptible contacts. Viruses replicated to higher levels in the trachea than in the cloaca of both inoculated and contact birds, suggesting that the digestive tract is not the main site of H5N1 influenza virus replication in ducks and that the fecal-oral route may no longer be the main transmission path. The virus isolates' pathogenicities varied from completely nonpathogenic to highly lethal and were positively correlated with tracheal virus titers. Nevertheless, the eight virus isolates that were nonpathogenic in ducks replicated and transmitted efficiently to naïve contacts, suggesting that highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses causing minimal signs of disease in ducks can propagate silently and efficiently among domestic and wild ducks in Asia and that they represent a serious threat to human and veterinary public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Sturm-Ramirez
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-2794, USA
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35
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Hulse-Post DJ, Sturm-Ramirez KM, Humberd J, Seiler P, Govorkova EA, Krauss S, Scholtissek C, Puthavathana P, Buranathai C, Nguyen TD, Long HT, Naipospos TSP, Chen H, Ellis TM, Guan Y, Peiris JSM, Webster RG. Role of domestic ducks in the propagation and biological evolution of highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza viruses in Asia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:10682-7. [PMID: 16030144 PMCID: PMC1180796 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0504662102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild waterfowl, including ducks, are natural hosts of influenza A viruses. These viruses rarely caused disease in ducks until 2002, when some H5N1 strains became highly pathogenic. Here we show that these H5N1 viruses are reverting to nonpathogenicity in ducks. Ducks experimentally infected with viruses isolated between 2003 and 2004 shed virus for an extended time (up to 17 days), during which variant viruses with low pathogenicity were selected. These results suggest that the duck has become the "Trojan horse" of Asian H5N1 influenza viruses. The ducks that are unaffected by infection with these viruses continue to circulate these viruses, presenting a pandemic threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Hulse-Post
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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Kahnert A, Seiler P, Stein M, Aze B, McDonnell G, Kaufmann SHE. Decontamination with vaporized hydrogen peroxide is effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Lett Appl Microbiol 2005; 40:448-52. [PMID: 15892741 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2005.01683.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the efficacy of room fumigation with vaporized hydrogen peroxide (VHP) in decontamination of viable Mycobacterium tuberculosis. METHODS AND RESULTS About 8 x 10(4)-2.3 x 10(6) CFU of M. tuberculosis H37Rv and M. tuberculosis Beijing were dried in 10-microl drops in tissue culture plates, placed in steam-permeable Tyvek pouches and distributed on laboratory surfaces. The room was exposed to VHP delivered by air conditioning. Different exposure conditions were tested. Exposure to VHP resulted in sterilization of the bacterial samples in three different test runs. CONCLUSIONS VHP treatment is an effective means of reducing and eliminating room contaminations of M. tuberculosis. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Fumigation with VHP represents an alternative to formaldehyde fumigation, particularly for decontamination of animal rooms in tuberculosis research laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kahnert
- Max-Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany.
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Seiler P, Wirz J. Struktur und photochemische Reaktivität: Photohydrolyse von Trifluormethylsubstituierten Phenolen und Naphtholen. Helv Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19720550802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Seiler P, Werthemann D. Protonierungs- und Deprotonierungskinetik des Systems Azulen-Azuleniumkation, ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis derHammett'schen Ho-Aciditätsfunktion. Helv Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19710540838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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40
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Liu M, Wood JM, Ellis T, Krauss S, Seiler P, Johnson C, Hoffmann E, Humberd J, Hulse D, Zhang Y, Webster RG, Perez DR. Preparation of a standardized, efficacious agricultural H5N3 vaccine by reverse genetics. Virology 2003; 314:580-90. [PMID: 14554086 DOI: 10.1016/s0042-6822(03)00458-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Options for the control of emerging and reemerging H5N1 influenza viruses include improvements in biosecurity and the use of inactivated vaccines. Commercially available H5N2 influenza vaccine prevents disease signs and reduces virus load but does not completely prevent virus shedding after challenge with H5N1 virus. By using reverse genetics, we prepared an H5N3 vaccine whose hemagglutinin is 99.6% homologous to that of A/CK/HK/86.3/02 (H5N1). We used the internal genes of A/PR/8/34 and the H5 of A/Goose/HK/437.4/99 (H5N1) after deletion of basic amino acids from its connecting peptide region. The resulting virus was not lethal to chicken embryos and grew to high HA titers in eggs, allowing preparation of HA protein-standardized vaccine in unconcentrated allantoic fluid. The N3 neuraminidase, derived from A/Duck/Germany/1215/73 (H2N3), permitted discrimination between vaccinated and naturally infected birds. The virus construct failed to replicate in quail and chickens. Similar to parental A/PR/8/34 (H1N1), it replicated in mice and ferrets and spread to the brains of mice; therefore, it should not be used as a live-attenuated vaccine. The H5N3 vaccine, at doses of 1.2 microg HA, induced HI antibodies in chickens and prevented death, signs of disease, and markedly reduced virus shedding after challenge with A/CK/HK/86.3/02 (H5N1) but did not provide sterilizing immunity. Thus, reverse genetics allows the inexpensive preparation of standardized, efficacious H5N3 poultry vaccines that may also reduce the reemergence of H5N1 genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 332 N. Lauderdale, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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41
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Abstract
Birds in V formations are frequently observed and two main hypotheses have emerged to explain this particular geometry: (i) it offers aerodynamic advantages and (ii) it is used to improve visual communication. Both explanations require a bird to track its predecessor. However, most V-formations observed in nature are small and the distribution of wing-tip spacings has a large variation. This suggests that tracking the lateral position of the preceding bird is a difficult task. Control theorists, when trying to control platoons of vehicles, also noted that predecessor following is difficult. In this paper, we apply a result from systems theory to explain the observations of bird V-formations. The strength of this result is that it does not rely on the details of the bird flight model. Thus we claim that formation flight is inherently difficult for birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Seiler
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, 2162 Etcheverry Hall Berkeley, CA 94704, USA.
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42
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43
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Seiler P, Schwendener RA, Bandermann S, Brinkmann V, Grode L, Kaufmann SH, Aichele P. Limited mycobacterial infection of the liver as a consequence of its microanatomical structure causing restriction of mycobacterial growth to professional phagocytes. Infect Immun 2001; 69:7922-6. [PMID: 11705978 PMCID: PMC98892 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.12.7922-7926.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Among sites of extrapulmonary growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the liver is the least infected. Our data suggest that this is due to the complete restriction of mycobacterial growth to liver macrophages. Unlike in organs more persistently seeded by M. tuberculosis, in the liver the bacteria do not infect cell types other than professional phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Seiler
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
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44
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Nielsen MB, Moonen NN, Boudon C, Gisselbrecht JP, Seiler P, Gross M, Diederich F. Tetrathiafulvalene-acetylene scaffolding: new pi-electron systems for advanced materials. Chem Commun (Camb) 2001:1848-9. [PMID: 12240345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Novel extended tetrathiafulvalenes (TTFs) with hexa-2,4-diyne-1,6-diylidene spacers between the two 1,3-dithiole rings and laterally appended alkynyl moieties for one- and two-dimensional scaffolding were synthesised and investigated for their electronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Nielsen
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH-Zentrum, Universitätstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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45
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Nielsen MB, Schreiber M, Baek YG, Seiler P, Lecomte S, Boudon C, Tykwinski RR, Gisselbrecht JP, Gramlich V, Skinner PJ, Bosshard C, Günter P, Gross M, Diederich F. Highly functionalized dimeric tetraethynylethenes and expanded radialenes: strong evidence for macrocyclic cross-conjugation. Chemistry 2001; 7:3263-80. [PMID: 11531112 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3765(20010803)7:15<3263::aid-chem3263>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A selection of dimeric tetraethynylethenes (TEEs) and perethynylated expanded radialenes, containing different donor/acceptor substitution patterns, have been prepared and fully characterized. The first X-ray crystal structure of an expanded [6]radialene, with twelve peripheral 3,5-di(tert-butyl)phenyl substituents, is presented. This macrocycle, the all-carbon core of which is isomeric with fullerene C60, adopts a non-planar, "chair-like" conformation. Also a TEE dimer, carrying N,N-dimethylaniline donor substituents, has been subjected to an X-ray crystallographic analysis. The electronic properties were studied by UV/Vis spectroscopy and electrochemistry, providing fundamental insight into mechanisms of pi-electron delocalization in the acyclic and macrocyclic chromophores. Donor or donor-acceptor-substituted dimeric TEE derivatives show very strong absorptions extending over the entire UV/Vis region; their longest wavelength absorption bands have high charge-transfer character. Macrocyclic cross-conjugation in the expanded radialenes becomes increasingly efficient with increasing donor-acceptor polarization. A dual, strongly solvent-polarity-dependent fluorescence was observed for a tetrakis(N,N-dimethylaniline)-substituted dimeric TEE; this interesting emission behavior is explained by the twisted intramolecular charge-transfer (TICT) state model. Donor-substituted expanded radialenes display huge resonance-enhanced third-order nonlinear optical coefficients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Nielsen
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH-Zentrum, Zürich, Switzerland
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46
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Battegay M, Seiler P, Hunziker L, Wolf K, Zinkernagel RM. Neutralizing antiviral antibodies reduce hematogenic viral spread but not antiviral cytotoxic T cell induction and subsequent immunopathology. J Infect Dis 2001; 183:1425-7. [PMID: 11294679 DOI: 10.1086/319871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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47
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Seiler P, Plenz G, Deng MC. The interleukin-6 cytokine system in embryonic development, embryo-maternal interactions and cardiogenesis. Eur Cytokine Netw 2001; 12:15-21. [PMID: 11282541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Seiler
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Str. 33, D-48129 Münster, Germany
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48
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Seiler P, Senn BM, Klenerman P, Kalinke U, Hengartner H, Zinkernagel RM. Additive effect of neutralizing antibody and antiviral drug treatment in preventing virus escape and persistence. J Virol 2000; 74:5896-901. [PMID: 10846070 PMCID: PMC112085 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.13.5896-5901.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Poorly cytopathic or noncytopathic viruses can escape immune surveillance and establish a chronic infection. Here we exploited the strategy of combining antiviral drug treatment with the induction of a neutralizing antibody response to avoid the appearance of neutralization-resistant virus variants. Despite the fact that H25 immunoglobulin transgenic mice infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus mounted an early neutralizing antibody response, the virus escaped from neutralization and persisted. After ribavirin treatment of H25 transgenic mice, the appearance of neutralization-resistant virus was prevented and virus was cleared. Thus, the combination of virus-neutralizing antibodies and chemotherapy efficiently controlled the infection, whereas each defense line alone did not. Similar additive effects may be unexpectedly efficient and beneficial in humans after infections with persistent viruses such as hepatitis C virus and hepatitis B virus and possibly human immunodeficiency virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Seiler
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
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Seiler P, Cooper TG, Nieschlag E. Sperm number and condition affect the number of basal cells and their expression of macrophage antigen in the murine epididymis. Int J Androl 2000; 23:65-76. [PMID: 10762432 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2605.2000.00210.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Unilateral ligation of the mid-corpus epididymis, the proximal vas deferens and imposition of an abdominal temperature for 6 days as well as bilateral castration for 3, 6 or 14 days, resulted in a change in epithelial composition of the adult murine epididymis with regard to the number and antigen expression of basal cells. There were fewer basal cells per tubule cross-section with fewer expressing F4/80 antigen when spermatozoa were absent from the proximal lumen following short-term castration. Conversely, more basal cells with more of them demonstrating macrophage antigen expression were evident when more or damaged spermatozoa were in the proximal lumen after corpus ligation and exposure to abdominal temperature or in the cauda after long-term withdrawal of androgen support. By contrast, ligation of the vas deferens did not lead to tubule distension, and hence sperm accumulation, and did not alter the basal cell population in the cauda epididymis. The data suggest that epididymal basal cells respond in number and macrophage antigen expression to the presence of sperm autoantigens in the lumen with little dependence on circulating androgens. These changes may represent responses to minimise the interaction of sperm autoantigens with the immune system and the risk of immunological infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Seiler
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine of the University, Münster, Germany
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50
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Seiler P, Aichele P, Raupach B, Odermatt B, Steinhoff U, Kaufmann SH. Rapid neutrophil response controls fast-replicating intracellular bacteria but not slow-replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Infect Dis 2000; 181:671-80. [PMID: 10669354 DOI: 10.1086/315278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Being one of the first cells to invade the site of infection, neutrophils play an important role in the control of various bacterial and viral infections. In the present work, the contribution of neutrophils to the control of infection with different intracellular bacteria was investigated. Mice were treated with the neutrophil-depleting monoclonal antibody RB6-8C5, and the time course of infection in treated and untreated mice was compared by using intracellular bacterial species and strains varying in virulence and replication rate. The results indicate that neutrophils are crucial for the control of fast-replicating intracellular bacteria, whereas early neutrophil effector mechanisms are dispensable for the control of the slow-replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Seiler
- Max-Planck-Institut für Infektionsbiologie, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.
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