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Cho S, Jo H, Hwang YJ, Kim C, Jo YH, Yun JW. Potential impact of underlying diseases influencing ADME in nonclinical safety assessment. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 188:114636. [PMID: 38582343 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Nonclinical studies involve in vitro, in silico, and in vivo experiments to assess the toxicokinetics, toxicology, and safety pharmacology of drugs according to regulatory requirements by a national or international authority. In this review, we summarize the potential effects of various underlying diseases governing the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of drugs to consider the use of animal models of diseases in nonclinical trials. Obesity models showed alterations in hepatic metabolizing enzymes, transporters, and renal pathophysiology, which increase the risk of drug-induced toxicity. Diabetes models displayed changes in hepatic metabolizing enzymes, transporters, and glomerular filtration rates (GFR), leading to variability in drug responses and susceptibility to toxicity. Animal models of advanced age exhibited impairment of drug metabolism and kidney function, thereby reducing the drug-metabolizing capacity and clearance. Along with changes in hepatic metabolic enzymes, animal models of metabolic syndrome-related hypertension showed renal dysfunction, resulting in a reduced GFR and urinary excretion of drugs. Taken together, underlying diseases can induce dysfunction of organs involved in the ADME of drugs, ultimately affecting toxicity. Therefore, the use of animal models of representative underlying diseases in nonclinical toxicity studies can be considered to improve the predictability of drug side effects before clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumin Cho
- Laboratory of Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Harin Jo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Jeong Hwang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Changuk Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Hyeon Jo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Won Yun
- Laboratory of Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Saini S, Tahlan S, Minocha N. Current Therapeutic Strategies for the Management of Benzodiazepine (BZD) Withdrawal Syndrome: A Review. Curr Top Med Chem 2024; 24:CTMC-EPUB-140302. [PMID: 38738726 DOI: 10.2174/0115680266296096240408032738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Benzodiazepines are commonly prescribed drugs for numerous indications such as epilepsy, anti-anxiety, sleep aids, sedatives, and hypnotics. Although the well-tolerated effects of benzodiazepine are seen in many clinical instances, the severity of side effects reduces its quantifiable use. Benzodiazepines, which are medically useful but theoretically unsafe, are frequently recommended by medical practitioners for psychotic patients but have misuse and dependence liabilities. It is impelled as a debateable topic globally about which no one talks. These drugs are also known as silent killers because abruptly stopping them can result in tremors, muscle spasticity, and life-frightening seizures. These drugs are beneficial as well as risky. Nonclinical treatment is simple and well suited and provides support for patients suffering from side effects generated by benzodiazepine withdrawal. This review mainly focuses on antipsychotic drugs and their mechanisms, mortality, withdrawal, abuse, and management via clinical and nonclinical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangita Saini
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baba MastNath University, Rohtak, 124021, Haryana, India
| | - Sumit Tahlan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baba MastNath University, Rohtak, 124021, Haryana, India
| | - Neha Minocha
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Gurugram, 122412, Haryana, India
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3
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Palazzi X, Anger LT, Boulineau T, Grevot A, Guffroy M, Henson K, Hoepp N, Jacobsen M, Kale VP, Kreeger J, Lane JH, Li D, Muster W, Paisley B, Ramaiah L, Robertson N, Shultz V, Steger Hartmann T, Westhouse R. Points to consider regarding the use and implementation of virtual controls in nonclinical general toxicology studies. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 150:105632. [PMID: 38679316 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2024.105632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The replacement of a proportion of concurrent controls by virtual controls in nonclinical safety studies has gained traction over the last few years. This is supported by foundational work, encouraged by regulators, and aligned with societal expectations regarding the use of animals in research. This paper provides an overview of the points to consider for any institution on the verge of implementing this concept, with emphasis given on database creation, risks, and discipline-specific perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Palazzi
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, 445, Eastern Point Road, Groton CT, USA.
| | - Lennart T Anger
- Safety Assessment, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Theresa Boulineau
- Nonclinical Drug Safety, Boehringer Ingelheim, 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, CT, 06877, USA
| | - Armelle Grevot
- Preclinical Safety, Novartis AG, Fabrikstrasse, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Magali Guffroy
- Preclinical Safety, AbbVie, 1 North Waukegan Road, R46G/AP13A-3, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Kristin Henson
- Preclinical Safety, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, One Health Plaza, East Hanover, NJ, 07936, USA
| | - Natalie Hoepp
- Nonclinical Drug Safety, Merck and Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Matt Jacobsen
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, AstraZeneca, Biomedical Campus, 1 Francis Crick Ave, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vijay P Kale
- Nonclinical Safety, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Dr, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - John Kreeger
- Non-Clinical Safety, GSK, 1250 S. Collegeville Rd, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Joan H Lane
- Translational Safety & Bioanalytical Sciences, Amgen, Inc., 1 Amgen Center Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Dingzhou Li
- Global Biometrics & Data Management, Pfizer Inc, 445, Eastern Point Road, Groton CT, USA
| | - Wolfgang Muster
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Brianna Paisley
- iBAR ADMET, Eli Lilly and Company, 893 Delaware St, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Lila Ramaiah
- Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Johnson & Johnson, 1400 McKean Road, PO Box 776, Spring House, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Nicola Robertson
- Non-Clinical Safety, GSK, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Valerie Shultz
- Nonclinical Development, Organon, 4000 Chemical Rd, Suite 500, Plymouth Meeting, PA, 19462, USA
| | - Thomas Steger Hartmann
- Investigational Toxicology, BAYER AG, Pharmaceuticals, Muellerstrasse 178, 13342, Berlin, Germany
| | - Richard Westhouse
- Toxicology and Pathology, Agios Pharmaceuticals, 88 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
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4
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Chien HT, de Leeuw VC, van Esterik JCJ, Russel FGM, Kienhuis AS, Theunissen PT, van Meer P. A roadmap towards a human-centric safety assessment of advanced therapy medicinal products. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 150:105631. [PMID: 38648873 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2024.105631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) are among the most complex pharmaceuticals with high human specificity. Species differences severely limit the clinical relevance of in vivo data. We conducted interviews with stakeholders involved in ATMP development about their perspective on the use of in vivo studies, the perceived hurdles and associated potential solutions regarding non-clinical development of ATMPs. In total, 17 stakeholders from 9 different countries were interviewed. A workshop was held with key stakeholders to further discuss major topics identified from the interviews. Conducting in vivo studies remains the status quo for ATMPs development. The hurdles identified included determining the amount of information required before clinical entry and effective use of limited human samples to understand a treatment or for clinical monitoring. A number of key points defined the need for future in vivo studies as well as improved application and implementation of New Approach Methodology (NAM)-based approach for products within a well-known modality or technology platform. These included data transparency, understanding of the added value of in vivo studies, and continuous advancement, evaluation, and qualification of NAMs. Based on the outcome of the discussions, a roadmap with practical steps towards a human-centric safety assessment of ATMPs was established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Tzu Chien
- Medicines Evaluation Board, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Victoria C de Leeuw
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Joantine C J van Esterik
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Frans G M Russel
- Medicines Evaluation Board, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Anne S Kienhuis
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Peter T Theunissen
- Medicines Evaluation Board, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter van Meer
- Medicines Evaluation Board, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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5
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Antic O, Koshman YE, Bird BM, Jasiek G, Wilsey AS, Mittelstadt SW, Foley CM. Evaluation of the translation of multiple cardiovascular regulatory mechanisms in the anesthetized dog. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2024; 126:107497. [PMID: 38479593 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2024.107497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The strategic and targeted use of an anesthetized canine cardiovascular model early in drug discovery enables a comprehensive cardiovascular and electrophysiological assessment of potential safety liabilities and guides compound selection prior to initiation of chronic toxicological studies. An ideal model would enable exposure-response relationships to guide safety margin calculations, have a low threshold to initiate, and have quick delivery of decision quality data. We have aimed to profile compounds with diverse mechanism of actions (MoAs) of "non-QT" cardiovascular drug effects and evaluate the ability of nonclinical in vivo cardiovascular models to detect clinically reported effects. The hemodynamic effects of 11 drugs (atropine, itraconazole, atenolol, ivabradine, milrinone, enalaprilat, fasudil, amlodipine, prazosin, amiloride, and hydrochlorothiazide) were profiled in an anesthetized dog cardiovascular model. Derived parameters included: heart rate, an index of left ventricular contractility, mean arterial pressure, systemic vascular resistance, and cardiac output. Species specific plasma protein data was generated (human, dog) and utilized to calculate free drug concentrations. Using the anesthetized dog cardiovascular model, 10 of the 11 drugs displayed the predicted changes in CV parameters based on their primary MoAs and corresponding clinically described effects. Interestingly but not unexpected, 1 of 11 failed to display their predicted CV pattern which is likely due to a delay in pharmacodynamic effect that is beyond the duration of the experimental model (hydrochlorothiazide). The analysis from the current study supports the strategic use of the anesthetized dog model early in the drug discovery process for a comprehensive cardiovascular evaluation with good translation to human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivera Antic
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, United States of America.
| | - Yevgeniya E Koshman
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, United States of America
| | - Brandan M Bird
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, United States of America
| | - Geena Jasiek
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, United States of America
| | - Amanda S Wilsey
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, United States of America
| | - Scott W Mittelstadt
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, United States of America
| | - C Michael Foley
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, United States of America
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6
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Rudmann DG, Bertrand L, Zuraw A, Deiters J, Staup M, Rivenson Y, Kuklyte J. Building a nonclinical pathology laboratory of the future for pharmaceutical research excellence. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103747. [PMID: 37598916 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
We describe a roadmap for a fully digital artificial intelligence (AI)-augmented nonclinical pathology laboratory across three continents. Underpinning the design are Good Laboratory Practice (GLP)-validated laboratory information management systems (LIMS), whole slide-scanners (WSS), image management systems (IMS), and a digital microscope intended for use by the nonclinical pathologist. Digital diagnostics are supported by tools that include AI-based virtual staining and deep learning-based decision support. Implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic, the initial digitized workflow largely mitigated disruption of pivotal nonclinical studies required to support pharmaceutical clinical testing. We believe that this digital transformation of our nonclinical pathology laboratories will promote efficiency and innovation in the future and enhance the quality and speed of drug development decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Rudmann
- Charles River Laboratories, Digital Toxicologic Pathology, Discovery and Safety Assessment, Wilmington, DE, USA.
| | - L Bertrand
- Charles River Laboratories, Digital Toxicologic Pathology, Discovery and Safety Assessment, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - A Zuraw
- Charles River Laboratories, Digital Toxicologic Pathology, Discovery and Safety Assessment, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - J Deiters
- Charles River Laboratories, Digital Toxicologic Pathology, Discovery and Safety Assessment, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - M Staup
- Charles River Laboratories, Digital Toxicologic Pathology, Discovery and Safety Assessment, Wilmington, DE, USA
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7
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Lim HK, Chen J, Lam W, Gong Y, Leclercq L, Silva J, Salter R, Berwaerts J, Gelotte CK, Vakil AM, Eichenbaum GE, Kuffner EK, Flores CM. Metabolism and disposition of JNJ-10450232 (NTM-006) in rats, dogs, nonhuman primates and humans. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023:105379. [PMID: 36931586 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
JNJ-10450232 (NTM-006), a novel non-opioid, non-nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug with structural similarities to acetaminophen, demonstrated anti-pyretic and/or analgesic activities in preclinical models and humans and reduced potential to cause hepatotoxicity in preclinical species. Metabolism and disposition of JNJ-10450232 (NTM-006) following oral administration to rats, dogs, monkeys and humans are reported. Urinary excretion was the major route of elimination based on recovery of 88.6% (rats) and 73.7% (dogs) of oral dose. The compound was extensively metabolized based on low recovery of unchanged drug in excreta from rats (11.3%) and dogs (18.4%). Clearance is driven by O-glucuronidation, amide hydrolysis, O-sulfation and methyl oxidation pathways. The combination of metabolic pathways driving clearance in human is covered in at least one preclinical species despite a few species-dependent pathways. O-Glucuronidation was the major primary metabolic pathway of JNJ-10450232 (NTM-006) in dogs, monkeys and humans, although amide hydrolysis was another major primary metabolic pathway in rats and dogs. A minor bioactivation pathway to quinone-imine is observed only in monkeys and humans. Unchanged drug was the major circulatory component in all species investigated. Except for metabolic pathways unique to the 5-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide moiety, metabolism and disposition of JNJ-10450232 (NTM-006) are similar to acetaminophen across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Keang Lim
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Jie Chen
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Wing Lam
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Yong Gong
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Laurent Leclercq
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Jose Silva
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Rhys Salter
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Amy M Vakil
- Johnson & Johnson Consumer Inc, Fort Washington, PA, USA
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8
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Chien HT, Prior H, Andrews L, van Aerts L, Cauvin A, Clarke DO, Datta K, Dempster M, Dybdal N, Freebern W, de Haan L, Herzyk D, Hey A, Kissner T, Kronenberg S, Leach MW, Lee D, Schutte K, Sewell F, Trouba K, Ulrich P, Weir L, van Meer P. Re-evaluating the need for chronic toxicity studies with therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, using a weight of evidence approach. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 138:105329. [PMID: 36592682 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To support registration of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for chronic indications, 6-month toxicity studies have historically been conducted. Experience with mAb development has shown a relatively benign and well-understood safety profile for this class, with most toxicity findings anticipated based on pharmacology. We evaluated whether a 6-month toxicity study is necessary to assess the long-term safety of mAbs. Data on First-in-Human (FIH)-enabling and chronic toxicity studies were shared for 142 mAbs submitted by 11 companies. Opportunities to further optimize study designs to reduce animal usage were identified. For 71% of mAbs, no toxicities or no new toxicities were noted in chronic studies compared to FIH-enabling study findings. New toxicities of potential concern for human safety or that changed trial design were identified in 13.5% of cases, with 7% being considered critical and 2% leading to program termination. An iterative, weight-of-evidence model which considers factors that influence the overall risk for a mAb to cause toxicity was developed. This model enables an evidence-based justification, suggesting when 3-month toxicity studies are likely sufficient to support late-stage clinical development and registration for some mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Tzu Chien
- Medicines Evaluation Board, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Helen Prior
- National Centre for the Replacement Refinement & Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Kaushik Datta
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Nonclinical Research and Development, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | | | - Lolke de Haan
- ADC Therapeutics, I-HUB, Imperial College White City Campus, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Sven Kronenberg
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Donna Lee
- Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Fiona Sewell
- National Centre for the Replacement Refinement & Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), London, UK
| | | | - Peter Ulrich
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
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9
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Noh H, Yoon S, Kim SH, Kim J, Seo JS, Kim JJ, Park IH, Oh J, Bae JY, Lee GE, Woo SJ, Seo SM, Kim NW, Lee YW, Jang HJ, Hong SM, An SH, Lyoo KS, Yeom M, Lee H, Jung B, Yoon SW, Kang JA, Seok SH, Lee YJ, Kim SY, Kim YB, Hwang JY, On D, Lim SY, Kim SP, Jang JY, Lee H, Kim K, Lee HJ, Kim HB, Kim SB, Park JW, Jeong DG, Song D, Choi KS, Lee HY, Choi YK, Choi JA, Song M, Park MS, Seo JY, Shin JS, Yun JW, Nam KT, Seong JK. Establishment of multicenter COVID-19 therapeutics preclinical test system in Republic of Korea. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2023; 80:102189. [PMID: 36634813 PMCID: PMC9829441 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2023.102189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Throughout the recent COVID-19 pandemic, South Korea led national efforts to develop vaccines and therapeutics for SARS-CoV-2. The project proceeded as follows: 1) evaluation system setup (including Animal Biosafety Level 3 (ABSL3) facility alliance, standardized nonclinical evaluation protocol, and laboratory information management system), 2) application (including committee review and selection), and 3) evaluation (including expert judgment and reporting). After receiving 101 applications, the selection committee reviewed pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and efficacy data and selected 32 final candidates. In the nonclinical efficacy test, we used golden Syrian hamsters and human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 transgenic mice under a cytokeratin 18 promoter to evaluate mortality, clinical signs, body weight, viral titer, neutralizing antibody presence, and histopathology. These data indicated eight new drugs and one repositioned drug having significant efficacy for COVID-19. Three vaccine and four antiviral drugs exerted significant protective activities against SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. Additionally, two anti-inflammatory drugs showed therapeutic effects on lung lesions and weight loss through their mechanism of action but did not affect viral replication. Along with systematic verification of COVID-19 animal models through large-scale studies, our findings suggest that ABSL3 multicenter alliance and nonclinical evaluation protocol standardization can promote reliable efficacy testing against COVID-19, thus expediting medical product development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuna Noh
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhyeon Yoon
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hee Kim
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiseon Kim
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Seon Seo
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Jin Kim
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - In Ho Park
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea,Institute of Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jooyeon Oh
- Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Yong Bae
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, Biosafety Center, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Gee Eun Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, Biosafety Center, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Je Woo
- Science Unit, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Min Seo
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Won Kim
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn Woo Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Hui Jeong Jang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Min Hong
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, BK21 plus Program for Veterinary Science and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Hee An
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, BK21 plus Program for Veterinary Science and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Soo Lyoo
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54531, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjoo Yeom
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanbyeul Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Bud Jung
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Woo Yoon
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Ah Kang
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyuk Seok
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, ChunCheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Jin Lee
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, ChunCheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Yeon Kim
- Preclinical Research Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Been Kim
- Preclinical Research Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yeon Hwang
- Preclinical Research Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Dain On
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea,Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Yeon Lim
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sol Pin Kim
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yun Jang
- Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi, 10408, Republic of Korea,College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Lee
- Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi, 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungmi Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Department of Physiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jung Lee
- Department of Periodontology, Section of Dentistry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Bin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Bean Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Won Park
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, ChunCheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Gwin Jeong
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Daesub Song
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Seuk Choi
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, BK21 plus Program for Veterinary Science and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Young Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang-Kyu Choi
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-ah Choi
- Science Unit, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Manki Song
- Science Unit, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Man-Seong Park
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, Biosafety Center, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Young Seo
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeon-Soo Shin
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea,Institute of Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea,Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Won Yun
- Laboratory of Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author. Laboratory of Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Taek Nam
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author
| | - Je Kyung Seong
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea,Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea,Interdisciplinary Program for Bioinformatics, Program for Cancer Biology and BIO-MAX/N-Bio Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author. Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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10
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Baldrick P. Development of COVID-19 therapies: Nonclinical testing considerations. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 132:105189. [PMID: 35609793 PMCID: PMC9122883 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Therapies have been developed in the last couple of years to allow vaccination against, or treatment of patients with, COVID-19 using pathways such as Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) in the USA and Conditional Marketing Authorization (CMA) in the EU and UK. However, nonclinical studies were performed to allow such authorization and these were reviewed for 6 vaccines, 7 biological (monoclonal antibodies [mAbs]) and 4 small molecule therapies to examine whether the number and types of studies normally needed for regulatory agency authorization have been reduced. Results showed that the short answer is generally no. Thus, a battery of immunogenicity/efficacy or related pharmacology/biological activity studies showing utility against SARS-CoV-2 were performed as well as general toxicity studies across all 3 compound classes along with pharmacokinetic studies for mAbs and small molecules and, reproduction toxicity testing for vaccines and small molecules; additionally, genotoxicity testing occurred for small molecules. What was different from conventional, lengthy drug development, was that for vaccines and small molecules, leverage to existing platform technology or data available for other development programs, respectively, occurred. Recognition that mAbs can target the spike protein leading to neutralization allowed rapid development into clinical candidates.
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11
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Schmitt G, Barrow P. Considerations for and against dosing rodent pups before 7 days of age in juvenile toxicology studies. Reprod Toxicol 2022; 112:77-87. [PMID: 35772686 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2022.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on preweaning ontogenic and developmental processes that can influence the selection of the appropriate age at which to start dosing rodent pups in juvenile animal studies (JAS). The ICH S11 guideline on 'Nonclinical Safety Testing in Support of Development of Paediatric Medicines' highlights the need to adapt the age from which animals are dosed according to the stage of development in the target organs/tissues of concern in the youngest pediatric patients. Rodents (rat or mouse) are the most common species for JAS. Despite previous practices, based on comparative ontogeny, it is rarely necessary to dose rodents younger than one week of age since postnatal day (PND)7 is appropriate to address concern for the vast majority of organs. In exceptional cases, earlier dosing (e.g., PND4) can be appropriate to address specific concern in preterm neonates and when a tissue of concern has a particularly early developmental trajectory in the rodent compared to humans. The comparative development of the CNS is particularly complex. While exposure of rodents from PND10 covers most CNS development stages relevant to human neonates, a later dosing start (yet, not later than PND14) can sometimes be appropriate to reflect specific aspects (e.g., transformation of GABAergic transmission). An extended study design including subsets of several ages can be helpful to address multiple concerns within a preweaning JAS. Such design can allow for individual assessment of each concern, whilst minimizing (potentially irrelevant) signals from tissues exposed at a developmental stage that do not match the human situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Schmitt
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH 4070 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Paul Barrow
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH 4070 Basel, Switzerland
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12
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Rosner A, Steiner M, Melamed S, Politi B, Vitner E, Tamir H, Achdout H, Cherry L, Avraham R, Yahalom-Ronen Y, Levy H, Beth-Din A, Stein D, Mechaly A, Fisher M, Fatelevich E, Weiss S, Kronfeld N, Madar-Shapiro L, Nyska A, Yitzhaki S, Paran N, Israely T, Marcus H, Madar-Balakirski N. rVSV-ΔG-SARS-CoV-2-S vaccine: repeated intramuscular (IM) toxicity, local tolerance, immunogenicity and biodistribution study in NZW rabbits. Arch Toxicol 2022. [PMID: 35577986 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03302-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BriLife®, a vector-based vaccine that utilizes the recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) platform to express and present the spike antigen of SARS-CoV-2, is undergoing testing in a phase 2 clinical trial in Israel. A nonclinical repeated-dose (GLP) toxicity study in New Zealand white rabbits was performed to evaluate the potential toxicity, local tolerance, immunogenicity and biodistribution of the vaccine. rVSV-ΔG-SARS-CoV-2-S (or vehicle) was administered intramuscularly to two groups of animals (106, 107 PFU/animal, n = 10/sex/group) on three occasions, at 2-week intervals, followed by a 3-week recovery period. Systemic clinical signs, local reactions, body weight, body temperature, food consumption, ophthalmology, urinalysis, clinical pathology, C-reactive protein, viremia and antibody levels were monitored. Gross pathology was performed, followed by organs/tissues collection for biodistribution and histopathological evaluation. Treatment-related changes were restricted to multifocal minimal myofiber necrosis at the injection sites, and increased lymphocytic cellularity in the iliac and mesenteric lymph nodes and in the spleen. These changes were considered related to the inflammatory reaction elicited, and correlated with a trend for recovery. Detection of rVSV-ΔG-SARS-CoV-2-S vaccine RNA was noted in the regional iliac lymph node in animals assigned to the high-dose group, at both termination time points. A significant increase in binding and neutralizing antibody titers was observed following vaccination at both vaccine doses. In view of the findings, it was concluded that the rVSV-ΔG-SARS-CoV-2-S vaccine is safe. These results supported the initiation of clinical trials.
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13
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Campion S, Inselman A, Hayes B, Casiraghi C, Joseph D, Facchinetti F, Salomone F, Schmitt G, Hui J, Davis-Bruno K, Van Malderen K, Morford L, De Schaepdrijver L, Wiesner L, Kourula S, Seo S, Laffan S, Urmaliya V, Chen C. The benefits, limitations and opportunities of preclinical models for neonatal drug development. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:275112. [PMID: 35466995 PMCID: PMC9066504 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased research to improve preclinical models to inform the development of therapeutics for neonatal diseases is an area of great need. This article reviews five common neonatal diseases – bronchopulmonary dysplasia, retinopathy of prematurity, necrotizing enterocolitis, perinatal hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy and neonatal sepsis – and the available in vivo, in vitro and in silico preclinical models for studying these diseases. Better understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of specialized neonatal disease models will help to improve their utility, may add to the understanding of the mode of action and efficacy of a therapeutic, and/or may improve the understanding of the disease pathology to aid in identification of new therapeutic targets. Although the diseases covered in this article are diverse and require specific approaches, several high-level, overarching key lessons can be learned by evaluating the strengths, weaknesses and gaps in the available models. This Review is intended to help guide current and future researchers toward successful development of therapeutics in these areas of high unmet medical need. Summary: This article reviews and analyzes the available preclinical models for five common neonatal diseases to direct therapeutic development in these areas of high unmet medical need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Campion
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Amy Inselman
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Division of Systems Biology, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Belinda Hayes
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of New Drugs, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Costanza Casiraghi
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Translational Science, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - David Joseph
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of New Drugs, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Fabrizio Facchinetti
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Translational Science, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Salomone
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Translational Science, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Georg Schmitt
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Pharmaceutical Sciences, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hui
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Nonclinical Research and Development, Summit, NJ 07901, USA
| | - Karen Davis-Bruno
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of New Drugs, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Karen Van Malderen
- Federal Agency for Medicines and Health Products (FAMHP), Department DG PRE authorization, 1210 Brussels, Belgium
| | - LaRonda Morford
- Eli Lilly, Global Regulatory Affairs, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | | | - Lutz Wiesner
- Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, Clinical Trials, 53175 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stephanie Kourula
- Janssen R&D, Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Suna Seo
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of New Drugs, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Susan Laffan
- GlaxoSmithKline, Non-Clinical Safety, Collegeville, PA 19406, USA
| | | | - Connie Chen
- Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington, DC 20005, USA
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14
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Madar-Balakirski N, Rosner A, Melamed S, Politi B, Steiner M, Tamir H, Yahalom-Ronen Y, Bar-David E, Ben-Shmuel A, Sittner A, Glinert I, Weiss S, Bar-Haim E, Cohen H, Elia U, Achdout H, Erez N, Rotem S, Lazar S, Nyska A, Yitzhaki S, Beth-Din A, Levy H, Paran N, Israely T, Marcus H. Preliminary nonclinical safety and immunogenicity of an rVSV-ΔG-SARS-CoV-2-S vaccine in mice, hamsters, rabbits and pigs. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:859-875. [PMID: 35032184 PMCID: PMC8760087 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03214-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
rVSV-ΔG-SARS-CoV-2-S is a clinical stage (Phase 2) replication competent recombinant vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. To evaluate the safety profile of the vaccine, a series of non-clinical safety, immunogenicity and efficacy studies were conducted in four animal species, using multiple doses (up to 108 Plaque Forming Units/animal) and dosing regimens. There were no treatment-related mortalities or any noticeable clinical signs in any of the studies. Compared to unvaccinated controls, hematology and biochemistry parameters were unremarkable and no adverse histopathological findings. There was no detectable viral shedding in urine, nor viral RNA detected in whole blood or serum samples seven days post vaccination. The rVSV-ΔG-SARS-CoV-2-S vaccination gave rise to neutralizing antibodies, cellular immune responses, and increased lymphocytic cellularity in the spleen germinal centers and regional lymph nodes. No evidence for neurovirulence was found in C57BL/6 immune competent mice or in highly sensitive type I interferon knock-out mice. Vaccine virus replication and distribution in K18-human Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2-transgenic mice showed a gradual clearance from the vaccination site with no vaccine virus recovered from the lungs. The nonclinical data suggest that the rVSV-ΔG-SARS-CoV-2-S vaccine is safe and immunogenic. These results supported the initiation of clinical trials, currently in Phase 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Madar-Balakirski
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Amir Rosner
- Veterinary Center for Preclinical Research, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Sharon Melamed
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Boaz Politi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | | | - Hadas Tamir
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Yfat Yahalom-Ronen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Elad Bar-David
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Amir Ben-Shmuel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Assa Sittner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Itai Glinert
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Shay Weiss
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Erez Bar-Haim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Hila Cohen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Uri Elia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Hagit Achdout
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Noam Erez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Shahar Rotem
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Shlomi Lazar
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Abraham Nyska
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, and Consultant in Toxicologic Pathology, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shmuel Yitzhaki
- Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Adi Beth-Din
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Haim Levy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Nir Paran
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Tomer Israely
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel.
| | - Hadar Marcus
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel.
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15
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Hunter KS, Carnell LS, DiCarlo AL, Hoffman CM, Loelius SG, Homer M. Interagency approaches to animal models for acute radiation exposure. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 97:S2-S5. [PMID: 34854794 PMCID: PMC8771920 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2021.2002661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation can cause devastating injuries including hemorrhage, immune suppression, increased susceptibility to infection, and death. Medical countermeasures (MCMs) that address and mitigate radiation-induced injuries are the most important tools for countering the consequences of radiation exposure. Likewise, in matters of public health security, the development and advancement of radiological MCMs are fundamental for establishing an effective response to radiological and nuclear threats. United States Government agencies such as the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) have dedicated significant efforts to advance the development of MCMs to treat radiation injury and facilitate their introduction into the public sphere. Due to the severe nature of radiation injuries, clinical trials are unethical. Therefore, nonclinical models that accurately replicate clinical manifestations of ionizing radiation injury observed in humans are essential to MCM advancement. The most frequently used nonclinical models of radiation injury are rodents and non-human primates (NHPs). These species reproduce many aspects of human disease caused by ionizing radiation and have been pivotal for the development and licensure of radiological MCMs. Despite these successes, model drawbacks have prompted the exploration and development of additional nonclinical models. Minipigs and rabbits show promise as acceptable models of radiation injury and demonstrate the potential to contribute significantly to MCM advancement. This collection of research showcases the capabilities of minipigs and rabbits in mirroring clinically relevant aspects of radiation-induced disease and documents the potential value these models may hold for radiological and nuclear MCM research. Together, these government-funded studies represent advances in radiological MCM development that can facilitate the emergence of cutting-edge technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasandra S Hunter
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR), US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Washington, DC, USA
| | - Lisa S Carnell
- Biological and Physical Sciences Division, NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Andrea L DiCarlo
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Corey M Hoffman
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR), US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Washington, DC, USA
| | - Shannon G Loelius
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR), US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Washington, DC, USA
| | - Mary Homer
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR), US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Washington, DC, USA
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16
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Lebrec H, Maier CC, Maki K, Ponce R, Shenton J, Green S. Nonclinical safety assessment of engineered T cell therapies. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 127:105064. [PMID: 34656748 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.105064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, immunotherapy has established itself as an important novel approach in the treatment of cancer, resulting in a growing importance in oncology. Engineered T cell therapies, namely chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells and T cell receptor (TCR) T cell therapies, are platform technologies that have enabled the development of products with remarkable efficacy in several hematological malignancies and are thus the focus of intense research and development activity. While engineered T cell therapies offer promise in addressing currently intractable cancers, they also present unique challenges, including their nonclinical safety assessment. A workshop organized by HESI and the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was held to provide an interdisciplinary forum for representatives of industry, academia and regulatory authorities to share information and debate on current practices for the nonclinical safety evaluation of engineered T cell therapies. This manuscript leverages what was discussed at this workshop to provide an overview of the current important nonclinical safety assessment considerations for the development of these therapeutic modalities (cytokine release syndrome, neurotoxicity, on-target/off-tumor toxicities, off-target effects, gene editing or vector integration-associated genomic injury). The manuscript also discusses approaches used for hazard identification or risk assessment and provides a regulatory perspective on such aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rafael Ponce
- Shape Therapeutics Incorporated, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jacintha Shenton
- Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA, United States
| | - Shon Green
- Umoja Biopharma Incorporated, Seattle, WA, United States
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17
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Namdari R, Jones K, Chuang SS, Van Cruchten S, Dincer Z, Downes N, Mikkelsen LF, Harding J, Jäckel S, Jacobsen B, Kinyamu-Akunda J, Lortie A, Mhedhbi S, Mohr S, Schmitt MW, Prior H. Species selection for nonclinical safety assessment of drug candidates: Examples of current industry practice. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 126:105029. [PMID: 34455009 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.105029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In drug development, nonclinical safety assessment is pivotal for human risk assessment and support of clinical development. Selecting the relevant/appropriate animal species for toxicity testing increases the likelihood of detecting potential effects in humans, and although recent regulatory guidelines state the need to justify or dis-qualify animal species for toxicity testing, individual companies have developed decision-processes most appropriate for their molecules, experience and 3Rs policies. These generally revolve around similarity of metabolic profiles between toxicology species/humans and relevant pharmacological activity in at least one species for New Chemical Entities (NCEs), whilst for large molecules (biologics) the key aspect is similarity/presence of the intended human target epitope. To explore current industry practice, a questionnaire was developed to capture relevant information around process, documentation and tools/factors used for species selection. Collated results from 14 companies (Contract Research Organisations and pharmaceutical companies) are presented, along with some case-examples or over-riding principles from individual companies. As the process and justification of species selection is expected to be a topic for continued emphasis, this information could be adapted towards a harmonized approach or best practice for industry consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Zuhal Dincer
- Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Ltd, Harrogate, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Björn Jacobsen
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Susanne Mohr
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Helen Prior
- National Centre for the Replacement Refinement & Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), London, UK
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18
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Taylor G, Alpert J, Waddell TF, Bylund CL. Streaming mindfulness: Well-being and mindfulness among subscribers to a video streaming service. Internet Interv 2021; 25:100419. [PMID: 34401378 DOI: 10.1016/j.invent.2021.100419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Internet and smartphone technology have advanced the dissemination of mindfulness practices and philosophy. This study explored how individuals interact with Spectiv, a subscription-based video streaming service (VSS) that advertises content for meditation, and measured levels of mindfulness and well-being. We hypothesized that users engaging with Spectiv for longer sessions and on a regular basis would report higher levels of mindfulness and well-being. METHOD A 46-question online survey was developed and distributed to all active subscribers of Spectiv (N = 119). The survey included two validated scales: (1) The Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale, and (2) The Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale. A series of one-way ANOVAs were performed, along with a simple linear regression and descriptive statistics. RESULTS Users reported relaxation as the most common activity. Levels of mindfulness and well-being were significantly higher for users whose session-duration lasted 2 hours (p = .01) and 3 hours (p = .03). Users engaging with the VSS daily had significant levels of both mindfulness (p < .001) and well-being (p < .001). There was no difference between subscription length and mindfulness and well-being. Mindfulness was found to be a significant positive predictor of well-being (p < .0001). CONCLUSION VSS could be valuable to facilitating mindfulness. Users engaging with a VSS for longer durations and more frequently may be more likely to experience benefits. Future research using controlled designs such as randomized control trials and feasibility studies should be conducted to determine if VSS can maintain or increase levels of mindfulness and well-being.
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Roch C, Bergamini G, Steiner MA, Clozel M. Nonclinical pharmacology of daridorexant: a new dual orexin receptor antagonist for the treatment of insomnia. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:2693-708. [PMID: 34415378 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05954-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) represent a novel type of sleep medication that provide an alternative to the traditionally used positive allosteric gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-A receptor modulators. Daridorexant is a new DORA that exhibited in phase 3 trials in insomnia not only a beneficial effect on sleep variables, measured objectively and assessed subjectively, but also an improvement in daytime functioning. Daridorexant was discovered through a tailored research program aimed at identifying an optimized sleep-promoting molecule with pharmacokinetic properties appropriate for covering the whole night while avoiding next-morning residual activity at efficacious doses. By specific binding to both orexin receptors, daridorexant inhibits the actions of the wake-promoting orexin (also called hypocretin) neuropeptides. This mechanism avoids a more widespread inhibition of neuronal pathways and associated side effects that are intrinsic to positive allosteric GABA-A receptor modulators. Here, we review the general pharmacology of daridorexant, based on nonclinical pharmacology studies of daridorexant, unpublished or already described, or based on work with other DORAs. Some unique features of daridorexant will be highlighted, such as the promotion of natural and surmountable sleep, the preservation of memory and cognition, the absence of tolerance development or risk of physical dependence, and how it can benefit daytime functioning.
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Zabka TS, Burkhardt J, Reagan WJ, Gautier JC, Glaab WE, Guffroy M, Harding J, Brees D, McDuffie E, Ramaiah L, Schultze AE, Smith JD, Wolfreys A, Dalmas DA. The use of emerging safety biomarkers in nonclinical and clinical safety assessment - The current and future state: An IQ DruSafe industry survey. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 120:104857. [PMID: 33387566 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies rarely disclose their use of translational emerging safety biomarkers (ESBs) during drug development, and the impact of ESB use on the speed of drug development remains unclear. A cross-industry survey of 20 companies of varying size was conducted to understand current trends in ESB use and future use prospects. The objectives were to: (1) determine current ESB use in nonclinical and clinical drug development and impact on asset advancement; (2) identify opportunities, gaps, and challenges to greater ESB implementation; and (3) benchmark perspectives on regulatory acceptance. Although ESBs were employed in only 5-50% of studies/programs, most companies used ESBs to some extent, with larger companies demonstrating greater nonclinical use. Inclusion of ESBs in investigational new drug applications (INDs) was similar across all companies; however, differences in clinical trial usage could vary among the prevailing health authority (HA). Broader implementation of ESBs requires resource support, cross-industry partnerships, and collaboration with HAs. This includes generating sufficient foundational data, demonstrating nonclinical to clinical translatability and practical utility, and clearly written criteria by HAs to enable qualification. If achieved, ESBs will play a critical role in the development of next-generation, translationally-tailored standard laboratory tests for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja S Zabka
- Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Joanna Harding
- AstraZeneca, Da Vinci Building, Melbourn Science Park, Cambridge Road, Melbourn, Royston, Hertfordshire, UK.
| | | | | | - Lila Ramaiah
- Pfizer, 401 North Middletown Road, Pearl River, NY, USA.
| | - A Eric Schultze
- Lilly Research Laboratories, 893 S Delaware St, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - James D Smith
- Boehringer Ingelheim, 900 Ridgebury Rd, Ridgefield, CT, USA.
| | | | - Deidre A Dalmas
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Rd, Collegeville, PA, USA.
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21
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Reynolds VL, Butler P, Abernathy MM, Aschenbrenner L, Best DD, Blank J, Crosby M, Custer L, Escobar PA, Kolaja K, Moggs J, Shuey D, Snyder C, Van Vleet T, Zhou J, Hart TK. Nonclinical safety assessment of epigenetic modulatory drugs: Current status and industry perspective. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 117:104746. [PMID: 32911461 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaceutic products designed to perturb the function of epigenetic modulators have been approved by regulatory authorities for treatment of advanced cancer. While the predominant effort in epigenetic drug development continues to be in oncology, non-oncology indications are also garnering interest. A survey of pharmaceutical companies was conducted to assess the interest and concerns for developing small molecule direct epigenetic effectors (EEs) as medicines. Survey themes addressed (1) general levels of interest and activity with EEs as therapeutic agents, (2) potential safety concerns, and (3) possible future efforts to develop targeted strategies for nonclinical safety assessment of EEs. Thirteen companies contributed data to the survey. Overall, the survey data indicate the consensus opinion that existing ICH guidelines are effective and appropriate for nonclinical safety assessment activities with EEs. Attention in the framework of study design should, on a case by case basis, be considered for delayed or latent toxicities, carcinogenicity, reproductive toxicity, and the theoretical potential for transgenerational effects. While current guidelines have been appropriate for the nonclinical safety assessments of epigenetic targets, broader experience with a wide range of epigenetic targets will provide information to assess the potential need for new or revised risk assessment strategies for EE drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Derek D Best
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jim Blank
- Takeda Pharmaceutical, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Meredith Crosby
- AbbVie Inc. Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Preclinical Safety, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Laura Custer
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Drug Safety Evaluation, 1 Squibb Dr, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | | | - Kyle Kolaja
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Drug Safety Evaluation, 1 Squibb Dr, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Jonathan Moggs
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Translational Medicine, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dana Shuey
- Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cutoff, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | | | - Terry Van Vleet
- AbbVie Inc. Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Preclinical Safety, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Junguo Zhou
- Nonclinical Safety, Janssen Research and Development LLC., Raritan, NJ, USA
| | - Timothy K Hart
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S Collegeville Rd, Collegeville, PA, USA
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22
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Zhang K, Zhao Y, Zhang Z, Zhang M, Wu X, Bian H, Zhu P, Chen Z. Nonclinical safety, tolerance and pharmacodynamics evaluation for meplazumab treating chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:1680-1693. [PMID: 33088688 PMCID: PMC7564037 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Meplazumab is an anti-CD147 humanized IgG2 antibody. The purpose of this study was to characterize the nonclinical safety, tolerance and efficacy evaluation of meplazumab treating chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum. Meplazumab was well tolerated in repeat-dose toxicology studies in cynomolgus monkeys. No observed adverse effect level was 12 mg/kg. No difference between genders in the primary toxicokinetic parameters after repeat intravenous injection of meplazumab. No increased levels of drug exposure and drug accumulation were observed in different gender and dose groups. Meplazumab had a low cross-reactivity rate in various tissues and did not cause hemolysis or aggregation of red blood cells. The biodistribution and excretion results indicated that meplazumab was mainly distributed in the plasma, whole blood, and hemocytes, and excreted in the urine. Moreover, meplazumab effectively inhibited the parasites from invading erythrocytes in humanized mice in a time-dependent manner and the efficacy is superior to that of chloroquine. All these studies suggested that meplazumab is safe and well tolerated in cynomolgus monkeys, and effectively inhibits P. falciparum from invading into human red blood cells. These nonclinical data facilitated the initiation of an ongoing clinical trial of meplazumab for antimalarial therapy.
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Key Words
- ADA, anti-drug antibody
- ADCC, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
- Antimalarial therapy
- CD147
- Efficacy
- FFPE, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded
- Fab, variable region of monoclonal antibody
- Fc, crystalline region of monoclonal antibody
- HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography
- HRP, horseradish peroxidase
- IR, inhibition rate
- Meplazumab
- NOG mice, NOD/Shi-scid/IL-2Rγ null mice
- Nonclinical
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- PC50, median parasite clearance time
- Plasmodium falciparum
- Pr, parasitemia
- RAP2, rhoptry-associated protein 2
- RBCs, red blood cells
- RH5, reticulocyte-binding protein homolog 5
- RO, receptor occupancy
- SD rats, Sprague–Dawley rats
- Safety
- TCA, trichloroacetic acid
- Tolerance
- WHO, World Health Organization
- huRBCs, human red blood cells
- mAbs, monoclonal antibodies
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Prior H, Baldrick P, Beken S, Booler H, Bower N, Brooker P, Brown P, Burlinson B, Burns-Naas LA, Casey W, Chapman M, Clarke D, de Haan L, Doehr O, Downes N, Flaherty M, Gellatly N, Moesgaard SG, Harris J, Holbrook M, Hui J, Jones D, Jones K, Kedar H, Mahl A, Manninen A, McGuire A, Mortimer-Cassen E, Peraza M, Pugsley MK, Richard J, Roberts R, Roosen W, Rothfuss A, Schoenmakers A, Sewell F, Weaver R, Weir L, Wolfreys A, Kimber I. Opportunities for use of one species for longer-term toxicology testing during drug development: A cross-industry evaluation. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 113:104624. [PMID: 32126256 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
An international expert working group representing 37 organisations (pharmaceutical/biotechnology companies, contract research organisations, academic institutions and regulatory bodies) collaborated in a data sharing exercise to evaluate the utility of two species within regulatory general toxicology studies. Anonymised data on 172 drug candidates (92 small molecules, 46 monoclonal antibodies, 15 recombinant proteins, 13 synthetic peptides and 6 antibody-drug conjugates) were submitted by 18 organisations. The use of one or two species across molecule types, the frequency for reduction to a single species within the package of general toxicology studies, and a comparison of target organ toxicities identified in each species in both short and longer-term studies were determined. Reduction to a single species for longer-term toxicity studies, as used for the development of biologicals (ICHS6(R1) guideline) was only applied for 8/133 drug candidates, but might have been possible for more, regardless of drug modality, as similar target organ toxicity profiles were identified in the short-term studies. However, definition and harmonisation around the criteria for similarity of toxicity profiles is needed to enable wider consideration of these principles. Analysis of a more robust dataset would be required to provide clear, evidence-based recommendations for expansion of these principles to small molecules or other modalities where two species toxicity testing is currently recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Prior
- National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), Gibbs Building, 215 Euston Road, London, NW1 2BE, UK.
| | - Paul Baldrick
- Covance Laboratories Ltd, Otley Road, Harrogate, HG3 1PY, UK
| | - Sonja Beken
- Federal Agency for Medicines and Health Products (FAMHP), Victor Hortaplace 40/40, Brussels, 1060, Belgium
| | - Helen Booler
- Genentech, Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Nancy Bower
- Eisai Inc, 155 Tice Blvd, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - Paul Brooker
- Board member, NC3Rs, Gibbs Building, 215 Euston Road, London, NW1 2BE, UK
| | - Paul Brown
- Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | | | | | - Warren Casey
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods (NICEATM), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Melissa Chapman
- Oncology Safety, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences,R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - David Clarke
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Lolke de Haan
- Biologics and Advanced Therapeutics Safety, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Olaf Doehr
- Bayer Pharma AG, Müllerstrasse 170, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Noel Downes
- Sequani Limited, Bromyard Rd, Ledbury, Herefordshire, HR8 1LH, UK
| | - Meghan Flaherty
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 300 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Nichola Gellatly
- National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), Gibbs Building, 215 Euston Road, London, NW1 2BE, UK
| | | | - Jennifer Harris
- Association of British Pharmaceutical Industry (ABPI), 105 Victoria Street, London, SW1E 6QT, UK
| | | | - Julia Hui
- Celgene, 86 Morris Avenue, Summit, NJ, 07901, USA
| | - David Jones
- Medicines Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) 10 South Colonnade, Canary Wharf, London, E14 4PU, UK
| | | | | | - Andreas Mahl
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Aidan McGuire
- Charles River Laboratories, Preclinical Services, Tranent, Edinburgh, EH33 2NE, UK
| | - Elisabeth Mortimer-Cassen
- Regulatory Safety Centre of Excellence, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marjorie Peraza
- Pfizer Drug Safety Research and Development, 300 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | | | - Jacques Richard
- Sanofi, 371 Rue du Professeur Blayac, Montpellier, 34000, France
| | - Ruth Roberts
- ApconiX, Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Wendy Roosen
- Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Andreas Rothfuss
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, CH - 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Fiona Sewell
- National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), Gibbs Building, 215 Euston Road, London, NW1 2BE, UK
| | - Richard Weaver
- Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, Biopharmacy, 92284, Suresnes, Cedex, France
| | - Lucinda Weir
- GlaxoSmithKline, Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire, SG12 0DP, UK
| | | | - Ian Kimber
- University of Manchester, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Oxford Rd, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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24
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Hausner EA, Chi X. Echocardiography in nonclinical studies: Where are we? Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 112:104615. [PMID: 32057774 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Echocardiography is a powerful, noninvasive tool used both in clinical and nonclinical settings, including in drug development. When used appropriately, it can provide valuable translational information about pharmacodynamics, safety pharmacology, or toxicology, helping to define no-observed-adverse-effect levels and providing guidance for clinical monitoring and dose selection. Echocardiography is advantageous in conducting longitudinal studies and reducing the number of animals used in safety assessments. To this end, there has been no clear enunciation of what constitutes appropriate use of this imaging technology in a nonclinical drug development setting. In this review, we describe the use of echocardiography in nonclinical studies in regulatory submissions to the US Food and Drug Administration Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. In addition, we discuss three main areas: the operator, image acquisition, and image analysis, where variability may affect the reliability of information generated in an echocardiography study. As a path forward, our recommendation is for a multi-disciplinary expert working group to establish guidelines for education and credentialing of nonclinical echocardiographers as well as quality assurance standards for nonclinical echocardiography labs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Hausner
- Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), USA.
| | - Xuan Chi
- Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), USA
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25
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Bussiere JL, Davies R, Dean C, Xu C, Kim KH, Vargas HM, Chellman GJ, Balasubramanian G, Rubio-Beltran E, MaassenVanDenBrink A, Monticello TM. Nonclinical safety evaluation of erenumab, a CGRP receptor inhibitor for the prevention of migraine. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 106:224-238. [PMID: 31085251 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and its receptor have been implicated as a key mediator in the pathophysiology of migraine. Thus, erenumab, a monoclonal antibody antagonist of the CGRP receptor, administered as a once monthly dose of 70 or 140 mg has been approved for the preventive treatment of migraine in adults. Due to the species specificity of erenumab, the cynomolgus monkey was used in the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and toxicology studies to support the clinical program. There were no effects of erenumab on platelets in vitro (by binding, activation or phagocytosis assays). Specific staining of human tissues with erenumab did not indicated any off-target binding. There were no erenumab-related findings in a cardiovascular safety pharmacology study in cynomolgus monkeys or in vitro in human isolated coronary arteries. Repeat-dose toxicology studies conducted in cynomolgus monkeys at dose levels up to 225 mg/kg (1 month) or up to 150 mg/kg (up to 6 months) with twice weekly subcutaneous (SC) doses showed no evidence of erenumab-mediated adverse toxicity. There were no effects on pregnancy, embryo-fetal or postnatal growth and development in an enhanced pre-postnatal development study in the cynomolgus monkey. There was evidence of placental transfer of erenumab based on measurable serum concentrations in the infants up to 3 months post birth. The maternal and developmental no-observed-effect level (NOEL) was the highest dose tested (50 mg/kg SC Q2W). These nonclinical data in total indicate no safety signal of concern to date and provide adequate margins of exposure between the observed safe doses in animals and clinical dose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rhian Davies
- Amgen Research, 1120 Veterans Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Charles Dean
- Amgen Research, One Amgen Center Dr., Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Cen Xu
- Amgen Research, One Amgen Center Dr., Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Kyung Hoon Kim
- Amgen Research, 1120 Veterans Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Hugo M Vargas
- Amgen Research, One Amgen Center Dr., Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Gary J Chellman
- Charles River Laboratories Inc., 6995 Longley Lane, Reno, NV, 89511, USA
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26
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Hilger K, Fiebach CJ. ADHD symptoms are associated with the modular structure of intrinsic brain networks in a representative sample of healthy adults. Netw Neurosci 2019; 3:567-588. [PMID: 31089485 PMCID: PMC6497005 DOI: 10.1162/netn_a_00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders with significant and often lifelong effects on social, emotional, and cognitive functioning. Influential neurocognitive models of ADHD link behavioral symptoms to altered connections between and within functional brain networks. Here, we investigate whether network-based theories of ADHD can be generalized to understanding variations in ADHD-related behaviors within the normal (i.e., clinically unaffected) adult population. In a large and representative sample, self-rated presence of ADHD symptoms varied widely; only 8 out of 291 participants scored in the clinical range. Subject-specific brain network graphs were modeled from functional MRI resting-state data and revealed significant associations between (nonclinical) ADHD symptoms and region-specific profiles of between-module and within-module connectivity. Effects were located in brain regions associated with multiple neuronal systems including the default-mode network, the salience network, and the central executive system. Our results are consistent with network perspectives of ADHD and provide further evidence for the relevance of an appropriate information transfer between task-negative (default-mode) and task-positive brain regions. More generally, our findings support a dimensional conceptualization of ADHD and contribute to a growing understanding of cognition as an emerging property of functional brain networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Hilger
- Department of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- IDeA Center for Individual Development and Adaptive Education, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christian J. Fiebach
- Department of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- IDeA Center for Individual Development and Adaptive Education, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Brain Imaging Center, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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27
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Bailey J, Balls M. Recent efforts to elucidate the scientific validity of animal-based drug tests by the pharmaceutical industry, pro-testing lobby groups, and animal welfare organisations. BMC Med Ethics 2019; 20:16. [PMID: 30823899 PMCID: PMC6397470 DOI: 10.1186/s12910-019-0352-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Even after several decades of human drug development, there remains an absence of published, substantial, comprehensive data to validate the use of animals in preclinical drug testing, and to point to their predictive nature with regard to human safety/toxicity and efficacy. Two recent papers, authored by pharmaceutical industry scientists, added to the few substantive publications that exist. In this brief article, we discuss both these papers, as well as our own series of three papers on the subject, and also various views and criticisms of lobby groups that advocate the animal testing of new drugs. Main text We argue that there still remains no published evidence to support the current regulatory paradigm of animal testing in supporting safe entry to clinical trials. In fact, the data in these recent studies, as well as in our own studies, support the contention that tests on rodents, dogs and monkeys provide next to no evidential weight to the probability of there being a lack of human toxicity, when there is no apparent toxicity in the animals. Conclusion Based on these data, and in particular on this finding, it must be concluded that animal drug tests are therefore not fit for their stated purpose. At the very least, it is now incumbent on—and we very much encourage—the pharmaceutical industry and its regulators to commission, conduct and/or facilitate further independent studies involving the use of substantial proprietary data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrod Bailey
- Cruelty Free International, 16a Crane Grove, London, N7 8NN, UK.
| | - Michael Balls
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
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28
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Serier KN, Smith JE, Yeater EA. Confirmatory factor analysis and measurement invariance of the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) in a non-clinical sample of non-Hispanic White and Hispanic women. Eat Behav 2018; 31:53-59. [PMID: 30142550 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Body dissatisfaction and eating disorder rates have increased in racial and ethnic minority groups, yet the validity of various commonly-used eating disorder instruments has not been established in these populations. One way to establish validity is to test for measurement invariance; namely, that the same constructs are being measured across groups. This study tested the measurement invariance of the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) across non-Hispanic White and Hispanic women. METHOD Female undergraduates (n = 561) were recruited from a southwestern U.S. university. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and measurement invariance of the EDE-Q were tested in non-Hispanic White and Hispanic samples. RESULTS CFA analyses revealed that the original four-factor structure did not fit the data in either group. Only a modified 7-item, three-factor structure of the EDE-Q provided an acceptable fit in both non-Hispanic White and Hispanic women. Thus, this modified EDE-Q factor structure was used to test the equivalence of the measure between groups. Results found that the factor structure was similar across groups, but the factor loadings and intercepts differed across non-Hispanic White and Hispanic women. DISCUSSION A modified 7-item, three-factor structure of the EDE-Q provided an acceptable fit of the data, which is supported by previous research. However, the lack of measurement invariance suggests that researchers should be cautious when using this modified EDE-Q to make explicit comparisons between non-Hispanic White and Hispanic women. Future research should further examine the psychometric properties of the EDE-Q in ethnically diverse groups, specifically the role of dietary restraint among Hispanic women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey N Serier
- Department of Psychology, MSCO3 2220, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | - Jane Ellen Smith
- Department of Psychology, MSCO3 2220, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | - Elizabeth A Yeater
- Department of Psychology, MSCO3 2220, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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29
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Monticello TM, Jones TW, Dambach DM, Potter DM, Bolt MW, Liu M, Keller DA, Hart TK, Kadambi VJ. Current nonclinical testing paradigm enables safe entry to First-In-Human clinical trials: The IQ consortium nonclinical to clinical translational database. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 334:100-109. [PMID: 28893587 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of animal testing in drug development has been widely debated and challenged. An industry-wide nonclinical to clinical translational database was created to determine how safety assessments in animal models translate to First-In-Human clinical risk. The blinded database was composed of 182 molecules and contained animal toxicology data coupled with clinical observations from phase I human studies. Animal and clinical data were categorized by organ system and correlations determined. The 2×2 contingency table (true positive, false positive, true negative, false negative) was used for statistical analysis. Sensitivity was 48% with a 43% positive predictive value (PPV). The nonhuman primate had the strongest performance in predicting adverse effects, especially for gastrointestinal and nervous system categories. When the same target organ was identified in both the rodent and nonrodent, the PPV increased. Specificity was 84% with an 86% negative predictive value (NPV). The beagle dog had the strongest performance in predicting an absence of clinical adverse effects. If no target organ toxicity was observed in either test species, the NPV increased. While nonclinical studies can demonstrate great value in the PPV for certain species and organ categories, the NPV was the stronger predictive performance measure across test species and target organs indicating that an absence of toxicity in animal studies strongly predicts a similar outcome in the clinic. These results support the current regulatory paradigm of animal testing in supporting safe entry to clinical trials and provide context for emerging alternate models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Monticello
- Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.
| | | | - Donna M Dambach
- Safety Assessment, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 92056, USA
| | - David M Potter
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Michael W Bolt
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Maggie Liu
- IQ Consortium, Washington, DC 20005, USA
| | | | | | - Vivek J Kadambi
- Nonclinical Development Sciences, Blueprint Medicines, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Goody SMG, Cannon KE, Liu M, Kallman MJ, Martinolle JP, Mazelin-Winum L, Giarola A, Ardayfio P, Moyer JA, Teuns G, Hudzik TJ. Considerations on nonclinical approaches to modeling risk factors of suicidal ideation and behavior. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 89:288-301. [PMID: 28757322 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Given the serious nature of suicidal ideation and behavior (SIB) and the possibility of treatment-emergent SIB, pharmaceutical companies are now applying more proactive approaches in clinical trials and are considering the value of nonclinical models to predict SIB. The current review summarizes nonclinical approaches to modeling three common risk factors associated with SIB: aggression, impulsivity, and anhedonia. For each risk factor, a general description, advantages and disadvantages, species considerations, nonclinical to clinical translation, and pharmacological validation with respect to treatments associated with SIB are summarized. From this review, several gaps were identified that need to be addressed before use of these nonclinical models can be considered a viable option to predict the relative risk for SIB. Other future directions that may compliment these nonclinical approaches, including the use of selectively-bred or genetically-modified rodent models, transgenic models, gene expression profiling, and biomarker analysis, are discussed. This article was developed with the support of the DruSafe Leadership Group of the International Consortium for Innovation and Quality in Pharmaceutical Development (IQ, www.iqconsortium.org).
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Affiliation(s)
- S M G Goody
- Pfizer Drug Safety Research & Development, Groton, CT, USA.
| | | | - M Liu
- Drinker, Biddle and IQ Consortium, Washington, DC, USA
| | - M J Kallman
- Kallman Preclinical Consulting, Greenfield, IN, USA
| | | | | | - A Giarola
- GlaxoSmithKline Safety Pharmacology Department, Ware, UK
| | - P Ardayfio
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - J A Moyer
- Janssen Research & Development, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | - G Teuns
- Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - T J Hudzik
- ALA BioPharm Consulting, Gurnee, IL, USA
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Abstract
The observation of an infusion reaction (IR) in a nonclinical study can cause concern among investigators and regulators in the development of biotherapeutics. Biomarkers can be informative to determine whether the reactions are immune-mediated or test-article related and if there is a potential risk to human subjects. IRs encompass a broad range of adverse events with a variety of triggers; the focus of this paper is IRs due to cytokine release syndrome or immune complex formation and the associated biomarkers. Such reactions generally do not preclude clinical development or marketing approval, because it is widely accepted that immune-mediated reactions in nonclinical species are not predictive of human outcomes. Several US approved products (from 2004 to 2016) have documented IRs in nonclinical species. This review article discusses recent examples, the biomarkers evaluated, and implications for study design and conduct. Approved biotherapeutics have produced nonclinical infusion reactions (IRs). Nonclinical IRs after a first dose are associated with cytokine release. Nonclinical IRs after several doses are associated with ADA. ADA-mediated IRs may result in immune complex tissue deposition. Diagnosing nonclinical IRs requires a weight-of-evidence approach using biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten M Mease
- ToxStrategies, Inc., 92 Cornerstone Drive, PMB 149, Cary, NC 27519, USA
| | - Amy L Kimzey
- ToxStrategies, Inc., PO Box 574, Hudson, MA 01749, USA
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Jensen L, Helleberg H, Roffel A, van Lier JJ, Bjørnsdottir I, Pedersen PJ, Rowe E, Derving Karsbøl J, Pedersen ML. Absorption, metabolism and excretion of the GLP-1 analogue semaglutide in humans and nonclinical species. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 104:31-41. [PMID: 28323117 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Semaglutide is a human glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue in clinical development for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. The absorption, metabolism and excretion of a single 0.5mg/450μCi [16.7MBq] subcutaneous dose of [3H]-radiolabelled semaglutide was investigated in healthy human subjects and compared with data from nonclinical studies. Radioactivity in blood, plasma, urine and faeces was determined in humans, rats and monkeys; radioactivity in expired air was determined in humans and rats. Metabolites in plasma, urine and faeces were quantified following profiling and radiodetection. The blood-to-plasma ratio and pharmacokinetics of both radiolabelled semaglutide-related material and of semaglutide (in humans only) were assessed. Intact semaglutide was the primary component circulating in plasma for humans and both nonclinical species, accounting for 69-83% of the total amount of semaglutide-related material, and was metabolised prior to excretion. Recovery of excreted radioactivity was 75.1% in humans, 72.1% in rats and 58.2% in monkeys. Urine and faeces were shown to be important routes of excretion, with urine as the primary route in both humans and animals. Semaglutide was metabolised through proteolytic cleavage of the peptide backbone and sequential beta-oxidation of the fatty acid sidechain, and metabolism was not confined to specific organs. Intact semaglutide in urine accounted for 3.1% of the administered dose in humans and less than 1% in rats; it was not detected in urine in monkeys. The metabolite profiles of semaglutide in humans appear to be similar to the profiles from the nonclinical species investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hans Helleberg
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760, Måløv, Denmark.
| | - Ad Roffel
- PRA Health Sciences Early Development Services, Van Swietenlaan 6, 9728 NZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan Jaap van Lier
- PRA Health Sciences Early Development Services, Van Swietenlaan 6, 9728 NZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Baumgart B, Guha M, Hennan J, Li J, Woicke J, Simic D, Graziano M, Wallis N, Sanderson T, Bunch RT. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of dasatinib and imatinib on physiological parameters of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2017; 79:711-723. [PMID: 28283735 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-017-3264-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) results from occlusion or vasoconstriction of pulmonary vessels, leading to progressive right ventricular failure. Dasatinib, a BCR-ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) approved for the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia, has been associated with PAH. In contrast, the BCR-ABL1 TKI imatinib has demonstrated anti-vasoproliferative properties and has been investigated as a potential treatment for PAH. Here we describe studies evaluating the effects of dasatinib and imatinib on cardiovascular and pulmonary functions to understand the reported differential consequences of the two TKIs in a clinical setting. METHODS The direct effects of dasatinib and imatinib were explored in vivo to investigate possible mechanisms of dasatinib-induced PAH. In addition, effects of dasatinib and imatinib on PAH-related mediators were evaluated in vitro. RESULTS In rats, both TKIs increased plasma nitric oxide (NO), did not induce PAH-related structural or molecular changes in PA or lungs, and did not alter hemodynamic lung function compared with positive controls. Similarly, in the pulmonary artery endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells co-culture model, imatinib and dasatinib increased NO and decreased endothelin-1 protein and mRNA. CONCLUSIONS The results of these studies indicated that dasatinib did not induce physiological changes or molecular signatures consistent with PAH when compared to positive controls. Instead, dasatinib induced changes consistent with imatinib. Both dasatinib and imatinib induced biochemical and structural changes consistent with a protective effect for PAH. These data suggest that other factors of unclear etiology contributed to the development of PAH in patients treated with dasatinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Baumgart
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Company, 777 Scudders Mill Road, Princeton, NJ, 08536, USA.
| | - Mausumee Guha
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Company, 777 Scudders Mill Road, Princeton, NJ, 08536, USA
| | - James Hennan
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Company, 777 Scudders Mill Road, Princeton, NJ, 08536, USA
| | - Julia Li
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Company, 777 Scudders Mill Road, Princeton, NJ, 08536, USA
| | - Jochen Woicke
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Company, 777 Scudders Mill Road, Princeton, NJ, 08536, USA
| | - Damir Simic
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Company, 777 Scudders Mill Road, Princeton, NJ, 08536, USA
| | - Michael Graziano
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Company, 777 Scudders Mill Road, Princeton, NJ, 08536, USA
| | - Nicola Wallis
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Company, 777 Scudders Mill Road, Princeton, NJ, 08536, USA
| | - Thomas Sanderson
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Company, 777 Scudders Mill Road, Princeton, NJ, 08536, USA
| | - Roderick Todd Bunch
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Company, 777 Scudders Mill Road, Princeton, NJ, 08536, USA
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Stagg NJ, Shen BQ, Brunstein F, Li C, Kamath AV, Zhong F, Schutten M, Fine BM. Peripheral neuropathy with microtubule inhibitor containing antibody drug conjugates: Challenges and perspectives in translatability from nonclinical toxicology studies to the clinic. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 82:1-13. [PMID: 27773754 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Antibody drug conjugates (ADC) consist of potent cytotoxic drugs conjugated to antibodies via chemical linkers, which enables specific targeting of tumor cells while reducing systemic exposure to the cytotoxic drug and improving the therapeutic window. The valine citrulline monomethyl auristatin E (vcMMAE, conventional linker-drug) ADC platform has shown promising clinical activity in several cancers, but peripheral neuropathy (PN) is a frequent adverse event leading to treatment discontinuation and dose reduction. This was not predicted based on nonclinical toxicology studies in monkeys or rats treated with vcMMAE ADCs. We evaluated four hypotheses for the lack of translatability of PN with vcMMAE ADCs: 1) species differences in exposure; 2) insensitivity of animal models; 3) species differences in target biology and other vcMMAE ADC properties in peripheral nerves and 4) increased susceptibility of patient population. The result of this hypothesis-based approach identified opportunities to improve the predictivity of PN in our animal models by increasing duration of exposure and adding an expanded neurohistopathology assessment of peripheral nerves. The utility of a predictive animal model would be to provide possible mitigation strategies in the clinic with vcMMAE ADCs and help to screen the next generation microtubule inhibitor (MTI) ADCs for reduced PN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Stagg
- Safety Assessment, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Ben-Quan Shen
- Department of Preclinical & Translational Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Flavia Brunstein
- Drug Safety, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Chunze Li
- Clinical Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Amrita V Kamath
- Department of Preclinical & Translational Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Fiona Zhong
- Safety Assessment, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Melissa Schutten
- Safety Assessment, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Bernard M Fine
- Clinical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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Buchanan LV, Warner WA, Arthur SR, Gleason CR, Lewen G, Levesque PC, Gill MW. Evaluation of cardiac function in unrestrained dogs and monkeys using left ventricular dP/dt. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2016; 80:51-8. [PMID: 27063376 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Preclinical assessment for alterations in cardiac ventricular function for drug candidates has not been a focus of ICH S7b guidelines for cardiovascular safety studies, but there is growing interest given that the cardiovascular risk is associated with positive and negative inotropes. METHODS From 2003 through 2013, 163 telemetry studies with left-ventricular function analyses were conducted in dogs and monkeys at Bristol Myers Squibb (BMS) in support for drug development programs. The ability of the telemetry system to detect changes in cardiac contractility was verified with positive control agents pimobendan and atenolol. Control data from a subset of studies were analyzed to determine dP/dt reference range values, and minimum detectable mean differences (control vs. treated) for statistical significance. RESULTS Median minimum detectable differences for dogs ranged from 14 to 21% for positive dP/dt and 11 to 21% for negative dP/dt. For monkeys, median minimum detectable differences were 25 and 14% for positive and negative dP/dt, respectively. For BMS programs, 15 drug candidates were identified that produced primary effects on contractility. Changes in contractility that were associated with, and potentially secondary to, drug-related effects on heart rate or systemic blood pressure were observed with an additional 29 drug candidates. DISCUSSION Changes in contractility have been observed in large animals during drug development studies at BMS over the past 10years. Model sensitivity has been demonstrated and a dP/dt beat-to-beat cloud analysis tool has been developed to help distinguish primary effects from those potentially secondary to systemic hemodynamic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis V Buchanan
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 3553 Lawrenceville Rd, Princeton, NJ 08540, United States
| | - William A Warner
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 3553 Lawrenceville Rd, Princeton, NJ 08540, United States.
| | - Susan R Arthur
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 3553 Lawrenceville Rd, Princeton, NJ 08540, United States.
| | - Carol R Gleason
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 3553 Lawrenceville Rd, Princeton, NJ 08540, United States.
| | - Geoff Lewen
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 3553 Lawrenceville Rd, Princeton, NJ 08540, United States.
| | - Paul C Levesque
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 3553 Lawrenceville Rd, Princeton, NJ 08540, United States.
| | - Michael W Gill
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 3553 Lawrenceville Rd, Princeton, NJ 08540, United States.
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Du X, Wei D, Ganzel BL, Kim P, Zhang Q, Qiu J. Adolescent earthquake survivors' show increased prefrontal cortex activation to masked earthquake images as adults. Int J Psychophysiol 2014; 95:292-8. [PMID: 25486615 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The great Sichuan earthquake in China on May 12, 2008 was a traumatic event to many who live near the earthquake area. However, at present, there are few studies that explore the long-term impact of the adolescent trauma exposure on adults' brain function. In the present study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the brain activation evoked by masked trauma-related stimuli (earthquake versus neutral images) in 14 adults who lived near the epicenter of the great Sichuan earthquake when they were adolescents (trauma-exposed group) and 14 adults who lived farther from the epicenter of the earthquake when they were adolescents (control group). Compared with the control group, the trauma-exposed group showed significant elevation of activation in the right anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) in response to masked earthquake-related images. In the trauma-exposed group, the right ACC activation was negatively correlated with the frequency of symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). These findings differ markedly from the long-term effects of trauma exposure in adults. This suggests that trauma exposure during adolescence may have a unique long-term impact on ACC/MPFC function, top-down modulation of trauma-related information, and subsequent symptoms of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Du
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China; School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Dongtao Wei
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China; School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Barbara L Ganzel
- Bronfenbrenner Center for Translational Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Pilyoung Kim
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA
| | - Qinglin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China; School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Jiang Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China; School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Acharya UR, S V, Bhat S, Adeli H, Adeli A. Computer-aided diagnosis of alcoholism-related EEG signals. Epilepsy Behav 2014; 41:257-63. [PMID: 25461226 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Revised: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Alcoholism is a severe disorder that affects the functionality of neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) and alters the behavior of the affected person. Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals can be used as a diagnostic tool in the evaluation of subjects with alcoholism. The neurophysiological interpretation of EEG signals in persons with alcoholism (PWA) is based on observation and interpretation of the frequency and power in their EEGs compared to EEG signals from persons without alcoholism. This paper presents a review of the known features of EEGs obtained from PWA and proposes that the impact of alcoholism on the brain can be determined by computer-aided analysis of EEGs through extracting the minute variations in the EEG signals that can differentiate the EEGs of PWA from those of nonaffected persons. The authors advance the idea of automated computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) of alcoholism by employing the EEG signals. This is achieved through judicious combination of signal processing techniques such as wavelet, nonlinear dynamics, and chaos theory and pattern recognition and classification techniques. A CAD system is cost-effective and efficient and can be used as a decision support system by physicians in the diagnosis and treatment of alcoholism especially those who do not specialize in alcoholism or neurophysiology. It can also be of great value to rehabilitation centers to assess PWA over time and to monitor the impact of treatment aimed at minimizing or reversing the effects of the disease on the brain. A CAD system can be used to determine the extent of alcoholism-related changes in EEG signals (low, medium, high) and the effectiveness of therapeutic plans.
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Forbes B, O'Lone R, Allen PP, Cahn A, Clarke C, Collinge M, Dailey LA, Donnelly LE, Dybowski J, Hassall D, Hildebrand D, Jones R, Kilgour J, Klapwijk J, Maier CC, McGovern T, Nikula K, Parry JD, Reed MD, Robinson I, Tomlinson L, Wolfreys A. Challenges for inhaled drug discovery and development: Induced alveolar macrophage responses. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 71:15-33. [PMID: 24530633 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Alveolar macrophage (AM) responses are commonly induced in inhalation toxicology studies, typically being observed as an increase in number or a vacuolated 'foamy' morphology. Discriminating between adaptive AM responses and adverse events during nonclinical and clinical development is a major scientific challenge. When measuring and interpreting induced AM responses, an understanding of macrophage biology is essential; this includes 'sub-types' of AMs with different roles in health and disease and mechanisms of induction/resolution of AM responses to inhalation of pharmaceutical aerosols. In this context, emerging assay techniques, the utility of toxicokinetics and the requirement for new biomarkers are considered. Risk assessment for nonclinical toxicology findings and their translation to effects in humans is discussed from a scientific and regulatory perspective. At present, when apparently adaptive macrophage-only responses to inhaled investigational products are observed in nonclinical studies, this poses a challenge for risk assessment and an improved understanding of induced AM responses to inhaled pharmaceuticals is required.
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Beguin Y, Aapro M, Ludwig H, Mizzen L, Osterborg A. Epidemiological and nonclinical studies investigating effects of iron in carcinogenesis--a critical review. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2013; 89:1-15. [PMID: 24275533 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy and tolerability of intravenous (i.v.) iron in managing cancer-related anemia and iron deficiency has been clinically evaluated and reviewed recently. However, long-term data in cancer patients are not available; yet, long-term i.v. iron treatment in hemodialysis patients is not associated with increased cancer risk. This review summarizes epidemiological and nonclinical data on the role of iron in carcinogenesis. In humans, epidemiological data suggest correlations between certain cancers and increased iron exposure or iron overload. Nonclinical models that investigated whether iron can enhance carcinogenesis provide only limited evidence relevant for cancer patients since they were typically based on high iron doses as well as injection routes and iron formulations which are not used in the clinical setting. Nevertheless, in the absence of long-term outcome data from prospectively defined trials in i.v. iron-treated cancer patients, iron supplementation should be limited to periods of concomitant anti-tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Heinz Ludwig
- Center for Oncology and Haematology, Wilhelminenspital, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Anders Osterborg
- Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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