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Derne AS, Pape E, Jouzeau JY, Kolodziej A, Gambier N, Scala-Bertola J. Immunological detection of hexahydrocannabinol (HHC) in oral fluid. Drug Test Anal 2024; 16:638-640. [PMID: 37916294 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Derne
- Université de Lorraine, CHRU-Nancy, Service de Pharmacologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Nancy, France
| | - Elise Pape
- Université de Lorraine, CHRU-Nancy, Service de Pharmacologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Nancy, France
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, IMoPA, Nancy, France
| | - Jean-Yves Jouzeau
- Université de Lorraine, CHRU-Nancy, Service de Pharmacologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Nancy, France
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, IMoPA, Nancy, France
| | - Allan Kolodziej
- Université de Lorraine, CHRU-Nancy, Service de Pharmacologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Nancy, France
| | - Nicolas Gambier
- Université de Lorraine, CHRU-Nancy, Service de Pharmacologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Nancy, France
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, IMoPA, Nancy, France
| | - Julien Scala-Bertola
- Université de Lorraine, CHRU-Nancy, Service de Pharmacologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Nancy, France
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, IMoPA, Nancy, France
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2
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Bakke E, Terland MN, Strand DH, Øiestad EL, Høiseth G. Enantiomer specific analysis of amphetamine in urine, oral fluid and blood. J Anal Toxicol 2024:bkae038. [PMID: 38706158 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkae038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Illegal amphetamine is usually composed of a racemic mixture of the two enantiomers (S)- and (R)-amphetamine. When amphetamine is used in medical treatment, however, the more potent (S)-amphetamine enantiomer is used. Enantiomer specific analysis of (S)- and (R)-amphetamine is therefore used to separate legal medical use from illegal recreational use. The aim of the present study was to describe our experience with enantiomer specific analysis of amphetamine in urine and oral fluid, as well as blood, and examine whether the distribution of the two enantiomers seems to be the same in the different matrices. We investigated 1722 urine samples and 1977 oral fluid samples from prison inmates, and 652 blood samples from suspected drugged drivers, where prescription of amphetamine was reported. Analyses were performed using UHPLC-MS-MS. The enantiomer separation was achieved by using a chiral column and results from the method validation are reported. Samples containing less than 60% (S)-amphetamine were interpreted as representing illegal use of amphetamine. The distribution of the two enantiomers was compared between the different matrices. In urine and oral fluid, the mean amount of (S)-amphetamine was 45.2% and 43.7%, respectively, while in blood, the mean amount of (S)-amphetamine was 45.8%. There was no statistically significant difference in the amount of (S)-amphetamine between urine and oral fluid samples and between urine and blood samples, but the difference was significant in blood compared to oral fluid samples (p < 0.001). Comparison of urine and oral fluid between similar populations indicated that enantiomers of amphetamine can be interpreted in the same way, although marginally higher amounts of (R)-amphetamine may occur in oral fluid. Oral fluid, having several advantages, especially during collection, could be a preferred matrix in testing for illegal amphetamine intake in users of medical amphetamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirin Bakke
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Dag Helge Strand
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elisabeth Leere Øiestad
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gudrun Høiseth
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for psychopharmacology, Diakonhjemmet hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Brown SD. Impact of introducing a new biological matrix into a validated bioanalytical method: Focus on matrix protein content. Biomed Chromatogr 2024:e5884. [PMID: 38693051 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
International guidance on bioanalytical method validation recommends the practice of partial validation when introducing a new matrix from the same species into a previously fully validated assay. Planning the partial validation protocol should include an evaluation of analyte chemistry, consideration of sample container materials, and a comparison of properties between the relevant biological matrices. Transition of a serum/plasma-validated bioanalytical method to analysis from a low-protein matrix, such as urine, cerebral spinal fluid, or oral fluid can result in inconsistent analyte recovery. The low recovery can potentially be mistaken for signal suppression or lack of drug stability and may be more pronounced in low-concentration or low-volume samples. In addition, adsorption and absorption interactions with containers may be exacerbated in low-protein matrices. Several possibilities exist for mitigating the impact of non-specific binding and low-protein matrices, including surfactants, bovine serum albumin, and β-cyclodextrin. Finally, higher matrix protein can facilitate analyte stability. Given all this, matrix protein content should not be overlooked when anticipating a partial bioanalytical method validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy D Brown
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
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4
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Helander A, Johansson M, Villén T, Andersson A. Appearance of hexahydrocannabinols as recreational drugs and implications for cannabis drug testing - focus on HHC, HHC-P, HHC-O and HHC-H. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2024; 84:125-132. [PMID: 38619215 DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2024.2340039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of hexahydrocannabinol (HHC) and other unclassified cannabinoids, which were recently introduced to the recreational drug market, on cannabis drug testing in urine and oral fluid samples. After the appearance of HHC in Sweden in 2022, the number of posts about HHC on an online drug discussion forum increased significantly in the spring of 2023, indicating increased interest and use. In parallel, the frequency of false positive screening tests for tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in oral fluid, and for its carboxy metabolite (THC-COOH) in urine, rose from <2% to >10%. This suggested that HHC cross-reacted with the antibodies in the immunoassay screening, which was confirmed in spiking experiments with HHC, HHC-COOH, HHC acetate (HHC-O), hexahydrocannabihexol (HHC-H), hexahydrocannabiphorol (HHC-P), and THC-P. When HHC and HHC-P were classified as narcotics in Sweden on 11 July 2023, they disappeared from the online and street shops market and were replaced by other unregulated variants (e.g. HHC-O and THC-P). In urine samples submitted for routine cannabis drug testing, HHC-COOH concentrations up to 205 (mean 60, median 27) µg/L were observed. To conclude, cannabis drug testing cannot rely on results from immunoassay screening, as it cannot distinguish between different tetra- and hexahydrocannabinols, some being classified but others unregulated. The current trend for increased use of unregulated cannabinols will likely increase the proportion of positive cannabis screening results that need to be confirmed with mass spectrometric methods. However, the observed cross-reactivity also means a way to pick up use of new cannabinoids that otherwise risk going undetected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Helander
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Malin Johansson
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Villén
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annika Andersson
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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5
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Grabenauer M, Vikingsson S, Olson RA, Lyons FE, Davis LS, Hayes ED, Flegel RR. Systematic web monitoring of drug test subversion strategies in the United States. Drug Test Anal 2024. [PMID: 38520174 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
As negative drug tests are frequently a condition for employment, some people who use drugs will try to subvert the testing. In this study, systematic web monitoring was used to investigate how drug test subversion is discussed online. Posts pertaining to drug test subversion were obtained from public websites and the dark web (n = 634, July-December 2021). Most information from public websites came from Twitter (65%), and 94% of dark web posts were from Reddit. The posts were manually coded to extract quantitative and qualitative information about drug test subversion tactics. Most posts discussed urine drug tests (85%), followed by hair (11%) and oral fluid (2%), and the most discussed drugs were marijuana (72%) and cocaine (7.3%). Urine drug test subversion mainly pertained to specimen substitution, with synthetic urine or urine from another person. Another strategy was to mask diluted urine by ingesting creatine. Urine adulteration was rarely discussed. Hair test subversion involved harsh treatments with products such as bleach, baking soda, and/or detergent. Hair removal was also discussed. Oral fluid test subversion focused on removing drugs from the oral cavity through vigorous brushing of teeth and tongue as well as the use of mouthwash, hydrogen peroxide, gum, and commercial detox products. This study highlights subversion strategies used by donors. Although little evidence was provided as to the effectiveness of these strategies, this information may help guide future studies and development of specimen validity testing to minimize the impact of drug test subversion attempts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Grabenauer
- Center for Forensic Science Advancement and Application, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Svante Vikingsson
- Center for Forensic Science Advancement and Application, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Richard A Olson
- Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Safety, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Faith E Lyons
- Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Safety, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Lisa S Davis
- Division of Workplace Programs, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Eugene D Hayes
- Division of Workplace Programs, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Ronald R Flegel
- Division of Workplace Programs, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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Scherer JN, Vasconcelos M, Dalanhol CS, Govoni B, Dos Santos BP, Borges GR, de Gouveia GC, Viola PP, Carlson RLR, Martins AF, Costa JL, Huestis MA, Pechansky F. Reliability of roadside oral fluid testing devices for ∆ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (∆ 9 -THC) detection. Drug Test Anal 2024. [PMID: 38440942 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Driving under the influence of cannabis (DUIC) is increasing worldwide, and cannabis is the most prevalent drug after alcohol in impaired driving cases, emphasizing the need for a reliable traffic enforcement strategy. ∆9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) detection in oral fluid has great potential for identifying recent cannabis use; however, additional data are needed on the sensitivities, specificities, and efficiencies of different oral fluid devices for detecting cannabinoids at the roadside by police during routine traffic safety enforcement efforts. At the roadside, 8945 oral fluid THC screening tests were performed with four devices: AquilaScan®, Dräger DrugTest®, WipeAlyser Reader®, and Druglizer®. A total of 530 samples screened positive for THC (5.9%) and were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry at multiple cutoff concentrations (2 ng/mL, 10 ng/mL, and manufacturers' recommended device cutoffs) to investigate device performance. Results varied substantially, with sensitivities of 0%-96.8%, specificities of 89.8%-98.5%, and efficiencies of 84.3%-97.8%. The Dräger DrugTest® outperformed the other devices with a 96.8% sensitivity, 97.1% specificity, and 97.0% efficiency at a 5-ng/mL LC-MS/MS confirmation cutoff. The WipeAlyser Reader® had good performance with a 91.4% sensitivity, 97.2% specificity, and 96.4% efficiency. AquilaScan® and Druglizer® had unacceptable performance for cannabinoid detection, highlighted by sensitivity <13%. The choice of roadside oral fluid testing device must offer good analytical performance for cannabinoids because of its high prevalence of use and impact on road safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Nichterwitz Scherer
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (UNISINOS), São Leopoldo, Brazil
| | - Mailton Vasconcelos
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Bruna Govoni
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bruno Pereira Dos Santos
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Ramos Borges
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Patrícia Pacheco Viola
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Aline Franco Martins
- Campinas Poison Control Center, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Jose Luiz Costa
- Campinas Poison Control Center, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marilyn A Huestis
- Institute of Emerging Health Professions, Thomas Jefferson University, Severna Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Flavio Pechansky
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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7
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Suraev A, McCartney D, Kevin R, Gordon R, Grunstein RR, Hoyos CM, McGregor IS. Detection of Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in oral fluid using two point-of-collection testing devices following oral administration of a THC and cannabidiol containing oil. Drug Test Anal 2024. [PMID: 38414100 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Point-of-collection testing (POCT) devices are widely used in roadside and workplace drug testing to identify recent cannabis use by measuring the presence of Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in oral fluid (OF). However, the performance of POCT devices with oral medicinal cannabis products remains poorly described. In a randomised, double-blinded, crossover trial, adults with insomnia disorder (n = 20) received a single (2 mL) oral dose of oil containing 10 mg THC + 200 mg cannabidiol, or placebo, prior to sleep. Participants were tested with the Securetec DrugWipe® 5S (10 ng/mL THC cut-off) and Dräger DrugTest® 5000 (25 ng/mL THC cut-off) POCT devices at baseline (pre-treatment) and then at 0.5, 10, and 18 h post-treatment. An OF sample, taken at each time point, was also analysed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Large individual variability in OF THC concentrations was observed 0.5 h post-treatment (range: 0-425 ng/mL; mean (SD) 48.7 (107.5) ng/mL). Both the Securetec DrugWipe® 5S and DrugTest® 5000 demonstrated poor sensitivity to THC at 0.5 h post-treatment (25% and 50%, respectively). At 10 and 18 h post-treatment, all participant OF THC concentrations were below screening cut-offs, and all test results were negative. These findings highlight the relatively poor sensitivity of both devices in detecting recent use of an oral medicinal cannabis product. They also suggest a low probability of obtaining a positive THC result the morning after ('one-off') use. Further research is required to establish the probability of obtaining a positive THC result with regular medicinal cannabis use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Suraev
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Sleep and Chronobiology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Danielle McCartney
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard Kevin
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St Vincent's Hospital Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rebecca Gordon
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ronald R Grunstein
- Centre for Sleep and Chronobiology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Camilla M Hoyos
- Centre for Sleep and Chronobiology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Human Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Iain S McGregor
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Trif C, Harpaz D, Eltzov E, Parcharoen Y, Pechyen C, Marks RS. Detection of Cannabinoids in Oral Fluid Specimens as the Preferred Biological Matrix for a Point-of-Care Biosensor Diagnostic Device. Biosensors (Basel) 2024; 14:126. [PMID: 38534233 DOI: 10.3390/bios14030126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
An increasing number of countries have started to decriminalize or legalize the consumption of cannabis for recreational and medical purposes. The active ingredients in cannabis, termed cannabinoids, affect multiple functions in the human body, including coordination, motor skills, memory, response time to external stimuli, and even judgment. Cannabinoids are a unique class of terpeno-phenolic compounds, with 120 molecules discovered so far. There are certain situations when people under the influence of cannabis may be a risk to themselves or the public safety. Over the past two decades, there has been a growing research interest in detecting cannabinoids from various biological matrices. There is a need to develop a rapid, accurate, and reliable method of detecting cannabinoids in oral fluid as it can reveal the recent intake in comparison with urine specimens, which only show a history of consumption. Significant improvements are continuously made in the analytical formats of various technologies, mainly concerning improving their sensitivity, miniaturization, and making them more user-friendly. Additionally, sample collection and pretreatment have been extensively studied, and specific devices for collecting oral fluid specimens have been perfected to allow rapid and effective sample collection. This review presents the recent findings regarding the use of oral fluid specimens as the preferred biological matrix for cannabinoid detection in a point-of-care biosensor diagnostic device. A critical review is presented, discussing the findings from a collection of review and research articles, as well as publicly available data from companies that manufacture oral fluid screening devices. Firstly, the various conventional methods used to detect cannabinoids in biological matrices are presented. Secondly, the detection of cannabinoids using point-of-care biosensors is discussed, emphasizing oral fluid specimens. This review presents the current pressing technological challenges and highlights the gaps where new technological solutions can be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Călin Trif
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Dorin Harpaz
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Fruit, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Evgeni Eltzov
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Fruit, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Yardnapar Parcharoen
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Klong Luang 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Chiravoot Pechyen
- Center of Excellence in Modern Technology and Advanced Manufacturing for Medical Innovation, Thammasat University, Klong Luang 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand
- Department of Materials and Textile Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Klong Luang 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Robert S Marks
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
- The Ilse Katz Center for Meso and Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
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Jacob-Nascimento LC, Portilho MM, Anjos RO, Moreira PSS, Stauber C, Weaver SC, Kitron U, Reis MG, Ribeiro GS. Detection of Chikungunya Virus RNA in Oral Fluid and Urine: An Alternative Approach to Diagnosis? Viruses 2024; 16:235. [PMID: 38400011 PMCID: PMC10891727 DOI: 10.3390/v16020235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
To evaluate whether oral fluids (OF) and urine can serve as alternative, non-invasive samples to diagnose chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection via RT-qPCR, we employed the same RNA extraction and RT-qPCR protocols on paired serum, OF and urine samples collected from 51 patients with chikungunya during the acute phase of the illness. Chikungunya patients were confirmed through RT-qPCR in acute-phase sera (N = 19), IgM seroconversion between acute- and convalescent-phase sera (N = 12), or IgM detection in acute-phase sera (N = 20). The controls included paired serum, OF and urine samples from patients with non-arbovirus acute febrile illness (N = 28) and RT-PCR-confirmed dengue (N = 16). Nine (47%) of the patients with positive RT-qPCR for CHIKV in sera and two (17%) of those with CHIKV infection confirmed solely via IgM seroconversion had OF positive for CHIKV in RT-qPCR. One (5%) patient with CHIKV infection confirmed via serum RT-qPCR was positive in the RT-qPCR performed on urine. None of the negative control group samples were positive. Although OF may serve as an alternative sample for diagnosing acute chikungunya in specific settings, a negative result cannot rule out an infection. Further research is needed to investigate whether OF and urine collected later in the disease course when serum becomes RT-qPCR-negative may be helpful in CHIKV diagnosis and surveillance, as well as to determine whether urine and OF pose any risk of CHIKV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leile Camila Jacob-Nascimento
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador 40296-710, Brazil; (L.C.J.-N.); (M.M.P.); (R.O.A.); (P.S.S.M.); (M.G.R.)
- Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40026-010, Brazil
| | - Moyra M. Portilho
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador 40296-710, Brazil; (L.C.J.-N.); (M.M.P.); (R.O.A.); (P.S.S.M.); (M.G.R.)
| | - Rosângela O. Anjos
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador 40296-710, Brazil; (L.C.J.-N.); (M.M.P.); (R.O.A.); (P.S.S.M.); (M.G.R.)
| | - Patrícia S. S. Moreira
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador 40296-710, Brazil; (L.C.J.-N.); (M.M.P.); (R.O.A.); (P.S.S.M.); (M.G.R.)
| | - Christine Stauber
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA;
| | - Scott C. Weaver
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA;
| | - Uriel Kitron
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - Mitermayer G. Reis
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador 40296-710, Brazil; (L.C.J.-N.); (M.M.P.); (R.O.A.); (P.S.S.M.); (M.G.R.)
- Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40026-010, Brazil
- Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8034, USA
| | - Guilherme S. Ribeiro
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador 40296-710, Brazil; (L.C.J.-N.); (M.M.P.); (R.O.A.); (P.S.S.M.); (M.G.R.)
- Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40026-010, Brazil
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10
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Metrik J, McCarthy DM. How research and policy can shape driving under the influence of cannabis. Addiction 2024; 119:208-210. [PMID: 37877315 PMCID: PMC11104562 DOI: 10.1111/add.16372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jane Metrik
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
- Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Denis M. McCarthy
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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11
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Shelver WL, McGarvey AM, Holthusen JE, Young JM, Byrd CJ, Smith DJ. Comparison of immunoassay and LC-tandem mass spectrometry analyses of ractopamine in hog oral fluid. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024; 41:162-174. [PMID: 38190266 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2300738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The accurate detection of ractopamine in food animals is crucial for marketing since some entities require animals or animal carcasses to be free of ractopamine residues. Field-based ractopamine screening tests that are rapid, sensitive, and capable of high-throughput are highly desirable to ensure that inadvertent exposure to ractopamine did not occur in animals marketed as animals that have not been fed ractopamine. An immunochemically based lateral flow assay was used to analyze oral fluids from hogs never exposed to ractopamine and from hogs that were presumed positives and results were confirmed using an enhanced sensitivity LC-MSMS method. We found that an immunochemically based lateral flow system having a working range of 2.5 to 15 ng mL-1 worked well as a screening assay with 1.7% false positive results in freshly collected hog oral fluids. Using ractopamine glucuronide standards and LC-MSMS, we determined that the false positive results were not due to the presence of ractopamine glucuronide metabolites in oral fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilin L Shelver
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Amy M McGarvey
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Jason E Holthusen
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Jennifer M Young
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Christopher J Byrd
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - David J Smith
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
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12
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Cabarcos-Fernández P, Álvarez-Freire I, Rubio NC, Bermejo-Barrera AM, Moreda-Piñeiro A, Sánchez-Sellero I, Tabernero-Duque MJ. Evaluation of an Oral Fluid Collection Device and a Solid-Phase Extraction Method for the Determination of Coca Leaf Alkaloids by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2024; 29:592. [PMID: 38338336 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Some South American countries have ancient traditions that may pose legal problems, such as the consumption of coca leaves, as this can provide positive results for cocaine use after the analysis of biological samples. For this reason, it is necessary to find specific markers that help differentiate legal from illegal consumption, such as tropacocaine, cinnamoylcocaine, and especially hygrine and cuscohygrine. In this work, two techniques for collecting biological samples are compared: the Quantisal® Oral Fluid collection device and passive drooling. Once the samples were collected, they were subjected to solid-phase extraction for subsequent injection into GC-MS. Different validation parameters included in international guides have been studied to evaluate whether the proposed method is valid for the defined purpose, placing special emphasis on the study of the matrix effect and little value on GC-MS analyses. With respect to this parameter, an increase in the signal was found for CUS and t-CIN, but it was not significant for the rest of the substances studied. The recoveries have varied significantly depending on the way of working, being higher when working with standardized areas. After carrying out work with the oral fluid samples collected from laboratory volunteers, the method was applied to two real samples. The results obtained support the need for further research to overcome certain limitations presented by the device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Cabarcos-Fernández
- Forensic Toxicology Service, Forensic Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Rúa de San Francisco, s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ivan Álvarez-Freire
- Forensic Toxicology Service, Forensic Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Rúa de San Francisco, s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Nelida Cristina Rubio
- Forensic Toxicology Service, Forensic Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Rúa de San Francisco, s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana Maria Bermejo-Barrera
- Forensic Toxicology Service, Forensic Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Rúa de San Francisco, s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antonio Moreda-Piñeiro
- Trace Element, Spectroscopy and Speciation Group (GETEE), Institute of Materials iMATUS, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Avenida das Ciencias, s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ines Sánchez-Sellero
- Forensic Toxicology Service, Forensic Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Rúa de San Francisco, s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria Jesus Tabernero-Duque
- Forensic Toxicology Service, Forensic Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Rúa de San Francisco, s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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13
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Goryński K, Sobczak Ł, Kołodziej D. Developing and Evaluating the Greenness of a Reliable, All-in-One Thin-Film Microextraction Protocol for Determining Fentanyl, Methadone, and Zolpidem in Plasma, Urine, and Oral Fluid. Molecules 2024; 29:335. [PMID: 38257248 PMCID: PMC10818652 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper proposes an all-in-one microextraction-based protocol capable of determining and quantifying fentanyl, methadone, and zolpidem in plasma, urine, and saliva at concentrations below those required by international regulatory organizations. A homemade thin-film microextraction device featuring an octyl-cyanopropyl stationary phase was coupled with LC-MS/MS. The proposed method was developed and validated according to FDA criteria, providing extraction efficiency values ranging from 26.7% to 76.2% with no significant matrix effects (2.6% to 15.5% signal suppression). The developed protocol provided low limits of quantification (mostly equal to 1 ng mL-1) and good reproducibility (intra- and inter-day RSDs of less than 9.6% and 12.0%, respectively) and accuracy (89% to 104% of the test concentration). An assessment of the protocol's environmental impact indicated that attention must be devoted to eliminating the use of toxic reagents and developing its capability for in situ sampling and in-field analysis using portable instruments. The proposed TFME-based protocol provides clinical laboratories with a versatile, one-step tool that enables the simultaneous monitoring of fentanyl, methadone, and zolpidem using the most popular biological matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Goryński
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Seminaryjna 3, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Łukasz Sobczak
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Jurasza 2, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Dominika Kołodziej
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Jurasza 2, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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14
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Ryskina EA, Magsumova OA, Postnikov MA, Lobaeva TA, Ahmedzhanov BB, Shishparenok AN, Zhdanov DD. Effect of the Teeth Whitening Procedure on the Mineral Composition of Oral Fluid. Dent J (Basel) 2023; 12:9. [PMID: 38248217 PMCID: PMC10814888 DOI: 10.3390/dj12010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The basis of modern tooth whitening systems is the use of a whitening gel, which usually contains hydrogen peroxide or carbamide peroxide. The study included 81 patients aged 22 to 35 years with a tooth color A2 and a darker color on the Vita Classic scale. The purpose of our research was to identify a new approach to whitening teeth to improve safety and gentleness. To perform this, we assessed the effect of the tooth whitening procedure on the mineral composition of the oral fluid. A new approach to the teeth whitening procedure was to use a mouth retractor and a tool for aspirating the whitening gel, which we developed. Before the procedure, a protective film-forming aerosol, which included sodium ascorbate, was applied. After the tooth whitening procedure, the enamel was remineralized with a sealing liquid for 14 days. The concentrations of calcium and phosphorus in the oral fluid were determined using a spectrophotometer with a set of reagents (Human). The results obtained indicate that the new approach to the teeth whitening procedure contributed to less pronounced changes in the concentrations of calcium (+29.07, p < 0.001) and phosphorus (-14%, p < 0.001) in the oral fluid immediately after the procedure and in combination with the standard procedure for teeth whitening; immediately after this procedure, the calcium concentration increased by 74.4% (p < 0.001), and the phosphorus concentration decreased by 23.07% (p < 0.001). The use of remineralizing agents led to a faster recovery of the initial levels of calcium and phosphorus in the oral fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A. Ryskina
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Higher School of Economics, HSE University, 20 Myasnitskaya St., 117418 Moscow, Russia
| | - Oksana A. Magsumova
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, Samara State Medical University, 89 Chapaevskaya St., 443099 Samara, Russia; (O.A.M.); (M.A.P.)
| | - Mikhail A. Postnikov
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, Samara State Medical University, 89 Chapaevskaya St., 443099 Samara, Russia; (O.A.M.); (M.A.P.)
| | - Tatiana A. Lobaeva
- Department of Biology and General Genetics, RUDN University, 8 Miklukho-Maklaya St., 117198 Moscow, Russia;
- Departments of Fundamental Disciplines Medical University, MGIMO-MED, 3 Novosportivnaya St., 143007 Odintsovo, Moscow region, Russia
| | | | - Anastasia N. Shishparenok
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10/8 Pogodinskaya St., 119121 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Dmitry D. Zhdanov
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10/8 Pogodinskaya St., 119121 Moscow, Russia;
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15
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Aknouche F, Trebuchet C, Fargeot K, Kormazyigit F, Thion L, Maruejouls C, Kintz P. Window of detection of cocaine related alkaloids in oral fluid collected with the FloqSwab™ after coca tea consumption. J Anal Toxicol 2023:bkad093. [PMID: 38155345 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkad093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Coca tea is a popular drink in some countries of South America where it is presented as a safe energy preparation, based on a limited total content of cocaine of about 3 to 5 mg. Tea bags can be bought with no legal considerations in these countries both by locals and tourists but its consumption can have consequences when consumed overseas. Driving under the influence of cocaine is banned in most places in the world and can be documented by oral fluid testing. A study was implemented with coca tea bags (Coca & Muna) purchased in Peru, after a French attorney at law contacted the laboratory to assess the involvement of coca tea in the positive oral fluid results of a driver. Ten healthy volunteers consumed 250 mL of coca tea containing 4.5 mg of cocaine. No volunteer reported any change in behavioral effects after consumption of the coca tea. Oral fluid was collected with a swab (FloqSwab™, Copan) over 8 hours to follow the elimination of cocaine and its major metabolites (benzoylecgonine and ecgonine methylester). This is the procedure used by the French police. All samples were analyzed by UHPLC-MS-MS after Quantisal™ buffer desorption. As the device does not allow measurement of the amount of collected fluid, the results are qualitative. This is in accordance with the French law that requires a yes or no response about the presence of cocaine, with a minimum required performance level of 10 ng/ml of cocaine or benzoylecgonine. Parent cocaine was identified for 30 to 120 min. Benzoylecgonine and ecgonine methylester were identified between 1 and 8 hours, with a large inter-individual variation. Although it is generally accepted that a 4 to 5 mg cocaine dose has no significant pharmacological effect, the consumption of coca tea can lead to the suspension of a person's driving license due to a positive oral fluid test.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Pascal Kintz
- Institut de médecine légale, 11 rue Humann, Strasbourg F-67000, France
- X-Pertise Consulting, 42 rue principale, Mittelhausbergen F-67206, France
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16
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Flaisher-Grinberg S. Poppy Seed Consumption and Oral Fluid Opioids Detection: A Classroom Demonstration of Psychopharmacological Concepts. J Undergrad Neurosci Educ 2023; 22:A37-A44. [PMID: 38322397 PMCID: PMC10768820 DOI: 10.59390/jwnq5957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Psychopharmacological concepts such as pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and drug interactions can be difficult to illustrate within the college classroom. In this demonstration, students consume poppy seed-containing food items, assess opioid content in their oral fluid using commercial drug test kits, and relate the findings to learned materials, its real-life applications, and relevant societal implications. This demonstration can clarify processes such as drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME), broaden the review of information relevant to opioids mechanisms of action, and facilitate the discussion of topics such as drug abuse, dependence, and addiction, as well as drug development, testing, policy, and enforcement. Instructors can employ different experimental designs, create dose-dependent/timeline detection plots, or allow students to construct their own experiments, assessing possible mediators of opioid detection. The demonstration can also be utilized to discuss scientific myths, truths, data misinterpretation and misrepresentation. Several optional protocols are provided, required materials are indicated, and discussion points are suggested.
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17
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Rosendo LM, Antunes M, Simão AY, Brinca AT, Catarro G, Pelixo R, Martinho J, Pires B, Soares S, Cascalheira JF, Passarinha L, Rosado T, Barroso M, Gallardo E. Sensors in the Detection of Abused Substances in Forensic Contexts: A Comprehensive Review. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:2249. [PMID: 38138418 PMCID: PMC10745465 DOI: 10.3390/mi14122249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Forensic toxicology plays a pivotal role in elucidating the presence of drugs of abuse in both biological and solid samples, thereby aiding criminal investigations and public health initiatives. This review article explores the significance of sensor technologies in this field, focusing on diverse applications and their impact on the determination of drug abuse markers. This manuscript intends to review the transformative role of portable sensor technologies in detecting drugs of abuse in various samples. They offer precise, efficient, and real-time detection capabilities in both biological samples and solid substances. These sensors have become indispensable tools, with particular applications in various scenarios, including traffic stops, crime scenes, and workplace drug testing. The integration of portable sensor technologies in forensic toxicology is a remarkable advancement in the field. It has not only improved the speed and accuracy of drug abuse detection but has also extended the reach of forensic toxicology, making it more accessible and versatile. These advancements continue to shape forensic toxicology, ensuring swift, precise, and reliable results in criminal investigations and public health endeavours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana M. Rosendo
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (L.M.R.); (M.A.); (A.Y.S.); (A.T.B.); (G.C.); (R.P.); (J.M.); (B.P.); (S.S.); (J.F.C.); (L.P.); (T.R.)
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, EM506, 6200-000 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Mónica Antunes
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (L.M.R.); (M.A.); (A.Y.S.); (A.T.B.); (G.C.); (R.P.); (J.M.); (B.P.); (S.S.); (J.F.C.); (L.P.); (T.R.)
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, EM506, 6200-000 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ana Y. Simão
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (L.M.R.); (M.A.); (A.Y.S.); (A.T.B.); (G.C.); (R.P.); (J.M.); (B.P.); (S.S.); (J.F.C.); (L.P.); (T.R.)
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, EM506, 6200-000 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ana Teresa Brinca
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (L.M.R.); (M.A.); (A.Y.S.); (A.T.B.); (G.C.); (R.P.); (J.M.); (B.P.); (S.S.); (J.F.C.); (L.P.); (T.R.)
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, EM506, 6200-000 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo Catarro
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (L.M.R.); (M.A.); (A.Y.S.); (A.T.B.); (G.C.); (R.P.); (J.M.); (B.P.); (S.S.); (J.F.C.); (L.P.); (T.R.)
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, EM506, 6200-000 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Pelixo
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (L.M.R.); (M.A.); (A.Y.S.); (A.T.B.); (G.C.); (R.P.); (J.M.); (B.P.); (S.S.); (J.F.C.); (L.P.); (T.R.)
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, EM506, 6200-000 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - João Martinho
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (L.M.R.); (M.A.); (A.Y.S.); (A.T.B.); (G.C.); (R.P.); (J.M.); (B.P.); (S.S.); (J.F.C.); (L.P.); (T.R.)
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, EM506, 6200-000 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Bruno Pires
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (L.M.R.); (M.A.); (A.Y.S.); (A.T.B.); (G.C.); (R.P.); (J.M.); (B.P.); (S.S.); (J.F.C.); (L.P.); (T.R.)
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, EM506, 6200-000 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Sofia Soares
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (L.M.R.); (M.A.); (A.Y.S.); (A.T.B.); (G.C.); (R.P.); (J.M.); (B.P.); (S.S.); (J.F.C.); (L.P.); (T.R.)
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, EM506, 6200-000 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - José Francisco Cascalheira
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (L.M.R.); (M.A.); (A.Y.S.); (A.T.B.); (G.C.); (R.P.); (J.M.); (B.P.); (S.S.); (J.F.C.); (L.P.); (T.R.)
- Departamento de Química, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Luís Passarinha
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (L.M.R.); (M.A.); (A.Y.S.); (A.T.B.); (G.C.); (R.P.); (J.M.); (B.P.); (S.S.); (J.F.C.); (L.P.); (T.R.)
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, EM506, 6200-000 Covilhã, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Chemistry Department, NOVA School of Science and Technology, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Tiago Rosado
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (L.M.R.); (M.A.); (A.Y.S.); (A.T.B.); (G.C.); (R.P.); (J.M.); (B.P.); (S.S.); (J.F.C.); (L.P.); (T.R.)
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, EM506, 6200-000 Covilhã, Portugal
- Centro Académico Clínico das Beiras (CACB)—Grupo de Problemas Relacionados com Toxicofilias, 6200-000 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Mário Barroso
- Serviço de Química e Toxicologia Forenses, Instituto de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses—Delegação do Sul, 1169-201 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Eugenia Gallardo
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (L.M.R.); (M.A.); (A.Y.S.); (A.T.B.); (G.C.); (R.P.); (J.M.); (B.P.); (S.S.); (J.F.C.); (L.P.); (T.R.)
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, EM506, 6200-000 Covilhã, Portugal
- Centro Académico Clínico das Beiras (CACB)—Grupo de Problemas Relacionados com Toxicofilias, 6200-000 Covilhã, Portugal
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Panyasing Y, Gimenez-Lirola L, Thanawongnuwech R, Prakobsuk P, Kawilaphan Y, Kittawornrat A, Cheng TY, Zimmerman J. Performance of a Differentiation of Infected from Vaccinated Animals (DIVA) Classical Swine Fever Virus (CSFV) Serum and Oral Fluid Erns Antibody AlphaLISA Assay. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3802. [PMID: 38136839 PMCID: PMC10740410 DOI: 10.3390/ani13243802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is an OIE-listed disease that requires effective surveillance tools for its detection and control. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate the diagnostic performance of a novel CSFV Erns IgG AlphaLISA for both serum and oral fluid specimens that would likewise be compatible with the use of CSFV E2 DIVA vaccines. Test performance was evaluated using a panel of well-characterized serum (n = 760) and individual (n = 528) or pen-based (n = 30) oral fluid samples from four groups of animals: (1) negative controls (n = 60 pigs); (2) inoculated with ALD strain wild-type CSFV (n = 30 pigs); (3) vaccinated with LOM strain live CSFV vaccine (n = 30 pigs); and (4) vaccinated with live CSFV marker vaccine on commercial farms (n = 120 pigs). At a cutoff of S/P ≥ 0.7, the aggregate estimated diagnostic sensitivities and specificities of the assay were, respectively, 97.4% (95% CI 95.9%, 98.3%) and 100% for serum and 95.4% (95% CI 92.9%, 97.0%) and 100% for oral fluid. The Erns IgG antibody AlphaLISA combined DIVA capability with solid diagnostic performance, rapid turnaround, ease of use, and compatibility with both serum and oral fluid specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaowalak Panyasing
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
- Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Luis Gimenez-Lirola
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (L.G.-L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Roongroje Thanawongnuwech
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Phakawan Prakobsuk
- CPF (Thailand) Public Company Limited, Bangkok 10120, Thailand; (P.P.); (Y.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Yanee Kawilaphan
- CPF (Thailand) Public Company Limited, Bangkok 10120, Thailand; (P.P.); (Y.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Apisit Kittawornrat
- CPF (Thailand) Public Company Limited, Bangkok 10120, Thailand; (P.P.); (Y.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Ting-Yu Cheng
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Jeffrey Zimmerman
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (L.G.-L.); (J.Z.)
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Qi S, He Q, Zhang Z, Chen H, Giménez-Lirola L, Yuan F, Bei W. Detection of Porcine Circovirus Type 3 in Serum, Semen, Oral Fluid, and Preputial Fluid Samples of Boars. Vet Sci 2023; 10:689. [PMID: 38133240 PMCID: PMC10747573 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10120689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) is commonly associated with clinical symptoms such as porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS)-like lesions, respiratory signs, and reproductive disorders. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology of PCV3 in a boar stud. The objectives were to detect PCV3 in semen, as well as matched serum, oral fluid, and preputial fluid samples from adult boars using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), analyze PCV3-IgG antibody data, and genetically characterize a positive sample. A total of 112 samples from 28 boars were collected from a large-scale pig farm in Guangxi, China. The qPCR results showed that the PCV3 DNA was not detected in semen, with a positive rate of 0% (0/28), while it was detected in serum (3.57%-1/28), oral fluid (64.28%-18/28), and preputial fluid (46.4%-13/28). The seropositivity rate of PCV3-IgG in serum was 82.14% (23/28) according to the indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent serologic assay (ELISA) results. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that one of the PCV3 isolates belonged to the PCV3c clades. This is the first report of PCV3 detection in preputial fluid from boars. The results suggest that PCV3 is transmitted among boars on pig farms and exhibits epidemic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Qi
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (S.Q.); (Z.Z.); (H.C.)
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Qiyun He
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (S.Q.); (Z.Z.); (H.C.)
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Zhewei Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (S.Q.); (Z.Z.); (H.C.)
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (S.Q.); (Z.Z.); (H.C.)
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Luis Giménez-Lirola
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Fangyan Yuan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Weicheng Bei
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (S.Q.); (Z.Z.); (H.C.)
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430000, China
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Räisänen IT, Aji NRAS, Sakellari D, Grigoriadis A, Rantala I, Pätilä T, Heikkilä P, Gupta S, Sorsa T. Active Matrix Metalloproteinase-8 (aMMP-8) Versus Total MMP-8 in Periodontal and Peri-Implant Disease Point-of-Care Diagnostics. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2885. [PMID: 38001886 PMCID: PMC10669684 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11112885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Active matrix metalloproteinase-8 (aMMP-8) is a promising biomarker candidate for the modern periodontal and peri-implant disease diagnostics utilizing the chairside/point-of-care oral fluid technologies. These rapid biomarker analysis technologies utilize gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), peri-implant sulcular fluid (PISF), or mouth rinse as the oral fluid matrices that can be collected patient-friendly and non-invasively without causing bacteremia. aMMP-8, but not total or latent proMMP-8, has been shown to be a relevant biomarker to be implemented to the latest 2017 classification system of periodontitis and peri-implantitis. Thus, aMMP-8 point-of-care-testing (POCT)-but not total or latent proMMP-8-can be conveniently used as an adjunctive and preventive diagnostic tool to identify and screen the developing and ongoing periodontal and peri-implant breakdown and disease as well as predict its episodic progression. Similarly, aMMP-8 POCT provides an important tool to monitor the treatment effect of these diseases, but also other diseases such as head and neck cancer, where it can identify and predict the rapid tissue destructive oral side-effects during and after the radiotherapy. Additionally, recent studies support aMMP-8 POCT benefitting the identification of periodontitis and diabetes as the escalating risk diseases for COVID-19 infection. Overall, aMMP-8 POCT has launched a new clinical field in oral medicine and dentistry, i.e., oral clinical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismo T. Räisänen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Head and Neck Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nur Rahman Ahmad Seno Aji
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Head and Neck Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jalan Denta No.1 Sekip Utara, Sleman, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Dimitra Sakellari
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Implant Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Dental School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Andreas Grigoriadis
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Implant Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Dental School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Dental Sector, 424 General Military Training Hospital, 564 29 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Iina Rantala
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Head and Neck Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tommi Pätilä
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, New Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pia Heikkilä
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Head and Neck Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Shipra Gupta
- Oral Health Sciences Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Timo Sorsa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Head and Neck Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Oral Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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Carella E, Caruso C, Moreno A, Di Blasio A, Oberto F, Vitale N, Masoero L. Meat Juice and Oral Fluid as Alternatives to Serum for Aujeszky Disease Monitoring in Pigs. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2418. [PMID: 37894076 PMCID: PMC10609404 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aujeszky Disease Virus (ADV) is a double-stranded DNA virus with a lipoprotein envelope. The natural hosts of the infection are Suidae, but the virus can infect many other mammals. The gold-standard method identified by the WOAH for the diagnosis of Aujeszky disease is the ELISA method. The objective of this study was to compare the performance of meat juice and oral fluid matrices using a commercial ELISA kit designed for serum. A total of 80 blood and oral fluid samples were collected from four pig farms selected for this study. Diaphragm muscle samples of about 100 g and blood samples were collected from 213 animals at the abattoir. These biological matrices were collected from the same animals and tested using a competitive ELISA kit to detect antibodies against ADV. The relative accuracy of the meat juice compared to that of the serum was 96.7% (95% CI: 93.3-98.7%), with 206 correct results out of 213. The relative accuracy of the oral fluid compared to that of the serum was 61.3% (95% CI: 49.7-71.9%), with 58 correct results out of 80. Meat juice has a better combination of sensitivity and specificity than oral fluid. The usage of meat juice in routine diagnostic examinations could be achieved after further investigations to optimize the procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Carella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’ Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (F.O.); (L.M.)
| | - Claudio Caruso
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale CN1 (ASL-CN1), Via Pier Carlo Boggio 12, 12100 Cuneo, Italy;
| | - Ana Moreno
- National Reference Centre for Aujeszky Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Alessia Di Blasio
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale TO3 (ASL-TO3), Via Poirino 9, 10064 Pinerolo, Italy;
| | - Francesca Oberto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’ Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (F.O.); (L.M.)
| | - Nicoletta Vitale
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’ Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (F.O.); (L.M.)
| | - Loretta Masoero
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’ Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (F.O.); (L.M.)
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22
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Lebret A, Normand V, Berton P, Nicolazo T, Teixeira Costa C, Chevance C, Brissonnier M, Boulbria G. Alternative Samples for Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Surveillance in an Endemic PRRSV-1-Infected Breeding Herd: A Descriptive Study. Vet Sci 2023; 10:558. [PMID: 37756080 PMCID: PMC10537479 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10090558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowing porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) status is essential for designing herd management protocols. For this, weaning-age pigs are a key subpopulation. Recently, different alternatives to blood sampling have been introduced because they are easier, welfare-friendly and cost-saving tools. Moreover, most of them allow the testing of more animals and seem to be more sensitive in low-prevalence scenarios. However, these studies were implemented mainly in PRRSV-2-infected herds. The first objective of our study was to compare the rate of detection of PRRSV-1 by RT-qPCR in individual serum samples, family oral fluid samples (FOF) and udder wipes (UW) collected the day before weaning. The second objective was to evaluate the suitability of pooling. The study was performed on a 210-sow farrow-to-finish farm which was PRRSV-1 infected and unstable. A total of 119 litters were sampled. The rate of detection of PRRSV-1 in blood samples, FOF and UW was 10.9%, 7.6% and 0.8%, respectively. The agreement between sera and FOF was almost perfect even if the detection capacity of sera was numerically superior to FOF. The Ct values of positive sera were statistically lower than those of FOF. Two modalities of pooling (1:3 and 1:5) were tested for sera and FOF. For sera, both modalities did not impact the PRRSV-1 status either at the litter level or at the batch one. On the other hand, whatever the modality (pooled by 3 or 5), most of the pools of FOF gave negative results, misclassifying many litters and batches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Lebret
- Porc.Spective Swine Vet Practice, ZA de Gohélève, 56920 Noyal-Pontivy, France
- Rezoolution Pig Consulting Services, ZA de Gohélève, 56920 Noyal-Pontivy, France
| | - Valérie Normand
- Porc.Spective Swine Vet Practice, ZA de Gohélève, 56920 Noyal-Pontivy, France
- Rezoolution Pig Consulting Services, ZA de Gohélève, 56920 Noyal-Pontivy, France
| | - Pauline Berton
- Porc.Spective Swine Vet Practice, ZA de Gohélève, 56920 Noyal-Pontivy, France
| | - Théo Nicolazo
- Rezoolution Pig Consulting Services, ZA de Gohélève, 56920 Noyal-Pontivy, France
| | | | - Céline Chevance
- Porc.Spective Swine Vet Practice, ZA de Gohélève, 56920 Noyal-Pontivy, France
- Rezoolution Pig Consulting Services, ZA de Gohélève, 56920 Noyal-Pontivy, France
| | - Mathieu Brissonnier
- Porc.Spective Swine Vet Practice, ZA de Gohélève, 56920 Noyal-Pontivy, France
| | - Gwenaël Boulbria
- Porc.Spective Swine Vet Practice, ZA de Gohélève, 56920 Noyal-Pontivy, France
- Rezoolution Pig Consulting Services, ZA de Gohélève, 56920 Noyal-Pontivy, France
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23
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Armenta-Leyva B, Munguía-Ramírez B, Giménez-Lirola LG, Lin X, Ye F, Zimmerman J. Critical evaluation of strategies to achieve direct real-time PCR detection of swine pathogens in oral fluids. J Vet Diagn Invest 2023; 35:521-527. [PMID: 37337714 PMCID: PMC10467463 DOI: 10.1177/10406387231182102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on publications reporting improvements in real-time PCR (rtPCR) performance, we compared protocols based on heat treatment or dilution followed by direct rtPCR to standard extraction and amplification methods for the detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), influenza A virus (IAV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), or Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (MHP) in swine oral fluids (OFs). In part A, we subjected aliquots of positive OF samples to 1 of 4 protocols: protocol 1: heat (95°C × 30 min) followed by direct rtPCR; protocol 2: heat and cool (25°C × 20 min) followed by direct rtPCR; protocol 3: heat, cool, extraction, and rtPCR; protocol 4 (control): extraction and then rtPCR. In part B, positive OF samples were split into 3, diluted (D1 = 1:2 with Tris-borate-EDTA (TBE); D2 = 1:2 with negative OF; D3 = not diluted), and then tested by rtPCR using the best-performing protocol from part A (protocol 4). In part A, with occasional exceptions, heat treatment resulted in marked reduction in the detection of target and internal sample control (ISC) nucleic acids. In part B, sample dilution with TBE or OF produced no improvement in the detection of targets and ISCs. Thus, standard extraction and amplification methods provided superior detection of PRRSV, IAV, PEDV, and MHP nucleic acids in OFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betsy Armenta-Leyva
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Berenice Munguía-Ramírez
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Luis G. Giménez-Lirola
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Xue Lin
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Fangshu Ye
- Department of Statistics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Zimmerman
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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24
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Harper CE, Mata DC, Lee D. The impact of fentanyl on DUIDs and traffic fatalities: Blood and oral fluid data. J Forensic Sci 2023; 68:1686-1697. [PMID: 37477181 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Fentanyl has emerged as the most prolific drug in the ongoing opioid epidemic and has greatly impacted traffic safety in recent years. This study aimed to evaluate fentanyl prevalence and concentrations in blood and oral fluid in driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) cases in three different regions (i.e., Alabama, Orange County, CA, and Houston, TX) from 2017 to 2022. Furthermore, traffic fatalities were evaluated for Alabama and Orange County, CA. Fentanyl positivity in DUID and traffic fatalities increased for most years in this study. In Alabama, the prevalence of fentanyl DUID cases increased 4-fold in 2022 compared to 2017. Orange County's increase from 2017 to 2022 was 14-fold. In Houston, the increase was approximately 2-fold from 2019 to 2022. The greatest increase for all laboratories coincided with the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2022, the median fentanyl DUID blood concentrations were 4.7, 11, and 4.7 ng/mL in Alabama, Orange County, and Houston, respectively. Most fentanyl cases were polydrug cases (≥90%). Methamphetamine, THC, and alprazolam were the most frequently detected drugs in combination with fentanyl. Alabama has collected oral fluid and blood in DUID cases since 2018. The detection of fentanyl in oral fluid was comparable to blood. However, 59% and 8.7% of fentanyl-positive cases had concentrations of >20 ng/mL in oral fluid and blood, respectively. Therefore, oral fluid as an alternative or supplemental specimen to blood is an attractive approach for fentanyl in DUID cases. This study contributes to understanding recent fentanyl trends and their impact on traffic safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curt E Harper
- Alabama Department of Forensic Sciences, Hoover, Alabama, USA
| | - Dani C Mata
- Orange County Crime Laboratory, Santa Ana, California, USA
| | - Dayong Lee
- Houston Forensic Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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25
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Munguía-Ramírez B, Armenta-Leyva B, Henao-Díaz A, Cheng TY, Zhang J, Rawal G, Ye F, Giménez-Lirola L, Zimmerman JJ. Effect of extrinsic factors on the detection of PRRSV and a porcine-specific internal sample control in serum, oral fluid, and fecal specimens tested by RT-rtPCR. J Vet Diagn Invest 2023; 35:374-383. [PMID: 37166086 PMCID: PMC10331379 DOI: 10.1177/10406387231174556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We characterized the effect of 1) temperature × time, 2) freeze-thaw cycles, and 3) high porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) RNA concentrations on the detection of PRRSV and a porcine-specific internal sample control (ISC) in serum, oral fluid, and fecal samples using a commercial PRRSV RT-rtPCR assay (Idexx). In study 1, the effect of temperature × time on PRRSV and ISC detection was shown to be specimen dependent. In serum stored at 4, 10, or 20°C, PRRSV detection was consistent for up to 168 h, but storage at 30°C reduced detectable PRRSV RNA. ISC RNA was stable in serum held at 4 and 10°C, but not at 20 and 30°C. In contrast, PRRSV and ISC RNAs in oral fluid and fecal samples continuously decreased at all temperature × time treatments. Based on these data, serum samples should be stored at ≤ 20°C to optimize PRRSV RNA detection. Oral fluid and fecal samples should be frozen in a non-self-defrosting freezer until tested. In study 2, freeze-thaw cycles had little impact on PRRSV and ISC detection, but more so in oral fluids than serum or fecal samples. Thus, freeze-thaw cycles in oral fluids should be minimized before RT-rtPCR testing. In study 3, the ISC was not affected by high concentrations of PRRSV RNA in serum, oral fluid, or fecal samples. It should not be assumed that data from our PRRSV study are applicable to other pathogens; additional pathogen-specific studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berenice Munguía-Ramírez
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Betsy Armenta-Leyva
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Ting-Yu Cheng
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jianqiang Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Gaurav Rawal
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Fangshu Ye
- Department of Statistics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Luis Giménez-Lirola
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jeffrey J. Zimmerman
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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26
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Oliveira GM, Dionísio TJ, Siqueira-Sandrin VS, Ferrari LADL, Colombini-Ishikiriama BL, Faria FAC, Santos CF, Calvo AM. Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for Detection and Quantification of Meloxicam and 5'-Carboxymeloxicam in Oral Fluid Samples. Metabolites 2023; 13:755. [PMID: 37367912 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13060755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A sensitive, selective and particularly fast method of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed and validated for the determination of meloxicam and its main metabolite, 5'-carboxymeloxicam, in oral fluid samples. Meloxicam and its major metabolite were separated using a Shim-Pack XR-ODS 75 L × 2.0 column and C18 pre-column at 40 °C using a mixture of methanol and 10 mM ammonium acetate (80:20, v/v) with an injection flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. The total time of the analytical run was 5 min. Sixteen volunteers had oral fluid samples collected sequentially before and after taking a meloxicam tablet (15 mg) for up to 96 h. With the concentrations obtained, the pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using the Phoenix WinNonlin software. The parameters evaluated for meloxicam and 5'-carboxymeloxicam in the oral fluid samples showed linearity, accuracy, precision, medium-quality control (MQC-78.12 ng/mL), high-quality control (HQC-156.25 ng/mL), lower limits of quantification (LLOQ-0.6103 ng/mL), low-quality control (LQC-2.44 ng/mL), stability and dilution. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was also detected and quantified in the oral fluid samples, demonstrating the possibility of a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) study with this methodology. All the parameters evaluated in the validation of the methodology in the oral fluid samples proved to be stable and within the possible variations in each of the described parameters. Through the data presented, the possibility of a PK/PD study was demonstrated, detecting and quantifying meloxicam, its main metabolite and PGE2 in oral fluid samples using LC-MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Moraes Oliveira
- Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo (HRAC/USP), Bauru 17012-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago José Dionísio
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Flávio Augusto Cardoso Faria
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ferreira Santos
- Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo (HRAC/USP), Bauru 17012-900, SP, Brazil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriana Maria Calvo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, SP, Brazil
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Gallardo E, Rosado T, Barroso M. The potential of oral fluid in drug monitoring: an update. Bioanalysis 2023; 15:657-660. [PMID: 37458187 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2023-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Gallardo
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6201-556, Covilhã, Portugal
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, Ubimedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Estrada Municipal 506, 6200-284, Covilhã, Portugal
- Centro Académico Clínico das Beiras-Grupo de Problemas Relacionados com Toxicofilias, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6201-556, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Tiago Rosado
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6201-556, Covilhã, Portugal
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, Ubimedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Estrada Municipal 506, 6200-284, Covilhã, Portugal
- Centro Académico Clínico das Beiras-Grupo de Problemas Relacionados com Toxicofilias, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6201-556, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Mário Barroso
- Serviço de Química e Toxicologia Forenses, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, Delegação do Sul, 1169-201, Lisboa, Portugal
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García-Mingo M, Martín-Fernández M, Gutiérrez-Abejón E, Álvarez FJ. Increase in driving after cocaine use in Spain: a cross-sectional dataset analysis for 2021. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1178300. [PMID: 37228715 PMCID: PMC10203456 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1178300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Driving under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs impairs skills essential for safe driving, increases the risk of being involved in a traffic accident and is particularly prevalent in Spain. The aim is to assess the prevalence of positive substance driving cases, what factors may be associated with driving after substance use, and the evolution of the progress in the prevalence of drug use among drivers in drivers based on the 2008, 2013, 2018, and 2021 studies. Study design and setting The present study was conducted in a representative sample of Spanish drivers in 2021 for alcohol (breath) and psychoactive substances [oral fluid (OF)]. The sample size was 2980 drivers, mostly males (76.5%) with a mean age of 41.35 ± 13.34 years. Results In 2021, 9.3% of drivers tested positive for alcohol and/or drugs. The presence of alcohol alone was observed in 4.2% of drivers, alcohol and another substance in 0.3%, a single drug in 4.4%, and two or drugs other than alcohol in 0.4%. Overall, cocaine cases were the highest registered in 2021 (2.4%), while cannabis (1.9%) and polydrug cases (0.7%) were the lowest, with respect to the 2008/2013/2018 studies. Conclusions According to our research, in 2021, 9 out of 100 drivers were detected to have some substance in their system. This prevalence remains unacceptably high in Spain, with a marked increase in the frequency of driving after cocaine use. Further interventions and measures must be taken to avoid driving under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes García-Mingo
- Institute for Alcohol and Drug Studies, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Pharmacological Big Data Laboratory, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Marta Martín-Fernández
- Institute for Alcohol and Drug Studies, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Pharmacological Big Data Laboratory, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Gutiérrez-Abejón
- Institute for Alcohol and Drug Studies, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Pharmacological Big Data Laboratory, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Pharmacy Directorate, Castilla y León Health Council, Valladolid, Spain
| | - F. Javier Álvarez
- Institute for Alcohol and Drug Studies, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Pharmacological Big Data Laboratory, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- CEIm, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
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Melén CM, Merrien M, Wasik AM, Sander B, Wahlin BE, Panagiotis G, Beck O. Δ 9-THC and CBD in Plasma, Oral Fluid, Exhaled Breath, and Urine from 23 Patients Administered Sativex. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2023. [PMID: 37083482 DOI: 10.1089/can.2022.0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Detecting the presence of Δ9-THC and CBD is mainly done through venous blood sampling, but other methods are becoming available. Oromucosal administration of Δ9-THC and CBD is less studied than inhalation, but this mode of administration is growing. In this study, we analyze samples obtained through invasive and noninvasive methods in a cohort of patients given oromucosally administered Δ9-THC and CBD to gain understanding in the strengths and weaknesses of the various detection methods. Materials and Methods: Blood, oral fluid (OF), exhaled breath, and urine were collected at several time points from 23 cannabis-naive patients after receiving a single dose of Sativex®; dose ranges: Δ9-THC, 2.7-18.9 mg; CBD 2.5-17.5 mg. Detection of Δ9-THC and CBD was done using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry methods. Results: Δ9-THC and CBD were present in plasma, OF, and exhaled breath in all 23 patients. The detection time of Δ9-THC and CBD in OF and exhaled breath was longer than in blood. Urine analysis detected the Δ9-THC carboxy metabolite (THC-COOH) up to 7 days after administration, also in a patient who received 8.1/7.5 mg Δ9-THC/CBD. Conclusion: Time to detection of cannabinoids in blood samples was shorter than in exhaled breath and OF. Relative ease of sample collection combined with high sensitivity makes OF and exhaled breath specimens a valuable addition when samples are handled correctly. Δ9-THC metabolites were detected for an unexpected long period of time in urine. EudraCT Number: 2014-005553-39. Date of registration, December 29, 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Melén
- Unit of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magali Merrien
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Agata M Wasik
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Birgitta Sander
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Pathology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn Engelbrekt Wahlin
- Unit of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Georgios Panagiotis
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olof Beck
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Sprega G, Di Giorgi A, Poyatos L, Papaseit E, Pérez-Mañá C, Tini A, Pichini S, Busardò FP, Lo Faro AF, Farré M. Usefulness of Oral Fluid for Measurement of Methylone and Its Metabolites: Correlation with Plasma Drug Concentrations and the Effect of Oral Fluid pH. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13040468. [PMID: 37110127 PMCID: PMC10143603 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13040468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate methylone and its metabolites concentration in oral fluid following controlled increasing doses, focusing on the effect of oral fluid pH. Samples were obtained from a clinical trial where twelve healthy volunteers participated after ingestion of 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg of methylone. Concentration of methylone and its metabolites 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-N-methylcathinone (HMMC) and 3,4-methylenedioxycathinone in oral fluid were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated, and the oral fluid-to-plasma ratio (OF/P) at each time interval was calculated and correlated with the oral fluid pH using data from our previous study in plasma. Methylone was detected at all time intervals after each dose; MDC and HMMC were not detectable after the lowest dose. Oral fluid concentrations of methylone ranged between 88.3-503.8, 85.5-5002.3, 182.8-13,201.8 and 214.6-22,684.6 ng/mL following 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg doses, respectively, peaked between 1.5 and 2.0 h, and were followed by a progressive decrease. Oral fluid pH was demonstrated to be affected by methylone administration. Oral fluid is a valid alternative to plasma for methylone determination for clinical and toxicological studies, allowing for a simple, easy and non-invasive sample collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Sprega
- Department of Excellence-Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Alessandro Di Giorgi
- Department of Excellence-Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Lourdes Poyatos
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology and Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
| | - Esther Papaseit
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology and Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
| | - Clara Pérez-Mañá
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology and Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
| | - Anastasio Tini
- Department of Excellence-Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Simona Pichini
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Busardò
- Department of Excellence-Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Alfredo Fabrizio Lo Faro
- Department of Excellence-Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Magí Farré
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology and Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
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Carter G, Spittal MJ, Glowacki L, Gerostamoulos D, Dietze P, Sinclair B, Arunogiri S, Berk M, Lubman DI, Manning V, Higgs P, Quinn B, Baker A, Dean OM, Turner A, McKetin R. Diagnostic accuracy for self-reported methamphetamine use versus oral fluid test as the reference standard in a methamphetamine-dependent intervention trial population. Addiction 2023; 118:470-479. [PMID: 36367075 PMCID: PMC10952224 DOI: 10.1111/add.16085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Treatment of methamphetamine dependence requires monitoring of recent use or abstinence. Self-report is commonly used for routine monitoring, but the accuracy of self-report is not established. For the treating clinician, the key accuracy statistic is the negative predictive value (NPV). The study aim was to estimate the NPV of self-reported non-use of methamphetamine compared with an oral fluid reference standard. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS This study was a secondary (subgroup) analysis from a randomized controlled pharmacotherapy trial. Three Australian outpatient addiction services took part. Particpants were 139 people dependent on methamphetamine. MEASUREMENTS Weekly oral fluid samples over 12 weeks to determine methamphetamine (and amphetamine) concentrations were used as the reference standard. Self-report of any methamphetamine use in the previous 7 days by the time-line follow-back method was the index test. Standard diagnostic accuracy statistics were calculated for all available paired episodes (n = 1134). Three NPV values were calculated: unadjusted NPV and NPV adjusted for clustering of observations through logistic regression and generalized estimating equation (GEE). We also calculated the NPVs for a range of prevalence rates of methamphetamine use, for the calculated levels of sensitivity and specificity. FINDINGS Sensitivity was 96.4% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 95-97.5], specificity was 63.7% (95% CI = 57.3-69.8) and positive predictive value (PPV) was 90.8% (95% CI = 88.8-92.6). The unadjusted NPV was 82.7% (95% CI = 76.5-87.9), adjusted NPV by logistic regression 82.7% (95% CI = 73.9-91.5) and GEE 76.8% (95% CI = 66.8-86.8). At a methamphetamine use prevalence of 5%, the estimated NPV would be 99.7% (95% CI = 99.6-99.9) and at 95% prevalence, 48.2% (95% CI = 39.6-57.0). CONCLUSIONS Self-report of no recent methamphetamine use appears to be sufficiently accurate to be clinically useful at the expected prevalence rates of methamphetamine use in clinical treatment settings. If generalizable to clinical settings, where these tests are routinely conducted, this may permit a reduction in the frequency and cost of oral fluid assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Carter
- College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, School of Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of NewcastleCallaghanAustralia
| | - Matthew J. Spittal
- Melbourne School of Population and Global HealthUniversity of MelbourneAustralia
| | - Linda Glowacki
- Victorian Institute of Forensic MedicineSouthbankVictoriaAustralia
| | | | - Paul Dietze
- Behaviours and Health Risks ProgramBurnet InstituteMelbourneAustralia
- National Drug Research Institute and enable InstituteCurtin UniversityMelbourneAustralia
| | | | - Shalini Arunogiri
- Monash Addiction Research Centre, Eastern Health Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health SciencesMonash UniversityAustralia
| | - Michael Berk
- Deakin UniversityIMPACT – the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon HealthGeelongAustralia
- Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental HealthUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | | | - Victoria Manning
- Monash Addiction Research Centre, Eastern Health Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health SciencesMonash UniversityAustralia
- Turning Point, Eastern HealthRichmondAustralia
| | - Peter Higgs
- Behaviours and Health Risks ProgramBurnet InstituteMelbourneAustralia
- Department of Public HealthLa Trobe UniversityBundooraAustralia
| | - Brendan Quinn
- Behaviours and Health Risks ProgramBurnet InstituteMelbourneAustralia
- Australian Institute of Family StudiesMelbourneAustralia
| | - Amanda Baker
- College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, School of Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of NewcastleCallaghanAustralia
| | - Olivia M. Dean
- Deakin UniversityIMPACT – the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon HealthGeelongAustralia
- Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental HealthUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Alyna Turner
- Deakin UniversityIMPACT – the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon HealthGeelongAustralia
| | - Rebecca McKetin
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSWSydneyAustralia
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Charushin AO, Elovikov AM, Charushina IP. [New opportunities for complex treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis in HIV-infected patients in the later stages of the disease]. TERAPEVT ARKH 2023; 95:52-56. [PMID: 37167115 DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2023.01.202064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of recurrent oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) in HIV-infected patients is a serious clinical problem due to the emergence of resistant Candida strains, the risk of invasive disease, and high economic costs, which warrants the need for new treatment regimens. AIM To improve the treatment regimen of OPC in the later stages of HIV infection by combining the complex herbal medicinal product Tonsilgon® N with fluconazole and evaluate the effectiveness of this combination. MATERIALS AND METHODS A comparative randomized clinical study included 65 patients divided into observation and comparison groups, receiving fluconazole plus Tonsilgon® H and fluconazole monotherapy, respectively, for 7 days. On days 1 and 8, the severity of OPC clinical signs was assessed using a visual analog scale. The secretory immunoglobulin A in saliva was measured as a criterion for changing the level of local mucosal protection of the oral cavity and pharynx. CONCLUSION This treatment regimen for oropharyngeal candidiasis in patients with HIV infection in the later stages of the disease (IVB-IVC) with fluconazole and Tonsilgon® N is effective, which is confirmed by a significantly more pronounced regression of clinical signs (pM-U<0.01), as well as an increase in the level of secretory immunoglobulin A in the oral fluid (from 0.62±0.33 g/L to 0.81±0.18 g/L; p<0.05).
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Gameiro C, Gonçalves J, Soares S, Rosado T, Araujo ARTS, Passarinha LA, Barroso M, Gallardo E. Evaluation of Antipsychotic Drugs' Stability in Oral Fluid Samples. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052030. [PMID: 36903275 PMCID: PMC10004700 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Antipsychotics have narrow therapeutic windows, and their monitoring in biological fluids is therefore important; consequently, stability in those fluids must be investigated during method development and validation. This work evaluates the stability of chlorpromazine, levomepromazine, cyamemazine, clozapine, haloperidol, and quetiapine in oral fluid (OF) samples, using the dried saliva spots (DSS) sampling approach and gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Since many parameters can influence the stability of the target analytes, design of experiments was adopted to check the crucial factors that affect that stability in a multivariate fashion. The studied parameters were the presence of preservatives at different concentrations, temperature, light, and time. It was possible to observe that antipsychotic stability improved when OF samples in DSS were stored at 4 °C, with a low ascorbic acid concentration, and in the absence of light. With these conditions, chlorpromazine and quetiapine were stable for 14 days, clozapine and haloperidol were stable for 28 days, levomepromazine remained stable for 44 days, and cyamemazine was stable for the entire monitored period (146 days). This is the first study that evaluates the stability of these antipsychotics in OF samples after application to DSS cards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Gameiro
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Joana Gonçalves
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Estrada Municipal 506, 6200-284 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Sofia Soares
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Estrada Municipal 506, 6200-284 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Tiago Rosado
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Estrada Municipal 506, 6200-284 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - André R. T. S. Araujo
- Unidade de Investigação para o Desenvolvimento do Interior, Instituto Politécnico da Guarda, Avenida Dr. Francisco de Sá Carneiro, No. 50, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Porto University, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís A. Passarinha
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Estrada Municipal 506, 6200-284 Covilhã, Portugal
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Correspondence: (L.A.P.); (M.B.); (E.G.); Tel.: +35-127-532-9002 (L.A.P.); +351-21-881-18-00 (M.B.); +35-127-532-9002 (E.G.)
| | - Mário Barroso
- Serviço de Química e Toxicologia Forenses, Instituto de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses—Delegação do Sul, 1169-201 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence: (L.A.P.); (M.B.); (E.G.); Tel.: +35-127-532-9002 (L.A.P.); +351-21-881-18-00 (M.B.); +35-127-532-9002 (E.G.)
| | - Eugenia Gallardo
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Estrada Municipal 506, 6200-284 Covilhã, Portugal
- Correspondence: (L.A.P.); (M.B.); (E.G.); Tel.: +35-127-532-9002 (L.A.P.); +351-21-881-18-00 (M.B.); +35-127-532-9002 (E.G.)
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Meester M, Rademaker A, Bouwknegt M, Hakze-van der Honing RW, Stegeman A, van der Poel WHM, Tobias TJ. Evaluation of Non-Invasive Sampling Methods for Detection of Hepatitis E Virus Infected Pigs in Pens. Microorganisms 2023; 11. [PMID: 36838465 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigs are a reservoir of hepatitis E virus (HEV), which causes hepatitis in humans. To study the epidemiology of HEV in pig farms, sampling methods are currently used that cause discomfort to pigs, such as rectal sampling. In line with the 3Rs principle, we aimed to evaluate non-invasive methods to detect pens with HEV-shedding pigs. Twenty-eight pens of one farm were sampled cross-sectionally. Individual rectal swabs (IRS) were collected to determine prevalence within pens. Four pen-level samples were compared: a pool of IRS per pen (P), boot socks (BS), oral fluid (OF) and pooled faecal droppings (FD). Each sample was tested by RT-PCR and the sensitivity and specificity of each method was determined by Bayesian latent class analysis. According to IRS, 19/28 pens were HEV positive. BS had a sensitivity of 95% and detected HEV in pens with 10% of pigs shedding; however, specificity was below 30%. FD were comparably accurate to P, with a sensitivity and specificity of 94% and 86%, respectively. BS sampling is thus advised to detect early shedding of HEV or pen contamination, and FD to determine the duration of shedding. This study demonstrates that non-invasive sampling can replace rectal swabs in research on HEV in pigs.
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Knuutila A, Duncan J, Li F, Eletu S, Litt D, Fry N, He Q. Oral fluid-based lateral flow point-of-care assays for pertussis serology. J Med Microbiol 2023; 72. [PMID: 36763084 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Current serological diagnosis of pertussis is usually performed by ELISA, which is typically performed in larger diagnostic or reference laboratories, requires trained staff, and due to sample batching may have longer turnaround times.Hypothesis and Aim. A rapid point-of-care (POC) assay for pertussis serology would aid in both the diagnosis and surveillance of the disease.Methodology. A quantitative lateral flow (LF)-based immunoassay with fluorescent Eu-nanoparticle reporters was developed for the detection of anti-pertussis toxin (PT) and adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) antibodies from oral fluid samples (N=100), from suspected pertussis cases with respiratory symptoms.Results. LF assay results were compared to those obtained with anti-PT IgG oral fluid ELISA. For an ELISA cut-off value of 50 arbitrary units, the overall agreement between the assays was 91/100 (91 %), the sensitivity was 63/70 (90 %) and the specificity was 28/30 (93 %). No ACT-specific antibodies were detected from oral fluid samples; however, the signal readout positively correlated to those patients with high anti-PT IgG antibodies.Conclusion. The developed LF assay was a specific, sensitive and rapid test for serological diagnosis of pertussis with anti-PT antibodies and is a suitable POC test using oral fluid samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aapo Knuutila
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, Turku, Finland
| | - John Duncan
- Vaccine Preventable Bacteria Section, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Fu Li
- Vaccine Preventable Bacteria Section, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Seyi Eletu
- Vaccine Preventable Bacteria Section, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - David Litt
- Vaccine Preventable Bacteria Section, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Norman Fry
- Vaccine Preventable Bacteria Section, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK.,Immunisation and Vaccine Preventable Diseases, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Qiushui He
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, Turku, Finland.,InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, Turku, Finland
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da Costa BRB, da Silva RR, Bigão VLCP, Peria FM, De Martinis BS. Hybrid volatilomics in cancer diagnosis by HS-GC-FID fingerprinting. J Breath Res 2023; 17. [PMID: 36634358 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/acb284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Assessing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as cancer signatures is one of the most promising techniques toward developing non-invasive, simple, and affordable diagnosis. Here, we have evaluated the feasibility of employing static headspace extraction (HS) followed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) as a screening tool to discriminate between cancer patients (head and neck-HNC,n= 15; and gastrointestinal cancer-GIC,n= 19) and healthy controls (n= 37) on the basis of a non-target (fingerprinting) analysis of oral fluid and urine. We evaluated the discrimination considering a single bodily fluid and adopting the hybrid approach, in which the oral fluid and urinary VOCs profiles were combined through data fusion. We used supervised orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis for classification, and we assessed the prediction power of the models by analyzing the values of goodness of prediction (Q2Y), area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity. The individual models HNC urine, HNC oral fluid, and GIC oral fluid successfully discriminated between healthy controls and positive samples (Q2Y = 0.560, 0.525, and 0.559; AUC = 0.814, 0.850, and 0.926; sensitivity = 84.8, 70.2, and 78.6%; and specificity = 82.3; 81.5; 87.5%, respectively), whereas GIC urine was not adequate (Q2Y = 0.292, AUC = 0.694, sensitivity = 66.1%, and specificity = 77.0%). Compared to the respective individual models, Q2Y for the hybrid models increased (0.623 for hybrid HNC and 0.562 for hybrid GIC). However, sensitivity was higher for HNC urine and GIC oral fluid than for hybrid HNC (75.6%) and hybrid GIC (69.8%), respectively. These results suggested that HS-GC-FID fingerprinting is suitable and holds great potential for cancer screening. Additionally, the hybrid approach tends to increase the predictive power if the individual models present suitable quality parameter values. Otherwise, it is more advantageous to use a single body fluid for analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Ruiz Brandão da Costa
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical, Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto CEP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Roberto da Silva
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos (NPPNS), Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto CEP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Vítor Luiz Caleffo Piva Bigão
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical, Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto CEP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Maris Peria
- Division of Clinical Oncology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto CEP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Bruno Spinosa De Martinis
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto CEP 14040-901, Brazil
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Mashal MS, Bevalot F, Citterio-Quentin A, Sallet P, Nazari QA, Guitton J, Machon C. Comparative study between direct analysis in whole blood, oral fluid, and declaration of consumption for the prevalence of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and acetaminophen in ultratrail runners. Drug Test Anal 2023; 15:97-103. [PMID: 36165210 PMCID: PMC10091786 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Ultratrail running is a sport with growing number of adherents. To complete ultratrail despite physical issues such as joint and muscle pain, many runners use nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and acetaminophen. Studies asking participants about their consumption of drugs during ultratrail revealed a prevalence of NSAIDs and acetaminophen up to 70% and 25%, respectively. The aims of the present study were to determine the prevalence of NSAIDs and acetaminophen for 81 runners during the 2021 Ultratrail du Mont Blanc® (UTMB®) using direct analysis of dried blood spots (DBS) and oral fluid (OF) and to compare results with the declaration of consumption by runners; this is to identify the most relevant method to study the prevalence of drugs. Our results show a prevalence of NSAIDs of 46.6% using DBS, 18.5% using OF, and 13.8% based on a questionnaire. Prevalence of acetaminophen were 30.1%, 30.9%, and 22.5% using DBS, OF, and questionnaire, respectively. From this study, we conclude that the analysis of drugs directly in DBS is the most relevant tool to determine the prevalence in ultratrail events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shafiq Mashal
- Biochemistry and Pharmaco-toxicology Laboratory, Lyon Sud Hospital, University Hospital of Lyon, Lyon, France.,Pharmacology Department, Pharmacy Faculty, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | | | - Antony Citterio-Quentin
- Biochemistry and Pharmaco-toxicology Laboratory, Lyon Sud Hospital, University Hospital of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Qand Agha Nazari
- Pharmacology Department, Pharmacy Faculty, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - Jérôme Guitton
- Biochemistry and Pharmaco-toxicology Laboratory, Lyon Sud Hospital, University Hospital of Lyon, Lyon, France.,Toxicology Laboratory, ISPB Pharmacy Faculty of Lyon, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Christelle Machon
- Biochemistry and Pharmaco-toxicology Laboratory, Lyon Sud Hospital, University Hospital of Lyon, Lyon, France.,Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, ISPB Pharmacy Faculty of Lyon, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
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Shevchenko OV. [The effect of overweight on the dental status and biochemical parameters of the oral fluid]. Stomatologiia (Mosk) 2023; 102:16-20. [PMID: 37144763 DOI: 10.17116/stomat202310202116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To increase the effectiveness of the diagnosis and treatment of dental diseases, based on the study of anthropometric and bioimpedance analysis data in adolescents and adult patients to identify the effect of overweight on dental status. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study involved 60 adolescents aged 15-18 years, 28 of whom were overweight, and 32 with normal body weight. All 52 adult patients aged 30-50 years who participated in the study were overweight (body mass index >25 kg/m2) and had chronic generalized periodontitis. In all patients dental status was assessed by DMF and PMA index, Silness-Loe and Stallard hygienic indices, Muleman bleeding index, Green-Vermillion tartar index. Biochemical parameters of the oral fluid were also evaluated: malondialdehyde, elastase, urease, catalase and lysozyme activity. The adolescents underwent an anthropometric study with the determination of body mass index. Adult patients underwent bioimpedance analysis of body composition to determine the main indicators of fat metabolism in the body: body mass index, fat mass (kg), the proportion of adipose tissue (%) and the mass of extracellular fluid (kg). RESULTS The study showed that overweight in patients of different ages worsens their dental status and biochemical parameters of oral fluid. CONCLUSION The inclusion of an anthropometric study with the determination of body mass index and bioimpedance analysis of body composition in the examination of dental patients will allow the development of individual programs for the prevention of dental diseases, implementing a personalized approach to the provision of medical and preventive care.
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Affiliation(s)
- O V Shevchenko
- Central Research Institute of Dentistry and Maxillofacial Surgery, Moscow, Russia
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Pisanic N, Antar AAR, Kruczynski K, Rivera MG, Dhakal S, Spicer K, Randad PR, Pekosz A, Klein SL, Betenbaugh MJ, Detrick B, Clarke W, Thomas DL, Manabe YC, Heaney CD. Methodological approaches to optimize multiplex oral fluid SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay performance and correlation with serologic and neutralizing antibody responses. medRxiv 2022:2022.12.22.22283858. [PMID: 36597525 PMCID: PMC9810233 DOI: 10.1101/2022.12.22.22283858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Oral fluid (hereafter, saliva) is a non-invasive and attractive alternative to blood for SARS-CoV-2 IgG testing; however, the heterogeneity of saliva as a matrix poses challenges for immunoassay performance. Objectives To optimize performance of a magnetic microparticle-based multiplex immunoassay (MIA) for SARS-CoV-2 IgG measurement in saliva, with consideration of: i) threshold setting and validation across different MIA bead batches; ii) sample qualification based on salivary total IgG concentration; iii) calibration to U.S. SARS-CoV-2 serological standard binding antibody units (BAU); and iv) correlations with blood-based SARS-CoV-2 serological and neutralizing antibody (nAb) assays. Methods The salivary SARS-CoV-2 IgG MIA included 2 nucleocapsid (N), 3 receptor-binding domain (RBD), and 2 spike protein (S) antigens. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) swab saliva samples were collected before December, 2019 (n=555) and after molecular test-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection from 113 individuals (providing up to 5 repeated-measures; n=398) and used to optimize and validate MIA performance (total n=953). Combinations of IgG responses to N, RBD and S and total salivary IgG concentration (μg/mL) as a qualifier of nonreactive samples were optimized and validated, calibrated to the U.S. SARS-CoV-2 serological standard, and correlated with blood-based SARS-CoV-2 IgG ELISA and nAb assays. Results The sum of signal to cutoff (S/Co) to all seven MIA SARS-CoV-2 antigens and disqualification of nonreactive saliva samples with ≤15 μg/mL total IgG led to correct classification of 62/62 positives (sensitivity [Se]=100.0%; 95% confidence interval [CI]=94.8%, 100.0%) and 108/109 negatives (specificity [Sp]=99.1%; 95% CI=97.3%, 100.0%) at 8-million beads coupling scale and 80/81 positives (Se=98.8%; 95% CI=93.3%, 100.0%] and 127/127 negatives (Sp=100%; 95% CI=97.1%, 100.0%) at 20-million beads coupling scale. Salivary SARS-CoV-2 IgG crossed the MIA cutoff of 0.1 BAU/mL on average 9 days post-COVID-19 symptom onset and peaked around day 30. Among n=30 matched saliva and plasma samples, salivary SARS-CoV-2 MIA IgG levels correlated with corresponding-antigen plasma ELISA IgG (N: ρ=0.67, RBD: ρ=0.76, S: ρ=0.82; all p <0.0001). Correlations of plasma SARS-CoV-2 nAb assay area under the curve (AUC) with salivary MIA IgG (N: ρ=0.68, RBD: ρ=0.78, S: ρ=0.79; all p <0.0001) and with plasma ELISA IgG (N: ρ=0.76, RBD: ρ=0.79, S: ρ=0.76; p <0.0001) were similar. Conclusions A salivary SARS-CoV-2 IgG MIA produced consistently high Se (>98.8%) and Sp (>99.1%) across two bead coupling scales and correlations with nAb responses that were similar to blood-based SARS-CoV-2 IgG ELISA data. This non-invasive salivary SARS-CoV-2 IgG MIA could increase engagement of vulnerable populations and improve broad understanding of humoral immunity (kinetics and gaps) within the evolving context of booster vaccination, viral variants and waning immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Pisanic
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Annukka A. R. Antar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kate Kruczynski
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Magdielis Gregory Rivera
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Santosh Dhakal
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristoffer Spicer
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Pranay R. Randad
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sabra L. Klein
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael J. Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Barbara Detrick
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - William Clarke
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David L. Thomas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yukari C. Manabe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher D. Heaney
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Cheng TY, Zimmerman JJ, Giménez-Lirola LG. Internal reference genes with the potential for normalizing quantitative PCR results for oral fluid specimens. Anim Health Res Rev 2022; 23:147-156. [PMID: 36330795 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252322000044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In basic research, testing of oral fluid specimens by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) has been used to evaluate changes in gene expression levels following experimental treatments. In diagnostic medicine, qPCR has been used to detect DNA/RNA transcripts indicative of bacterial or viral infections. Normalization of qPCR using endogenous and exogenous reference genes is a well-established strategy for ensuring result comparability by controlling sample-to-sample variation introduced during sampling, storage, and qPCR testing. In this review, the majority of recent publications in human (n = 136) and veterinary (n = 179) medicine did not describe the use of internal reference genes in qPCRs for oral fluid specimens (52.9% animal studies; 57.0% human studies). However, the use of endogenous reference genes has not been fully explored or validated for oral fluid specimens. The lack of valid internal reference genes inherent to the oral fluid matrix will continue to hamper the reliability, reproducibility, and generalizability of oral fluid qPCR assays until this issue is addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yu Cheng
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Zimmerman
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Luis G Giménez-Lirola
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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Florou D, Vlachou T, Sakkas V, Boumba V. Application of Fabric Phase Sorptive Extraction (FPSE) Engaged to Tandem LC-MS/MS for Quantification of Brorphine in Oral Fluid. J Xenobiot 2022; 12:356-64. [PMID: 36547469 DOI: 10.3390/jox12040025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Brorphine (1-[1-[1-(4-bromophenyl) ethyl]-piperidin-4-yl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzo [d]imidazol-2-one) is one of the most recent novel synthetic opioids (NSOs) on the novel psychoactive substances (NPSs) market, involved in over 100 deaths in 2020. Brorphine is a substituted piperidine-benzimidazolone analogue that retains structural similarities to fentanyl, acting as a full agonist at the μ-opioid receptor. Oral Fluid (OF) is an alternative matrix, frequently analyzed for the detection of NPS. Fabric phase sorptive extraction (FPSE) is a superior, green-sample -preparation technology recently applied for drug analysis. This contribution presents the development and validation of a method, based on the application of FPSE and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), to determine/quantitate brorphine in OF. The method's linearity ranged between 0.05 and 50 ng/mL (R2 = 0.9993), the bias ranged between 12.0 and 16.8%, and inter- and intra-day precisions ranged between 6.4 and 9.9%. Accuracy and extraction efficiency lied between 65 and 75%. LOD/LOQ were 0.015 ng/mL/0.05 ng/mL. Analyte's post-preparative stability was higher than 95%, while no matrix interferences and carryover between runs were observed. This is the first report introducing the application of FPSE for NPS determination, specifically, the quantification of brorphine in OF, thereby presenting a simple, rapid, sensitive, specific, effective, and reliable procedure engaged to LC-MS/MS that is suitable for routine application and the analysis of more NPSs.
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Oliveira GM, Dionísio TJ, Siqueira-Sandrin VS, Ferrari LAL, Bolani B, Parisi VA, Polanco NLDH, Colombini-Ishikiriama BL, Faria FAC, Santos CF, Calvo AM. CYP2C9 Polymorphism Influence in PK/PD Model of Naproxen and 6-O-Desmethylnaproxen in Oral Fluid. Metabolites 2022; 12. [PMID: 36422246 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12111106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphisms in CYP2C9 can significantly interfere with the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) parameters of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including naproxen. The present research aimed to study the PK/PD parameters of naproxen and its metabolite, 6-O-desmethylnaproxen, associated with allelic variations of CYP2C9. In our study, a rapid, selective, and sensitive Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the determination of naproxen and its main metabolite, 6-O-desmethylnaproxen, in oral fluid. Naproxen and its main metabolite were separated using a Shim-Pack XR-ODS 75L × 2.0 column and C18 pre-column at 40 °C using a mixture of methanol and 10 mM ammonium acetate (70:30, v/v), with an injection flow of 0.3 mL/min. The total analytical run time was 3 min. The volunteers, previously genotyped for CYP2C9 (16 ancestral—CYP2C9 *1 and 12 with the presence of polymorphism—CYP2C9 *2 or *3), had their oral fluids collected sequentially before and after taking a naproxen tablet (500 mg) at the following times: 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 8, 11, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. Significant differences in the PK parameters (* p < 0.05) of naproxen in the oral fluid were: Vd/F (L): 98.86 (55.58−322.07) and 380.22 (261.84−1097.99); Kel (1/h): 0.84 (0.69−1.34) and 1.86 (1.09−4.06), in ancestral and mutated CYP2C9 *2 and/or *3, respectively. For 6-O-desmethylnaproxen, no PK parameters were significantly different between groups. The analysis of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) proved to be effective and sensitive for PD parameters analysis and showed higher levels in the mutated group (p < 0.05). Both naproxen and its main metabolite, 6-O-desmethylnaproxen, and PGE2 in oral fluid can be effectively quantified using LC-MS/MS after a 500 mg oral dose of naproxen. Our method proved to be effective and sensitive to determine the lower limit of quantification of naproxen and its metabolite, 6-O-desmethylnaproxen, in oral fluid (2.4 ng/mL). All validation data, such as accuracy, precision, and repeatability intra- and inter-assay, were less than 15%. Allelic variations of CYP2C9 may be considered relevant in the PK of naproxen and its main metabolite, 6-O-desmethylnaproxen.
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Arruda BL, Falkenberg S, Mora-Díaz JC, Matias Ferreyra FS, Magtoto R, Giménez-Lirola L. Development and Evaluation of Antigen-Specific Dual Matrix Pestivirus K ELISAs Using Longitudinal Known Infectious Status Samples. J Clin Microbiol 2022;:e0069722. [PMID: 36222547 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00697-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pestivirus K, commonly known as atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV), is the most common cause of congenital tremor (CT) in pigs. Currently, there is limited information on the infection dynamics of and immune response against APPV and no robust serologic assay to assess the effectiveness of preventative measures. To that end, known infection status samples were generated using experimental inoculation of cesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived pigs. Pigs (2 per pen) were inoculated with minimum essential medium (n = 6; negative control) or APPV (n = 16). Serum, pen-based oral fluid samples, and nasal swabs were collected through 70 days postinoculation (dpi). The immune response to recombinant APPV Erns, E2, or NS3 antigens was evaluated using both serum and oral fluids via indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). APPV was detected by real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-qPCR) in all oral fluid and serum samples from APPV-inoculated animals by 24 and 35 dpi, respectively. All samples remained genome positive until 70 dpi. Detection of nasal shedding was less consistent, with APPV being detected by RT-qPCR in all inoculated animals at 42, 49, and 56 dpi. Antibodies were first detected in oral fluids at 14 dpi, 10 days before serum detection, and concurrently with the first oral fluids RT-qPCR detection. Across sample types and time points, the Erns ELISA outperformed the other targets. In conclusion, both oral fluid and serum APPV Erns ELISAs can be used to economically evaluate the individual and herd status prior to and following intervention strategies.
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Hamilton KR, Granger DA, Taylor MK. Science of interdisciplinary salivary bioscience: history and future directions. Biomark Med 2022; 16:1077-1087. [PMID: 36625208 PMCID: PMC9846418 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2022-0452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Salivary bioscience is noteworthy in its history, as well as in the breadth and scope of its impact. The minimally invasive nature of sampling oral fluid allows for evaluation of individual and intra-individual change in biological processes in ways and settings not possible with traditional biospecimens. The range of measurements is expansive (e.g., DNA, hormones, cytokines, antibodies) and modern technologies enable simultaneous multisystem assessment from a singlet specimen. Used in combination with modern multivariate analytical models, the capacity to repeatedly assess multisystem and level measurements collected from the same individual over time enable operationalization, testing and refinement of complex biobehavioral models. This review describes the emerging narrative of salivary bioscience, and aims to inform and reveal opportunity for innovation and discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina R Hamilton
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Douglas A Granger
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Bloomberg School of Public Health, & School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Marcus K Taylor
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Biobehavioral Sciences Lab, Dept of Warfighter Performance, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA 92106, USA
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Selezneva IA, Gilmiyarova FN, Tlustenko VS, Domenjuk DA, Gusyakova OA, Kolotyeva NA, Gilmiyarova IE, Nazarkina IA. Hematosalivarian barrier: structure, functions, study methods (review of literature). Klin Lab Diagn 2022; 67:334-338. [PMID: 35749597 DOI: 10.51620/0869-2084-2022-67-6-334-338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The human body consists of various systems (blood, tissues, extracellular fluid, intracellular contents) separated by biological membranes. Physiological barriers ensure the physico-chemical composition of the internal environment remains constant and protects the body from environmental changes. The permeability of the histohematic barrier depends on the concentration of substances in the blood, the body's condition, external influences, and a number of other reasons caused by stimuli coming from the external or internal environment. Information about the state of the regulatory systems of the body has its effect on specific chemoreceptors, which leads to the emergence of local and general physiological and biochemical processes. According to their localization, they distinguish between the hematoencephalic, hemato-placental, hemato-ophthalmic, and hemato-salivary barriers. Recently, the hematosalivary barrier, through which the selective entry of substances from the blood into the oral fluid is carried out, has taken a special place in the study. Its functioning depends on the processes occurring in the body, which is carried out by selective permeability for substances that determine the composition of the main internal environment of the body - blood. Hematosalivary barrier is an important link in maintaining homeostasis, which is reflected in the metabolic parameters of oral fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - F N Gilmiyarova
- FSBEI HE «Samara State Medical University» of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation
| | - V S Tlustenko
- FSBEI HE «Samara State Medical University» of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation
| | - D A Domenjuk
- FSBEI HE «Stavropol State Medical University» of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation
| | - O A Gusyakova
- FSBEI HE «Samara State Medical University» of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation
| | - N A Kolotyeva
- FSBEI HE «Samara State Medical University» of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation
| | | | - I A Nazarkina
- FSBEI HE «Samara State Medical University» of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation
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Putneva AS, Makximenya MV, Karavaeva TM, Kotsyurzhinskaya NN, Tsybikov NN. Features of the content of matrix metalloproteinases ММР-9 and ММР-2 in mixed saliva of young individuals with dental caries against the background of different level of 25(OH) vitamin D in the body. Klin Lab Diagn 2022; 67:325-329. [PMID: 35749595 DOI: 10.51620/0869-2084-2022-67-6-325-329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The content ofММР-9 and ММР-2 in oral fluid of 105 individuals between the ages of 19 and 23 has been researched.Of these, 42 people are individuals with dental caries and normal level of the active form of vitamin Din serum (25(OH)D >30ng/mL) and 42 people - with 25(OH)D <30 ng/mL level.The control group was composed of 21 individuals with low DMFt index (1,5) and a normal level of 25(OH)D in blood. It has been established that the level of ММР-9 in mixed salivaincreases against the background of dental caries,while the content of ММР-9 and ММР-2 increasessignificantlyamidthe lack and deficiency of25(OH)Din the body. Inverse correlations between the 25(OH)D level in serum and the value ofmatrix metalloproteinasesin saliva have been revealed: noticeable - with the amount of MMP-9 and moderate- with the concentration of MMP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Putneva
- The Chita State Medical Academy, Healthcare Ministry of Russia
| | - M V Makximenya
- The Chita State Medical Academy, Healthcare Ministry of Russia
| | - T M Karavaeva
- The Chita State Medical Academy, Healthcare Ministry of Russia
| | | | - N N Tsybikov
- The Chita State Medical Academy, Healthcare Ministry of Russia
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Pascali JP, Dagoli S, Antonioni M, Facetti O, Anzillotti L, Calò L, Affini GF, Cantarelli B, Cecchi R. Oral fluid analysis to monitor recent exposure to synthetic cannabinoids in a high-risk subpopulation. J Forensic Sci 2022; 67:1932-1937. [PMID: 35642776 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Among novel psychoactive substances, synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRA) seem to have the widest diffusion in the population with no limitation to any particular demographic group. Information on drug consumption relies mostly on anonymized surveys and less on clinical or analytical data; notwithstanding, the huge efforts constantly made to enroll subjects to gather epidemiological data. In the present study, we collected 66 oral fluid samples from volunteers in a drug rehabilitation center in 2019 and early 2020. A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method previously developed and validated by our Unit was applied to detect SCRA (n = 10) in oral fluid. Results proved the presence of synthetic cannabinoids at a positivity rate of almost 20%, with detection frequency HU211(5/13) > UR144/JWH122 (3/13) > JWH019/JWH081/AM2201 (1/13). Concentrations were in the range < LOQ -0.36 ng/ml. Synthetic cannabinoids consumption had not been declared by any volunteer. This study enabled for the unprecedent detection of synthetic cannabinoids use in the territory of Parma (Italy) in a high-risk subpopulation. The identified SCRA proved the persistence into the market of the "first-generation" JWH family into the Italian territory and the marketing of relatively new ones (AM-2201). Public health consequences represented by NPS consumption are still scarce; therefore, further studies are needed to understand the real diffusion in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer P Pascali
- Legal medicine and toxicology, Department of Cardiologic, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Sara Dagoli
- Legal Medicine, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Olivia Facetti
- Service for Pathological Dependencies (SerDp), Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Anzillotti
- Legal Medicine, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Calò
- Legal Medicine, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | | | - Rossana Cecchi
- Legal Medicine, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Gish A, Dumestre-Toulet V, Richeval C, Wiart JF, Hakim F, Allorge D, Gaulier JM. Trends in pharmaceutical design of new psychoactive substances detected in oral fluid of drivers around a music festival in south-west France: comparison 2019/2017. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:1245-1249. [PMID: 35585812 DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220517160545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE new psychoactive substance use (NPS) is a reality in France, including among drivers. This work aims (i) to report pharmaceutical design of NPS detected in oral fluid (OF) from drivers initially screened for drugs around a music festival in 2019, and (ii) to compare obtained results with those of a previous similar study carried out in 2017 in the same situation (and the same music festival) and according to the same methodology. METHODS OF specimens were recovered from the used devices of the salivary immunochemical tests used by the police during the controls carried out at the entering and leaving the festival. These OF were analyzed using a liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry and high-resolution mass spectrometry methods using mass spectra libraries of approximately 1700 substances including (in 2020) more than 650 NPS and metabolites. RESULTS NPS were detected in 14 out of the 265 collected OF specimens. Ten NPS were identified (number of identification): APINACA (1), AB-Chminaca (1), 5F-AMB (1), 5F-PB-22 (5), 2C-D (1), methoxetamine (2), ketamine (1), x-CMC (1), 4-MEC (2), ethylone (2). The prevalence of NPS detection in OF (5.2%) is in the same order than the observed one in 2017 (6.8%) but these results are marked by the majority and increasing proportion of synthetic cannabinoids (47% of identified NPS in 2019 vs 25% in 2017), an increase also in the proportion of cathinone derivatives (29% in 2019 vs 6 % in 2017), and a decrease in cyclohexanones (17% in 2019 vs 43% in 2017). CONCLUSION these pharmaceutical design trends (2019 vs 2017) observed in a population of drivers around a music festival seem to reflect those that can be seen in more general populations in France, with probably a rise in the consumption of synthetic cannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandr Gish
- CHU Lille, Unité Fonctionnelle de Toxicologie, Lille, France
| | | | - Camille Richeval
- CHU Lille, Unité Fonctionnelle de Toxicologie, Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, EA 4483 - IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, Lille, France
| | | | - Florian Hakim
- CHU Lille, Unité Fonctionnelle de Toxicologie, Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, EA 4483 - IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, Lille, France
| | - Delphine Allorge
- CHU Lille, Unité Fonctionnelle de Toxicologie, Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, EA 4483 - IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Michel Gaulier
- CHU Lille, Unité Fonctionnelle de Toxicologie, Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, EA 4483 - IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, Lille, France
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Weller BE, Magura S, Smith DR, Saxton MM, Amaratunga P. Gender Differences in Drug Use among Individuals Under Arrest. J Subst Use 2022; 28:541-544. [PMID: 37546379 PMCID: PMC10398751 DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2022.2070872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Drug monitoring by drug testing of individuals under arrest provides an opportunity to detect drug use patterns within geographic areas. However, women have been omitted from large-scale monitoring efforts in criminal justice populations. The purpose of this study was to examine whether gender differences exist in drug use indicated by oral fluid collected in one U.S. jail. Methods The study analyzed data collected in 2019-2020 from individuals under arrest (N = 191). Twenty-four percent of the sample identified as female. Oral fluid specimens were collected and then analyzed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Logit regression models examined gender differences. Results Women were more likely to test positive for methamphetamines than men (41% versus 22%, OR = 0.42, 95% CI 0.21-0.84). Significant gender differences were not found for other substances (marijuana, cocaine, and opioids), legality of drugs, or overall drug use. Conclusions Because the National Institute on Drug Abuse aims to promote health equity, future drug monitoring in criminal justice populations should employ sampling approaches representing both women and men. This research would identify possible gender-based patterns of drug use and inform gender-based policies and clinical practices to prevent and treat drug misuse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Matthew M. Saxton
- Calhoun County Sheriff’s Office, Marshall, MI, U.S.A. at time of study
- Michigan Sheriffs’ Association, Lansing, MI, U.S.A. currently
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Abstract
The article discusses the clinical value of determining the lactoferrin protein in oral fluid - one of the representatives of the saliva proteome. The review is based on the analysis of modern literature, including systematic reviews, the results of multicenter prospective studies, review and original articles by leading experts in this field, presented in the databases PubMed, Scopus, CyberLeninka. The problems of the preanalytical stage, methods for determining lactoferrin are highlighted and information about its content in mixed saliva according to various authors is provided. Special attention is paid to the clinical and diagnostic value of the level of salivary lactoferrin in Alzheimer's disease. According to most authors, the diagnostic sensitivity of this parameter ranges from 87 to 100%. Some mechanisms of the relationship between this protein and the central nervous system (CNS) are shown. In conclusion, it is concluded that salivary lactoferrin can be an "indicator" of the formation of amyloid plaques and can be considered as one of the reliable biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease. This opinion is based both on fundamental ideas about the global relationship between innate immunity and the central nervous system, and on clinical data. The special advantage of this laboratory test is its non-invasiveness, which makes it more preferable in comparison with the determination of amyloid and tau proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid and blood.
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