1
|
Zhang Y, Chen L, Wang Z, Zhu Y, Jiang H, Xu J, Xiong F. Design of novel DABO derivatives as HIV-1 RT inhibitors using molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations and ADMET properties. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:4196-4213. [PMID: 37272892 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2219331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase is an important target for developing effective anti-HIV-1 inhibitors. Different types of small molecules have been designed based on this target, showing different levels of inhibitory activity against various types of HIV-1 strains. The relationship between structure and activity of DABO derivatives was investigated by means of 3D-QSAR molecular model, molecular docking, molecular dynamics and ADMET properties. The statistical results of molecular models show that the CoMFA and CoMSIA models have good internal stability (CoMFA: q2 = 0.623, r2 = 0.946; CoMSIA: q2 = 0.668, r2 = 0.983) and external prediction ability (CoMFA: rpred2 = 0.961; CoMSIA: rpred2 = 0.961). In addition, molecular docking has explored the mechanism of action between small molecules and receptor proteins, and the results show that hydrogen bonding between amino acid Lys101 and small molecules can improve the affinity of ligands to receptor binding. A total of 12 novel molecules were designed and their activities were predicted based on the 3D-QSAR model and molecular docking results. The results showed that the designed molecules had higher predictive activity. Subsequently, 100 ns MD simulation and binding free energy verified the stability of molecular docking results. Finally, the pharmacokinetic properties of the novel designed molecule were verified by using ADMET to predict its properties. These results can provide reference for the design and development of novel and effective HIV-1 RT inhibitors, and provide new ideas for the design of subsequent drugs.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yiren Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Huifang Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Fei Xiong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Costa-Tuna A, Chaves OA, Almeida ZL, Cunha RS, Pina J, Serpa C. Profiling the Interaction between Human Serum Albumin and Clinically Relevant HIV Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors. Viruses 2024; 16:491. [PMID: 38675834 PMCID: PMC11054712 DOI: 10.3390/v16040491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Tenofovir (TFV) is the active form of the prodrugs tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and tenofovir alafenamide (TAF), both clinically prescribed as HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors. The biophysical interactions between these compounds and human serum albumin (HSA), the primary carrier of exogenous compounds in the human bloodstream, have not yet been thoroughly characterized. Thus, the present study reports the interaction profile between HSA and TFV, TDF, and TAF via UV-Vis, steady-state, and time-resolved fluorescence techniques combined with isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and in silico calculations. A spontaneous interaction in the ground state, which does not perturb the microenvironment close to the Trp-214 residue, is classified as weak. In the case of HSA/TFV and HSA/TDF, the binding is both enthalpically and entropically driven, while for HSA/TAF, the binding is only entropically dominated. The binding constant (Ka) and thermodynamic parameters obtained via ITC assays agree with those obtained using steady-state fluorescence quenching measurements, reinforcing the reliability of the data. The small internal cavity known as site I is probably the main binding pocket for TFV due to the low steric volume of the drug. In contrast, most external sites (II and III) can better accommodate TAF due to the high steric volume of this prodrug. The cross-docking approach corroborated experimental drug-displacement assays, indicating that the binding affinity of TFV and TAF might be impacted by the presence of different compounds bound to albumin. Overall, the weak binding capacity of albumin to TFV, TDF, and TAF is one of the main factors for the low residence time of these antiretrovirals in the human bloodstream; however, positive cooperativity for TAF and TDF was detected in the presence of some drugs, which might improve their residence time (pharmacokinetic profile).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Costa-Tuna
- CQC-IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.C.-T.); (Z.L.A.); (R.S.C.); (J.P.)
| | - Otávio A. Chaves
- CQC-IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.C.-T.); (Z.L.A.); (R.S.C.); (J.P.)
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Centro de Pesquisa, Inovação e Vigilância em COVID-19 e Emergências Sanitárias (CPIV), Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-361, RJ, Brazil
| | - Zaida L. Almeida
- CQC-IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.C.-T.); (Z.L.A.); (R.S.C.); (J.P.)
| | - Rita S. Cunha
- CQC-IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.C.-T.); (Z.L.A.); (R.S.C.); (J.P.)
| | - João Pina
- CQC-IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.C.-T.); (Z.L.A.); (R.S.C.); (J.P.)
| | - Carlos Serpa
- CQC-IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.C.-T.); (Z.L.A.); (R.S.C.); (J.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kobayakawa T, Yokoyama M, Tsuji K, Boku S, Kurakami M, Fujino M, Ishii T, Miura Y, Nishimura S, Shinohara K, Yamamoto K, Bolah P, Kotani O, Murakami T, Sato H, Tamamura H. Development of Small-Molecule Anti-HIV-1 Agents Targeting HIV-1 Capsid Proteins. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2024; 72:41-47. [PMID: 38171903 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c23-00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The capsid of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) forms a conical structure by assembling oligomers of capsid (CA) proteins and is a virion shell that encapsulates viral RNA. The inhibition of the CA function could be an appropriate target for suppression of HIV-1 replication because the CA proteins are highly conserved among many strains of HIV-1, and the drug targeting CA, lenacapavir, has been clinically developed by Gilead Sciences, Inc. Interface hydrophobic interactions between two CA molecules via the Trp184 and Met185 residues in the CA sequence are indispensable for conformational stabilization of the CA multimer. Our continuous studies found two types of small molecules with different scaffolds, MKN-1 and MKN-3, designed by in silico screening as a dipeptide mimic of Trp184 and Met185 have significant anti-HIV-1 activity. In the present study, MKN-1 derivatives have been designed and synthesized. Their structure-activity relationship studies found some compounds having potent anti-HIV activity. The present results should be useful in the design of novel CA-targeting molecules with anti-HIV activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Kobayakawa
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU)
| | - Masaru Yokoyama
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Kohei Tsuji
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU)
| | - Sayaka Boku
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU)
| | - Masaki Kurakami
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU)
| | - Masayuki Fujino
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Takahiro Ishii
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU)
| | - Yutaro Miura
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU)
| | - Soshi Nishimura
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU)
| | - Kouki Shinohara
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU)
| | - Kenichi Yamamoto
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU)
| | - Peter Bolah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU)
| | - Osamu Kotani
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | | | - Hironori Sato
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Hirokazu Tamamura
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Muñoz-Muela E, Trujillo-Rodríguez M, Serna-Gallego A, Saborido-Alconchel A, Ruiz-Mateos E, López-Cortés LF, Gutiérrez-Valencia A. HIV-1-specific T-cell responses and exhaustion profiles in people with HIV after switching to dual therapy vs. maintaining triple therapy based on integrase inhibitors. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115750. [PMID: 37871555 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dual therapy (DT) has shown comparable results to triple therapy (TT) in efficacy and other immunological aspects. However, there are still some concerns about DT, including several immunological features. Therefore, we evaluated whether HIV-1-specific memory T-cell responses and exhaustion phenotypes are adversely influenced after simplification to DT. METHODS HIV-1-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses were assessed by intracellular cytokine and degranulation marker staining, and polyfunctionality indexes after stimulation with a Gag peptide pool. Exhaustion phenotypes were evaluated by PD-1, TIM-3, and LAG-3 expression in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. RESULTS Forty participants in the TRIDUAL trial (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03447873) who were randomized to continue integrase inhibitor-based TT (n = 20) or to switch to DT (dolutegravir or darunavir/cobicistat plus lamivudine) (n = 20). After 96 weeks, the magnitude of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses was similar in both treatment arms (p = 0.221 and p = 0.602, respectively). The CD4+ polyfunctionality index decreased in the TT arm (p = 0.013) and remained stable in the DT arm, while the polyfunctionality of CD8+ T cells was unchanged in both arms. There was a significant decrease in the expression of PD-1, TIM-3, and the co-expression of PD-1+TIM-3+LAG-3+, and PD-1 +TIM-3 + in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. However, the decrease in the expression of exhaustion markers did not improve HIV-1-specific T-cell responses. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that simplification to DT does not negatively influence the HIV-1-specific T-cell response or the exhaustion phenotype after 96 weeks of follow-up.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esperanza Muñoz-Muela
- Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Trujillo-Rodríguez
- Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ana Serna-Gallego
- Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Abraham Saborido-Alconchel
- Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ezequiel Ruiz-Mateos
- Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Luis F López-Cortés
- Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Alicia Gutiérrez-Valencia
- Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Eruera AR, McSweeney AM, McKenzie-Goldsmith GM, Opel-Reading HK, Thomas SX, Campbell AC, Stubbing L, Siow A, Hubert JG, Brimble MA, Ward VK, Krause KL. Crystal Structure of Inhibitor-Bound GII.4 Sydney 2012 Norovirus 3C-Like Protease. Viruses 2023; 15:2202. [PMID: 38005879 PMCID: PMC10674469 DOI: 10.3390/v15112202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Norovirus is the leading cause of viral gastroenteritis worldwide, and there are no approved vaccines or therapeutic treatments for chronic or severe norovirus infections. The structural characterisation of the norovirus protease and drug development has predominantly focused upon GI.1 noroviruses, despite most global outbreaks being caused by GII.4 noroviruses. Here, we determined the crystal structures of the GII.4 Sydney 2012 ligand-free norovirus protease at 2.79 Å and at 1.83 Å with a covalently bound high-affinity (IC50 = 0.37 µM) protease inhibitor (NV-004). We show that the active sites of the ligand-free protease structure are present in both open and closed conformations, as determined by their Arg112 side chain orientation. A comparative analysis of the ligand-free and ligand-bound protease structures reveals significant structural differences in the active site cleft and substrate-binding pockets when an inhibitor is covalently bound. We also report a second molecule of NV-004 non-covalently bound within the S4 substrate binding pocket via hydrophobic contacts and a water-mediated hydrogen bond. These new insights can guide structure-aided drug design against the GII.4 genogroup of noroviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice-Roza Eruera
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (A.-R.E.); (A.M.M.); (G.M.M.-G.); (S.X.T.)
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (H.K.O.-R.); (A.C.C.)
| | - Alice M. McSweeney
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (A.-R.E.); (A.M.M.); (G.M.M.-G.); (S.X.T.)
| | - Geena M. McKenzie-Goldsmith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (A.-R.E.); (A.M.M.); (G.M.M.-G.); (S.X.T.)
| | - Helen K. Opel-Reading
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (H.K.O.-R.); (A.C.C.)
| | - Simone X. Thomas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (A.-R.E.); (A.M.M.); (G.M.M.-G.); (S.X.T.)
| | - Ashley C. Campbell
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (H.K.O.-R.); (A.C.C.)
| | - Louise Stubbing
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street and 3b Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (L.S.); (A.S.); (J.G.H.); (M.A.B.)
| | - Andrew Siow
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street and 3b Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (L.S.); (A.S.); (J.G.H.); (M.A.B.)
| | - Jonathan G. Hubert
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street and 3b Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (L.S.); (A.S.); (J.G.H.); (M.A.B.)
| | - Margaret A. Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street and 3b Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (L.S.); (A.S.); (J.G.H.); (M.A.B.)
| | - Vernon K. Ward
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (A.-R.E.); (A.M.M.); (G.M.M.-G.); (S.X.T.)
| | - Kurt L. Krause
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (H.K.O.-R.); (A.C.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu K, Hao Z, Zheng H, Wang H, Zhang L, Yan M, Tuerhong R, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Pang T, Shi L. Repurposing of rilpivirine for preventing platelet β3 integrin-dependent thrombosis by targeting c-Src active autophosphorylation. Thromb Res 2023; 229:53-68. [PMID: 37413892 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2023.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-infected individuals are known to be at higher risk for thrombotic cardiovascular disease (CVD), which may also be differentially affected by components of anti-HIV drugs. To identify the effects of a series of FDA-approved anti-HIV drugs on platelet aggregation in humans, focusing on the novel pharmacological effects of rilpivirine (RPV), a reverse transcriptase inhibitor, on platelet function both in vitro and in vivo and the mechanisms involved. METHODS AND RESULTS In vitro studies showed that RPV was the only anti-HIV reagent that consistently and efficiently inhibited aggregation elicited by different agonists, exocytosis, morphological extension on fibrinogen, and clot retraction. Treatment of mice with RPV significantly prevented thrombus formation in FeCl3-injured mesenteric vessels, postcava with stenosis surgery, and ADP -induced pulmonary embolism models without defects in platelet viability, tail bleeding, and coagulation activities. RPV also improved cardiac performance in mice with post-ischemic reperfusion. A mechanistic study revealed that RPV preferentially attenuated fibrinogen-stimulated Tyr773 phosphorylation of β3-integrin by inhibiting Tyr419 autophosphorylation of c-Src. Molecular docking and surface plasmon resonance analyses showed that RPV can bind directly to c-Src. Further mutational analysis showed that the Phe427 residue of c-Src is critical for RPV interaction, suggesting a novel interaction site for targeting c-Src to block β3-integrin outside-in signaling. CONCLUSION These results demonstrated that RPV was able to prevent the progression of thrombotic CVDs by interrupting β3-integrin-mediated outside-in signaling via inhibiting c-Src activation without hemorrhagic side effects, highlighting RPV as a promising reagent for the prevention and therapy of thrombotic CVDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kui Liu
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 2999 Jinshan Road, Xiamen 361000, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, New Drug Screening Center, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhen Hao
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 2999 Jinshan Road, Xiamen 361000, China; College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 West Section, South Lv shun Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 West Section, South Lv shun Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Haojie Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Luying Zhang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 West Section, South Lv shun Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Minghui Yan
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 West Section, South Lv shun Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Reyisha Tuerhong
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 West Section, South Lv shun Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yuling Zhou
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 2999 Jinshan Road, Xiamen 361000, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 2999 Jinshan Road, Xiamen 361000, China.
| | - Tao Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, New Drug Screening Center, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Lei Shi
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 2999 Jinshan Road, Xiamen 361000, China; College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 West Section, South Lv shun Road, Dalian 116044, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kang D, Sun Y, Feng D, Gao S, Wang Z, Jing L, Zhang T, Jiang X, Lin H, De Clercq E, Pannecouque C, Zhan P, Liu X. Development of Novel Dihydrofuro[3,4- d]pyrimidine Derivatives as HIV-1 NNRTIs to Overcome the Highly Resistant Mutant Strains F227L/V106A and K103N/Y181C. J Med Chem 2022; 65:2458-2470. [PMID: 35061384 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report the design, synthesis, structure-activity relationship studies, antiviral activity, enzyme inhibition, and druggability evaluation of dihydrofuro[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives as a potent class of HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). Compounds 14b (EC50 = 5.79-28.3 nM) and 16c (EC50 = 2.85-18.0 nM) exhibited superior potency against a panel of HIV-1-resistant strains. Especially, for the changeling mutations F227L/V106A and K103N/Y181C, both compounds exhibited remarkably improved activity compared to those of etravirine and rilpivirine. Moreover, 14b and 16c showed moderate RT enzyme inhibition (IC50 = 0.14-0.15 μM), which demonstrated that they acted as HIV-1 NNRTIs. Furthermore, 14b and 16c exhibited favorable pharmacokinetic and safety properties, making them excellent leads for further development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongwei Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Yanying Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Da Feng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Shenghua Gao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Lanlan Jing
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xiangyi Jiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Hao Lin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
- China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
- China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yu YX, Liu WT, Li HY, Wang W, Sun HB, Zhang LL, Wu SL. Decoding molecular mechanism underlying binding of drugs to HIV-1 protease with molecular dynamics simulations and MM-GBSA calculations. SAR QSAR Environ Res 2021; 32:889-915. [PMID: 34551634 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2021.1979647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 protease (PR) is thought to be efficient targets of anti-AIDS drug design. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and multiple post-processing analysis technologies were applied to decipher molecular mechanism underlying binding of three drugs Lopinavir (LPV), Nelfinavir (NFV) and Atazanavir (ATV) to the PR. Binding free energies calculated by molecular mechanics generalized Born surface area (MM-GBSA) suggest that compensation between binding enthalpy and entropy plays a vital role in binding of drugs to PR. Dynamics analyses show that binding of LPV, NFV and ATV highly affects structural flexibility, motion modes and dynamics behaviour of the PR, especially for two flaps. Computational alanine scanning and interaction network analysis verify that although three drugs have structural difference, they share similar binding modes to the PR and common interaction clusters with the PR. The current findings also confirm that residues located interaction clusters, such as Asp25/Asp25', Gly27/Gly27', Ala28/Ala28', Asp29, Ile47/Ile47', Gly49/Gly49', Ile50/Ile50', Val82/Val82' and Ile84/Ile84, can be used as efficient targets of clinically available inhibitors towards the PR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y X Yu
- School of Science, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan, China
| | - W T Liu
- Shuifa Qilu Cultural Tourism Development Co., Ltd, Shuifa Ecological Industry Group, Jinan, China
| | - H Y Li
- School of Science, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan, China
| | - W Wang
- School of Science, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan, China
| | - H B Sun
- School of Science, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan, China
| | - L L Zhang
- School of Science, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan, China
| | - S L Wu
- School of Science, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Xu S, Sun L, Dick A, Zalloum WA, Huang T, Meuser ME, Zhang X, Tao Y, Cherukupalli S, Ding D, Ding X, Gao S, Jiang X, Kang D, De Clercq E, Pannecouque C, Cocklin S, Liu X, Zhan P. Design, synthesis, and mechanistic investigations of phenylalanine derivatives containing a benzothiazole moiety as HIV-1 capsid inhibitors with improved metabolic stability. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 227:113903. [PMID: 34653770 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Further clinical development of PF74, a lead compound targeting HIV-1 capsid, is impeded by low antiviral activity and inferior metabolic stability. By modifying the benzene (region I) and indole of PF74, we identified two potent compounds (7m and 7u) with significantly improved metabolic stability. Compared to PF74, 7u displayed greater metabolic stability in human liver microsomes (HLMs) with half-life (t1/2) 109-fold that of PF74. Moreover, mechanism of action (MOA) studies demonstrated that 7m and 7u effectively mirrored the MOA of compounds that interact within the PF74 interprotomer pocket, showing direct and robust interactions with recombinant CA, and 7u displaying antiviral effects in both the early and late stages of HIV-1 replication. Furthermore, MD simulation corroborated that 7u was bound to the PF74 binding site, and the results of the online molinspiration software predicted that 7m and 7u had desirable physicochemical properties. Unexpectedly, this series of compounds exhibited better antiviral activity than PF74 against HIV-2, represented by compound 7m whose anti-HIV-2 activity was almost 5 times increased potency over PF74. Therefore, we have rationally redesigned the PF74 chemotype to inhibitors with novel structures and enhanced metabolic stability in this study. We hope that these new compounds can serve as a blueprint for developing a new generation of HIV treatment regimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shujing Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Alexej Dick
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Waleed A Zalloum
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Science, American University of Madaba, P.O Box 2882, Amman, 11821, Jordan
| | - Tianguang Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Megan E Meuser
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Xujie Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Yucen Tao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Srinivasulu Cherukupalli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Dang Ding
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xiao Ding
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Shenghua Gao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xiangyi Jiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Dongwei Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097), B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097), B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Simon Cocklin
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, PA, 19102, USA.
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Peterson S, Ibrahim M, Anderson PL, Moore CM, MaWhinney S. A comparison of covariate selection techniques applied to pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) drug concentration data in men and transgender women at risk for HIV. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2021; 48:655-669. [PMID: 34013454 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-021-09763-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) containing antiretrovirals tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) or tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) can reduce the risk of acquiring HIV. Concentrations of intracellular tenofovir-diphosphate (TFV-DP) measured in dried blood spots (DBS) have been used to quantify PrEP adherence; although even under directly observed dosing, unexplained between-subject variation remains. Here, we wish to identify patient-specific factors associated with TFV-DP levels. Data from the iPrEX Open Label Extension (OLE) study were used to compare multiple covariate selection methods for determining demographic and clinical covariates most important for drug concentration estimation. To allow for the possibility of non-linear relationships between drug concentration and explanatory variables, the component selection and smoothing operator (COSSO) was implemented. We compared COSSO to LASSO, a commonly used machine learning approach, and traditional forward and backward selection. Training (N = 387) and test (N = 166) datasets were utilized to compare prediction accuracy across methods. LASSO and COSSO had the best predictive ability for the test data. Both predicted increased drug concentration with increases in age and self-reported adherence, the latter with a steeper trajectory among Asians. TFV-DP reductions were associated with increasing eGFR, hemoglobin and transgender status. COSSO also predicted lower TFV-DP with increasing weight and South American countries. COSSO identified non-linear relationships between log(TFV-DP) and adherence, weight and eGFR, with differing trajectories for some races. COSSO identified non-linear log(TFV-DP) trajectories with a subset of covariates, which may better explain variation and enhance prediction. Future research is needed to examine differences identified in trajectories by race and country.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Skyler Peterson
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, 13001 E 17th Pl, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA
| | - Mustafa Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, V20-C238, Room 4101, 12850 E. Montview Blvd, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Peter L Anderson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, V20-C238, Room 4101, 12850 E. Montview Blvd, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Camille M Moore
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, 13001 E 17th Pl, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson St., Denver, CO, 80206, USA
| | - Samantha MaWhinney
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, 13001 E 17th Pl, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang Z, Zalloum WA, Wang W, Jiang X, De Clercq E, Pannecouque C, Kang D, Zhan P, Liu X. Discovery of Novel Dihydrothiopyrano[4,3- d]pyrimidine Derivatives as Potent HIV-1 NNRTIs with Significantly Reduced hERG Inhibitory Activity and Improved Resistance Profiles. J Med Chem 2021; 64:13658-13675. [PMID: 34432448 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Enlightened by the available structural biology information, a novel series of dihydrothiopyrano[4,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives were rationally designed via scaffold hopping and molecular hybridization strategies. Notably, compound 20a yielded exceptionally potent antiviral activities (EC50 = 4.44-54.5 nM) against various HIV-1 strains and improved resistance profiles (RF = 0.5-5.6) compared to etravirine and rilpivirine. Meanwhile, 20a exhibited reduced cytotoxicity (CC50 = 284 μM) and higher SI values (SI = 5210-63992). Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to rationalize the distinct resistance profiles. Besides, 20a displayed better solubility (sol. = 12.8 μg/mL) and no significant inhibition of the main CYP enzymes. Furthermore, 20a was characterized for prominent metabolic stability and in vivo safety properties. Most importantly, the hERG inhibition profile of 20a (IC50 = 19.84 μM) was a remarkable improvement. Overall, 20a possesses huge potential to serve as a promising drug candidate due to its excellent potency, low toxicity, and favorable drug-like properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Waleed A Zalloum
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Science, American University of Madaba, P.O. Box 2882, Amman 11821, Jordan
| | - Wenbo Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Xiangyi Jiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, K. U. Leuven, Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097), Leuven B-3000, Belgium
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, K. U. Leuven, Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097), Leuven B-3000, Belgium
| | - Dongwei Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
- China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
- China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
- China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ota R, So K, Tsuda M, Higuchi Y, Yamashita F. Prediction of HIV drug resistance based on the 3D protein structure: Proposal of molecular field mapping. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255693. [PMID: 34347839 PMCID: PMC8336827 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A method for predicting HIV drug resistance by using genotypes would greatly assist in selecting appropriate combinations of antiviral drugs. Models reported previously have had two major problems: lack of information on the 3D protein structure and processing of incomplete sequencing data in the modeling procedure. We propose obtaining the 3D structural information of viral proteins by using homology modeling and molecular field mapping, instead of just their primary amino acid sequences. The molecular field potential parameters reflect the physicochemical characteristics associated with the 3D structure of the proteins. We also introduce the Bayesian conditional mutual information theory to estimate the probabilities of occurrence of all possible protein candidates from an incomplete sequencing sample. This approach allows for the effective use of uncertain information for the modeling process. We applied these data analysis techniques to the HIV-1 protease inhibitor dataset and developed drug resistance prediction models with reasonable performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryosaku Ota
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kanako So
- Department of Applied Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tsuda
- Department of Applied Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuriko Higuchi
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Fumiyoshi Yamashita
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Applied Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Giacomelli A, Conti F, Pezzati L, Oreni L, Ridolfo AL, Morena V, Bonazzetti C, Pagani G, Formenti T, Galli M, Rusconi S. Impact of switching to TAF/FTC/RPV, TAF/FTC/EVG/cobi and ABC/3TC/DTG on cardiovascular risk and lipid profile in people living with HIV: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:595. [PMID: 34157984 PMCID: PMC8220746 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06304-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to assess the overall cardiovascular and metabolic effect of the switch to three different single tablet regimens (STRs) [tenofovir alafenamide/emtricitabine/rilpivirine (TAF/FTC/RPV), TAF/FTC/elvitegravir/cobi (TAF/FTC/EVG/cobi) and ABC/lamivudine/dolutegravir (ABC/3TC/DTG)] in a cohort of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWH) under effective ART. METHODS All PLWH aged above 18 years on antiretroviral treatment with an HIV-RNA < 50 cp/mL at the time of the switch to TAF/FTC/RPV, TAF/FTC/EVG/cobi and ABC/3TC/DTG were retrospectively included in the analysis. Framingham risk score modification after 12 months from the switch such as lipid profile and body weight modification were assessed. The change from baseline to 12 months in mean cardiovascular risk and body weight in each of the STR's group were assessed by means of Wilcoxon signed-rank test whereas a mixed regression model was used to assess variation in lipid levels. RESULTS Five-hundred and sixty PLWH were switched to an STR regimen of whom 170 (30.4%) to TAF/FTC/EVG/cobi, 191 (34.1%) to TAF/FTC/RPV and 199 (35.5%) to ABC/3TC/DTG. No difference in the Framingham cardiovascular risk score was observed after 12 months from the switch in each of the STR's groups. No significant overtime variation in mean total cholesterol levels from baseline to 12 months was observed for PLWH switched to ABC/3TC/DTG [200 (SD 38) mg/dl vs 201 (SD 35) mg/dl; p = 0.610] whereas a significant increment was observed in PLWH switched to TAF/FTC/EVG/cobi [192 (SD 34) mg/dl vs 208 (SD 40) mg/dl; p < 0.0001] and TAF/FTC/RPV [187 (SD 34) mg/dl vs 195 (SD 35) mg/dl; p = 0.027]. In addition, a significant variation in the mean body weight from baseline to 12 months was observed in PLWH switched to TAF/FTC/EVG/cobi [72.2 (SD 13.5) kilograms vs 74.6 (SD 14.3) kilograms; p < 0.0001] and TAF/FTC/RPV [73.4 (SD 11.6) kilograms vs 75.6 (SD 11.8) kilograms; p < 0.0001] whereas no difference was observed in those switched to ABC/3TC/DTG [71.5 (SD 12.8) kilograms vs 72.1 (SD 12.6) kilograms; p = 0.478]. CONCLUSION No difference in the cardiovascular risk after 1 year from the switch to these STRs were observed. PLWH switched to TAF/FTC/EVG/cobi and TAF/FTC/RPV showed an increase in total cholesterol levels and body weight 12 months after the switch.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Anti-HIV Agents/metabolism
- Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use
- Body Weight/drug effects
- Cohort Studies
- Dideoxynucleosides/metabolism
- Dideoxynucleosides/therapeutic use
- Drug Combinations
- Elvitegravir, Cobicistat, Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Drug Combination/metabolism
- Elvitegravir, Cobicistat, Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Drug Combination/therapeutic use
- Emtricitabine, Rilpivirine, Tenofovir Drug Combination/metabolism
- Emtricitabine, Rilpivirine, Tenofovir Drug Combination/therapeutic use
- Female
- HIV Infections/drug therapy
- Heart Disease Risk Factors
- Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring/metabolism
- Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Italy/epidemiology
- Lamivudine/metabolism
- Lamivudine/therapeutic use
- Lipid Metabolism/drug effects
- Lipids/blood
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Oxazines/metabolism
- Oxazines/therapeutic use
- Piperazines/metabolism
- Piperazines/therapeutic use
- Pyridones/metabolism
- Pyridones/therapeutic use
- Retrospective Studies
- Tablets/therapeutic use
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Giacomelli
- Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
- III Infectious Diseases Unit, Luigi Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences DIBIC, University of Milan, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Legnano (MI), Italy
| | - Federico Conti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
- III Infectious Diseases Unit, Luigi Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences DIBIC, University of Milan, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Legnano (MI), Italy
| | - Laura Pezzati
- Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
- III Infectious Diseases Unit, Luigi Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences DIBIC, University of Milan, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Legnano (MI), Italy
| | - Letizia Oreni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Lisa Ridolfo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
- III Infectious Diseases Unit, Luigi Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences DIBIC, University of Milan, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Legnano (MI), Italy
| | - Valentina Morena
- Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
- III Infectious Diseases Unit, Luigi Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences DIBIC, University of Milan, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Legnano (MI), Italy
| | - Cecilia Bonazzetti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
- III Infectious Diseases Unit, Luigi Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences DIBIC, University of Milan, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Legnano (MI), Italy
| | - Gabriele Pagani
- Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
- III Infectious Diseases Unit, Luigi Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences DIBIC, University of Milan, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Legnano (MI), Italy
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Legnano General Hospital, ASST Ovest Milanese, Via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157, Milan, Italy
| | - Tiziana Formenti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Galli
- Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
- III Infectious Diseases Unit, Luigi Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences DIBIC, University of Milan, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Legnano (MI), Italy
| | - Stefano Rusconi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy.
- III Infectious Diseases Unit, Luigi Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences DIBIC, University of Milan, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Legnano (MI), Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Huang B, Wang H, Zheng Y, Li M, Kang G, Barreto-de-Souza V, Nassehi N, Knapp PE, Selley DE, Hauser KF, Zhang Y. Structure-Based Design and Development of Chemical Probes Targeting Putative MOR-CCR5 Heterodimers to Inhibit Opioid Exacerbated HIV-1 Infectivity. J Med Chem 2021; 64:7702-7723. [PMID: 34027668 PMCID: PMC10548452 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Crystal structures of ligand-bound G-protein-coupled receptors provide tangible templates for rationally designing molecular probes. Herein, we report the structure-based design, chemical synthesis, and biological investigations of bivalent ligands targeting putative mu opioid receptor C-C motif chemokine ligand 5 (MOR-CCR5) heterodimers. The bivalent ligand VZMC013 possessed nanomolar level binding affinities for both the MOR and CCR5, inhibited CCL5-stimulated calcium mobilization, and remarkably improved anti-HIV-1BaL activity over previously reported bivalent ligands. VZMC013 inhibited viral infection in TZM-bl cells coexpressing CCR5 and MOR to a greater degree than cells expressing CCR5 alone. Furthermore, VZMC013 blocked human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 entry in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) cells in a concentration-dependent manner and inhibited opioid-accelerated HIV-1 entry more effectively in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated PBMC cells than in the absence of opioids. A three-dimensional molecular model of VZMC013 binding to the MOR-CCR5 heterodimer complex is constructed to elucidate its mechanism of action. VZMC013 is a potent chemical probe targeting MOR-CCR5 heterodimers and may serve as a pharmacological agent to inhibit opioid-exacerbated HIV-1 entry.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology
- Anti-HIV Agents/chemistry
- Anti-HIV Agents/metabolism
- Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacology
- Binding Sites
- Dimerization
- Drug Design
- HIV-1/drug effects
- HIV-1/physiology
- Humans
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/cytology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/virology
- Ligands
- Maraviroc/chemistry
- Molecular Docking Simulation
- Molecular Dynamics Simulation
- Naltrexone/chemistry
- Phytohemagglutinins/pharmacology
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, CCR5/chemistry
- Receptors, CCR5/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/chemistry
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Virus Internalization/drug effects
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boshi Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Huiqun Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Mengchu Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Guifeng Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Victor Barreto-de-Souza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 N. 12th Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Nima Nassehi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 N. 12th Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Pamela E Knapp
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 N. 12th Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1101 E. Marshall Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Dana E Selley
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 N. 12th Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Kurt F Hauser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 N. 12th Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1101 E. Marshall Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sun Q, Levy RM, Kirby KA, Wang Z, Sarafianos SG, Deng N. Molecular Dynamics Free Energy Simulations Reveal the Mechanism for the Antiviral Resistance of the M66I HIV-1 Capsid Mutation. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050920. [PMID: 34063519 PMCID: PMC8156065 DOI: 10.3390/v13050920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
While drug resistance mutations can often be attributed to the loss of direct or solvent-mediated protein−ligand interactions in the drug-mutant complex, in this study we show that a resistance mutation for the picomolar HIV-1 capsid (CA)-targeting antiviral (GS-6207) is mainly due to the free energy cost of the drug-induced protein side chain reorganization in the mutant protein. Among several mutations, M66I causes the most suppression of the GS-6207 antiviral activity (up to ~84,000-fold), and only 83- and 68-fold reductions for PF74 and ZW-1261, respectively. To understand the molecular basis of this drug resistance, we conducted molecular dynamics free energy simulations to study the structures, energetics, and conformational free energy landscapes involved in the inhibitors binding at the interface of two CA monomers. To minimize the protein−ligand steric clash, the I66 side chain in the M66I−GS-6207 complex switches to a higher free energy conformation from the one adopted in the apo M66I. In contrast, the binding of GS-6207 to the wild-type CA does not lead to any significant M66 conformational change. Based on an analysis that decomposes the absolute binding free energy into contributions from two receptor conformational states, it appears that it is the free energy cost of side chain reorganization rather than the reduced protein−ligand interaction that is largely responsible for the drug resistance against GS-6207.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinfang Sun
- Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology and Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA;
| | - Ronald M. Levy
- Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology and Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA;
- Correspondence: (R.M.L.); (N.D.)
| | - Karen A. Kirby
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (K.A.K.); (S.G.S.)
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Zhengqiang Wang
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Stefan G. Sarafianos
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (K.A.K.); (S.G.S.)
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Nanjie Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Physical Sciences, Pace University, New York, NY 10038, USA
- Correspondence: (R.M.L.); (N.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kang D, Ruiz FX, Sun Y, Feng D, Jing L, Wang Z, Zhang T, Gao S, Sun L, De Clercq E, Pannecouque C, Arnold E, Zhan P, Liu X. 2,4,5-Trisubstituted Pyrimidines as Potent HIV-1 NNRTIs: Rational Design, Synthesis, Activity Evaluation, and Crystallographic Studies. J Med Chem 2021; 64:4239-4256. [PMID: 33734714 PMCID: PMC8594587 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent unmet medical need for novel human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) inhibitors that are effective against a variety of NNRTI-resistance mutations. We report our research efforts aimed at discovering a novel chemotype of anti-HIV-1 agents with improved potency against a variety of NNRTI-resistance mutations in this paper. Structural modifications of the lead K-5a2 led to the identification of a potent inhibitor 16c. 16c yielded highly potent anti-HIV-1 activities and improved resistance profiles compared with the approved drug etravirine. The co-crystal structure revealed the key role of the water networks surrounding the NNIBP for binding and for resilience against resistance mutations, while suggesting further extension of 16c toward the NNRTI-adjacent site as a lead development strategy. Furthermore, 16c demonstrated favorable pharmacokinetic and safety properties, suggesting the potential of 16c as a promising anti-HIV-1 drug candidate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongwei Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
- China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Francesc X. Ruiz
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854, United States
| | - Yanying Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Da Feng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Lanlan Jing
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Shenghua Gao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eddy Arnold
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854, United States
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
- China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
- China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Harjivan SG, Charneira C, Martins IL, Pereira SA, Espadas G, Sabidó E, Beland FA, Marques MM, Antunes AMM. Covalent Histone Modification by an Electrophilic Derivative of the Anti-HIV Drug Nevirapine. Molecules 2021; 26:1349. [PMID: 33802579 PMCID: PMC7961589 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nevirapine (NVP), a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor widely used in combined antiretroviral therapy and to prevent mother-to-child transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1, is associated with several adverse side effects. Using 12-mesyloxy-nevirapine, a model electrophile of the reactive metabolites derived from the NVP Phase I metabolite, 12-hydroxy-NVP, we demonstrate that the nucleophilic core and C-terminal residues of histones are targets for covalent adduct formation. We identified multiple NVP-modification sites at lysine (e.g., H2BK47, H4K32), histidine (e.g., H2BH110, H4H76), and serine (e.g., H2BS33) residues of the four histones using a mass spectrometry-based bottom-up proteomic analysis. In particular, H2BK47, H2BH110, H2AH83, and H4H76 were found to be potential hot spots for NVP incorporation. Notably, a remarkable selectivity to the imidazole ring of histidine was observed, with modification by NVP detected in three out of the 11 histidine residues of histones. This suggests that NVP-modified histidine residues of histones are prospective markers of the drug's bioactivation and/or toxicity. Importantly, NVP-derived modifications were identified at sites known to determine chromatin structure (e.g., H4H76) or that can undergo multiple types of post-translational modifications (e.g., H2BK47, H4H76). These results open new insights into the molecular mechanisms of drug-induced adverse reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shrika G. Harjivan
- Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal; (S.G.H.); (C.C.); (I.L.M.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Catarina Charneira
- Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal; (S.G.H.); (C.C.); (I.L.M.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Inês L. Martins
- Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal; (S.G.H.); (C.C.); (I.L.M.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Sofia A. Pereira
- Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Guadalupe Espadas
- Proteomics Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (G.E.); (E.S.)
- Proteomics Unit, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Sabidó
- Proteomics Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (G.E.); (E.S.)
- Proteomics Unit, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Frederick A. Beland
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA;
| | - M. Matilde Marques
- Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal; (S.G.H.); (C.C.); (I.L.M.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Alexandra M. M. Antunes
- Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal; (S.G.H.); (C.C.); (I.L.M.); (M.M.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yadav S, Pandey V, Kumar Tiwari R, Ojha RP, Dubey KD. Does Antibody Stabilize the Ligand Binding in GP120 of HIV-1 Envelope Protein? Evidence from MD Simulation. Molecules 2021; 26:E239. [PMID: 33466381 PMCID: PMC7796314 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4-mimetic HIV-1 entry inhibitors are small sized molecules which imitate similar conformational flexibility, in gp120, to the CD4 receptor. However, the mechanism of the conformational flexibility instigated by these small sized inhibitors is little known. Likewise, the effect of the antibody on the function of these inhibitors is also less studied. In this study, we present a thorough inspection of the mechanism of the conformational flexibility induced by a CD4-mimetic inhibitor, NBD-557, using Molecular Dynamics Simulations and free energy calculations. Our result shows the functional importance of Asn425 in substrate induced conformational dynamics in gp120. The MD simulations of Asn425Gly mutant provide a less dynamic gp120 in the presence of NBD-557 without incapacitating the binding enthalpy of NBD-557. The MD simulations of complexes with the antibody clearly show the enhanced affinity of NBD-557 due to the presence of the antibody, which is in good agreement with experimental Isothermal Titration Calorimetry results (Biochemistry2006, 45, 10973-10980).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Yadav
- Center of Informatics and Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India;
| | - Vishnudatt Pandey
- Department of Physics, Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University, Uttar Pradesh 273009, India; (V.P.); (R.K.T.); (R.P.O.)
| | - Rakesh Kumar Tiwari
- Department of Physics, Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University, Uttar Pradesh 273009, India; (V.P.); (R.K.T.); (R.P.O.)
| | - Rajendra Prasad Ojha
- Department of Physics, Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University, Uttar Pradesh 273009, India; (V.P.); (R.K.T.); (R.P.O.)
| | - Kshatresh Dutta Dubey
- Center of Informatics and Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India;
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yang H, Chu L, Wu Y, Wang W, Yang J, Zhang Q, Qiao S, Li X, Shen Z, Zhou Y, Liu S, Deng H. LC-MS/MS Quantification of Nevirapine and Its Metabolites in Hair for Assessing Long-Term Adherence. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235692. [PMID: 33276689 PMCID: PMC7730356 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The adherence assessment based on the combination of nevirapine (NVP) and its two metabolites (2-hydroxynevirapine and 3-hydroxynevirapine) would more comprehensively and accurately reflect long-term adherence than that of a single prototype. This study aimed to develop a specific, sensitive and selective method for simultaneous detection of the three compounds in hair and explore whether there was consistency among the three compounds in assessing long-term adherence. Furthermore, 75 HIV-positive patients who were taking the NVP drug were randomly recruited and divided into two groups (high-and low-adherence group). All participants self-reported their days of oral drug administration per month and provided their hair strands closest to the scalp at the region of posterior vertex. The concentrations of three compounds in the hair were determined using a developed LC-MS/MS method in multiple reaction monitoring. This method showed good performances in limit of quantification and accuracy with the recoveries from 85 to 115% and in precision with the intra-day and inter-day coefficients of variation within 15% for the three compounds. The population analysis revealed that patients with high-adherence showed significantly higher concentrations than those with low-adherence for all three compounds. There were significantly moderate correlations of nevirapine with 2-hydroxynevirapine and 3-hydroxynevirapin and high correlation between 2-hydroxynevirapine and 3-hydroxynevirapin. The two NVP’s metabolites showed high consistency with NVP in evaluating long-term adherence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Yang
- Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; (H.Y.); (L.C.); (Y.W.); (W.W.); (J.Y.)
- Department of Brain and Learning Science, School of Biological Sciences & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Institute of Child Development and Education, Research Center of Learning Science, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Liuxi Chu
- Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; (H.Y.); (L.C.); (Y.W.); (W.W.); (J.Y.)
- Department of Brain and Learning Science, School of Biological Sciences & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Institute of Child Development and Education, Research Center of Learning Science, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; (H.Y.); (L.C.); (Y.W.); (W.W.); (J.Y.)
- Department of Brain and Learning Science, School of Biological Sciences & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Institute of Child Development and Education, Research Center of Learning Science, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; (H.Y.); (L.C.); (Y.W.); (W.W.); (J.Y.)
- Department of Brain and Learning Science, School of Biological Sciences & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Institute of Child Development and Education, Research Center of Learning Science, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; (H.Y.); (L.C.); (Y.W.); (W.W.); (J.Y.)
- Institute of Child Development and Education, Research Center of Learning Science, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Quan Zhang
- Department of Health Promotion, Education and Behavior, South Carolina Smart State Center for Healthcare Quality (CHQ), University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; (Q.Z.); (S.Q.); (X.L.)
- Institute of Applied Psychology and School of Public Administration, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Shan Qiao
- Department of Health Promotion, Education and Behavior, South Carolina Smart State Center for Healthcare Quality (CHQ), University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; (Q.Z.); (S.Q.); (X.L.)
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Department of Health Promotion, Education and Behavior, South Carolina Smart State Center for Healthcare Quality (CHQ), University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; (Q.Z.); (S.Q.); (X.L.)
| | - Zhiyong Shen
- Guangxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530028, China; (Z.S.); (Y.Z.); (S.L.)
| | - Yuejiao Zhou
- Guangxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530028, China; (Z.S.); (Y.Z.); (S.L.)
| | - Shuaifeng Liu
- Guangxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530028, China; (Z.S.); (Y.Z.); (S.L.)
| | - Huihua Deng
- Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; (H.Y.); (L.C.); (Y.W.); (W.W.); (J.Y.)
- Department of Brain and Learning Science, School of Biological Sciences & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Institute of Child Development and Education, Research Center of Learning Science, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-25-8379-5664; Fax: +86-25-8379-3779
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Assessment of antiretroviral (ARV) concentration in hair (hair antiretroviral concentration [HAC]) is one of the latest non-invasive innovations for measuring long-term ARV adherence. We performed a systematic review following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis guidelines to identify the factors that may affect the validity and reliability of HAC. This review included 25 studies that reported data on the associations of hair concentrations of 10 ARVs with 22 potential factors related to HAC. Notwithstanding scarce data and some inconsistencies, the data from existing studies suggested that (1) HAC was associated with hair types, hair segment position, housing, illegal drugs use, high-risk sexual behaviors, renal function, and genetic factors; (2) HAC was not associated with race/ethnicity, location of sample, ARV side effects, length of ARV treatment, smoking, alcohol use, orange consumption, depression, or anthropometry characteristics; and (3) the relationships of HAC with natural hair color, hair treatment, age, sex, dosing schedule, and liver function need further study. This review of factors related to HAC informed the design, analysis, and interpretation of the future HIV treatment and HIV prevention research utilizing hair concentrations of various ARVs as a biomarker of ARV adherence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quan Zhang
- South Carolina Smart-State Center for Healthcare Quality, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Institute of Pedagogy and Applied Psychology, School of Public Administration, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- South Carolina Smart-State Center for Healthcare Quality, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Shan Qiao
- South Carolina Smart-State Center for Healthcare Quality, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Xueying Yang
- South Carolina Smart-State Center for Healthcare Quality, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Since the emergence of HIV and AIDS in the early 1980s, the development of safe and effective therapies has accompanied a massive increase in our understanding of the fundamental processes that drive HIV biology. As basic HIV research has informed the development of novel therapies, HIV inhibitors have been used as probes for investigating basic mechanisms of HIV-1 replication, transmission, and pathogenesis. This positive feedback cycle has led to the development of highly effective combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), which has helped stall the progression to AIDS, prolong lives, and reduce transmission of the virus. However, to combat the growing rates of virologic failure and toxicity associated with long-term therapy, it is important to diversify our repertoire of HIV-1 treatments by identifying compounds that block additional steps not targeted by current drugs. Most of the available therapeutics disrupt early events in the replication cycle, with the exception of the protease (PR) inhibitors, which act at the virus maturation step. HIV-1 maturation consists of a series of biochemical changes that facilitate the conversion of an immature, noninfectious particle to a mature infectious virion. These changes include proteolytic processing of the Gag polyprotein by the viral protease (PR), structural rearrangement of the capsid (CA) protein, and assembly of individual CA monomers into hexamers and pentamers that ultimately form the capsid. Here, we review the development and therapeutic potential of maturation inhibitors (MIs), an experimental class of anti-HIV-1 compounds with mechanisms of action distinct from those of the PR inhibitors. We emphasize the key insights into HIV-1 biology and structure that the study of MIs has provided. We will focus on three distinct groups of inhibitors that block HIV-1 maturation: (1) compounds that block the processing of the CA-spacer peptide 1 (SP1) cleavage intermediate, the original class of compounds to which the term MI was applied; (2) CA-binding inhibitors that disrupt capsid condensation; and (3) allosteric integrase inhibitors (ALLINIs) that block the packaging of the viral RNA genome into the condensing capsid during maturation. Although these three classes of compounds have distinct structures and mechanisms of action, they share the ability to block the formation of the condensed conical capsid, thereby blocking particle infectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric O. Freed
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sun L, Huang T, Dick A, Meuser ME, Zalloum WA, Chen CH, Ding X, Gao P, Cocklin S, Lee KH, Zhan P, Liu X. Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 4-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole phenylalanine derivatives as novel HIV-1 capsid inhibitors with promising antiviral activities. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 190:112085. [PMID: 32066010 PMCID: PMC7053825 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 CA is involved in different stages of the viral replication cycle, performing essential roles in both early (uncoating, reverse transcription, nuclear import, integration) and late events (assembly). Recent efforts have demonstrated HIV-1 CA protein as a prospective therapeutic target for the development of new antivirals. The most extensively studied CA inhibitor, PF-3450074 (PF-74, discovered by Pfizer), that targets an inter-protomer pocket within the CA hexamer. Herein we reported the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a series of 4-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole phenylalanine derivatives as HIV-1 CA inhibitors based on PF-74 scaffold. Most of the analogues demonstrated potent antiviral activities, among them, the anti-HIV-1 activity of 6a-9 (EC50 = 3.13 μM) is particularly prominent. The SPR binding assay of selected compounds (6a-9, 6a-10, 5b) suggested direct and effective interaction with recombinant CA proteins. The mechanism of action studies also demonstrated that 6a-9 displays the effects in both the early and late stages of HIV-1 replication. To explore the potential binding mode of the here presented analogues, 6a-9 was analyzed by MD simulation to predict its binding to the active site of HIV-1 CA monomer. In conclusion, this novel series of antivirals can serve as a starting point for the development of a new generation of HIV-1 treatment regimen and highlights the potentiality of CA as a therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012, Ji'nan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Tianguang Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012, Ji'nan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Alexej Dick
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Megan E Meuser
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Waleed A Zalloum
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Science, American University of Madaba, P.O Box 2882, Amman, 11821, Jordan
| | - Chin-Ho Chen
- Duke University Medical Center, Box 2926, Surgical Oncology Research Facility, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Xiao Ding
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012, Ji'nan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Ping Gao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012, Ji'nan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Simon Cocklin
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Lee
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012, Ji'nan, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012, Ji'nan, Shandong, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kang D, Ruiz FX, Feng D, Pilch A, Zhao T, Wei F, Wang Z, Sun Y, Fang Z, De Clercq E, Pannecouque C, Arnold E, Zhan P, Liu X. Discovery and Characterization of Fluorine-Substituted Diarylpyrimidine Derivatives as Novel HIV-1 NNRTIs with Highly Improved Resistance Profiles and Low Activity for the hERG Ion Channel. J Med Chem 2020; 63:1298-1312. [PMID: 31935327 PMCID: PMC9677951 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Our previous efforts have led to the development of two potent NNRTIs, K-5a2 and 25a, exhibiting effective anti-HIV-1 potency and resistance profiles compared with etravirine. However, both inhibitors suffered from potent hERG inhibition and short half-life. In this article, with K-5a2 and etravirine as leads, series of novel fluorine-substituted diarylpyrimidine derivatives were designed via molecular hybridization and bioisosterism strategies. The results indicated 24b was the most active inhibitor, exhibiting broad-spectrum activity (EC50 = 3.60-21.5 nM) against resistant strains, significantly lower cytotoxicity (CC50= 155 μM), and reduced hERG inhibition (IC50 > 30 μM). Crystallographic studies confirmed the binding of 24b and the role of the fluorine atom, as well as optimal contacts of a nitrile group with the main-chain carbonyl group of H235. Furthermore, 24b showed longer half-life and favorable safety properties. All the results demonstrated that 24b has significant promise in circumventing drug resistance as an anti-HIV-1 candidate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongwei Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
- Suzhou Research Institute, Shandong University, Room522, Building H of NUSP, NO.388 Ruoshui Road, SIP, Suzhou, 215123 Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - F. Xavier Ruiz
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854, United States
| | - Da Feng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Alyssa Pilch
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854, United States
| | - Tong Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Fenju Wei
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Yanying Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Zengjun Fang
- The Second Hospital, Shandong University, No. 247 Beiyuan Avenue, Jinan 250033, China
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eddy Arnold
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854, United States
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Burgunder E, Fallon JK, White N, Schauer AP, Sykes C, Remling-Mulder L, Kovarova M, Adamson L, Luciw P, Garcia JV, Akkina R, Smith PC, Kashuba ADM. Antiretroviral Drug Concentrations in Lymph Nodes: A Cross-Species Comparison of the Effect of Drug Transporter Expression, Viral Infection, and Sex in Humanized Mice, Nonhuman Primates, and Humans. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 370:360-368. [PMID: 31235531 PMCID: PMC6695867 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.259150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In a "kick and kill" strategy for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) eradication, protective concentrations of antiretrovirals (ARVs) in the lymph node are important to prevent vulnerable cells from further HIV infection. However, the factors responsible for drug distribution and concentration into these tissues are largely unknown. Although humanized mice and nonhuman primates (NHPs) are crucial to HIV research, ARV tissue pharmacology has not been well characterized across species. This study investigated the influence of drug transporter expression, viral infection, and sex on ARV penetration within lymph nodes of animal models and humans. Six ARVs were dosed for 10 days in humanized mice and NHPs. Plasma and lymph nodes were collected at necropsy, 24 hours after the last dose. Human lymph node tissue and plasma from deceased patients were collected from tissue banks. ARV, active metabolite, and endogenous nucleotide concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and drug transporter expression was measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and quantitative targeted absolute proteomics. In NHPs and humans, lymph node ARV concentrations were greater than or equal to plasma, and tenofovir diphosphate/deoxyadenosine triphosphate concentration ratios achieved efficacy targets in lymph nodes from all three species. There was no effect of infection or sex on ARV concentrations. Low drug transporter expression existed in lymph nodes from all species, and no predictive relationships were found between transporter gene/protein expression and ARV penetration. Overall, common preclinical models of HIV infection were well suited to predict human ARV exposure in lymph nodes, and low transporter expression suggests primarily passive drug distribution in these tissues. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: During human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) eradication strategies, protective concentrations of antiretrovirals (ARVs) in the lymph node prevent vulnerable cells from further HIV infection. However, ARV tissue pharmacology has not been well characterized across preclinical species used for HIV eradication research, and the influence of drug transporters, HIV infection, and sex on ARV distribution and concentration into the lymph node is largely unknown. Here we show that two animal models of HIV infection (humanized mice and nonhuman primates) were well suited to predict human ARV exposure in lymph nodes. Additionally, we found that drug transporter expression was minimal and-along with viral infection and sex-did not affect ARV penetration into lymph nodes from any species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin Burgunder
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
| | - John K Fallon
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
| | - Nicole White
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
| | - Amanda P Schauer
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
| | - Craig Sykes
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
| | - Leila Remling-Mulder
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
| | - Martina Kovarova
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
| | - Lourdes Adamson
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
| | - Paul Luciw
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
| | - J Victor Garcia
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
| | - Ramesh Akkina
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
| | - Philip C Smith
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
| | - Angela D M Kashuba
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy (E.B., J.K.F., N.W., A.P.S., C.S., P.C.S., A.D.M.K.) and School of Medicine (M.K., J.V.G., A.D.M.K.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; School of Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (L.R.-M., R.A.); and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (L.A., P.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Davis NL, Corbett A, Kaullen J, Nelson JAE, Chasela CS, Sichali D, Hudgens MG, Miller WC, Jamieson DJ, Kourtis AP. Antiretroviral Drug Concentrations in Breastmilk, Maternal HIV Viral Load, and HIV Transmission to the Infant: Results From the BAN Study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2019; 80:467-473. [PMID: 30570527 PMCID: PMC6391211 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000001941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concentration of antiretroviral (ARV) drug found in plasma, and amounts of drug excreted into breastmilk, may affect HIV viral load and potentially perinatal HIV transmission. METHODS In this cohort study with 2-phase sampling, we included mothers randomized to postpartum maternal ARVs or daily infant nevirapine during 28 weeks of breastfeeding in the Breastfeeding, Antiretrovirals, and Nutrition study. Among these, we included all mothers who transmitted HIV to their infants between 2 and 28 weeks and 15% of mothers who did not (n = 27 and 227, respectively). Spearman correlation coefficients (r) were used to assess the correlation between maternal plasma and breastmilk ARV concentration. Associations between the median effective drug concentration (EC50) and detectable maternal viral load (plasma: >40 copies per milliliter, breastmilk: >56 copies per milliliter) were assessed using mixed-effects models. Cox models were used to estimate the association between maternal or infant plasma drug concentration and breastmilk HIV transmission from 2 to 28 weeks. RESULTS All ARV compounds exhibited substantial correlations between maternal plasma and breastmilk concentrations (r: 0.85-0.98, P-value <0.0001). Having plasma drug concentration above the EC50 was associated with lower odds of having detectable HIV RNA [maternal plasma odds ratio (OR) 0.64, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.45 to 0.91; breastmilk OR 0.22, 95% CI: 0.14 to 0.35] and a reduced rate of breastmilk HIV transmission (hazard ratio 0.40, 95% CI: 0.18 to 0.93). Having breastmilk drug concentration above the EC50 was also associated with lower odds of having detectable maternal HIV RNA (plasma OR 0.62, 95% CI: 0.45 to 0.85; breastmilk OR 0.42, 95% CI: 0.29 to 0.59). CONCLUSIONS Ensuring adequate drug concentration is important for viral suppression and preventing breastmilk HIV transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Davis
- Division of Reproductive Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Amanda Corbett
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Josh Kaullen
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Julie A E Nelson
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Charles S Chasela
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Parktown, South Africa
| | | | - Michael G Hudgens
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | - Denise J Jamieson
- Division of Reproductive Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Athena P Kourtis
- Division of Reproductive Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Saeki H, Hara R, Takahashi H, Iijima M, Munakata R, Kenmoku H, Fuku K, Sekihara A, Yasuno Y, Shinada T, Ueda D, Nishi T, Sato T, Asakawa Y, Kurosaki F, Yazaki K, Taura F. An Aromatic Farnesyltransferase Functions in Biosynthesis of the Anti-HIV Meroterpenoid Daurichromenic Acid. Plant Physiol 2018; 178:535-551. [PMID: 30097469 PMCID: PMC6181053 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Rhododendron dauricum produces daurichromenic acid, an anti-HIV meroterpenoid, via oxidative cyclization of the farnesyl group of grifolic acid. The prenyltransferase (PT) that synthesizes grifolic acid is a farnesyltransferase in plant specialized metabolism. In this study, we demonstrated that the isoprenoid moiety of grifolic acid is derived from the 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate pathway that takes place in plastids. We explored candidate sequences of plastid-localized PT homologs and identified a cDNA for this PT, RdPT1, which shares moderate sequence similarity with known aromatic PTs. RdPT1 is expressed exclusively in the glandular scales, where daurichromenic acid accumulates. In addition, the gene product was targeted to plastids in plant cells. The recombinant RdPT1 regiospecifically synthesized grifolic acid from orsellinic acid and farnesyl diphosphate, demonstrating that RdPT1 is the farnesyltransferase involved in daurichromenic acid biosynthesis. This enzyme strictly preferred orsellinic acid as a prenyl acceptor, whereas it had a relaxed specificity for prenyl donor structures, also accepting geranyl and geranylgeranyl diphosphates with modest efficiency to synthesize prenyl chain analogs of grifolic acid. Such a broad specificity is a unique catalytic feature of RdPT1 that is not shared among secondary metabolic aromatic PTs in plants. We discuss the unusual substrate preference of RdPT1 using a molecular modeling approach. The biochemical properties as well as the localization of RdPT1 suggest that this enzyme produces meroterpenoids in glandular scales cooperatively with previously identified daurichromenic acid synthase, probably for chemical defense on the surface of R. dauricum plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haruna Saeki
- Laboratory of Medicinal Bioresources, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Ryota Hara
- Laboratory of Medicinal Bioresources, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Hironobu Takahashi
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Miu Iijima
- Laboratory of Medicinal Bioresources, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Munakata
- Laboratory of Plant Gene Expression, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Kenmoku
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Kazuma Fuku
- Department of Material Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Ai Sekihara
- Department of Material Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Yoko Yasuno
- Department of Material Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Shinada
- Department of Material Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Daijiro Ueda
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Nishi
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Sato
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Asakawa
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Fumiya Kurosaki
- Laboratory of Medicinal Bioresources, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Yazaki
- Laboratory of Plant Gene Expression, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Futoshi Taura
- Laboratory of Medicinal Bioresources, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hoelscher M, Tiller N, Teh AYH, Wu GZ, Ma JKC, Bock R. High-level expression of the HIV entry inhibitor griffithsin from the plastid genome and retention of biological activity in dried tobacco leaves. Plant Mol Biol 2018; 97:357-370. [PMID: 29948657 PMCID: PMC6061503 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-018-0744-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE The potent anti-HIV microbicide griffithsin was expressed to high levels in tobacco chloroplasts, enabling efficient purification from both fresh and dried biomass, thus providing storable material for inexpensive production and scale-up on demand. The global HIV epidemic continues to grow, with 1.8 million new infections occurring per year. In the absence of a cure and an AIDS vaccine, there is a pressing need to prevent new infections in order to curb the disease. Topical microbicides that block viral entry into human cells can potentially prevent HIV infection. The antiviral lectin griffithsin has been identified as a highly potent inhibitor of HIV entry into human cells. Here we have explored the possibility to use transplastomic plants as an inexpensive production platform for griffithsin. We show that griffithsin accumulates in stably transformed tobacco chloroplasts to up to 5% of the total soluble protein of the plant. Griffithsin can be easily purified from leaf material and shows similarly high virus neutralization activity as griffithsin protein recombinantly expressed in bacteria. We also show that dried tobacco provides a storable source material for griffithsin purification, thus enabling quick scale-up of production on demand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs Hoelscher
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Nadine Tiller
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Audrey Y-H Teh
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Guo-Zhang Wu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Julian K-C Ma
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Ralph Bock
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Rustanti L, Jin H, Li D, Lor M, Sivakumaran H, Harrich D. Differential Effects of Strategies to Improve the Transduction Efficiency of Lentiviral Vector that Conveys an Anti-HIV Protein, Nullbasic, in Human T Cells. Virol Sin 2018. [PMID: 29541943 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-018-0004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Nullbasic is a mutant form of HIV-1 Tat that has strong ability to protect cells from HIV-1 replication by inhibiting three different steps of viral replication: reverse transcription, Rev export of viral mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and transcription of viral mRNA by RNA polymerase II. We previously showed that Nullbasic inhibits transduction of human cells including T cells by HIV-1-based lentiviral vectors. Here we investigated whether the Nullbasic antagonists huTat2 (a Tat targeting intrabody), HIV-1 Tat or Rev proteins or cellular DDX1 protein could improve transduction by a HIV-1 lentiviral vector conveying Nullbasic-ZsGreen1 to human T cells. We show that overexpression of huTat2, Tat-FLAG and DDX1-HA in virus-like particle (VLP) producer cells significantly improved transduction efficiency of VLPs that convey Nullbasic in Jurkat cells. Specifically, co-expression of Tat-FLAG and DDX1-HA in the VLP producer cell improved transduction efficiency better than if used individually. Transduction efficiencies could be further improved by including a spinoculation step. However, the same optimised protocol and using the same VLPs failed to transduce primary human CD4+ T cells. The results imply that the effects of Nullbasic on VLPs on early HIV-1 replication are robust in human CD4+ T cells. Given this significant block to lentiviral vector transduction by Nullbasic in primary CD4+ T cells, our data indicate that gammaretroviral, but not lentiviral, vectors are suitable for delivering Nullbasic to primary human T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Rustanti
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, 4029, Australia
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, 4029, Australia
- National Institute of Health Research and Development, the Ministry of Health of Republic of Indonesia, Central Jakarta, DKI Jakarta, 10560, Indonesia
| | - Hongping Jin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | - Dongsheng Li
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | - Mary Lor
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | - Haran Sivakumaran
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | - David Harrich
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, 4029, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Iijima M, Munakata R, Takahashi H, Kenmoku H, Nakagawa R, Kodama T, Asakawa Y, Abe I, Yazaki K, Kurosaki F, Taura F. Identification and Characterization of Daurichromenic Acid Synthase Active in Anti-HIV Biosynthesis. Plant Physiol 2017; 174:2213-2230. [PMID: 28679557 PMCID: PMC5543965 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Daurichromenic acid (DCA) synthase catalyzes the oxidative cyclization of grifolic acid to produce DCA, an anti-HIV meroterpenoid isolated from Rhododendron dauricum We identified a novel cDNA encoding DCA synthase by transcriptome-based screening from young leaves of R. dauricum The gene coded for a 533-amino acid polypeptide with moderate homologies to flavin adenine dinucleotide oxidases from other plants. The primary structure contained an amino-terminal signal peptide and conserved amino acid residues to form bicovalent linkage to the flavin adenine dinucleotide isoalloxazine ring at histidine-112 and cysteine-175. In addition, the recombinant DCA synthase, purified from the culture supernatant of transgenic Pichia pastoris, exhibited structural and functional properties as a flavoprotein. The reaction mechanism of DCA synthase characterized herein partly shares a similarity with those of cannabinoid synthases from Cannabis sativa, whereas DCA synthase catalyzes a novel cyclization reaction of the farnesyl moiety of a meroterpenoid natural product of plant origin. Moreover, in this study, we present evidence that DCA is biosynthesized and accumulated specifically in the glandular scales, on the surface of R. dauricum plants, based on various analytical studies at the chemical, biochemical, and molecular levels. The extracellular localization of DCA also was confirmed by a confocal microscopic analysis of its autofluorescence. These data highlight the unique feature of DCA: the final step of biosynthesis is completed in apoplastic space, and it is highly accumulated outside the scale cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miu Iijima
- Laboratory of Medicinal Bioresources, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Munakata
- Laboratory of Plant Gene Expression, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Hironobu Takahashi
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Kenmoku
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Nakagawa
- Laboratory of Medicinal Bioresources, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kodama
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Akita National College of Technology, Iijimabunkyo-cho, Akita 011-8511, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Asakawa
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Ikuro Abe
- Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Yazaki
- Laboratory of Plant Gene Expression, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Fumiya Kurosaki
- Laboratory of Medicinal Bioresources, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Futoshi Taura
- Laboratory of Medicinal Bioresources, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Maas BM, Francis O, Mollan KR, Lee C, Cottrell ML, Prince HMA, Sykes C, Trezza C, Torrice C, White N, Malone S, Hudgens MG, Sharpless NE, Dumond JB. Concentrations of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines Are Not Associated with Senescence Marker p16INK4a or Predictive of Intracellular Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Metabolite and Endogenous Nucleotide Exposures in Adults with HIV Infection. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168709. [PMID: 28036343 PMCID: PMC5201235 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES As the HIV-infected population ages, the role of cellular senescence and inflammation on co-morbid conditions and pharmacotherapy is increasingly of interest. p16INK4a expression, a marker for aging and senescence in T-cells, is associated with lower intracellular concentrations of endogenous nucleotides (EN) and nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). This study expands on these findings by determining whether inflammation is contributing to the association of p16INK4a expression with intracellular metabolite (IM) exposure and endogenous nucleotide concentrations. METHODS Samples from 73 HIV-infected adults receiving daily tenofovir/emtricitabine (TFV/FTC) with either efavirenz (EFV) or atazanavir/ritonavir (ATV/r) were tested for p16INK4a expression, and plasma cytokine and intracellular drug concentrations. Associations between p16INK4a expression and cytokine concentrations were assessed using maximum likelihood methods, and elastic net regression was applied to assess whether cytokines were predictive of intracellular metabolite/endogenous nucleotide exposures. RESULTS Enrolled participants had a median age of 48 years (range 23-73). There were no significant associations between p16INK4a expression and cytokines. Results of the elastic net regression showed weak relationships between IL-1Ra and FTC-triphosphate and deoxyadenosine triphosphate exposures, and MIP-1β, age and TFV-diphosphate exposures. CONCLUSIONS In this clinical evaluation, we found no relationships between p16INK4a expression and cytokines, or cytokines and intracellular nucleotide concentrations. While inflammation is known to play a role in this population, it is not a major contributor to the p16INK4a association with decreased IM/EN exposures in these HIV-infected participants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Maas
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Owen Francis
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Katie R. Mollan
- School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Cynthia Lee
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Mackenzie L. Cottrell
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Heather M. A. Prince
- School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Craig Sykes
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Christine Trezza
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Chad Torrice
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Nicole White
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Malone
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Michael G. Hudgens
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Norman E. Sharpless
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Julie B. Dumond
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Chen X, Seifert SM, Castillo-Mancilla JR, Bushman LR, Zheng JH, Kiser JJ, MaWhinney S, Anderson PL. Model Linking Plasma and Intracellular Tenofovir/Emtricitabine with Deoxynucleoside Triphosphates. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165505. [PMID: 27832147 PMCID: PMC5104339 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The coformulation of the nucleos(t)ide analogs (NA) tenofovir (TFV) disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and emtricitabine (FTC) is approved for HIV-infection treatment and prevention. Plasma TFV and FTC undergo complicated hybrid processes to form, accumulate, and retain as their active intracellular anabolites: TFV-diphosphate (TFV-DP) and FTC-triphosphate (FTC-TP). Such complexities manifest in nonlinear intracellular pharmacokinetics (PK). In target cells, TFV-DP/FTC-TP compete with endogenous deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTP) at the active site of HIV reverse transcriptase, underscoring the importance of analog:dNTP ratios for antiviral efficacy. However, NA such as TFV and FTC have the potential to disturb the dNTP pool, which could augment or reduce their efficacies. We conducted a pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics (PKPD) study among forty subjects receiving daily TDF/FTC (300 mg/200 mg) from the first-dose to pharmacological intracellular steady-state (30 days). TFV/FTC in plasma, TFV-DP/FTC-TP and dNTPs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were quantified using validated LC/MS/MS methodologies. Concentration-time data were analyzed using nonlinear mixed effects modeling (NONMEM). Formations and the accumulation of intracellular TFV-DP/FTC-TP was driven by plasma TFV/FTC, which was described by a hybrid of first-order formation and saturation. An indirect response link model described the interplay between TFV-DP/FTC-TP and the dNTP pool change. The EC50 (interindividual variability, (%CV)) of TFV-DP and FTC-TP on the inhibition of deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP) and deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP) production were 1020 fmol/106 cells (130%) and 44.4 pmol/106 cells (82.5%), resulting in (90% prediction interval) 11% (0.45%, 53%) and 14% (2.6%, 35%) reductions. Model simulations of analog:dNTP molar ratios using IPERGAY dosing suggested that FTC significantly contributes to the protective effect of preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Simulation-based intracellular operational multiple dosing half-lives of TFV-DP and FTC-TP were 6.7 days and 33 hours. This model described the formation of intracellular TFV-DP/FTC-TP and the interaction with dNTPs, and can be used to simulate analog:dNTP time course for various dosing strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinhui Chen
- University of Colorado, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Sharon M. Seifert
- University of Colorado, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Jose R. Castillo-Mancilla
- University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Lane R. Bushman
- University of Colorado, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Jia-Hua Zheng
- University of Colorado, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Jennifer J. Kiser
- University of Colorado, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Samantha MaWhinney
- University of Colorado, Colorado School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Peter L. Anderson
- University of Colorado, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhou T, Hu M, Pearlman A, Rohan LC. Expression, regulation, and function of drug transporters in cervicovaginal tissues of a mouse model used for microbicide testing. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 116:162-75. [PMID: 27453435 PMCID: PMC5362249 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), and multidrug resistance protein 4 (MRP4) are three efflux transporters that play key roles in the pharmacokinetics of antiretroviral drugs used in the pre-exposure prophylaxis of HIV sexual transmission. In this study, we investigated the expression, regulation, and function of these transporters in cervicovaginal tissues of a mouse model. Expression and regulation were examined using real-time RT-PCR and immunohistochemical staining, in the mouse tissues harvested at estrus and diestrus stages under natural cycling or after hormone synchronization. The three transporters were expressed at moderate to high levels compared to the liver. Transporter proteins were localized in various cell types in different tissue segments. Estrous cycle and exogenous hormone treatment affected transporter mRNA and protein expression, in a tissue- and transporter-dependent manner. Depo-Provera-synchronized mice were dosed vaginally or intraperitoneally with (3)H-TFV, with or without MK571 co-administration, to delineate the function of cervicovaginal Mrp4. Co-administration of MK571 significantly increased the concentration of vaginally-administered TFV in endocervix and vagina. MK571 increased the concentration of intraperitoneally-administered TFV in the cervicovaginal lavage and vagina by several fold. Overall, P-gp, Bcrp, and Mrp4 were positively expressed in mouse cervicovaginal tissues, and their expression can be regulated by the estrous cycle or by exogenous hormones. In this model, the Mrp4 transporter impacted TFV distribution in cervicovaginal tissues.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/metabolism
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2/metabolism
- Animals
- Anti-HIV Agents/metabolism
- Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacokinetics
- Cell Line
- Cervix Uteri/cytology
- Cervix Uteri/drug effects
- Cervix Uteri/metabolism
- Diestrus/drug effects
- Diestrus/metabolism
- Estrus/drug effects
- Estrus/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Humans
- Mice
- Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins/genetics
- Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins/metabolism
- Organ Specificity
- Propionates/pharmacology
- Quinolines/pharmacology
- Rabbits
- Reproductive Control Agents/pharmacology
- Species Specificity
- Tenofovir/metabolism
- Tenofovir/pharmacokinetics
- Tissue Distribution/drug effects
- Vagina/cytology
- Vagina/drug effects
- Vagina/metabolism
- Vaginal Creams, Foams, and Jellies/metabolism
- Vaginal Creams, Foams, and Jellies/pharmacokinetics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Minlu Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Andrew Pearlman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Lisa C Rohan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Agharbaoui FE, Hoyte AC, Ferro S, Gitto R, Buemi MR, Fuchs JR, Kvaratskhelia M, De Luca L. Computational and synthetic approaches for developing Lavendustin B derivatives as allosteric inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 123:673-683. [PMID: 27517812 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.07.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Through structure-based virtual screening and subsequent activity assays of selected natural products, Lavendustin B was previously identified as an inhibitor of HIV-1 integrase (IN) interaction with its cognate cellular cofactor, lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF/p75). In order to improve the inhibitory potency we have employed in silico-based approaches. Particularly, a series of new analogues was designed and docked into the LEDGF/p75 binding pocket of HIV-1 IN. To identify promising leads we used the Molecular Mechanics energies combined with the Generalized Born and Surface Area continuum solvation (MM-GBSA) method, molecular dynamics simulations and analysis of hydrogen bond occupancies. On the basis of these studies, six analogues of Lavendustine B, containing the benzylamino-hydroxybenzoic scaffold, were selected for synthesis and structure activity-relationship (SAR) studies. Our results demonstrated a good correlation between computational and experimental data, and all six analogues displayed an improved potency for inhibiting IN binding to LEDGF/p75 in vitro to respect to the parent compound Lavendustin B. Additionally, these analogs show to inhibit weakly LEDGF/p75-independent IN catalytic activity suggesting a multimodal allosteric mechanism of action. Nevertheless, for the synthesized compounds similar profiles for HIV-1 inhibition and cytoxicity were highlighted. Taken together, our studies elucidated the mode of action of Lavendustin B analogs and provided a path for their further development as a new promising class of HIV-1 integrase inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatima E Agharbaoui
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche e Ambientali (CHIBIOFARAM), Polo Universitario SS. Annunziata, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, I-98168, Messina, Italy; Center for Retrovirus Research and College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Ashley C Hoyte
- Center for Retrovirus Research and College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Stefania Ferro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche e Ambientali (CHIBIOFARAM), Polo Universitario SS. Annunziata, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, I-98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Rosaria Gitto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche e Ambientali (CHIBIOFARAM), Polo Universitario SS. Annunziata, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, I-98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Buemi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche e Ambientali (CHIBIOFARAM), Polo Universitario SS. Annunziata, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, I-98168, Messina, Italy
| | - James R Fuchs
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Mamuka Kvaratskhelia
- Center for Retrovirus Research and College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Laura De Luca
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche e Ambientali (CHIBIOFARAM), Polo Universitario SS. Annunziata, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, I-98168, Messina, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Nair M, Jayant RD, Kaushik A, Sagar V. Getting into the brain: Potential of nanotechnology in the management of NeuroAIDS. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 103:202-217. [PMID: 26944096 PMCID: PMC4935582 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In spite of significant advances in antiretroviral (ARV) therapy, the elimination of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reservoirs from the periphery and the central nervous system (CNS) remains a formidable task. The incapability of ARV to go across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) after systemic administration makes the brain one of the dominant HIV reservoirs. Thus, screening, monitoring, and elimination of HIV reservoirs from the brain remain a clinically daunting and key task. The practice and investigation of nanomedicine possesses potentials for therapeutics against neuroAIDS. This review highlights the advancements in nanoscience and nanotechnology to design and develop specific size therapeutic cargo for efficient navigation across BBB so as to recognize and eradicate HIV brain reservoirs. Different navigation and drug release strategies, their biocompatibility and efficacy with related challenges and future prospects are also discussed. This review would be an excellent platform to understand nano-enable multidisciplinary research to formulate efficient nanomedicine for the management of neuroAIDS.
Collapse
Key Words
- Anti-retroviral (ARV) therapy
- Blood–brain barrier (BBB)
- Bradykinin (PubChem CID: 439,201)
- CNS drug delivery
- Enfuvirtide (PubChem CID: 16,130,199), Lamivudine & Zidovudine (PubChem CID: 160,352)
- Ferrous oxide or iron (II) oxide (PubChem CID: 14,945)
- Foscarnet sodium (PubChem CID: 44,561)
- HIV monitoring
- HIV-1
- Magnetic nanoparticle
- Mannitol (PubChem CID: 6251)
- Nanotechnology
- Neopterin (PubChem CID: 4455)
- NeuroAIDS
- Pluronic-P85 (PubChem CID: 24,751)
- Saquinavir mesylate (PubChem CID: 60,934)
- Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (PubChem CID: 6,398,764)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madhavan Nair
- Center for Personalized Nanomedicine, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | - Rahul Dev Jayant
- Center for Personalized Nanomedicine, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | - Ajeet Kaushik
- Center for Personalized Nanomedicine, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Vidya Sagar
- Center for Personalized Nanomedicine, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Poznanski J, Bretner M, Kulikowski T, Balzarini J, Van Aerschot A, De Clercq E. Synthesis, Solution Conformation and Anti-HIV Activity of Novel 3-Substituted-2′,3′-Dideoxy-5-Hydroxymethyl-Uridines and Their 4,5-Substituted Analogues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 14:127-38. [PMID: 14521329 DOI: 10.1177/095632020301400302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
To decrease the toxicity of potent anti-HIV nucleosides 3-azido-2′,3′-dideoxythymidine (AZT) and 2,3′-dideoxy-3′-fluorothymidine (3-FddThd, FLT), their new analogues, 3-azido-2′,3′-dideoxy-5-hydroxymethyluridine (3-Az5HmddUrd) and 2,3′-dideoxy-3′-fluoro-5-hydroxymethyluridine (3′-F5HmddUrd), were synthesized. The reaction of 3′-azido-2′,3′-dideoxyuridine (3′-AzddUrd) and 2,3′-dideoxy-3′-fluorouridine (3′-FddUrd) with formaldehyde, under strongly alkaline conditions and at elevated temperature, proceeded after 4 days to completion to afford the corresponding 5-hydroxymethyl derivatives 3′-Az5HmddUrd and 3′-F5HmddUrd in good yield. These compounds were also prepared by oxidation of AZT and FLT with the use of K2S2O8. 1H NMR analyses were subjected to the series of 3′,4 and 5-substituted pyrimidine 2′-deoxy- and 2′,3′-dideoxynucleosides involving 3′-Az5HmddUrd and 3′-F5HmddUrd. Analysis of the sugar furanose ring puckering demonstrated that all 3′-fluorine derivatives exhibited strong domination of the S conformation (∼100%) while 3-substitution by electron-donating groups, such as NH2, increased population of the N conformation. Experimentally observed substituent effect on the furanose ring puckering equilibrium was reconstructed in the 100 ps molecular dynamic trajectories obtained for AZT, FLT, dThd, 2′,3′-ddThd and 3′-amino-2′,3′-ddThd. It may be concluded that anti-HIV activity is linked to a direct interaction of the 3′-sub-stituent with reverse transcriptase (RT) binding site. Anti-HIV activities of 3′-Az5HmddUrd and 3′-F5HmddUrd are lower than activity of AZT and FLT; however, 3′-Az5HmddUrd and 3′-F5HmddUrd are less toxic than AZT and FLT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslaw Poznanski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Vamvaka E, Arcalis E, Ramessar K, Evans A, O'Keefe BR, Shattock RJ, Medina V, Stöger E, Christou P, Capell T. Rice endosperm is cost-effective for the production of recombinant griffithsin with potent activity against HIV. Plant Biotechnol J 2016; 14:1427-37. [PMID: 26800650 PMCID: PMC4865440 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Protein microbicides containing neutralizing antibodies and antiviral lectins may help to reduce the rate of infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) if it is possible to manufacture the components in large quantities at a cost affordable in HIV-endemic regions such as sub-Saharan Africa. We expressed the antiviral lectin griffithsin (GRFT), which shows potent neutralizing activity against HIV, in the endosperm of transgenic rice plants (Oryza sativa), to determine whether rice can be used to produce inexpensive GRFT as a microbicide ingredient. The yield of (OS) GRFT in the best-performing plants was 223 μg/g dry seed weight. We also established a one-step purification protocol, achieving a recovery of 74% and a purity of 80%, which potentially could be developed into a larger-scale process to facilitate inexpensive downstream processing. (OS) GRFT bound to HIV glycans with similar efficiency to GRFT produced in Escherichia coli. Whole-cell assays using purified (OS) GRFT and infectivity assays using crude extracts of transgenic rice endosperm confirmed that both crude and pure (OS) GRFT showed potent activity against HIV and the crude extracts were not toxic towards human cell lines, suggesting they could be administered as a microbicide with only minimal processing. A freedom-to-operate analysis confirmed that GRFT produced in rice is suitable for commercial development, and an economic evaluation suggested that 1.8 kg/ha of pure GRFT could be produced from rice seeds. Our data therefore indicate that rice could be developed as an inexpensive production platform for GRFT as a microbicide component.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Vamvaka
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, School of Agrifood and Forestry Science and Engineering (ETSEA), University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Lleida, Spain
| | - Elsa Arcalis
- Department for Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Molecular Plant Physiology and Crop Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Koreen Ramessar
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Abbey Evans
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, UK
| | - Barry R O'Keefe
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD, USA
- Natural Products Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Robin J Shattock
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, UK
| | - Vicente Medina
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, School of Agrifood and Forestry Science and Engineering (ETSEA), University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Lleida, Spain
| | - Eva Stöger
- Department for Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Molecular Plant Physiology and Crop Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Christou
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, School of Agrifood and Forestry Science and Engineering (ETSEA), University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Lleida, Spain
- Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Capell
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, School of Agrifood and Forestry Science and Engineering (ETSEA), University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Lleida, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Yin C, Zhang T, Li F, Yang F, Putatunda R, Young WB, Khalili K, Hu W, Zhang Y. Functional screening of guide RNAs targeting the regulatory and structural HIV-1 viral genome for a cure of AIDS. AIDS 2016; 30:1163-74. [PMID: 26990633 PMCID: PMC4851589 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is an urgent need for the development of HIV-1 genome eradication strategies that lead to a permanent cure for HIV-1/AIDS. We previously reported that four guide RNAs (gRNAs) targeting HIV-1 long terminal repeats (LTR) effectively eradicated the entire HIV-1 genome. In this study, we sought to identify the best gRNAs targeting HIV-1 LTR and viral structural region and optimize gRNA pairing that can efficiently eradicate the HIV-1 genome. DESIGN Highly specific gRNAs were designed using bioinformatics tools, and their capacity of guiding CRISPR-associated system 9 to cleave HIV-1 proviral DNA was evaluated using high-throughput HIV-1 luciferase reporter assay and rapid Direct-PCR genotyping. METHODS The target seed sequences for each gRNA were cloned into lentiviral vectors. HEK293T cells were cotransfected with a pEcoHIV-NL4-3-firefly-luciferase reporter vector (1 : 20) over lentiviral vectors carrying CRISPR-associated system 9 and single gRNA or various combinations of gRNAs. The EcoHIV DNA cleaving efficiency was evaluated by Direct-PCR genotyping, and the EcoHIV transcription/replication activity was examined by a luciferase reporter assay. RESULTS Most of the designed gRNAs are effective to eliminate the predicted HIV-1 genome sequence between the selected two target sites. This is evidenced by the presence of PCR genotypic deletion/insertion and the decrease of luciferase reporter activity. In particular, a combination of viral structural gRNAs with LTR gRNAs provided a higher efficiency of genome eradication and an easier approach for PCR genotyping. CONCLUSION Our screening strategy can specifically and effectively identify gRNAs targeting HIV-1 LTR and structural region to excise proviral HIV-1 from the host genome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoran Yin
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and The Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and The Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and The Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and The Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Raj Putatunda
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and The Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Won-Bin Young
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219
| | - Kamel Khalili
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and The Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Wenhui Hu
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and The Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Yonggang Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and The Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Hirayama M, Shibata H, Imamura K, Sakaguchi T, Hori K. High-Mannose Specific Lectin and Its Recombinants from a Carrageenophyta Kappaphycus alvarezii Represent a Potent Anti-HIV Activity Through High-Affinity Binding to the Viral Envelope Glycoprotein gp120. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 2016; 18:215-31. [PMID: 26661793 PMCID: PMC7088246 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-015-9684-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that a high-mannose binding lectin KAA-2 from the red alga Kappaphycus alvarezii, which is an economically important species and widely cultivated as a source of carrageenans, had a potent anti-influenza virus activity. In this study, the full-length sequences of two KAA isoforms, KAA-1 and KAA-2, were elucidated by a combination of peptide mapping and cDNA cloning. They consisted of four internal tandem-repeated domains, which are conserved in high-mannose specific lectins from lower organisms, including a cyanobacterium Oscillatoria agardhii and a red alga Eucheuma serra. Using an Escherichia coli expression system, an active recombinant form of KAA-1 (His-tagged rKAA-1) was successfully generated in the yield of 115 mg per a litter of culture. In a detailed oligosaccharide binding analysis by a centrifugal ultrafiltration-HPLC method with 27 pyridylaminated oligosaccharides, His-tagged rKAA-1 and rKAA-1 specifically bound to high-mannose N-glycans with an exposed α1-3 mannose in the D2 arm as the native lectin did. Predicted from oligosaccharide-binding specificity, a surface plasmon resonance analysis revealed that the recombinants exhibit strong interaction with gp120, a heavily glycosylated envelope glycoprotein of HIV with high association constants (1.48-1.61 × 10(9) M(-1)). Native KAAs and the recombinants inhibited the HIV-1 entry at IC50s of low nanomolar levels (7.3-12.9 nM). Thus, the recombinant proteins would be useful as antiviral reagents targeting the viral surface glycoproteins with high-mannose N-glycans, and the cultivated alga K. alvarezii could also be a good source of not only carrageenans but also this functional lectin(s).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Hirayama
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
| | - Hiromi Shibata
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
| | - Koji Imamura
- Medical and Biological Laboratories Co., Ltd., 1063-103 Terasawaoka, Ina, Nagano, 396-0002, Japan
| | - Takemasa Sakaguchi
- Department of Virology, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Kanji Hori
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Hirayama M, Shibata H, Imamura K, Sakaguchi T, Hori K. High-Mannose Specific Lectin and Its Recombinants from a Carrageenophyta Kappaphycus alvarezii Represent a Potent Anti-HIV Activity Through High-Affinity Binding to the Viral Envelope Glycoprotein gp120. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 2016; 18:144-60. [PMID: 26593063 PMCID: PMC7088233 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-015-9677-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that a high-mannose binding lectin KAA-2 from the red alga Kappaphycus alvarezii, which is an economically important species and widely cultivated as a source of carrageenans, had a potent anti-influenza virus activity. In this study, the full-length sequences of two KAA isoforms, KAA-1 and KAA-2, were elucidated by a combination of peptide mapping and complementary DNA (cDNA) cloning. They consisted of four internal tandem-repeated domains, which are conserved in high-mannose specific lectins from lower organisms, including a cyanobacterium Oscillatoria agardhii and a red alga Eucheuma serra. Using an Escherichia coli expression system, an active recombinant form of KAA-1 (His-tagged rKAA-1) was successfully generated in the yield of 115 mg per liter of culture. In a detailed oligosaccharide binding analysis by a centrifugal ultrafiltration-HPLC method with 27 pyridylaminated oligosaccharides, His-tagged rKAA-1 and rKAA-1 specifically bound to high-mannose N-glycans with an exposed α1-3 mannose in the D2 arm as the native lectin did. Predicted from oligosaccharide binding specificity, a surface plasmon resonance analysis revealed that the recombinants exhibit strong interaction with gp120, a heavily glycosylated envelope glycoprotein of HIV with high association constants (1.48 - 1.61 × 10(9) M(-1)). Native KAAs and the recombinants inhibited the HIV-1 entry at IC50s of low nanomolar levels (7.3-12.9 nM). Thus, the recombinant proteins would be useful as antiviral reagents targeting the viral surface glycoproteins with high-mannose N-glycans, and the cultivated alga K. alvarezii could also be a good source of not only carrageenans but also this functional lectin(s).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Hirayama
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
| | - Hiromi Shibata
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
| | - Koji Imamura
- Medical & Biological Laboratories Co., Ltd., 1063-103 Terasawaoka, Ina, Nagano, 396-0002, Japan
| | - Takemasa Sakaguchi
- Department of Virology, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Kanji Hori
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Pyridoacridines are a class of strictly marine-derived alkaloids that constitute one of the largest chemical families of marine alkaloids. During the last few years, both natural pyridoacridines and their analogues have constituted excellent targets for synthetic works. They have been the subject of intense study due to their significant biological activities; cytotoxic, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, insecticidal, anti-HIV, and anti-parasitic activities. In the present review, 95 pyridoacridine alkaloids isolated from marine organisms are discussed in term of their occurrence, biosynthesis, biological activities, and structural assignment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrin R M Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al Madinah , Al Munawwarah 30078, Saudi Arabia (phone: +966-581-183034; fax:+966-484-75027).
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt, (phone: +20-88-2411330; fax: +20-88-2332776).
| | - Gamal A Mohamed
- Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia (phone: +966-597-636182).
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt, (phone: +20-88-2181191; fax: +20-88-2181191).
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Xu JP, Branson JD, Lawrence R, Cocklin S. Identification of a small molecule HIV-1 inhibitor that targets the capsid hexamer. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 26:824-828. [PMID: 26747394 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.12.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The HIV-1 CA protein is an attractive therapeutic target for the development of new antivirals. An inter-protomer pocket within the hexamer configuration of the CA, which is a binding site for key host dependency factors, is an especially appealing region for small molecule targeting. Using a field-based pharmacophore derived from an inhibitor known to interact with this region, coupled to biochemical and biological assessment, we have identified a new compound that inhibits HIV-1 infection and that targets the assembled CA hexamer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy P Xu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Rooms 10302-10306, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Branson
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Rooms 10302-10306, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Rae Lawrence
- Cresset, New Cambridge House, Bassingbourn Road, Litlington, Cambridgeshire SG8 0SS, UK
| | - Simon Cocklin
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Rooms 10302-10306, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Sangphukieo A, Nawae W, Laomettachit T, Supasitthimethee U, Ruengjitchatchawalya M. Computational Design of Hypothetical New Peptides Based on a Cyclotide Scaffold as HIV gp120 Inhibitor. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139562. [PMID: 26517259 PMCID: PMC4627658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclotides are a family of triple disulfide cyclic peptides with exceptional resistance to thermal/chemical denaturation and enzymatic degradation. Several cyclotides have been shown to possess anti-HIV activity, including kalata B1 (KB1). However, the use of cyclotides as anti-HIV therapies remains limited due to the high toxicity in normal cells. Therefore, grafting anti-HIV epitopes onto a cyclotide might be a promising approach for reducing toxicity and simultaneously improving anti-HIV activity. Viral envelope glycoprotein gp120 is required for entry of HIV into CD4+ T cells. However, due to a high degree of variability and physical shielding, the design of drugs targeting gp120 remains challenging. We created a computational protocol in which molecular modeling techniques were combined with a genetic algorithm (GA) to automate the design of new cyclotides with improved binding to HIV gp120. We found that the group of modified cyclotides has better binding scores (23.1%) compared to the KB1. By using molecular dynamic (MD) simulation as a post filter for the final candidates, we identified two novel cyclotides, GA763 and GA190, which exhibited better interaction energies (36.6% and 22.8%, respectively) when binding to gp120 compared to KB1. This computational design represents an alternative tool for modifying peptides, including cyclotides and other stable peptides, as therapeutic agents before the synthesis process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Apiwat Sangphukieo
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology program, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bang Khun Thian, Bangkok, 10150, Thailand
| | - Wanapinun Nawae
- Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, KMUTT (Bang Khun Thian), Bangkok, 10150, Thailand
| | - Teeraphan Laomettachit
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology program, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bang Khun Thian, Bangkok, 10150, Thailand
| | | | - Marasri Ruengjitchatchawalya
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology program, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bang Khun Thian, Bangkok, 10150, Thailand
- Biotechnology program, School of Bioresources and Technology, KMUTT (Bang Khun Thian), Bangkok, 10150, Thailand
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Griffithsin is a broad spectrum antiviral lectin that inhibits viral entry and maturation processes through binding clusters of oligomannose glycans on viral envelope glycoproteins. An efficient, scaleable manufacturing process for griffithsin active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is essential for particularly cost-sensitive products such as griffithsin -based topical microbicides for HIV-1 prevention in resource poor settings. Our previously published purification method used ceramic filtration followed by two chromatography steps, resulting in a protein recovery of 30%. Our objective was to develop a scalable purification method for griffithsin expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana plants that would increase yield, reduce production costs, and simplify manufacturing techniques. Considering the future need to transfer griffithsin manufacturing technology to resource poor areas, we chose to focus modifying the purification process, paying particular attention to introducing simple, low-cost, and scalable procedures such as use of temperature, pH, ion concentration, and filtration to enhance product recovery. RESULTS We achieved >99% pure griffithsin API by generating the initial green juice extract in pH 4 buffer, heating the extract to 55°C, incubating overnight with a bentonite MgCl2 mixture, and final purification with Capto™ multimodal chromatography. Griffithsin extracted with this protocol maintains activity comparable to griffithsin purified by the previously published method and we are able to recover a substantially higher yield: 88 ± 5% of griffithsin from the initial extract. The method was scaled to produce gram quantities of griffithsin with high yields, low endotoxin levels, and low purification costs maintained. CONCLUSIONS The methodology developed to purify griffithsin introduces and develops multiple tools for purification of recombinant proteins from plants at an industrial scale. These tools allow for robust cost-effective production and purification of griffithsin. The methodology can be readily scaled to the bench top or industry and process components can be used for purification of additional proteins based on biophysical characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Fuqua
- Owensboro Cancer Research Program, 1020 Breckenridge St., Suite 201, Owensboro, KY, 42303, USA.
- University of Louisville School of Medicine, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, 529 S Jackson Street, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
| | - Valentine Wanga
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 5th Ave, Suite 600, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Kenneth E Palmer
- Owensboro Cancer Research Program, 1020 Breckenridge St., Suite 201, Owensboro, KY, 42303, USA.
- University of Louisville School of Medicine, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, 529 S Jackson Street, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Chau D, Yee M, Gebremedhin S, Cheung J, Chino T, Düzgüneş N. Mannose-specific lectins that inhibit HIV infection bind nonspecifically to HIV Env-expressing cells. J Calif Dent Assoc 2015; 43:93-96. [PMID: 25868224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
An approach to curing HIV/AIDS is to specifically kill all infected cells. Because the lectins, Hippeastrum hybrid agglutinin (HHA) and Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA), are potent inhibitors of HIV infection and bind the oligomannans on the HIV Env protein, we hypothesized that they would bind specifically to cells expressing the HIV Env protein on their plasma membrane. Flow cytometry experiments indicated, however, that these lectins bind equivalently to both Env-expressing and control cells without Env.
Collapse
|
45
|
Sun H, Zhang T, Wu Z, Wu B. Warfarin is an effective modifier of multiple UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzymes: evaluation of its potential to alter the pharmacokinetics of zidovudine. J Pharm Sci 2014; 104:244-56. [PMID: 25393417 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to determine the modulatory effects of warfarin (an extensively used anticoagulant drug) and its metabolites on UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) activity and to assess the potential of warfarin to alter the pharmacokinetics of zidovudine (AZT). The effects of warfarin and its metabolites on glucuronidation were determined using human and rat liver microsomes (HLM and RLM) as well as expressed UGTs. The mechanisms of warfarin-UGT interactions were explored through kinetic characterization and modeling. Pharmacokinetic studies with rats were performed to evaluate the potential of warfarin to alter the pharmacokinetics of AZT. We found that warfarin was an effective modifier of a panel of UGT enzymes. The effects of warfarin on glucuronidation were inhibitory for UGT1A1, 2B7, and 2B17, but activating for UGT1A3. Mixed effects were observed for UGT1A7 and 1A9. Consistent with its inhibitory effects on UGT2B7 activity, warfarin inhibited AZT glucuronidation in HLM (Ki = 74.9-96.3 μM) and RLM (Ki = 190-230 μM). Inhibition of AZT glucuronidation by UGT2B7, HLM, and RLM was also observed with several hydroxylated metabolites of warfarin. Moreover, the systemic exposure (AUC) of AZT in rats was increased by a 1.5- to 2.1-fold upon warfarin coadministration. The elevated AUC was associated with suppressed glucuronidation that was probably attained through a combined action of warfarin and its hydroxylated metabolites. In conclusion, the activities of multiple UGT enzymes can be modulated by warfarin and the nature of modulation was isoform dependent. Also, pharmacokinetic interactions of zidovudine with warfarin were highly possible through inhibition of UGT metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Sun
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Bolia A, Woodrum BW, Cereda A, Ruben MA, Wang X, Ozkan SB, Ghirlanda G. A flexible docking scheme efficiently captures the energetics of glycan-cyanovirin binding. Biophys J 2014; 106:1142-51. [PMID: 24606938 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanovirin-N (CVN), a cyanobacterial lectin, exemplifies a class of antiviral agents that inhibit HIV by binding to the highly glycosylated envelope protein gp120. Here, we investigate the energetics of glycan recognition using a computationally inexpensive flexible docking approach, backbone perturbation docking (BP-Dock). We benchmarked our method using two mutants of CVN: P51G-m4-CVN, which binds dimannose with high affinity through domain B, and CVN((mutDB)), in which binding to domain B has been abolished through mutation of five polar residues to small nonpolar side chains. We investigated the energetic contribution of these polar residues along with the additional position 53 by docking dimannose to single-point CVN mutant models. Analysis of the docking simulations indicated that the E41A/G and T57A mutations led to a significant decrease in binding energy scores due to rearrangements of the hydrogen-bond network that reverberated throughout the binding cavity. N42A decreased the binding score to a level comparable to that of CVN((mutDB)) by affecting the integrity of the local protein structure. In contrast, N53S resulted in a high binding energy score, similar to P51G-m4-CVN. Experimental characterization of the five mutants by NMR spectroscopy confirmed the binding affinity pattern predicted by BP-Dock. Despite their mostly conserved fold and stability, E41A, E41G, and T57A displayed dissociation constants in the millimolar range. N53S showed a binding constant in the low micromolar range, similar to that observed for P51G-m4-CVN. No binding was observed for N42A. Our results show that BP-Dock is a useful tool for rapidly screening the relative binding affinity pattern of in silico-designed mutants compared with wild-type, supporting its use to design novel mutants with enhanced binding properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashini Bolia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Brian W Woodrum
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Angelo Cereda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Melissa A Ruben
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - S Banu Ozkan
- Center for Biological Physics, Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona.
| | - Giovanna Ghirlanda
- Center for Biological Physics, Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
During recent years, remarkable progress has been achieved in the treatment of patients infected with HIV. This progress involves not only the improvement of previously known drugs but also the introduction of new classes of anti-HIV agents. Currently, drugs targeting virus entry, reverse transcription, integration and maturation are either in clinical use or in the late stages of clinical development. Nonetheless, the high mutation rate of the virus and toxicity of the drugs, which become problematic during prolonged treatment regimens characteristic of anti-HIV therapy, drive the necessity to produce new drugs that will allow physicians to keep the virus at bay in patients on lifelong anti-HIV therapy. Ideally, such drugs would target a new step in the HIV life cycle, thus avoiding crossresistance with older compounds. One such new target for anti-HIV therapy is nuclear translocation--a process critical for HIV replication. In this article, the authors will review recent literature on the mechanisms of HIV nuclear import and will describe compounds that inhibit this step of HIV replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omar Haffar
- International Therapeutics, Inc., 600 Broadway Medical Center, Suite 510, Seattle, WA 98122, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Romanucci V, Milardi D, Campagna T, Gaglione M, Messere A, D'Urso A, Crisafi E, La Rosa C, Zarrelli A, Balzarini J, Di Fabio G. Synthesis, biophysical characterization and anti-HIV activity of d(TG3AG) Quadruplexes bearing hydrophobic tails at the 5'-end. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:960-6. [PMID: 24433967 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Novel conjugated G-quadruplex-forming d(TG3AG) oligonucleotides, linked to hydrophobic groups through phosphodiester bonds at 5'-end, have been synthesized as potential anti-HIV aptamers, via a fully automated, online phosphoramidite-based solid-phase strategy. Conjugated quadruplexes showed pronounced anti-HIV activity with some preference for HIV-1, with inhibitory activity invariably in the low micromolar range. The CD and DSC monitored thermal denaturation studies on the resulting quadruplexes, indicated the insertion of lipophilic residue at the 5'-end, conferring always improved stability to the quadruplex complex (20<ΔTm<40°C). The data suggest no direct functional relationship between the thermal stability and anti-HIV activity of the folded conjugated G-quartets. It would appear that the nature of the residue at 5' end of the d(TG3AG) quadruplexes plays an important role in the thermodynamic stabilization but a minor influence on the anti-HIV activity. Moreover, a detailed CD and DSC analyses indicate a monophasic behaviour for sequences I and V, while for ODNs (II-IV) clearly show that these quadruplex structures deviate from simple two-state melting, supporting the hypothesis that intermediate states along the dissociation pathway may exist.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Romanucci
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli 'Federico II', Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Danilo Milardi
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini-Catania, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Tiziana Campagna
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini-Catania, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Gaglione
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Seconda Università̀ di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Anna Messere
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Seconda Università̀ di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Alessandro D'Urso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Emanuela Crisafi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Carmelo La Rosa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Armando Zarrelli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli 'Federico II', Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Jan Balzarini
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Giovanni Di Fabio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli 'Federico II', Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Derby N, Zydowsky T, Robbiani M. In search of the optimal delivery method for anti-HIV microbicides: are intravaginal rings the way forward? Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2013; 11:5-8. [PMID: 23428097 DOI: 10.1586/eri.12.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
50
|
Roy U, Bulot C, Honer zu Bentrup K, Mondal D. Specific increase in MDR1 mediated drug-efflux in human brain endothelial cells following co-exposure to HIV-1 and saquinavir. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75374. [PMID: 24098380 PMCID: PMC3789726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistence of HIV-1 reservoirs within the Central Nervous System (CNS) remains a significant challenge to the efficacy of potent anti-HIV-1 drugs. The primary human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells (HBMVEC) constitutes the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) which interferes with anti-HIV drug delivery into the CNS. The ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters expressed on HBMVEC can efflux HIV-1 protease inhibitors (HPI), enabling the persistence of HIV-1 in CNS. Constitutive low level expression of several ABC-transporters, such as MDR1 (a.k.a. P-gp) and MRPs are documented in HBMVEC. Although it is recognized that inflammatory cytokines and exposure to xenobiotic drug substrates (e.g HPI) can augment the expression of these transporters, it is not known whether concomitant exposure to virus and anti-retroviral drugs can increase drug-efflux functions in HBMVEC. Our in vitro studies showed that exposure of HBMVEC to HIV-1 significantly up-regulates both MDR1 gene expression and protein levels; however, no significant increases in either MRP-1 or MRP-2 were observed. Furthermore, calcein-AM dye-efflux assays using HBMVEC showed that, compared to virus exposure alone, the MDR1 mediated drug-efflux function was significantly induced following concomitant exposure to both HIV-1 and saquinavir (SQV). This increase in MDR1 mediated drug-efflux was further substantiated via increased intracellular retention of radiolabeled [(3)H-] SQV. The crucial role of MDR1 in (3)H-SQV efflux from HBMVEC was further confirmed by using both a MDR1 specific blocker (PSC-833) and MDR1 specific siRNAs. Therefore, MDR1 specific drug-efflux function increases in HBMVEC following co-exposure to HIV-1 and SQV which can reduce the penetration of HPIs into the infected brain reservoirs of HIV-1. A targeted suppression of MDR1 in the BBB may thus provide a novel strategy to suppress residual viral replication in the CNS, by augmenting the therapeutic efficacy of HAART drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Upal Roy
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Christine Bulot
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Kerstin Honer zu Bentrup
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Debasis Mondal
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|