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Intestinal Microbiome Inhibits CD8+ T Cells via the Calcineurin-NFAT Axis. Cancer Discov 2022;:OF1. [PMID: 35394489 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-RW2022-060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial sensing activates the calcineurin-NFAT axis, inhibiting CD8+ T cells in colon cancer.
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2
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Artola-Borán M, Fallegger A, Priola M, Jeske R, Waterboer T, Dohlman AB, Shen X, Wild S, He J, Levesque MP, Yousefi S, Simon HU, Cheng PF, Müller A. Mycobacterial infection aggravates Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric preneoplastic pathology by redirection of de novo induced Treg cells. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110359. [PMID: 35139377 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The two human pathogens Helicobacter pylori and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) co-exist in many geographical areas of the world. Here, using a co-infection model of H. pylori and the Mtb relative M. bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), we show that both bacteria affect the colonization and immune control of the respective other pathogen. Co-occurring M. bovis boosts gastric Th1 responses and H. pylori control and aggravates gastric immunopathology. H. pylori in the stomach compromises immune control of M. bovis in the liver and spleen. Prior antibiotic H. pylori eradication or M. bovis-specific immunization reverses the effects of H. pylori. Mechanistically, the mutual effects can be attributed to the redirection of regulatory T cells (Treg cells) to sites of M. bovis infection. Reversal of Treg cell redirection by CXCR3 blockade restores M. bovis control. In conclusion, the simultaneous presence of both pathogens exacerbates the problems associated with each individual infection alone and should possibly be factored into treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariela Artola-Borán
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Angela Fallegger
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martina Priola
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rima Jeske
- Infection and Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tim Waterboer
- Infection and Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anders B Dohlman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Genomics and Computational Biology, Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xiling Shen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Genomics and Computational Biology, Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sebastian Wild
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jiazhuo He
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Shida Yousefi
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia; Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia; Institute of Biochemistry, Medical School Brandenburg, Neuruppin, Germany
| | - Phil F Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anne Müller
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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James CA, Xu Y, Aguilar MS, Jing L, Layton ED, Gilleron M, Minnaard AJ, Scriba TJ, Day CL, Warren EH, Koelle DM, Seshadri C. CD4 and CD8 co-receptors modulate functional avidity of CD1b-restricted T cells. Nat Commun 2022; 13:78. [PMID: 35013257 PMCID: PMC8748927 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27764-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells recognize mycobacterial glycolipid (mycolipid) antigens presented by CD1b molecules, but the role of CD4 and CD8 co-receptors in mycolipid recognition is unknown. Here we show CD1b-mycolipid tetramers reveal a hierarchy in which circulating T cells expressing CD4 or CD8 co-receptor stain with a higher tetramer mean fluorescence intensity than CD4-CD8- T cells. CD4+ primary T cells transduced with mycolipid-specific T cell receptors bind CD1b-mycolipid tetramer with a higher fluorescence intensity than CD8+ primary T cells. The presence of either CD4 or CD8 also decreases the threshold for interferon-γ secretion. Co-receptor expression increases surface expression of CD3ε, suggesting a mechanism for increased tetramer binding and activation. Targeted transcriptional profiling of mycolipid-specific T cells from individuals with active tuberculosis reveals canonical markers associated with cytotoxicity among CD8+ compared to CD4+ T cells. Thus, expression of co-receptors modulates T cell receptor avidity for mycobacterial lipids, leading to in vivo functional diversity during tuberculosis disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte A James
- Molecular Medicine and Mechanisms of Disease PhD Program (M3D), Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yuexin Xu
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Lichen Jing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Erik D Layton
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Martine Gilleron
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Adriaan J Minnaard
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas J Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Cheryl L Day
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Edus H Warren
- Molecular Medicine and Mechanisms of Disease PhD Program (M3D), Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David M Koelle
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chetan Seshadri
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Tuberculosis Research and Training Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Tomás-Cortázar J, Bossi L, Quinn C, Reynolds CJ, Butler DK, Corcoran N, Murchú MÓ, McMahon E, Singh M, Rongkard P, Anguita J, Blanco A, Dunachie SJ, Altmann D, Boyton RJ, Arnold J, Giltaire S, McClean S. BpOmpW Antigen Stimulates the Necessary Protective T-Cell Responses Against Melioidosis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:767359. [PMID: 34966388 PMCID: PMC8710444 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.767359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Melioidosis is a potentially fatal bacterial disease caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei and is estimated to cause 89,000 deaths per year in endemic areas of Southeast Asia and Northern Australia. People with diabetes mellitus are most at risk of melioidosis, with a 12-fold increased susceptibility for severe disease. Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) responses from CD4 and CD8 T cells, but also from natural killer (NK) and natural killer T (NKT) cells, are necessary to eliminate the pathogen. We previously reported that immunization with B. pseudomallei OmpW (BpOmpW antigen) protected mice from lethal B. pseudomallei challenge for up to 81 days. Elucidating the immune correlates of protection of the protective BpOmpW vaccine is an essential step prior to clinical trials. Thus, we immunized either non-insulin-resistant C57BL/6J mice or an insulin-resistant C57BL/6J mouse model of type 2 diabetes (T2D) with a single dose of BpOmpW. BpOmpW induced strong antibody responses, stimulated effector CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, and produced higher IFN-γ responses in CD4+, CD8+, NK, and NKT cells in non-insulin-resistant mice. The T-cell responses of insulin-resistant mice to BpOmpW were comparable to those of non-insulin-resistant mice. In addition, as a precursor to its evaluation in human studies, humanized HLA-DR and HLA-DQ (human leukocyte antigen DR and DQ isotypes, respectively) transgenic mice elicited IFN-γ recall responses in an enzyme-linked immune absorbent spot (ELISpot)-based study. Moreover, human donor peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) exposed to BpOmpW for 7 days showed T-cell proliferation. Finally, plasma from melioidosis survivors with diabetes recognized our BpOmpW vaccine antigen. Overall, the range of approaches used strongly indicated that BpOmpW elicits the necessary immune responses to combat melioidosis and bring this vaccine closer to clinical trials.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Bacterial Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Bacterial Vaccines/immunology
- Burkholderia pseudomallei/immunology
- Burkholderia pseudomallei/metabolism
- Burkholderia pseudomallei/physiology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/microbiology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/microbiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/immunology
- Humans
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/microbiology
- Male
- Melioidosis/immunology
- Melioidosis/microbiology
- Melioidosis/prevention & control
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/microbiology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/microbiology
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Julen Tomás-Cortázar
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lorenzo Bossi
- Immunxperts SA, a Nexelis Company, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Conor Quinn
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Catherine J. Reynolds
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Lung Division, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - David K. Butler
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Lung Division, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Niamh Corcoran
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Maitiú Ó Murchú
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eve McMahon
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mahavir Singh
- LIONEX Diagnostics and Therapeutics GmbH, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Patpong Rongkard
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand
- Oxford Centre for Global Health Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Juan Anguita
- Inflammation and Macrophage Plasticity Lab, CIC bioGUNE-BRTA (Basque Research and Technology Alliance), Derio, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Alfonso Blanco
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Susanna J. Dunachie
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand
- Oxford Centre for Global Health Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Altmann
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Lung Division, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rosemary J. Boyton
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Lung Division, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Johan Arnold
- Immunxperts SA, a Nexelis Company, Gosselies, Belgium
| | | | - Siobhán McClean
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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5
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Zheng R, Li Y, Chen D, Su J, Han N, Chen H, Ning Z, Xiao M, Zhao M, Zhu B. Changes of Host Immunity Mediated by IFN-γ + CD8 + T Cells in Children with Adenovirus Pneumonia in Different Severity of Illness. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122384. [PMID: 34960654 PMCID: PMC8708941 DOI: 10.3390/v13122384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The host immunity of patients with adenovirus pneumonia in different severity of illness is unclear. This study compared the routine laboratory tests and the host immunity of human adenovirus (HAdV) patients with different severity of illness. A co-cultured cell model in vitro was established to verify the T cell response in vitro. Among 140 patients with confirmed HAdV of varying severity, the number of lymphocytes in the severe patients was significantly reduced to 1.91 × 109/L compared with the healthy control (3.92 × 109/L) and the mild patients (4.27 × 109/L). The levels of IL-6, IL-10, and IFN-γ in patients with adenovirus pneumonia were significantly elevated with the severity of the disease. Compared with the healthy control (20.82%) and the stable patients (33.96%), the percentage of CD8+ T cells that produced IFN-γ increased to 56.27% in the progressing patients. Adenovirus infection increased the percentage of CD8+ T and CD4+ T cells that produce IFN-γ in the co-culture system. The hyperfunction of IFN-γ+ CD8+ T cells might be related to the severity of adenovirus infection. The in vitro co-culture cell model could also provide a usable cellular model for subsequent experiments.
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MESH Headings
- Adenovirus Infections, Human/genetics
- Adenovirus Infections, Human/immunology
- Adenovirus Infections, Human/pathology
- Adenovirus Infections, Human/virology
- Adenoviruses, Human/genetics
- Adenoviruses, Human/physiology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/microbiology
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Female
- Humans
- Infant
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interleukin-10/genetics
- Interleukin-10/immunology
- Interleukin-6/genetics
- Interleukin-6/immunology
- Lymphocyte Count
- Male
- Patient Acuity
- Pneumonia, Viral/genetics
- Pneumonia, Viral/immunology
- Pneumonia, Viral/pathology
- Pneumonia, Viral/virology
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6
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Lefebvre MN, Surette FA, Anthony SM, Vijay R, Jensen IJ, Pewe LL, Hancox LS, Van Braeckel-Budimir N, van de Wall S, Urban SL, Mix MR, Kurup SP, Badovinac VP, Butler NS, Harty JT. Expeditious recruitment of circulating memory CD8 T cells to the liver facilitates control of malaria. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109956. [PMID: 34731605 PMCID: PMC8628427 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating memory CD8 T cell trafficking and protective capacity during liver-stage malaria infection remains undefined. We find that effector memory CD8 T cells (Tem) infiltrate the liver within 6 hours after malarial or bacterial infections and mediate pathogen clearance. Tem recruitment coincides with rapid transcriptional upregulation of inflammatory genes in Plasmodium-infected livers. Recruitment requires CD8 T cell-intrinsic LFA-1 expression and the presence of liver phagocytes. Rapid Tem liver infiltration is distinct from recruitment to other non-lymphoid tissues in that it occurs both in the absence of liver tissue resident memory "sensing-and-alarm" function and ∼42 hours earlier than in lung infection by influenza virus. These data demonstrate relevance for Tem in protection against malaria and provide generalizable mechanistic insights germane to control of liver infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell N Lefebvre
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Fionna A Surette
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Scott M Anthony
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Rahul Vijay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Isaac J Jensen
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Lecia L Pewe
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Lisa S Hancox
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | | | - Stephanie van de Wall
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Stina L Urban
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Madison R Mix
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Samarchith P Kurup
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Vladimir P Badovinac
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Noah S Butler
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - John T Harty
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA.
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7
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Labarta-Bajo L, Gramalla-Schmitz A, Gerner RR, Kazane KR, Humphrey G, Schwartz T, Sanders K, Swafford A, Knight R, Raffatellu M, Zúñiga EI. CD8 T cells drive anorexia, dysbiosis, and blooms of a commensal with immunosuppressive potential after viral infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:24998-25007. [PMID: 32958643 PMCID: PMC7547153 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2003656117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections elicit immune adaptations to enable pathogen resistance and/or tolerance and are associated with compositional shifts of the intestinal microbiome. However, a comprehensive understanding of how infections with pathogens that exhibit distinct capability to spread and/or persist differentially change the microbiome, the underlying mechanisms, and the relative contribution of individual commensal species to immune cell adaptations is still lacking. Here, we discovered that mouse infection with a fast-spreading and persistent (but not a slow-spreading acute) isolate of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus induced large-scale microbiome shifts characterized by increased Verrucomicrobia and reduced Firmicute/Bacteroidetes ratio. Remarkably, the most profound microbiome changes occurred transiently after infection with the fast-spreading persistent isolate, were uncoupled from sustained viral loads, and were instead largely caused by CD8 T cell responses and/or CD8 T cell-induced anorexia. Among the taxa enriched by infection with the fast-spreading virus, Akkermansia muciniphila, broadly regarded as a beneficial commensal, bloomed upon starvation and in a CD8 T cell-dependent manner. Strikingly, oral administration of A. muciniphila suppressed selected effector features of CD8 T cells in the context of both infections. Our findings define unique microbiome differences after chronic versus acute viral infections and identify CD8 T cell responses and downstream anorexia as driver mechanisms of microbial dysbiosis after infection with a fast-spreading virus. Our data also highlight potential context-dependent effects of probiotics and suggest a model in which changes in host behavior and downstream microbiome dysbiosis may constitute a previously unrecognized negative feedback loop that contributes to CD8 T cell adaptations after infections with fast-spreading and/or persistent pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Labarta-Bajo
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093
| | - Anna Gramalla-Schmitz
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093
| | - Romana R Gerner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Katelynn R Kazane
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093
| | - Gregory Humphrey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Tara Schwartz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Karenina Sanders
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Austin Swafford
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Department of Computer Science & Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Manuela Raffatellu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy, and Vaccines, Chiba University-University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Elina I Zúñiga
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093;
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8
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Škuciová V, Drahošová S, Výbohová D, Cígerová V, Adamkov M. The relationships between PD-L1 expression, CD8+ TILs and clinico-histomorphological parameters in malignant melanomas. Pathol Res Pract 2020; 216:153071. [PMID: 32825944 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2020.153071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Malignant melanomas (MM) are often connected with the expression of PD-L1 protein and the presence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), however, their impact on prognosis remains controversial. Due to their supposed clinical significance and lack of convincing data, we decided to establish the relationships between CD8 + TIL count, PD-L1 level and certain clinical and histopathological parameters in patients with malignant melanoma, especially those associated with unfavorable prognosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed immunohistochemistry for PD-L1 and CD8 on 56 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens from patients with cutaneous and metastatic malignant melanomas. PD-L1 expression levels were determined by immunohistochemistry (clone 28-8) and subsequently the tumor proportion scores (TPS) were evaluated. CD8 + TIL expressions were classified as either grade 0, 1+, 2+ or 3+, based on the density and distribution of the infiltrating lymphocytes. RESULTS The PD-L1 expression was detected in 20 out of 56 cases (35,71 %). The expression of PD-L1 on tumor cells was significantly increased with higher TILs infiltration in the tumor microenvironment (p = 0,038). Lower TIL score corresponds with poor prognostic clinicopathological parameters such as higher number of mitotic figures (p = 0,005), Clark's level (p = 0,007) and Breslow's depth (p = 0,010). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a favorable prognostic value for CD8 + TIL infiltration. Moreover, TIL density was strongly correlated and geographically associated to PD-L1 expression. This analysis provides more insight into the role of TIL count and PD-L1 level in MM and their relationship with each other and association with other prognostic indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Škuciová
- Alphamedical s.r.o., Záborského 2, 038 61, Martin, Slovakia; Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Department of Histology and Embryology, Malá Hora 4, 036 01, Martin, Slovakia.
| | - S Drahošová
- Hermes LabSystems, s.r.o., Púchovská 12, 83106, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - D Výbohová
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Department of Anatomy, Malá Hora 4, 036 01, Martin, Slovakia
| | - V Cígerová
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Department of Histology and Embryology, Malá Hora 4, 036 01, Martin, Slovakia
| | - M Adamkov
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Department of Histology and Embryology, Malá Hora 4, 036 01, Martin, Slovakia
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9
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Singh AK, Curtiss R, Sun W. A Recombinant Attenuated Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Vaccine Delivering a Y. pestis YopE Nt138-LcrV Fusion Elicits Broad Protection against Plague and Yersiniosis in Mice. Infect Immun 2019; 87:e00296-19. [PMID: 31331960 PMCID: PMC6759313 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00296-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a novel recombinant attenuated Yersinia pseudotuberculosis PB1+ strain (χ10069) engineered with ΔyopK ΔyopJ Δasd triple mutations was used to deliver a Y. pestis fusion protein, YopE amino acid 1 to 138-LcrV (YopENt138-LcrV), to Swiss Webster mice as a protective antigen against infections by yersiniae. χ10069 bacteria harboring the pYA5199 plasmid constitutively synthesized the YopENt138-LcrV fusion protein and secreted it via the type 3 secretion system (T3SS) at 37°C under calcium-deprived conditions. The attenuated strain χ10069(pYA5199) was manifested by the establishment of controlled infection in different tissues without developing conspicuous signs of disease in histopathological analysis of microtome sections. A single-dose oral immunization of χ10069(pYA5199) induced strong serum antibody titers (log10 mean value, 4.2), secretory IgA in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid from immunized mice, and Yersinia-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells producing high levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), gamma interferon (IFN-γ), and interleukin 2 (IL-2), as well as IL-17, in both lungs and spleens of immunized mice, conferring comprehensive Th1- and Th2-mediated immune responses and protection against bubonic and pneumonic plague challenges, with 80% and 90% survival, respectively. Mice immunized with χ10069(pYA5199) also exhibited complete protection against lethal oral infections by Yersinia enterocolitica WA and Y. pseudotuberculosis PB1+. These findings indicated that χ10069(pYA5199) as an oral vaccine induces protective immunity to prevent bubonic and pneumonic plague, as well as yersiniosis, in mice and would be a promising oral vaccine candidate for protection against plague and yersiniosis for human and veterinary applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit K Singh
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Roy Curtiss
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
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10
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Abstract
Macroautophagy is a ubiquitous degradative pathway involved in innate and adaptive immunity. Its molecular machinery has been described to deliver intracellular and extracellular antigens to MHC class II loading compartment by regulating autophagosome and phagosome maturation. We recently found that the respective Atg proteins can contribute to MHC class I-restricted antigen presentation to CD8+ T cells by regulating MHC class I surface levels in mouse dendritic cell. Indeed, we determined that MHC class I molecules are stabilized on the cell surface of murine antigen presenting cells deficient for core components of the macroautophagy machinery such as Atg5 and Atg7. This stabilization seems to result from defective internalization of MHC class I molecules dependent on adaptor protein kinase 1 (AAK1), involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Moreover, macroautophagy-dependent stabilization of MHC class I molecules leads to enhanced CD8+ T cell priming during influenza A virus infection in vivo, resulting in decreased pathology. In this chapter, we describe four experiments to monitor, characterize, and quantify the effect of macroautophagy deficiency on MHC class I molecule trafficking and the subsequent CD8+ T cell priming. First, we will show how to monitor MHC class I internalization in lung CD11c+ cells from mice lacking key components of the macroautophagy machinery. Then, we will propose a method to characterize the interaction between either MHC class I or Atg8/LC3 with AAK1. Finally, we will describe how to evaluate the influenza A-specific CD8+ T cell response in mice conditionally depleted for Atg5 in their DC compartment. This set of experiments allows to characterize MHC class I internalization with the help of the molecular machinery of macroautophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Loi
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Laure-Anne Ligeon
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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11
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Wong EB, Gold MC, Meermeier EW, Xulu BZ, Khuzwayo S, Sullivan ZA, Mahyari E, Rogers Z, Kløverpris H, Sharma PK, Worley AH, Lalloo U, Baijnath P, Ambaram A, Naidoo L, Suleman M, Madansein R, McLaren JE, Ladell K, Miners KL, Price DA, Behar SM, Nielsen M, Kasprowicz VO, Leslie A, Bishai WR, Ndung’u T, Lewinsohn DM. TRAV1-2 + CD8 + T-cells including oligoconal expansions of MAIT cells are enriched in the airways in human tuberculosis. Commun Biol 2019; 2:203. [PMID: 31231693 PMCID: PMC6549148 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0442-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells typically express a TRAV1-2+ semi-invariant TCRα that enables recognition of bacterial, mycobacterial, and fungal riboflavin metabolites presented by MR1. MAIT cells are associated with immune control of bacterial and mycobacterial infections in murine models. Here, we report that a population of pro-inflammatory TRAV1-2+ CD8+ T cells are present in the airways and lungs of healthy individuals and are enriched in bronchoalveolar fluid of patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). High-throughput T cell receptor analysis reveals oligoclonal expansions of canonical and donor-unique TRAV1-2+ MAIT-consistent TCRα sequences within this population. Some of these cells demonstrate MR1-restricted mycobacterial reactivity and phenotypes suggestive of MAIT cell identity. These findings demonstrate enrichment of TRAV1-2+ CD8+ T cells with MAIT or MAIT-like features in the airways during active TB and suggest a role for these cells in the human pulmonary immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily B. Wong
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marielle C. Gold
- Department of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR USA
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR USA
| | - Erin W. Meermeier
- Department of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR USA
| | - Bongiwe Z. Xulu
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Sharon Khuzwayo
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | | | - Eisa Mahyari
- Division of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (BCB), Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology (DMICE), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR USA
| | - Zoe Rogers
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Hénrik Kløverpris
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
- Institute for Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Umesh Lalloo
- Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Prinita Baijnath
- Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Pulmonology, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Hospital, Durban, South Africa
| | - Anish Ambaram
- Department of Pulmonology, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Hospital, Durban, South Africa
| | - Leon Naidoo
- Department of Pulmonology, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Hospital, Durban, South Africa
| | - Moosa Suleman
- Department of Pulmonology, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Hospital, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Pulmonology & Critical Care, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Rajhmun Madansein
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Centre for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
| | - James E. McLaren
- Institute of Infection & Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales UK
| | - Kristin Ladell
- Institute of Infection & Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales UK
| | - Kelly L. Miners
- Institute of Infection & Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales UK
| | - David A. Price
- Institute of Infection & Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales UK
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland USA
| | - Samuel M. Behar
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA USA
| | - Morten Nielsen
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Victoria O. Kasprowicz
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Alasdair Leslie
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - William R. Bishai
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Thumbi Ndung’u
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA USA
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - David M. Lewinsohn
- Department of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR USA
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR USA
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12
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Strittmatter-Keller U, Walter C, Rauld C, Egli N, Regairaz C, Rabe S, Zenke G, Carballido J, Schweighoffer T. Fingerprints of CD8+ T cells on human pre-plasma and memory B cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208187. [PMID: 30540814 PMCID: PMC6291140 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiation of B cells is a stringently controlled multi-step process, which is still incompletely understood. Here we identify and characterize a rare population of human B cells, which surprisingly carry CD8AB on their surface. Existence of such cells was demonstrated both in tonsils and in human apheresis material. Gene expression profiling and real time PCR detected however no CD8A or CD8B message in these cells. Instead, we found that surface CD8 was hijacked from activated CD8+ T cells by a transfer process that required direct cell-to-cell contact. A focused transcriptome analysis at single cell level allowed the dissection of the CD8 positive B cell population. We found that the affected cells are characteristically of the CD27+CD200- phenotype, and consist of two discrete late-stage subpopulations that carry signatures of activated memory B like cells, and early plasmablasts. Thus, there is only a restricted time window in the differentiation process during which B cells can intimately interact with CD8+ T cells. The findings point to a novel link between the T and B arms of the adaptive immune system, and suggest that CD8+ T cells have the capability to directly shape the global antibody repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline Walter
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Celine Rauld
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Egli
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Camille Regairaz
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Rabe
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Zenke
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR), Basel, Switzerland
| | - José Carballido
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tamás Schweighoffer
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR), Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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13
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Straub T, Freudenberg MA, Schleicher U, Bogdan C, Gasteiger G, Pircher H. Bacterial coinfection restrains antiviral CD8 T-cell response via LPS-induced inhibitory NK cells. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4117. [PMID: 30297690 PMCID: PMC6175863 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06609-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of specific pathogen-free mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is a widely used model to study antiviral T-cell immunity. Infections in the real world, however, are often accompanied by coinfections with unrelated pathogens. Here we show that in mice, systemic coinfection with E. coli suppresses the LCMV-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response and virus elimination in a NK cell- and TLR2/4-dependent manner. Soluble TLR4 ligand LPS also induces NK cell-mediated negative CTL regulation during LCMV infection. NK cells in LPS-treated mice suppress clonal expansion of LCMV-specific CTLs by a NKG2D- or NCR1-independent but perforin-dependent mechanism. These results suggest a TLR4-mediated immunoregulatory role of NK cells during viral-bacterial coinfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Straub
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marina A Freudenberg
- Institute for Biology III, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Pneumology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Schleicher
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Bogdan
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Georg Gasteiger
- Institute of Systems Immunology, University of Wuerzburg, 97078 Wuerzburg, Germany
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Freiburg Medical Center, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hanspeter Pircher
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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14
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Kleczko EK, Marsh KH, Tyler LC, Furgeson SB, Bullock BL, Altmann CJ, Miyazaki M, Gitomer BY, Harris PC, Weiser-Evans MCM, Chonchol MB, Clambey ET, Nemenoff RA, Hopp K. CD8 + T cells modulate autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease progression. Kidney Int 2018; 94:1127-1140. [PMID: 30249452 PMCID: PMC6319903 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most prevalent inherited nephropathy. To date, therapies alleviating the disease have largely focused on targeting abnormalities in renal epithelial cell signaling. ADPKD has many hallmarks of cancer, where targeting T cells has brought novel therapeutic interventions. However, little is known about the role and therapeutic potential of T cells in ADPKD. Here, we used an orthologous ADPKD model, Pkd1 p.R3277C (RC), to begin to define the role of T cells in disease progression. Using flow cytometry, we found progressive increases in renal CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, correlative with disease severity, but with selective activation of CD8+ T cells. By immunofluorescence, T cells specifically localized to cystic lesions and increased levels of T-cell recruiting chemokines (CXCL9/CXCL10) were detected by qPCR/in situ hybridization in the kidneys of mice, patients, and ADPKD epithelial cell lines. Importantly, immunodepletion of CD8+ T cells from one to three months in C57Bl/6 Pkd1RC/RC mice resulted in worsening of ADPKD pathology, decreased apoptosis, and increased proliferation compared to IgG-control, consistent with a reno-protective role of CD8+ T cells. Thus, our studies suggest a functional role for T cells, specifically CD8+ T cells, in ADPKD progression. Hence, targeting this pathway using immune-oncology agents may represent a novel therapeutic approach for ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Kleczko
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kenneth H Marsh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Logan C Tyler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Seth B Furgeson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Consortium for Fibrosis Research and Translation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Bonnie L Bullock
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Christopher J Altmann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Makoto Miyazaki
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Berenice Y Gitomer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Peter C Harris
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mary C M Weiser-Evans
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Consortium for Fibrosis Research and Translation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Michel B Chonchol
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Consortium for Fibrosis Research and Translation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Eric T Clambey
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Raphael A Nemenoff
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Consortium for Fibrosis Research and Translation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
| | - Katharina Hopp
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Consortium for Fibrosis Research and Translation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
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15
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Lücke K, Yan I, Krohn S, Volmari A, Klinge S, Schmid J, Schumacher V, Steinmetz OM, Rose-John S, Mittrücker HW. Control of Listeria monocytogenes infection requires classical IL-6 signaling in myeloid cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203395. [PMID: 30169526 PMCID: PMC6118394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-6 is required for the response of mice against Listeria monocytogenes. Control of infection depends on classical IL-6 signaling via membrane IL-6Rα, but IL-6 target cells and protective mechanisms remain unclear. We used mice with IL-6Rα-deficiency in T cells (Il6rafl/fl×CD4cre) or myeloid cells (Il6rafl/fl×LysMcre) to define the role of these cells in IL-6-mediated protection. Abrogation of IL-6Rα in T cells did not interfere with bacteria control and induction of TH1 and CD8+ T-cell responses. IL-6Rα-deficiency in myeloid cells caused significant defects in listeria control. This defect was not associated with reduced recruitment of granulocytes and inflammatory monocytes, and both cell populations were activated and not impaired in cytokine production. However, IL-6Rα-deficient inflammatory monocytes displayed diminished expression of IL-4Rα and of CD38, a protein required for phagocytosis and innate control of listeria. In vitro studies revealed that IL-4 and IL-6 cooperated in induction of CD38. In listeria-infected mice, phagocytic activity of inflammatory monocytes correlated with CD38 expression levels on cells and inflammatory monocytes of Il6rafl/fl×LysMcre mice were significantly impaired in phagocytosis. In conclusion, we demonstrate that inhibition of classical IL-6 signaling in myeloid cells causes alterations in differentiation and function of these cells, which subsequently prevent effective control of L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Lücke
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Isabell Yan
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sonja Krohn
- III. Medical Clinic and Polyclinic, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Annika Volmari
- I. Medical Clinic and Polyclinic, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Klinge
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joanna Schmid
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Valéa Schumacher
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oliver M. Steinmetz
- III. Medical Clinic and Polyclinic, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Rose-John
- Institute for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hans-Willi Mittrücker
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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16
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Liu Y, Ou Q, Liu Q, Gao Y, Wu J, Zhang B, Weng X, Shao L, Zhang W. The expressions and roles of different forms of IL-22 in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2017; 107:95-103. [PMID: 29050778 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite evidence suggesting an anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis effector function of CD4+ T cells that produce and retain IL-22 in macaques, the general role of IL-22 in tuberculosis infection is still poorly characterized. To explore the immune mechanism in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis in humans, here we evaluated different forms of IL-22 in populations with different tuberculosis infection statuses. We enrolled 156 subjects including 49 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, 27 patients with tuberculous pleurisy (TPE), 38 individuals with latent tuberculous infection (LTBI) and 42 healthy controls (HC). We found significantly higher IL-22 levels at the tuberculosis infection site than in the peripheral blood as well as higher antigen-specific IL-22 levels in the culture supernatant for patients with active tuberculosis than in healthy controls. The proportions of IL-22 + CD4+ T and IL-22 + CD8+ T cells in patients with active tuberculosis were significantly higher than those in the latent tuberculosis infection group and the healthy control group, based on intracellular cytokine staining. However, surprisingly, we found membrane-bound IL-22+ T cells, including CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells, by surface staining, especially in patients with active tuberculosis. Furthermore, the expression of membrane-bound IL-22 significantly decreased after drug therapy. In conclusion, our results suggest that IL-22 has various roles in tuberculosis immune responses. In particular, membrane-bound IL-22+ T cells may play important roles in the human immune response to Mycobacterium.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antitubercular Agents/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers/blood
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/microbiology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/microbiology
- Case-Control Studies
- Cell Membrane/immunology
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cell Membrane/microbiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Humans
- Interleukins/blood
- Interleukins/immunology
- Latent Tuberculosis/blood
- Latent Tuberculosis/drug therapy
- Latent Tuberculosis/immunology
- Latent Tuberculosis/microbiology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/immunology
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/pathogenicity
- Tuberculosis, Pleural/blood
- Tuberculosis, Pleural/drug therapy
- Tuberculosis, Pleural/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Pleural/microbiology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/blood
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/drug therapy
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/microbiology
- Young Adult
- Interleukin-22
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Qinfang Ou
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Wuxi No. 5 People's Hospital, Wuxi 214005, China
| | - Qianqian Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Bingyan Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Xinhua Weng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Lingyun Shao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
| | - Wenhong Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Ministry of Education and Health, Shanghai Medical College, and Institutes of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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17
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Chancellor A, White A, Tocheva AS, Fenn JR, Dennis M, Tezera L, Singhania A, Elliott T, Tebruegge M, Elkington P, Gadola S, Sharpe S, Mansour S. Quantitative and qualitative iNKT repertoire associations with disease susceptibility and outcome in macaque tuberculosis infection. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2017; 105:86-95. [PMID: 28610792 PMCID: PMC6168056 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Correlates of immune protection that reliably predict vaccine efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection are urgently needed. Invariant NKT cells (iNKTs) are CD1d-dependent innate T cells that augment host antimicrobial immunity through production of cytokines, including interferon (IFN)-γ and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α. We determined peripheral blood iNKT numbers, their proliferative responses and iNKT subset proportions after in vitro antigen expansion by α-galactosylceramide (αGC) in a large cohort of mycobacteria-naïve non-human primates, and macaques from Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine and Mtb challenge studies. Animals studied included four genetically distinct groups of macaques within cynomolgus and rhesus species that differ in their susceptibility to Mtb infection. We demonstrate significant differences in ex vivo iNKT frequency between groups, which trends towards an association with susceptibility to Mtb, but no significant difference in overall iNKT proliferative responses. Susceptible animals exhibited a skewed CD4+/CD8+ iNKT subset ratio in comparison to more Mtb-resistant groups. Correlation of iNKT subsets post BCG vaccination with clinical disease manifestations following Mtb challenge in the Chinese cynomolgus and Indian rhesus macaques identified a consistent trend linking increased CD8+ iNKTs with favourable disease outcome. Finally, a similar iNKT profile was conferred by BCG vaccination in rhesus macaques. Our study provides the first detailed characterisation of iNKT cells in macaque tuberculosis infection, suggesting that iNKT repertoire differences may impact on disease outcome, which warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Chancellor
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew White
- Public Health England, National Infections Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Anna S Tocheva
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Joe R Fenn
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Dennis
- Public Health England, National Infections Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Liku Tezera
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Akul Singhania
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Elliott
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Tebruegge
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Global Health Research Institute, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Elkington
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Global Health Research Institute, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Stephan Gadola
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; F.Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sally Sharpe
- Public Health England, National Infections Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Salah Mansour
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.
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18
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Moderzynski K, Papp S, Rauch J, Heine L, Kuehl S, Richardt U, Fleischer B, Osterloh A. CD4+ T Cells Are as Protective as CD8+ T Cells against Rickettsia typhi Infection by Activating Macrophage Bactericidal Activity. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0005089. [PMID: 27875529 PMCID: PMC5119731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rickettsia typhi is an intracellular bacterium that causes endemic typhus, a febrile disease that can be fatal due to complications including pneumonia, hepatitis and meningoencephalitis, the latter being a regular outcome in T and B cell-deficient C57BL/6 RAG1-/- mice upon Rickettsia typhi infection. Here, we show that CD4+ TH1 cells that are generated in C57BL/6 mice upon R. typhi infection are as protective as cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. CD4+- as well as CD8+-deficient C57BL/6 survived the infection without showing symptoms of disease at any point in time. Moreover, adoptively transferred CD8+ and CD4+ immune T cells entered the CNS of C57BL/6 RAG1-/- mice with advanced infection and both eradicated the bacteria. However, immune CD4+ T cells protected only approximately 60% of the animals from death. They induced the expression of iNOS in infiltrating macrophages as well as in resident microglia in the CNS which can contribute to bacterial killing but also accelerate pathology. In vitro immune CD4+ T cells inhibited bacterial growth in infected macrophages which was in part mediated by the release of IFNγ. Collectively, our data demonstrate that CD4+ T cells are as protective as CD8+ T cells against R. typhi, provided that CD4+ TH1 effector cells are present in time to support bactericidal activity of phagocytes via the release of IFNγ and other factors. With regard to vaccination against TG Rickettsiae, our findings suggest that the induction of CD4+ TH1 effector cells is sufficient for protection. Endemic typhus caused by Rickettsia typhi usually is a relatively mild disease. However, CNS inflammation and neurological symptoms are complications that can occur in severe cases. This outcome of disease is regularly observed in T and B cell-deficient C57BL/6 RAG1-/- mice upon infection with R. typhi. We show here that CD4+ T cells are as protective as cytotoxic CD8+ T cells against R. typhi as long as they are present in time. This is evidenced by the fact that neither CD8+ nor CD4+ T cell-deficient C57BL/6 mice develop disease which is also true for R. typhi-infected C57BL/6 RAG1-/- mice that receive immune CD8+ or CD4+ at an early point in time. Moreover, adoptive transfer of immune CD4+ T cells still protects approximately 60% of C57BL/6 RAG1-/- mice when applied later in advanced infection when the bacteria start to rise. Although CD8+ T cells are faster and more efficient in bacterial elimination, R. typhi is not detectable in CD4+ T cell recipients anymore. We further show that immune CD4+ T cells activate bactericidal functions of microglia and macrophages in the CNS in vivo and inhibit bacterial growth in infected macrophages in vitro which is in part mediated by the release of IFNγ. Collectively, we demonstrate for the first time that CD4+ T cells alone are sufficient to protect against R. typhi infection. With regard to vaccination our findings suggest that the induction of R. typhi-specific CD4+ TH1 effector T cells may be as effective as the much more difficult targeting of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Moderzynski
- Department of Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Papp
- Department of Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jessica Rauch
- Department of Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Liza Heine
- Department of Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Svenja Kuehl
- Department of Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ulricke Richardt
- Department of Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Fleischer
- Department of Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anke Osterloh
- Department of Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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19
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Diedrich CR, O'Hern J, Gutierrez MG, Allie N, Papier P, Meintjes G, Coussens AK, Wainwright H, Wilkinson RJ. Relationship Between HIV Coinfection, Interleukin 10 Production, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Human Lymph Node Granulomas. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:1309-1318. [PMID: 27462092 PMCID: PMC5079364 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV)-infected persons are more susceptible to tuberculosis than HIV-uninfected persons. Low peripheral CD4+ T-cell count is not the sole cause of higher susceptibility, because HIV-infected persons with a high peripheral CD4+ T-cell count and those prescribed successful antiretroviral therapy (ART) remain more prone to active tuberculosis than HIV-uninfected persons. We hypothesized that the increase in susceptibility is caused by the ability of HIV to manipulate Mycobacterium tuberculosis-associated granulomas. METHODS We examined 71 excised cervical lymph nodes (LNs) from persons with HIV and M. tuberculosis coinfection, those with HIV monoinfection, and those with M. tuberculosis monoinfection with a spectrum of peripheral CD4+ T-cell counts and ART statuses. We quantified differences in M. tuberculosis levels, HIV p24 levels, cellular response, and cytokine presence within granulomas. RESULTS HIV increased M. tuberculosis numbers and reduced CD4+ T-cell counts within granulomas. Peripheral CD4+ T-cell depletion correlated with granulomas that contained fewer CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, less interferon γ, more neutrophils, more interleukin 10 (IL-10), and increased M. tuberculosis numbers. M. tuberculosis numbers correlated positively with IL-10 and interferon α levels and fewer CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. ART reduced IL-10 production. CONCLUSIONS Peripheral CD4+ T-cell depletion correlated with increased M. tuberculosis presence, increased IL-10 production, and other phenotypic changes within granulomas, demonstrating the HIV infection progressively changes these granulomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin R Diedrich
- Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine
| | - Jennifer O'Hern
- Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine
| | | | | | | | - Graeme Meintjes
- Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anna K Coussens
- Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine
| | - Helen Wainwright
- Division of Anatomical Pathology
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Robert J Wilkinson
- Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
- Francis Crick Institute Mill Hill Laboratory
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
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20
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Shen H, Gonzalez-Juarbe N, Blanchette K, Crimmins G, Bergman MA, Isberg RR, Orihuela CJ, Dube PH. CD8(+) T cells specific to a single Yersinia pseudotuberculosis epitope restrict bacterial replication in the liver but fail to provide sterilizing immunity. Infect Genet Evol 2016; 43:289-96. [PMID: 27268148 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
CD8(+) T cells use contact-dependent cytolysis of target cells to protect the host against intracellular pathogens. We have previously shown that CD8(+) T cells and perforin are required to protect against the extracellular pathogen Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Here we establish an experimental system where CD8(+) T cells specific to a single model antigen are the only memory response present at time of challenge. Using mice immunized with a vaccine strain of Listeria monocytogenes that expresses secreted ovalbumin (Lm-OVA), we show that OVA-specific CD8(+) T cells are generated and provide limited protection against challenge with virulent OVA(+)Y. pseudotuberculosis. Perforin expression by OVA-specific CD8(+) T cells was required, as Lm-OVA-immunized perforin-deficient mice showed higher bacterial burden as compared to Lm-OVA-immunized perforin-sufficient mice. Surprisingly, antigen-specific T cell protection waned over time, as Lm-OVA-immune mice eventually succumbed to Yersinia infection. Kinetic analysis of infection in mice with and without OVA-specific CD8(+) T cells revealed that bacterial numbers increased sharply in OVA-naïve mice until death, while OVA-immune mice held bacterial burden to a lower level throughout the duration of illness until death. Clonal analysis of bacterial populations in OVA-naïve and OVA-immune mice at distinct time points revealed equivalent and severe bottle-neck effects for bacteria in both sets of mice immediately after intravenous challenge, demonstrating a dominant role for other aspects of the immune system regardless of CD8(+) T cell status. These studies indicate that CD8(+) T cells against a single antigen can restrict Y. pseudotuberculosis colonization in a perforin-dependent manner, but ultimately are insufficient in their ability to provide sterilizing immunity and protect against death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqian Shen
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Krystle Blanchette
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Gregory Crimmins
- Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Molly A Bergman
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ralph R Isberg
- Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carlos J Orihuela
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Peter H Dube
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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21
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Marino S, Gideon HP, Gong C, Mankad S, McCrone JT, Lin PL, Linderman JJ, Flynn JL, Kirschner DE. Computational and Empirical Studies Predict Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Specific T Cells as a Biomarker for Infection Outcome. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1004804. [PMID: 27065304 PMCID: PMC4827839 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying biomarkers for tuberculosis (TB) is an ongoing challenge in developing immunological correlates of infection outcome and protection. Biomarker discovery is also necessary for aiding design and testing of new treatments and vaccines. To effectively predict biomarkers for infection progression in any disease, including TB, large amounts of experimental data are required to reach statistical power and make accurate predictions. We took a two-pronged approach using both experimental and computational modeling to address this problem. We first collected 200 blood samples over a 2- year period from 28 non-human primates (NHP) infected with a low dose of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We identified T cells and the cytokines that they were producing (single and multiple) from each sample along with monkey status and infection progression data. Machine learning techniques were used to interrogate the experimental NHP datasets without identifying any potential TB biomarker. In parallel, we used our extensive novel NHP datasets to build and calibrate a multi-organ computational model that combines what is occurring at the site of infection (e.g., lung) at a single granuloma scale with blood level readouts that can be tracked in monkeys and humans. We then generated a large in silico repository of in silico granulomas coupled to lymph node and blood dynamics and developed an in silico tool to scale granuloma level results to a full host scale to identify what best predicts Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection outcomes. The analysis of in silico blood measures identifies Mtb-specific frequencies of effector T cell phenotypes at various time points post infection as promising indicators of infection outcome. We emphasize that pairing wetlab and computational approaches holds great promise to accelerate TB biomarker discovery. Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease that is caused by infection after inhaling the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Not everyone infected with TB bacteria becomes sick. As a result, two TB-related conditions have been categorized: latent TB infection (not sick but still harboring the bacteria) and active TB disease. If not treated properly, active TB disease can be fatal. Almost 1.3 million die of TB worldwide each year, with ~8,6 million new infections in 2013. No effective vaccine is available to protect against TB and treatment of infection with multiple antibiotics is lengthy (6–9 months), with non-compliance being a major factor for the emergence of drug-resistant strains. A key step in developing effective vaccines and possibly shorter treatment regimens is the ability to identify biomarkers that correlate prognosis and progression to infection (similar to how cholesterol levels are a measure of heart health). In this study we show how pairing computer modeling, statistics and mathematics with datasets derived from non-human primate studies can accelerate biomarker discovery, and offer a new approach to identifying correlates of protection that will be useful in clinical practice, particularly in developing countries where TB is most prevalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeone Marino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Hannah P. Gideon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Chang Gong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Shawn Mankad
- Robert H. Smith School of Business, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John T. McCrone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Philana Ling Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of the University of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jennifer J. Linderman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - JoAnne L. Flynn
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Denise E. Kirschner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
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22
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Dillon SM, Lee EJ, Kotter CV, Austin GL, Gianella S, Siewe B, Smith DM, Landay AL, McManus MC, Robertson CE, Frank DN, McCarter MD, Wilson CC. Gut dendritic cell activation links an altered colonic microbiome to mucosal and systemic T-cell activation in untreated HIV-1 infection. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:24-37. [PMID: 25921339 PMCID: PMC4626441 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1-associated disruption of intestinal homeostasis is a major factor contributing to chronic immune activation and inflammation. Dendritic cells (DCs) are crucial in maintaining intestinal homeostasis, but the impact of HIV-1 infection on intestinal DC number and function has not been extensively studied. We compared the frequency and activation/maturation status of colonic myeloid DC (mDC) subsets (CD1c(+) and CD1c(neg)) and plasmacytoid DCs in untreated HIV-1-infected subjects with uninfected controls. Colonic mDCs in HIV-1-infected subjects had increased CD40 but decreased CD83 expression, and CD40 expression on CD1c(+) mDCs positively correlated with mucosal HIV-1 viral load, with mucosal and systemic cytokine production, and with frequencies of activated colon and blood T cells. Percentage of CD83(+)CD1c(+) mDCs negatively correlated with frequencies of interferon-γ-producing colon CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. CD40 expression on CD1c(+) mDCs positively associated with abundance of high prevalence mucosal Prevotella copri and Prevotella stercorea but negatively associated with a number of low prevalence mucosal species, including Rumminococcus bromii. CD1c(+) mDC cytokine production was greater in response to in vitro stimulation with Prevotella species relative to R. bromii. These findings suggest that, during HIV infection, colonic mDCs become activated upon exposure to mucosal pathobiont bacteria leading to mucosal and systemic immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Dillon
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - E J Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - C V Kotter
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - G L Austin
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - S Gianella
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - B Siewe
- Department of Immunology-Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - D M Smith
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - A L Landay
- Department of Immunology-Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - M C McManus
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - C E Robertson
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- University of Colorado Microbiome Research Consortium, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - D N Frank
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- University of Colorado Microbiome Research Consortium, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - M D McCarter
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - C C Wilson
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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23
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Zhang ZQ, Wang J, Hoy Z, Keegan A, Bhagwat S, Gigliotti F, Wright TW. Neither classical nor alternative macrophage activation is required for Pneumocystis clearance during immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Infect Immun 2015; 83:4594-603. [PMID: 26371121 PMCID: PMC4645389 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00763-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumocystis is a respiratory fungal pathogen that causes pneumonia (Pneumocystis pneumonia [PcP]) in immunocompromised patients. Alveolar macrophages are critical effectors for CD4(+) T cell-dependent clearance of Pneumocystis, and previous studies found that alternative macrophage activation accelerates fungal clearance during PcP-related immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). However, the requirement for either classically or alternatively activated macrophages for Pneumocystis clearance has not been determined. Therefore, RAG2(-/-) mice lacking either the interferon gamma (IFN-γ) receptor (IFN-γR) or interleukin 4 receptor alpha (IL-4Rα) were infected with Pneumocystis. These mice were then immune reconstituted with wild-type lymphocytes to preserve the normal T helper response while preventing downstream effects of Th1 or Th2 effector cytokines on macrophage polarization. As expected, RAG2(-/-) mice developed severe disease but effectively cleared Pneumocystis and resolved IRIS. Neither RAG/IFN-γR(-/-) nor RAG/IL-4Rα(-/-) mice displayed impaired Pneumocystis clearance. However, RAG/IFN-γR(-/-) mice developed a dysregulated immune response, with exacerbated IRIS and greater pulmonary function deficits than those in RAG2 and RAG/IL-4Rα(-/-) mice. RAG/IFN-γR(-/-) mice had elevated numbers of lung CD4(+) T cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, and NK cells but severely depressed numbers of lung CD8(+) T suppressor cells. Impaired lung CD8(+) T cell responses in RAG/IFN-γR(-/-) mice were associated with elevated lung IFN-γ levels, and neutralization of IFN-γ restored the CD8 response. These data demonstrate that restricting the ability of macrophages to polarize in response to Th1 or Th2 cytokines does not impair Pneumocystis clearance. However, a cell type-specific IFN-γ/IFN-γR-dependent mechanism regulates CD8(+) T suppressor cell recruitment, limits immunopathogenesis, preserves lung function, and enhances the resolution of PcP-related IRIS.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/microbiology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- DNA-Binding Proteins/deficiency
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/immunology
- Eosinophils/immunology
- Eosinophils/microbiology
- Eosinophils/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome/genetics
- Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome/immunology
- Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome/microbiology
- Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome/pathology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/microbiology
- Killer Cells, Natural/pathology
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/microbiology
- Lung/pathology
- Macrophage Activation
- Macrophages, Alveolar/immunology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/microbiology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Neutrophils/microbiology
- Neutrophils/pathology
- Pneumocystis/immunology
- Pneumocystis/pathogenicity
- Pneumonia, Pneumocystis/genetics
- Pneumonia, Pneumocystis/immunology
- Pneumonia, Pneumocystis/microbiology
- Pneumonia, Pneumocystis/pathology
- Receptors, Cell Surface/deficiency
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/immunology
- Receptors, Interferon/deficiency
- Receptors, Interferon/genetics
- Receptors, Interferon/immunology
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/microbiology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/pathology
- Th1-Th2 Balance
- Interferon gamma Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-Qian Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Zachary Hoy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Achsah Keegan
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Samir Bhagwat
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Francis Gigliotti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Terry W Wright
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
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24
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Zenk SF, Vollmer M, Schercher E, Kallert S, Kubis J, Stenger S. Hypoxia promotes Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific up-regulation of granulysin in human T cells. Med Microbiol Immunol 2015; 205:219-29. [PMID: 26613797 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-015-0442-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen tension affects local immune responses in inflammation and infection. In tuberculosis mycobacteria avoid hypoxic areas and preferentially persist and reactivate in the oxygen-rich apex of the lung. Oxygen restriction activates antimicrobial effector mechanisms in macrophages and restricts growth of intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.Tb). The effect of oxygen restriction on T cell-mediated antimicrobial effector mechanisms is unknown. Therefore we determined the influence of hypoxia on the expression of granulysin, an antimicrobial peptide of lymphocytes. Hypoxia increased the antigen-specific up-regulation of granulysin mRNA and protein in human CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes. This observation was functionally relevant, because oxygen restriction supported the growth-limiting effect of antigen-specific T cells against virulent M.Tb residing in primary human macrophages. Our results provide evidence that oxygen restriction promotes the expression of granulysin and suggest that this effect-in conjunction with additional T cell-mediated immune responses-supports protection against mycobacteria. The therapeutic modulation of oxygen availability may offer a new strategy for the host-directed therapy of infectious diseases with intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian F Zenk
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Vollmer
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Esra Schercher
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stephanie Kallert
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jan Kubis
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Steffen Stenger
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
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25
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Lévy J, Cacheux W, Bara MA, L'Hermitte A, Lepage P, Fraudeau M, Trentesaux C, Lemarchand J, Durand A, Crain AM, Marchiol C, Renault G, Dumont F, Letourneur F, Delacre M, Schmitt A, Terris B, Perret C, Chamaillard M, Couty JP, Romagnolo B. Intestinal inhibition of Atg7 prevents tumour initiation through a microbiome-influenced immune response and suppresses tumour growth. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 17:1062-73. [PMID: 26214133 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Here, we show that autophagy is activated in the intestinal epithelium in murine and human colorectal cancer and that the conditional inactivation of Atg7 in intestinal epithelial cells inhibits the formation of pre-cancerous lesions in Apc(+/-) mice by enhancing anti-tumour responses. The antibody-mediated depletion of CD8(+) T cells showed that these cells are essential for the anti-tumoral responses mediated by the inhibition of autophagy. We show that Atg7 deficiency leads to intestinal dysbiosis and that the microbiota is required for anticancer responses. In addition, Atg7 deficiency resulted in a stress response accompanied by metabolic defects, AMPK activation and p53-mediated cell-cycle arrest in tumour cells but not in normal tissue. This study reveals that the inhibition of autophagy within the epithelium may prevent the development and progression of colorectal cancer in genetically predisposed patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Lévy
- 1] Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR8104, Paris 75014, France [2] Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1016, Paris 75014, France
| | - Wulfran Cacheux
- 1] Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR8104, Paris 75014, France [2] Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1016, Paris 75014, France [3] Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France [4] Pharmacogenomics Unit, Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Medhi Ait Bara
- 1] Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR8104, Paris 75014, France [2] Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1016, Paris 75014, France
| | - Antoine L'Hermitte
- 1] Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR8104, Paris 75014, France [2] Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1016, Paris 75014, France
| | - Patricia Lepage
- 1] Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Micalis UMR1319, Jouy-en-Josas 78352, France [2] AgroParisTech, Micalis UMR1319, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Marie Fraudeau
- 1] Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR8104, Paris 75014, France [2] Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1016, Paris 75014, France
| | - Coralie Trentesaux
- 1] Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR8104, Paris 75014, France [2] Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1016, Paris 75014, France
| | - Julie Lemarchand
- 1] Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR8104, Paris 75014, France [2] Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1016, Paris 75014, France
| | - Aurélie Durand
- 1] Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR8104, Paris 75014, France [2] Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1016, Paris 75014, France
| | - Anne-Marie Crain
- 1] Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR8104, Paris 75014, France [2] Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1016, Paris 75014, France [3] Université Paris Diderot, UFR Sciences du Vivant, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75013, France
| | - Carmen Marchiol
- 1] Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR8104, Paris 75014, France [2] Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1016, Paris 75014, France
| | - Gilles Renault
- 1] Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR8104, Paris 75014, France [2] Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1016, Paris 75014, France
| | - Florent Dumont
- 1] Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR8104, Paris 75014, France [2] Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1016, Paris 75014, France
| | - Franck Letourneur
- 1] Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR8104, Paris 75014, France [2] Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1016, Paris 75014, France
| | - Myriam Delacre
- 1] Université Lille Nord de France, Lille 59000, France [2] Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille 59800, France [3] Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Lille 59046, France [4] Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Lille 59045, France
| | - Alain Schmitt
- 1] Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR8104, Paris 75014, France [2] Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1016, Paris 75014, France
| | - Benoit Terris
- 1] Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR8104, Paris 75014, France [2] Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1016, Paris 75014, France [3] Service d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Paris 75014, France
| | - Christine Perret
- 1] Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR8104, Paris 75014, France [2] Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1016, Paris 75014, France
| | - Mathias Chamaillard
- 1] Université Lille Nord de France, Lille 59000, France [2] Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille 59800, France [3] Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Lille 59046, France [4] Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Lille 59045, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Couty
- 1] Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR8104, Paris 75014, France [2] Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1016, Paris 75014, France [3] Université Paris Diderot, UFR Sciences du Vivant, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75013, France
| | - Béatrice Romagnolo
- 1] Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR8104, Paris 75014, France [2] Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1016, Paris 75014, France
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26
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Panackal AA, Wuest SC, Lin YC, Wu T, Zhang N, Kosa P, Komori M, Blake A, Browne SK, Rosen LB, Hagen F, Meis J, Levitz SM, Quezado M, Hammoud D, Bennett JE, Bielekova B, Williamson PR. Paradoxical Immune Responses in Non-HIV Cryptococcal Meningitis. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004884. [PMID: 26020932 PMCID: PMC4447450 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungus Cryptococcus is a major cause of meningoencephalitis in HIV-infected as well as HIV-uninfected individuals with mortalities in developed countries of 20% and 30%, respectively. In HIV-related disease, defects in T-cell immunity are paramount, whereas there is little understanding of mechanisms of susceptibility in non-HIV related disease, especially that occurring in previously healthy adults. The present description is the first detailed immunological study of non-HIV-infected patients including those with severe central nervous system (s-CNS) disease to 1) identify mechanisms of susceptibility as well as 2) understand mechanisms underlying severe disease. Despite the expectation that, as in HIV, T-cell immunity would be deficient in such patients, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) immunophenotyping, T-cell activation studies, soluble cytokine mapping and tissue cellular phenotyping demonstrated that patients with s-CNS disease had effective microbiological control, but displayed strong intrathecal expansion and activation of cells of both the innate and adaptive immunity including HLA-DR+ CD4+ and CD8+ cells and NK cells. These expanded CSF T cells were enriched for cryptococcal-antigen specific CD4+ cells and expressed high levels of IFN-γ as well as a lack of elevated CSF levels of typical T-cell specific Th2 cytokines -- IL-4 and IL-13. This inflammatory response was accompanied by elevated levels of CSF NFL, a marker of axonal damage, consistent with ongoing neurological damage. However, while tissue macrophage recruitment to the site of infection was intact, polarization studies of brain biopsy and autopsy specimens demonstrated an M2 macrophage polarization and poor phagocytosis of fungal cells. These studies thus expand the paradigm for cryptococcal disease susceptibility to include a prominent role for macrophage activation defects and suggest a spectrum of disease whereby severe neurological disease is characterized by immune-mediated host cell damage. Cryptococcus is an important cause of fungal meningitis with significant mortality globally. Susceptibility to the fungus in humans has been related to T-lymphocyte defects in HIV-infected individuals, but little is known about possible immune defects in non HIV-infected patients including previously healthy individuals. This latter group also has some of the worst response rates to therapy with almost a third dying in the United States, despite available therapy. Here we conducted the first detailed immunological analysis of non-HIV apparently immunocompetent individuals with active cryptococcal disease. In contrast to HIV-infected individuals, these studies identified a highly activated antigen-presenting dendritic cell population within CSF, accompanied by a highly active T-lymphocyte population with potentially damaging inflammatory cytokine responses. Furthermore, elevated levels of CSF neurofilament light chains (NFL), a marker of axonal damage in severe central nervous system infections suggest a dysfunctional role to this acute inflammatory state. Paradoxically, CSF macrophage proportions were reduced in patients with severe disease and biopsy and autopsy samples identified alternatively activated tissue macrophage populations that failed to appropriately phagocytose fungal cells. Our study thus provides new insights into the susceptibility to human cryptococcal disease and identifies a paradoxically active T-lymphocyte response that may be amenable to adjunctive immunomodulation to improve treatment outcomes in this high-mortality disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil A. Panackal
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, F. Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Simone C. Wuest
- Neuroimmunological Diseases Unit, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yen-Chih Lin
- Neuroimmunological Diseases Unit, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tianxia Wu
- Neuroimmunological Diseases Unit, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nannan Zhang
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter Kosa
- Neuroimmunological Diseases Unit, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mika Komori
- Neuroimmunological Diseases Unit, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Andrew Blake
- Neuroimmunological Diseases Unit, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sarah K. Browne
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lindsey B. Rosen
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ferry Hagen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques Meis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Stuart M. Levitz
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Martha Quezado
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dima Hammoud
- Center for Infectious Disease Imaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, National Institutes of Health/Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John E. Bennett
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bibi Bielekova
- Neuroimmunological Diseases Unit, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (BB); (PRW)
| | - Peter R. Williamson
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (BB); (PRW)
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27
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Crauste F, Terry E, Mercier IL, Mafille J, Djebali S, Andrieu T, Mercier B, Kaneko G, Arpin C, Marvel J, Gandrillon O. Predicting pathogen-specific CD8 T cell immune responses from a modeling approach. J Theor Biol 2015; 374:66-82. [PMID: 25846273 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The primary CD8 T cell immune response constitutes a major mechanism to fight an infection by intra-cellular pathogens. We aim at assessing whether pathogen-specific dynamical parameters of the CD8 T cell response can be identified, based on measurements of CD8 T cell counts, using a modeling approach. We generated experimental data consisting in CD8 T cell counts kinetics during the response to three different live intra-cellular pathogens: two viruses (influenza, vaccinia) injected intranasally, and one bacteria (Listeria monocytogenes) injected intravenously. All pathogens harbor the same antigen (NP68), but differ in their interaction with the host. In parallel, we developed a mathematical model describing the evolution of CD8 T cell counts and pathogen amount during an immune response. This model is characterized by 9 parameters and includes relevant feedback controls. The model outputs were compared with the three data series and an exhaustive estimation of the parameter values was performed. By focusing on the ability of the model to fit experimental data and to produce a CD8 T cell population mainly composed of memory cells at the end of the response, critical parameters were identified. We show that a small number of parameters (2-4) define the main features of the CD8 T cell immune response and are characteristic of a given pathogen. Among these parameters, two are related to the effector CD8 T cell mediated control of cell and pathogen death. The parameter associated with memory cell death is shown to play no relevant role during the main phases of the CD8 T cell response, yet it becomes essential when looking at the predictions of the model several months after the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Crauste
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5208, Institut Camille Jordan 43 blvd du 11 novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne-Cedex, France; Inria Team Dracula, Inria Center Grenoble Rhône-Alpes, France.
| | - E Terry
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5208, Institut Camille Jordan 43 blvd du 11 novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne-Cedex, France; Inria Team Dracula, Inria Center Grenoble Rhône-Alpes, France; Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5534, Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, F-69622 Villeurbanne-Cedex, France.
| | - I Le Mercier
- CIRI, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308; Université Lyon 1, UMS3444/US8; ENS de Lyon, Université de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, F-69007 Lyon, France.
| | - J Mafille
- CIRI, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308; Université Lyon 1, UMS3444/US8; ENS de Lyon, Université de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, F-69007 Lyon, France.
| | - S Djebali
- CIRI, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308; Université Lyon 1, UMS3444/US8; ENS de Lyon, Université de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, F-69007 Lyon, France.
| | - T Andrieu
- CIRI, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308; Université Lyon 1, UMS3444/US8; ENS de Lyon, Université de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, F-69007 Lyon, France.
| | - B Mercier
- CIRI, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308; Université Lyon 1, UMS3444/US8; ENS de Lyon, Université de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, F-69007 Lyon, France.
| | - G Kaneko
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5534, Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, F-69622 Villeurbanne-Cedex, France; Université de Lyon, INSA-Lyon, INRIA, Laboratoire d׳InfoRmatique en Image et Systèmes d׳information (LIRIS), CNRS UMR5205, F-69621 Lyon, France.
| | - C Arpin
- CIRI, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308; Université Lyon 1, UMS3444/US8; ENS de Lyon, Université de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, F-69007 Lyon, France.
| | - J Marvel
- CIRI, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308; Université Lyon 1, UMS3444/US8; ENS de Lyon, Université de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - O Gandrillon
- Inria Team Dracula, Inria Center Grenoble Rhône-Alpes, France; Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5534, Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, F-69622 Villeurbanne-Cedex, France.
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28
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Pedicord VA, Cross JR, Montalvo-Ortiz W, Miller ML, Allison JP. Friends not foes: CTLA-4 blockade and mTOR inhibition cooperate during CD8+ T cell priming to promote memory formation and metabolic readiness. J Immunol 2015; 194:2089-98. [PMID: 25624453 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During primary Ag encounter, T cells receive numerous positive and negative signals that control their proliferation, function, and differentiation, but how these signals are integrated to modulate T cell memory has not been fully characterized. In these studies, we demonstrate that combining seemingly opposite signals, CTLA-4 blockade and rapamycin-mediated mammalian target of rapamycin inhibition, during in vivo T cell priming leads to both an increase in the frequency of memory CD8(+) T cells and improved memory responses to tumors and bacterial challenges. This enhanced efficacy corresponds to increased early expansion and memory precursor differentiation of CD8(+) T cells and increased mitochondrial biogenesis and spare respiratory capacity in memory CD8(+) T cells in mice treated with anti-CTLA-4 and rapamycin during immunization. Collectively, these results reveal that mammalian target of rapamycin inhibition cooperates with rather than antagonizes blockade of CTLA-4, promoting unrestrained effector function and proliferation, and an optimal metabolic program for CD8(+) T cell memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia A Pedicord
- Department of Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065;
| | - Justin R Cross
- Donald B. and Catherine C. Marron Cancer Metabolism Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065; and
| | - Welby Montalvo-Ortiz
- Department of Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Martin L Miller
- Computational Biology Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - James P Allison
- Department of Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065;
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29
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Drummond RA, Wallace C, Reid DM, Way SS, Kaplan DH, Brown GD. Cutting edge: Failure of antigen-specific CD4+ T cell recruitment to the kidney during systemic candidiasis. J Immunol 2014; 193:5381-5. [PMID: 25344471 PMCID: PMC4238746 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans is the leading cause of systemic candidiasis, a fungal disease associated with high mortality and poor treatment options. The kidney is the target organ during infection and whose control is largely dependent on innate immunity, because lymphocytes appear redundant for protection. In this article, we show that this apparent redundancy stems from a failure of Ag-specific CD4(+) T cells to migrate into infected kidneys. In contrast, Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells are recruited normally. Using Ag-loaded immunoliposomes to artificially reverse this defective migration, we show that recruited Ag-specific CD4(+) T cells polarize toward a Th17 phenotype in the kidney and are protective during fungal infection. Therefore, our data explain the redundancy of CD4(+) T cells for defense against systemic infection with C. albicans and have important implications for our understanding of antifungal immunity and the control of renal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Drummond
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Carol Wallace
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Delyth M Reid
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Sing Sing Way
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and
| | - Daniel H Kaplan
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Gordon D Brown
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom;
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30
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Blevins LK, Wren JT, Holbrook BC, Hayward SL, Swords WE, Parks GD, Alexander-Miller MA. Coinfection with Streptococcus pneumoniae negatively modulates the size and composition of the ongoing influenza-specific CD8⁺ T cell response. J Immunol 2014; 193:5076-87. [PMID: 25311807 PMCID: PMC4265766 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Infection with influenza A virus can lead to increased susceptibility to subsequent bacterial infection, often with Streptococcus pneumoniae. Given the substantial modification of the lung environment that occurs following pathogen infection, there is significant potential for modulation of immune responses. In this study, we show that infection of mice with influenza virus, followed by the noninvasive EF3030 strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae, leads to a significant decrease in the virus-specific CD8(+) T cell response in the lung. Adoptive-transfer studies suggest that this reduction contributes to disease in coinfected animals. The reduced number of lung effector cells in coinfected animals was associated with increased death, as well as a reduction in cytokine production in surviving cells. Further, cells that retained the ability to produce IFN-γ exhibited a decreased potential for coproduction of TNF-α. Reduced cytokine production was directly correlated with a decrease in the level of mRNA. Negative regulation of cells in the mediastinal lymph node was minimal compared with that present in the lung, supporting a model of selective regulation in the tissue harboring high pathogen burden. These results show that entry of a coinfecting pathogen can have profound immunoregulatory effects on an ongoing immune response. Together, these findings reveal a novel dynamic interplay between concurrently infecting pathogens and the adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance K Blevins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
| | - John T Wren
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
| | - Beth C Holbrook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
| | - Sarah L Hayward
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
| | - W Edward Swords
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
| | - Griffith D Parks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
| | - Martha A Alexander-Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
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Figueiredo MM, Deoti B, Amorim IF, Pinto AJW, Moraes A, Carvalho CS, da Silva SM, de Assis ACB, de Faria AMC, Tafuri WL. Expression of regulatory T cells in jejunum, colon, and cervical and mesenteric lymph nodes of dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum. Infect Immun 2014; 82:3704-12. [PMID: 24935975 PMCID: PMC4187817 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01862-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Using flow cytometry, we evaluated the frequencies of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) in mononuclear cells in the jejunum, colon, and cervical and mesenteric lymph nodes of dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum and in uninfected controls. All infected dogs showed chronic lymphadenitis and enteritis. Despite persistent parasite loads, no erosion or ulcers were evident in the epithelial mucosa. The colon harbored more parasites than the jejunum. Frequencies of total CD4(+), total Foxp3, and CD4(+) Foxp3(+) cells were higher in the jejunum than in the colon. Despite negative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) serum results for cytokines, levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10), gamma interferon (IFN-γ), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were higher in the jejunum than in the colon for infected dogs. However, IL-4 levels were higher in the colon than in the jejunum for infected dogs. There was no observed correlation between clinical signs and histopathological changes or immunological and parasitological findings in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of canines with visceral leishmaniasis. However, distinct segments of the GIT presented different immunological and parasitological responses. The jejunum showed a lower parasite load, with increased frequencies and expression of CD4, Foxp3, and CD8 receptors and IL-10, TGF-β, IFN-γ, and TNF-α cytokines. The colon showed a higher parasite load, with increasing expression of IL-4. Leishmania infantum infection increased expression of CD4, Foxp3, IL-10, TGF-β, IFN-γ, and TNF-α and reduced CD8 and IL-4 expression in both the jejunum and the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Figueiredo
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Beatriz Deoti
- Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Izabela F Amorim
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Aldair J W Pinto
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Andrea Moraes
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Carolina S Carvalho
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Sydnei Magno da Silva
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Ana C B de Assis
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Ana M C de Faria
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Wagner L Tafuri
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brasil
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Harriff MJ, Cansler ME, Toren KG, Canfield ET, Kwak S, Gold MC, Lewinsohn DM. Human lung epithelial cells contain Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a late endosomal vacuole and are efficiently recognized by CD8⁺ T cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97515. [PMID: 24828674 PMCID: PMC4020835 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is transmitted via inhalation of aerosolized particles. While alveolar macrophages are thought to play a central role in the acquisition and control of this infection, Mtb also has ample opportunity to interact with the airway epithelium. In this regard, we have recently shown that the upper airways are enriched with a population of non-classical, MR1-restricted, Mtb-reactive CD8⁺ T cells (MAIT cells). Additionally, we have demonstrated that Mtb-infected epithelial cells lining the upper airways are capable of stimulating IFNγ production by MAIT cells. In this study, we demonstrate that airway epithelial cells efficiently stimulate IFNγ release by MAIT cells as well as HLA-B45 and HLA-E restricted T cell clones. Characterization of the intracellular localization of Mtb in epithelial cells indicates that the vacuole occupied by Mtb in epithelial cells is distinct from DC in that it acquires Rab7 molecules and does not retain markers of early endosomes such as Rab5. The Mtb vacuole is also heterogeneous as there is a varying degree of association with Lamp1 and HLA-I. Although the Mtb vacuole shares markers associated with the late endosome, it does not acidify, and the bacteria are able to replicate within the cell. This work demonstrates that Mtb infected lung epithelial cells are surprisingly efficient at stimulating IFNγ release by CD8⁺ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J. Harriff
- Portland Veterans Administration Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Meghan E. Cansler
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Katelynne Gardner Toren
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth T. Canfield
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Stephen Kwak
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Marielle C. Gold
- Portland Veterans Administration Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - David M. Lewinsohn
- Portland Veterans Administration Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
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Day CL, Moshi ND, Abrahams DA, van Rooyen M, O'rie T, de Kock M, Hanekom WA. Patients with tuberculosis disease have Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific CD8 T cells with a pro-apoptotic phenotype and impaired proliferative capacity, which is not restored following treatment. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94949. [PMID: 24740417 PMCID: PMC3989259 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8 T cells play a critical role in control of chronic viral infections; however, the role of these cells in containing persistent bacterial infections, such as those caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is less clear. We assessed the phenotype and functional capacity of CD8 T cells specific for the immunodominant Mtb antigens CFP-10 and ESAT-6, in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) disease, before and after treatment, and in healthy persons with latent Mtb infection (LTBI). In patients with TB disease, CFP-10/ESAT-6-specific IFN-γ+ CD8 T cells had an activated, pro-apoptotic phenotype, with lower Bcl-2 and CD127 expression, and higher Ki67, CD57, and CD95 expression, than in LTBI. When CFP-10/ESAT-6-specific IFN-γ+ CD8 T cells were detectable, expression of distinct combinations of these markers was highly sensitive and specific for differentiating TB disease from LTBI. Successful treatment of disease resulted in changes of these markers, but not in restoration of CFP-10/ESAT-6-specific CD8 or CD4 memory T cell proliferative capacity. These data suggest that high mycobacterial load in active TB disease is associated with activated, short-lived CFP-10/ESAT-6-specific CD8 T cells with impaired functional capacity that is not restored following treatment. By contrast, LTBI is associated with preservation of long-lived CFP-10/ESAT-6-specific memory CD8 T cells that maintain high Bcl-2 expression and which may readily proliferate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl L. Day
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI) and School of Child and Adolescent Health, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Noella D. Moshi
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI) and School of Child and Adolescent Health, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Deborah A. Abrahams
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI) and School of Child and Adolescent Health, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Michele van Rooyen
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI) and School of Child and Adolescent Health, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Terrence O'rie
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI) and School of Child and Adolescent Health, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Marwou de Kock
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI) and School of Child and Adolescent Health, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Willem A. Hanekom
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI) and School of Child and Adolescent Health, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
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Yao S, Huang D, Chen CY, Halliday L, Wang RC, Chen ZW. CD4+ T cells contain early extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB) dissemination and rapid TB progression and sustain multieffector functions of CD8+ T and CD3- lymphocytes: mechanisms of CD4+ T cell immunity. J Immunol 2014; 192:2120-32. [PMID: 24489088 PMCID: PMC4104690 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The possibility that CD4(+) T cells can act as "innate-like" cells to contain very early Mycobacterium tuberculosis dissemination and function as master helpers to sustain multiple effector functions of CD8(+) T cells and CD3(-) lymphocytes during development of adaptive immunity against primary tuberculosis (TB) has not been demonstrated. We showed that pulmonary M. tuberculosis infection of CD4-depleted macaques surprisingly led to very early extrapulmonary M. tuberculosis dissemination, whereas CD4 deficiency clearly resulted in rapid TB progression. CD4 depletion during M. tuberculosis infection revealed the ability of CD8(+) T cells to compensate and rapidly differentiate to Th17-like/Th1-like and cytotoxic-like effectors, but these effector functions were subsequently unsustainable due to CD4 deficiency. Whereas CD3(-) non-T lymphocytes in the presence of CD4(+) T cells developed predominant Th22-like and NK-like (perforin production) responses to M. tuberculosis infection, CD4 depletion abrogated these Th22-/NK-like effector functions and favored IL-17 production by CD3(-) lymphocytes. CD4-depleted macaques exhibited no or few pulmonary T effector cells constitutively producing IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-17, IL-22, and perforin at the endpoint of more severe TB, but they presented pulmonary IL-4(+) T effectors. TB granulomas in CD4-depleted macaques contained fewer IL-22(+) and perforin(+) cells despite the presence of IL-17(+) and IL-4(+) cells. These results implicate a previously unknown innate-like ability of CD4(+) T cells to contain extrapulmonary M. tuberculosis dissemination at very early stage. Data also suggest that CD4(+) T cells are required to sustain multiple effector functions of CD8(+) T cells and CD3(-) lymphocytes and to prevent rapid TB progression during M. tuberculosis infection of nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Yao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, U.S.A
| | - Dan Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, U.S.A
| | - Crystal Y. Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, U.S.A
| | | | - Richard C. Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, U.S.A
| | - Zheng W. Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, U.S.A
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Yamasaki M, Araki K, Nakanishi T, Nakayasu C, Yamamoto A. Role of CD4(+) and CD8α(+) T cells in protective immunity against Edwardsiella tarda infection of ginbuna crucian carp, Carassius auratus langsdorfii. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2014; 36:299-304. [PMID: 24316500 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Edwardsiella tarda is an intracellular pathogen that causes edwardsiellosis in fish. Our previous study suggests that cell-mediated immunity (CMI) plays an essential role in protection against E. tarda infection. In the present study, we adoptively transferred T-cell subsets sensitized with E. tarda to isogenic naïve ginbuna crucian carp to determination the T-cell subsets involved in protecting fish from E. tarda infection. Recipients of CD4(+) and CD8α(+) cells acquired significant resistance to infection with E. tarda 8 days after sensitization, indicating that helper T cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes plays crucial roles in protective immunity to E. tarda. Moreover, transfer of sensitized CD8α(+) cells up-regulated the expression of genes encoding interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and perforin, suggesting that protective immunity to E. tarda involves cell-mediated cytotoxicity and interferon-γ-mediated induction of CMI. The results establish that CMI plays a crucial role in immunity against E. tarda. These findings provide novel insights into understanding the role of CMI to intracellular pathogens of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Yamasaki
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-8580, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Araki
- Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 4-50-20 Shimoarata, Kagoshima 890-0056, Japan.
| | - Teruyuki Nakanishi
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Chihaya Nakayasu
- National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research Agency, Minami-ise, Mie 516-0193, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamamoto
- Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 4-50-20 Shimoarata, Kagoshima 890-0056, Japan
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36
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Jung E, Perrone EE, Brahmamdan P, McDonough JS, Leathersich AM, Dominguez JA, Clark AT, Fox AC, Dunne WM, Hotchkiss RS, Coopersmith CM. Inhibition of intestinal epithelial apoptosis improves survival in a murine model of radiation combined injury. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77203. [PMID: 24204769 PMCID: PMC3810465 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
World conditions place large populations at risk from ionizing radiation (IR) from detonation of dirty bombs or nuclear devices. In a subgroup of patients, ionizing radiation exposure would be followed by a secondary infection. The effects of radiation combined injury are potentially more lethal than either insult in isolation. The purpose of this study was to determine mechanisms of mortality and possible therapeutic targets in radiation combined injury. Mice were exposed to IR with 2.5 Gray (Gy) followed four days later by intratracheal methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). While either IR or MRSA alone yielded 100% survival, animals with radiation combined injury had 53% survival (p = 0.01). Compared to IR or MRSA alone, mice with radiation combined injury had increased gut apoptosis, local and systemic bacterial burden, decreased splenic CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells, B cells, NK cells, and dendritic cells, and increased BAL and systemic IL-6 and G-CSF. In contrast, radiation combined injury did not alter lymphocyte apoptosis, pulmonary injury, or intestinal proliferation compared to IR or MRSA alone. In light of the synergistic increase in gut apoptosis following radiation combined injury, transgenic mice that overexpress Bcl-2 in their intestine and wild type mice were subjected to IR followed by MRSA. Bcl-2 mice had decreased gut apoptosis and improved survival compared to WT mice (92% vs. 42%; p<0.01). These data demonstrate that radiation combined injury results in significantly higher mortality than could be predicted based upon either IR or MRSA infection alone, and that preventing gut apoptosis may be a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enjae Jung
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Erin E. Perrone
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Pavan Brahmamdan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jacquelyn S. McDonough
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ann M. Leathersich
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jessica A. Dominguez
- Department of Basic Sciences, Bastyr University California, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Andrew T. Clark
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Amy C. Fox
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - W. Michael Dunne
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Richard S. Hotchkiss
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Craig M. Coopersmith
- The Emory Center for Critical Care and Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Schepers K, Schandené L, Bustamante J, Van Vooren JP, de Suremain M, Casanova JL, Yombi JC, Jacobs F, Mascart F, Goffard JC. IL-12Rβ1 deficiency and disseminated Mycobacterium tilburgii disease. J Clin Immunol 2013; 33:1285-8. [PMID: 24114017 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-013-9941-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tilburgii rarely causes disseminated disease. We describe a case of M. tilburgii infection in an otherwise healthy 33-year-old woman, who was found to carry bi-allelic mutations of the gene encoding the β1 chain of the IL-12 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinda Schepers
- Immune Deficiencies Treatment Unit, ULB-Erasme, Brussels, Belgium
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Chung Y, Yamazaki T, Kim BS, Zhang Y, Reynolds JM, Martinez GJ, Chang SH, Lim H, Birkenbach M, Dong C. Epstein Barr virus-induced 3 (EBI3) together with IL-12 negatively regulates T helper 17-mediated immunity to Listeria monocytogenes infection. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003628. [PMID: 24068935 PMCID: PMC3777861 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the protective functions by T helper 17 (Th17) cytokines against extracellular bacterial and fungal infection have been well documented, their importance against intracellular bacterial infection remains unclear. Here, we investigated the contribution of Th17 responses to host defense against intracellular bacteria Listeria monocytogenes and found that Th17 cell generation was suppressed in this model. Unexpectedly, mice lacking both p35 and EBI3 cleared L. monocytogenes as efficiently as wild-type mice, whereas p35-deficient mice failed to do so. Furthermore, both innate cells and pathogen-specific T cells from double-deficient mice produced significantly higher IL-17 and IL-22 compared to wild-type mice. The bacterial burden in the liver of double-deficient mice treated with anti-IL-17 was significantly increased compared to those receiving a control Ab. Transfer of Th17 cells specific for listeriolysin O as well as administration of IL-17 and IL-22 significantly suppressed bacterial growth in p35-deficient mice, indicating the critical contribution of Th17 responses to host defense against the intracellular pathogen in the absence of IL-12 and proper Th1 responses. Our findings unveil a novel immune evasion mechanism whereby the intracellular bacteria exploit IL-27EBI3 to suppress Th17-mediated protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonseok Chung
- Department of Immunology and Center for Inflammation and Cancer, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Immunology and Autoimmune Diseases, Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tomohide Yamazaki
- Department of Immunology and Center for Inflammation and Cancer, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Byung-Seok Kim
- Department of Immunology and Center for Inflammation and Cancer, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- Department of Immunology and Center for Inflammation and Cancer, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Joseph M. Reynolds
- Department of Immunology and Center for Inflammation and Cancer, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Gustavo J. Martinez
- Department of Immunology and Center for Inflammation and Cancer, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Seon Hee Chang
- Department of Immunology and Center for Inflammation and Cancer, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hoyong Lim
- Center for Immunology and Autoimmune Diseases, Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mark Birkenbach
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Chen Dong
- Department of Immunology and Center for Inflammation and Cancer, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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39
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Geach T. Immunotherapy: Modified proinsulin to treat T1DM. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2013; 9:503. [PMID: 23856817 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2013.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Abstract
The MHC class I family comprises both classical (class Ia) and non-classical (class Ib) members. While the prime function of classical MHC class I molecules (MHC class Ia) is to present peptide antigens to pathogen-specific cytotoxic T cells, non-classical MHC-I (MHC class Ib) antigens perform diverse array of functions in both innate and adaptive immunity. Vaccines against intracellular pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis need to induce strong cellular immune responses. Recent studies have shown that MHC class I molecules play an important role in the protective immune response to M. tuberculosis infection. Both MHC Ia-restricted and MHC class Ib-restricted M. tuberculosis -reactive CD8(+) T cells have been identified in humans and mice, but their relative contributions to immunity is still uncertain. Unlike MHC class Ia-restricted CD8(+) T cells, MHC class Ib-restricted CD8(+) T cells are constitutively activated in naive animals and respond rapidly to infection challenge, hence filling the temporal gap between innate and adaptive immunity. The present review article summarizes the general host immunity against M. tuberculosis infection highlighting the possible role of MHC class Ib molecule, H2-M3 and their ligands (N-formylated peptides) in protection against tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabir Ahmad Mir
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
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41
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Billeskov R, Christensen JP, Aagaard C, Andersen P, Dietrich J. Comparing adjuvanted H28 and modified vaccinia virus ankara expressingH28 in a mouse and a non-human primate tuberculosis model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72185. [PMID: 23977248 PMCID: PMC3747044 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report for the first time on the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a vaccine strategy involving the adjuvanted fusion protein “H28” (consisting of Ag85B-TB10.4-Rv2660c) and Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara expressing H28. We show that a heterologous prime-boost regimen involving priming with H28 in a Th1 adjuvant followed by boosting with H28 expressed by MVA (H28/MVA28) induced the highest percentage of IFN-γ expressing T cells, the highest production of IFN-γ per single cell and the highest induction of CD8 T cells compared to either of the vaccines given alone. In contrast, in mice vaccinated with adjuvanted recombinant H28 alone (H28/H28) we observed the highest production of IL-2 per single cell and the highest frequency of antigen specific TNF-α/IL-2 expressing CD4 T cells pre and post infection. Interestingly, TNF-α/IL-2 expressing central memory-like CD4 T cells showed a significant positive correlation with protection at week 6 post infection, whereas the opposite was observed for post infection CD4 T cells producing only IFN-γ. Moreover, as a BCG booster vaccine in a clinically relevant non-human primate TB model, the H28/H28 vaccine strategy induced a slightly more prominent reduction of clinical disease and pathology for up to one year post infection compared to H28/MVA28. Taken together, our data showed that the adjuvanted subunit and MVA strategies led to different T cell subset combinations pre and post infection and that TNF-α/IL-2 double producing but not IFN-γ single producing CD4 T cell subsets correlated with protection in the mouse TB model. Moreover, our data demonstrated that the H28 vaccine antigen was able to induce strong protection in both a mouse and a non-human primate TB model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Billeskov
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan P. Christensen
- Institute of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Aagaard
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Andersen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jes Dietrich
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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42
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Iseri VJ, Klasing KC. Dynamics of the systemic components of the chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) immune system following activation by Escherichia coli; implications for the costs of immunity. Dev Comp Immunol 2013; 40:248-257. [PMID: 23500513 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The immune response is thought to be costly and deters from growth and reproduction, but the magnitude and sources of these costs are unknown. Thus, we quantified the changes in mass of leukocytes (CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, Bu1(+) IgM(+) and Bu1(+) IgG(+) B cells, monocytes/macrophages, heterophils and thrombocytes) and protective plasma proteins in systemic (non-mucosal) components of adult chickens injected intravenously with dead Escherichia coli. During the first day after E. coli injection most types of blood leukocytes decreased and α-1-acid glycoprotein increased. Specific IgM, specific IgY, total IgM, Bu1(+) lymphocytes in the spleen and bone marrow and thymic CD8(+) lymphocytes increased at 5d post-injection. Quantitatively, the increases in the weight of cells and antibodies due to E. coli were dwarfed by the increase in the weight of the liver and acute phase proteins. Thus the acute phase response was markedly more costly than the subsequent adaptive response. The weight of the cells and proteins of the systemic immune system prior to challenge was 0.14% of body weight. Following E. coli injection, the additional weight of the immune components and the hypertrophy of the liver resulted in a 3.6-fold increase in weight which is equivalent to 18.5% of a large egg.
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Affiliation(s)
- V J Iseri
- Department of Animal Science, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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43
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Roep BO, Solvason N, Gottlieb PA, Abreu JRF, Harrison LC, Eisenbarth GS, Yu L, Leviten M, Hagopian WA, Buse JB, von Herrath M, Quan J, King RS, Robinson WH, Utz PJ, Garren H, Steinman L. Plasmid-encoded proinsulin preserves C-peptide while specifically reducing proinsulin-specific CD8⁺ T cells in type 1 diabetes. Sci Transl Med 2013; 5:191ra82. [PMID: 23803704 PMCID: PMC4516024 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3006103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In type 1 diabetes (T1D), there is an intense inflammatory response that destroys the β cells in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans, the site where insulin is produced and released. A therapy for T1D that targets the specific autoimmune response in this disease while leaving the remainder of the immune system intact, has long been sought. Proinsulin is a major target of the adaptive immune response in T1D. We hypothesized that an engineered DNA plasmid encoding proinsulin (BHT-3021) would preserve β cell function in T1D patients through reduction of insulin-specific CD8⁺ T cells. We studied 80 subjects over 18 years of age who were diagnosed with T1D within the past 5 years. Subjects were randomized 2:1 to receive intramuscular injections of BHT-3021 or BHT-placebo, weekly for 12 weeks, and then monitored for safety and immune responses in a blinded fashion. Four dose levels of BHT-3021 were evaluated: 0.3, 1.0, 3.0, and 6.0 mg. C-peptide was used both as an exploratory efficacy measure and as a safety measure. Islet-specific CD8⁺ T cell frequencies were assessed with multimers of monomeric human leukocyte antigen class I molecules loaded with peptides from pancreatic and unrelated antigens. No serious adverse events related to BHT-3021 were observed. C-peptide levels improved relative to placebo at all doses, at 1 mg at the 15-week time point (+19.5% BHT-3021 versus -8.8% BHT-placebo, P < 0.026). Proinsulin-reactive CD8⁺ T cells, but not T cells against unrelated islet or foreign molecules, declined in the BHT-3021 arm (P < 0.006). No significant changes were noted in interferon-γ, interleukin-4 (IL-4), or IL-10 production in CD4 T cells. Thus, we demonstrate that a plasmid encoding proinsulin reduces the frequency of CD8⁺ T cells reactive to proinsulin while preserving C-peptide over the course of dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart O. Roep
- Department for Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Nanette Solvason
- Bayhill Therapeutics, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
- Foothill College, Los Altos, CA 94022, USA
| | - Peter A. Gottlieb
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, Aurora, CO 80045–6511, USA
| | - Joana R. F. Abreu
- Department for Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Leonard C. Harrison
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | | | - Liping Yu
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, Aurora, CO 80045–6511, USA
| | | | - William A. Hagopian
- Pacific Northwest Diabetes Research Institute and University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98122, USA
| | - John B. Buse
- Diabetes Center for Research, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Joanne Quan
- Bayhill Therapeutics, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | | | - William H. Robinson
- Bayhill Therapeutics, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
- Departments of Medicine and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Tolerion Inc., 321 Dedalera Drive, Portola Valley, CA 94028, USA
| | - Paul J. Utz
- Bayhill Therapeutics, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
- Departments of Medicine and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Tolerion Inc., 321 Dedalera Drive, Portola Valley, CA 94028, USA
| | - Hideki Garren
- Bayhill Therapeutics, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
- Tolerion Inc., 321 Dedalera Drive, Portola Valley, CA 94028, USA
| | | | - Lawrence Steinman
- Bayhill Therapeutics, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
- Departments of Medicine and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Tolerion Inc., 321 Dedalera Drive, Portola Valley, CA 94028, USA
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44
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Nikolova M, Markova R, Drenska R, Muhtarova M, Todorova Y, Dimitrov V, Taskov H, Saltini C, Amicosante M. Antigen-specific CD4- and CD8-positive signatures in different phases of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 75:277-81. [PMID: 23276770 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2012.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Current diagnostic standards for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection do not distinguish between active and latent tuberculosis (TB). To identify specific biomarkers characterizing the different forms of TB infection, we investigated in parallel with the QuantiFERON -TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-IT) the use of flow cytometry measuring CD4 and CD8 MTB-specific immune response in 17 active-TB patients, 21 health care workers (HCW), 14 recent contacts of TB patients (RC-TB), and 10 bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG)-vaccinated healthy controls (BCG-HC). A correlation (r = 0.4526, P = 0.0002) was found only between the amount of IFN-γ measured by QFT-IT and the frequency of CD4+/CD69+/IFN-γ+ T cells. The frequency of CD4+/CD69+/IFNγ+ responding T cells was higher in active-TB patients (0.254 ± 0.336%, P < 0.01) compared to the other groups. The response of QFT-IT antigen-specific CD8+/CD69+/IFNγ+ T cells was significantly higher in RC-TB (0.245 ± 0.305%, P < 0.05) compared to the other study groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nikolova
- Department of Immunology and Allergology, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, 26 Yanko Sakazov, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Zhou X, Xue HH. Cutting edge: generation of memory precursors and functional memory CD8+ T cells depends on T cell factor-1 and lymphoid enhancer-binding factor-1. J Immunol 2012; 189:2722-6. [PMID: 22875805 PMCID: PMC3437003 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
T cell factor (TCF)-1 and lymphoid enhancer-binding factor (LEF)-1 transcription factors have redundant roles in promoting thymocyte maturation. TCF-1 has been recently shown to critically regulate memory CD8+ T cell differentiation and persistence. The complete spectra of regulatory roles for TCF-1 and LEF-1 in CD8+ T cell responses are yet unknown. We conditionally targeted LEF-1, and by combination with germline deletion of TCF-1, we found that loss of both factors completely abrogated the generation of KLR G1(lo)IL-7Rα+ memory precursors in effector CD8+ T cell populations in response to Listeria monocytogenes infection. Whereas CD8+ effectors deficient for TCF-1 and LEF-1 retained the capacity to express IFN-γ, granzyme B, and perforin, they were defective in TNF-α production. In the memory phase, the Ag-specific CD8+ T cells lacking TCF-1 and LEF-1 exhibited an effector phenotype and were severely impaired in secondary expansion upon rechallenge. Thus, TCF-1 and LEF-1 cooperatively regulate generation of memory precursors and protective memory CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Department of Immunology, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Hui Xue
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Interdisciplinary Immunology Graduate Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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46
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Rowe JH, Ertelt JM, Way SS. Innate IFN-γ is essential for programmed death ligand-1-mediated T cell stimulation following Listeria monocytogenes infection. J Immunol 2012; 189:876-84. [PMID: 22711893 PMCID: PMC3402342 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Although best characterized for sustaining T cell exhaustion during persistent viral infection, programmed death ligand-1 (PDL-1) also stimulates the expansion of protective T cells after infection with intracellular bacterial pathogens. Therefore, establishing the molecular signals that control whether PDL-1 stimulates immune suppression or activation is important as immune modulation therapies based on manipulating PDL-1 are being developed. In this study, the requirement for PDL-1 blockade initiated before infection with the intracellular bacterium Listeria monocytogenes in reducing pathogen-specific T cell expansion is demonstrated. In turn, the role of proinflammatory cytokines triggered early after L. monocytogenes infection in controlling PDL-1-mediated T cell stimulation was investigated using mice with targeted defects in specific cytokines or cytokine receptors. These experiments illustrate an essential role for IL-12 or type I IFNs in PDL-1-mediated expansion of pathogen-specific CD8(+) T cells. Unexpectedly, direct stimulation by neither IL-12 nor type I IFNs on pathogen-specific CD8(+) cells was essential for PDL-1-mediated expansion. Instead, the absence of early innate IFN-γ production in mice with combined defects in both IL-12 and type I IFNR negated the impacts of PDL-1 blockade. In turn, IFN-γ ablation using neutralizing Abs or in mice with targeted defects in IFN-γR each eliminated the PDL-1-mediated stimulatory impacts on pathogen-specific T cell expansion. Thus, innate IFN-γ is essential for PDL-1-mediated T cell stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared H. Rowe
- Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Center for Microbiology and Infectious Disease Translational Research, University of Minnesota School of Medicine
| | - James M. Ertelt
- Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Center for Microbiology and Infectious Disease Translational Research, University of Minnesota School of Medicine
| | - Sing Sing Way
- Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Center for Microbiology and Infectious Disease Translational Research, University of Minnesota School of Medicine
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47
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Kapadia D, Sadikovic A, Vanloubbeeck Y, Brockstedt D, Fong L. Interplay between CD8α+ dendritic cells and monocytes in response to Listeria monocytogenes infection attenuates T cell responses. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19376. [PMID: 21559416 PMCID: PMC3084837 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During the course of a microbial infection, different antigen presenting cells (APCs) are exposed and contribute to the ensuing immune response. CD8α(+) dendritic cells (DCs) are an important coordinator of early immune responses to the intracellular bacteria Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) and are crucial for CD8(+) T cell immunity. In this study, we examine the contribution of different primary APCs to inducing immune responses against Lm. We find that CD8α(+) DCs are the most susceptible to infection while plasmacytoid DCs are not infected. Moreover, CD8α(+) DCs are the only DC subset capable of priming an immune response to Lm in vitro and are also the only APC studied that do so when transferred into β2 microglobulin deficient mice which lack endogenous cross-presentation. Upon infection, CD11b(+) DCs primarily secrete low levels of TNFα while CD8α(+) DCs secrete IL-12 p70. Infected monocytes secrete high levels of TNFα and IL-12p70, cytokines associated with activated inflammatory macrophages. Furthermore, co-culture of infected CD8α(+) DCs and CD11b+ DCs with monocytes enhances production of IL-12 p70 and TNFα. However, the presence of monocytes in DC/T cell co-cultures attenuates T cell priming against Lm-derived antigens in vitro and in vivo. This suppressive activity of spleen-derived monocytes is mediated in part by both TNFα and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Thus these monocytes enhance IL-12 production to Lm infection, but concurrently abrogate DC-mediated T cell priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilnawaz Kapadia
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Aida Sadikovic
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Yannick Vanloubbeeck
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Dirk Brockstedt
- Aduro Biotech, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Lawrence Fong
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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48
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Pedicord VA, Montalvo W, Leiner IM, Allison JP. Single dose of anti-CTLA-4 enhances CD8+ T-cell memory formation, function, and maintenance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:266-71. [PMID: 21173239 PMCID: PMC3017182 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1016791108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CTLA-4, an Ig superfamily molecule with homology to CD28, is one of the most potent negative regulators of T-cell responses. In vivo blockade of CTLA-4 exacerbates autoimmunity, enhances tumor-specific T-cell responses, and may inhibit the induction of T-cell anergy. Clinical trials of CTLA-4-blocking antibodies to augment T-cell responses to malignant melanoma are at an advanced stage; however, little is known about the effects of CTLA-4 blockade on memory CD8(+) T-cell responses and the formation and maintenance of long-term CD8(+) T-cell memory. In our studies, we show that during in vivo memory CD8(+) T-cell responses to Listeria monocytogenes infection, CTLA-4 blockade enhances bacterial clearance and increases memory CD8(+) T-cell expansion. This is followed by an accumulation of memory cells that are capable of producing the effector cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α. We also demonstrate that in a vaccination setting, blocking CTLA-4 during CD8(+) T-cell priming leads to increased expansion and maintenance of antigen-specific memory CD8(+) T cells without adversely affecting the overall T-cell repertoire. This leads to an increase in memory cell effector function and improved protective immunity against further bacterial challenges. These results indicate that transient blockade of CTLA-4 enhances memory CD8(+) T-cell responses and support the possible use of CTLA-4-blocking antibodies during vaccination to augment memory formation and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia A. Pedicord
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065; and
| | - Welby Montalvo
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065; and
| | - Ingrid M. Leiner
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - James P. Allison
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065; and
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Xie P, Kraus ZJ, Stunz LL, Liu Y, Bishop GA. TNF receptor-associated factor 3 is required for T cell-mediated immunity and TCR/CD28 signaling. J Immunol 2011; 186:143-155. [PMID: 21084666 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.100029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We recently reported that TNFR-associated factor (TRAF)3, a ubiquitously expressed adaptor protein, promotes mature B cell apoptosis. However, the specific function of TRAF3 in T cells has remained unclear. In this article, we report the generation and characterization of T cell-specific TRAF3(-/-) mice, in which the traf3 gene was deleted from thymocytes and T cells. Ablation of TRAF3 in the T cell lineage did not affect CD4 or CD8 T cell populations in secondary lymphoid organs or the numbers or proportions of CD4(+),CD8(+) or double-positive or double-negative thymocytes, except that the T cell-specific TRAF3(-/-) mice had a 2-fold increase in FoxP3(+) T cells. In striking contrast to mice lacking TRAF3 in B cells, the T cell TRAF3-deficient mice exhibited defective IgG1 responses to a T-dependent Ag, as well as impaired T cell-mediated immunity to infection with Listeria monocytogenes. Surprisingly, we found that TRAF3 was recruited to the TCR/CD28 signaling complex upon costimulation and that TCR/CD28-mediated proximal and distal signaling events were compromised by TRAF3 deficiency. These findings provide insights into the roles played by TRAF3 in T cell activation and T cell-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xie
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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50
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Wirth TC, Xue HH, Rai D, Sabel JT, Bair T, Harty JT, Badovinac VP. Repetitive antigen stimulation induces stepwise transcriptome diversification but preserves a core signature of memory CD8(+) T cell differentiation. Immunity 2010; 33:128-40. [PMID: 20619696 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2010.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Repetitive antigen stimulation by prime-boost vaccination or pathogen reencounter increases memory CD8(+) T cell numbers, but the impact on memory CD8(+) T cell differentiation is unknown. Here we showed that repetitive antigen stimulations induced accumulation of memory CD8(+) T cells with uniform effector memory characteristics. However, genome-wide microarray analyses revealed that each additional antigen challenge resulted in the differential regulation of several hundred new genes in the ensuing memory CD8(+) T cell populations and, therefore, in stepwise diversification of CD8(+) T cell transcriptomes. Thus, primary and repeatedly stimulated (secondary, tertiary, and quaternary) memory CD8(+) T cells differed substantially in their molecular signature while sharing expression of a small group of genes and biological pathways, which may constitute a core signature of memory differentiation. These results reveal the complex regulation of memory CD8(+) T cell differentiation and identify potential new molecular targets to dissect the function of memory cells generated by repeated antigen stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Wirth
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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