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Mizumachi H, Watanabe M, Ikezumi M, Kajiwara M, Yasuda M, Mizuno M, Imai N, Sakuma M, Shibata M, Watanabe SI, Motoyama J, Basketter D, Eskes C, Hoffmann S, Lehmann DM, Ashikaga T, Sozu T, Takeyoshi M, Suzuki S, Miyazawa M, Kojima H. The inter-laboratory validation study of EpiSensA for predicting skin sensitization potential. J Appl Toxicol 2024; 44:510-525. [PMID: 37897225 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The Epidermal Sensitization Assay (EpiSensA) is a reconstructed human epidermis (RhE)-based gene expression assay for predicting the skin sensitization potential of chemicals. Since the RhE model is covered by a stratified stratum corneum, various kinds of test chemicals, including lipophilic ones and pre-/pro-haptens, can be tested with a route of exposure akin to an in vivo assay and human exposure. This article presents the results of a formally managed validation study of the EpiSensA that was carried out by three participating laboratories. The purpose of this validation study was to assess transferability of the EpiSensA to new laboratories along with its within- (WLR) and between-laboratory reproducibility (BLR). The validation study was organized into two independent stages. As demonstrated during the first stage, where three sensitizers and one non-sensitizer were correctly predicted by all participating laboratories, the EpiSensA was successfully transferred to all three participating laboratories. For Phase I of the second stage, each participating laboratory performed three experiments with an identical set of 15 coded test chemicals resulting in WLR of 93.3%, 93.3%, and 86.7%, respectively. Furthermore, when the results from the 15 test chemicals were combined with those of the additional 12 chemicals tested in Phase II of the second stage, the BLR for 27 test chemicals was 88.9%. Moreover, the predictive capacity among the three laboratories showed 92.6% sensitivity, 63.0% specificity, 82.7% accuracy, and 77.8% balanced accuracy based on murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) results. Overall, this validation study concluded that EpiSensA is easily transferable and sufficiently robust for assessing the skin sensitization potential of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Mizumachi
- R&D Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun, Tochigi, 321-3497, Japan
| | - Mika Watanabe
- Food and Drug Safety Center, Hatano Research Institute, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-8523, Japan
| | - Mayu Ikezumi
- Food and Drug Safety Center, Hatano Research Institute, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-8523, Japan
| | - Michika Kajiwara
- Food and Drug Safety Center, Hatano Research Institute, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-8523, Japan
| | - Michiyo Yasuda
- Food and Drug Safety Center, Hatano Research Institute, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-8523, Japan
| | - Makoto Mizuno
- Safety and Analytical Research Laboratories, KOSÉ Corporation, 48-18 Sakae-cho, Kita-ku, Tokyo, 114-0005, Japan
| | - Noriyasu Imai
- Safety and Analytical Research Laboratories, KOSÉ Corporation, 48-18 Sakae-cho, Kita-ku, Tokyo, 114-0005, Japan
| | - Megumi Sakuma
- Safety and Analytical Research Laboratories, KOSÉ Corporation, 48-18 Sakae-cho, Kita-ku, Tokyo, 114-0005, Japan
| | - Momoko Shibata
- Safety and Analytical Research Laboratories, KOSÉ Corporation, 48-18 Sakae-cho, Kita-ku, Tokyo, 114-0005, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Watanabe
- Safety Research Science Laboratory, LION Corporation, 100 Tajima, Odawara-shi, Kanagawa, 256-0811, Japan
| | - Junko Motoyama
- Safety Research Science Laboratory, LION Corporation, 100 Tajima, Odawara-shi, Kanagawa, 256-0811, Japan
| | - David Basketter
- DABMEB Consultancy Ltd., Kingswood, Gloucestershire, GL12 8RN, UK
| | - Chantra Eskes
- Services and Consultation on Alternative Methods (SeCAM), Magliaso, Switzerland and Swiss 3R Competence Centre (3RCC), Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - David M Lehmann
- Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Takao Ashikaga
- Japanese Center for the Validation of Alternative Methods (JaCVAM), National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Takashi Sozu
- Department of Information and Computer Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, 125-0051, Japan
| | - Masahiro Takeyoshi
- Chemicals Assessment and Research Center, Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute (CERI), 1600 Shimotakano, Sugito-machi, Kitakatsushika-gun, Saitama, 345-0043, Japan
| | - Sho Suzuki
- R&D Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun, Tochigi, 321-3497, Japan
| | - Masaaki Miyazawa
- R&D Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun, Tochigi, 321-3497, Japan
| | - Hajime Kojima
- Japanese Center for the Validation of Alternative Methods (JaCVAM), National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
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Dolgikh ОV, Nikonoshina NA, Guselnikov MA. In-Vitro Assessment of Hapten-Induced Immune Regulation in Children with Asthenoneurotic Syndrome. Bull Exp Biol Med 2020; 169:661-664. [PMID: 32986208 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-020-04949-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The study employed in vitro assay to examine the peculiarities of immune status in children with functional disorders of the autonomic nervous system diagnosticated as asthenoneurotic syndrome. In contrast to control children without asthenoneurotic syndrome, the examined group was characterized by significantly (p<0.05) elevated hapten-specific immunological sensitization (indicated by anti-Al IgG), induction of inflammatory reactions (IL-1), activation of apoptosis (CD3+CD95+ and р53) observed against the background inhibition of adaptive immune response (CD3+, CD3+CD4+, CD3+CD8+, CD16+56+, and CD19+), as well as hyperexpression of glutamic acid, NO, and VEGF combined with deficiency of serotonin. In cultured immunocompetent cells derived from children with hapten-modified immune status, the combined application of cytokine stimulator IL-1 with hapten sensitizer aluminum or with endocrine stimulator cortisol significantly (p<0.05) up-regulated expression of IL-8 and IL-10, but down-regulated production of IL-17 in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- О V Dolgikh
- Federal Research Center of Medical and Preventive Technologies to Control Population Health Risks, Perm', Russia.
| | - N A Nikonoshina
- Federal Research Center of Medical and Preventive Technologies to Control Population Health Risks, Perm', Russia
| | - M A Guselnikov
- Federal Research Center of Medical and Preventive Technologies to Control Population Health Risks, Perm', Russia
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Toropov AA, Toropova AP, Marzo M, Carnesecchi E, Selvestrel G, Benfenati E. Pesticides, cosmetics, drugs: identical and opposite influences of various molecular features as measures of endpoints similarity and dissimilarity. Mol Divers 2020; 25:1137-1144. [PMID: 32323128 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-020-10085-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The similarity is an important category in natural sciences. A measure of similarity for a group of various biochemical endpoints is suggested. The list of examined endpoints contains (1) toxicity of pesticides towards rainbow trout; (2) human skin sensitization; (3) mutagenicity; (4) toxicity of psychotropic drugs; and (5) anti HIV activity. Further applying and evolution of the suggested approach is discussed. In particular, the conception of the similarity (dissimilarity) of endpoints can play the role of a "useful bridge" between quantitative structure property/activity relationships (QSPRs/QSARs) and read-across technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Toropov
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health Science, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Alla P Toropova
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health Science, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy.
| | - Marco Marzo
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health Science, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Edoardo Carnesecchi
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health Science, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80177, 3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gianluca Selvestrel
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health Science, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Emilio Benfenati
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health Science, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy
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Tourneix F, Alépée N, Detroyer A, Eilstein J, Ez-Zoubir M, Teissier SM, Noçairi H, Piroird C, Basketter D, Del Bufalo A. Skin sensitisation testing in practice: Applying a stacking meta model to cosmetic ingredients. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 66:104831. [PMID: 32198056 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recently, several non-animal approaches contributing to the identification of skin sensitisation hazard have been introduced. Their validation and acceptance has largely been directed towards regulatory classification. Considering the driving force for replacement of in vivo tests centred on cosmetics, it is reasonable to ask how well the new approaches perform in this respect. In the present study, 219 substances, largely cosmetic raw materials (including dyes, preservatives and fragrances), have been evaluated in our Defined Approach integrating a stacking meta model (version 5), incorporating the individual outcomes of 3 in vitro validated methods (Direct Peptide Reactivity Assay, Keratinosens™, U-SENS™), 2 in silico tools (TIMES SS, TOXTREE) and physicochemical parameters (volatility, pH). Stacking meta model outcomes were compared with existing local lymph node assay (LLNA) data. Non-sensitisers comprised 68/219; 86 were weak/moderate and 65 were stronger sensitisers. The model version revision demonstrate the gain to discriminate sensitizers to non-sensitiser when the in silico TIMES model is incorporated as input parameter. The 85% to 91% accuracy for the cosmetics categories, indicates the stacking meta model offers value for the next generation risk assessment framework. These results pinpoint the power of the stacking meta model relying on a confidence based on the probability given in any individual prediction.
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Daniel AB, Strickland J, Allen D, Casati S, Zuang V, Barroso J, Whelan M, Régimbald-Krnel MJ, Kojima H, Nishikawa A, Park HK, Lee JK, Kim TS, Delgado I, Rios L, Yang Y, Wang G, Kleinstreuer N. International regulatory requirements for skin sensitization testing. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 95:52-65. [PMID: 29518484 PMCID: PMC5935556 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Skin sensitization test data are required or considered by chemical regulation authorities around the world. These data are used to develop product hazard labeling for the protection of consumers or workers and to assess risks from exposure to skin-sensitizing chemicals. To identify opportunities for regulatory uses of non-animal replacements for skin sensitization tests, the needs and uses for skin sensitization test data must first be clarified. Thus, we reviewed skin sensitization testing requirements for seven countries or regions that are represented in the International Cooperation on Alternative Test Methods (ICATM). We noted the type of skin sensitization data required for each chemical sector and whether these data were used in a hazard classification, potency classification, or risk assessment context; the preferred tests; and whether alternative non-animal tests were acceptable. An understanding of national and regional regulatory requirements for skin sensitization testing will inform the development of ICATM's international strategy for the acceptance and implementation of non-animal alternatives to assess the health hazards and risks associated with potential skin sensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber B Daniel
- ILS, P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Judy Strickland
- ILS, P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - David Allen
- ILS, P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Silvia Casati
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Via E. Fermi, 2749, 21027, Ispra, VA, Italy.
| | - Valérie Zuang
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Via E. Fermi, 2749, 21027, Ispra, VA, Italy.
| | - João Barroso
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Via E. Fermi, 2749, 21027, Ispra, VA, Italy.
| | - Maurice Whelan
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Via E. Fermi, 2749, 21027, Ispra, VA, Italy.
| | - M J Régimbald-Krnel
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Hajime Kojima
- Japanese Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Akiyoshi Nishikawa
- Japanese Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Hye-Kyung Park
- Korean Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, 187 Osongsaengmyeong 2(i)-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdoek-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28159, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong Kwon Lee
- Korean Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, 187 Osongsaengmyeong 2(i)-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdoek-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28159, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tae Sung Kim
- Korean Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, 187 Osongsaengmyeong 2(i)-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdoek-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28159, Republic of Korea.
| | - Isabella Delgado
- National Institute of Quality Control in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Avenida Brasil, 4365 - Manguinhos, 21045-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Ludmila Rios
- Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (ANVISA), Setor de Indústria e Abastecimento (SIA), Trecho 5, Área Especial 57, Lote 200, 71205-050, Guará, DF, Brazil.
| | - Ying Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qunxian Road 160, Panyu Strict, 510430, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Gangli Wang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Tiantan Xili Road 2, 100050, Beijing, China.
| | - Nicole Kleinstreuer
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
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Parkinson E, Aleksic M, Cubberley R, Kaur-Atwal G, Vissers JPC, Skipp P. Determination of Protein Haptenation by Chemical Sensitizers Within the Complexity of the Human Skin Proteome. Toxicol Sci 2018; 162:429-438. [PMID: 29267982 PMCID: PMC5889026 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin sensitization associated with the development of allergic contact dermatitis occurs via a number of specific key events at the cellular level. The molecular initiating event (MIE), the first in the sequence of these events, occurs after exposure of the skin to an electrophilic chemical, causing the irreversible haptenation of proteins within skin. Characterization of this MIE is a key step in elucidating the skin sensitization adverse outcome pathway and is essential to providing parameters for mathematical models to predict the capacity of a chemical to cause sensitization. As a first step to addressing this challenge, we have exposed complex protein lysates from a keratinocyte cell line and human skin tissue with a range of well characterized sensitizers, including dinitrochlorobenzene, 5-chloro-2-methylisothiazol-3-one, cinnamaldehyde, and the non (or weak) sensitizer 6-methyl coumarin. Using a novel stable isotope labeling approach combined with ion mobility-assisted data independent mass spectrometry (HDMSE), we have characterized the haptenome for these sensitizers. Although a significant proportion of highly abundant proteins were haptenated, we also observed the haptenation of low abundant proteins by all 3 of the chemical sensitizers tested, indicating that within a complex protein background, protein abundance is not the sole determinant driving haptenation, highlighting a relationship to tertiary protein structure and the amino acid specificity of these chemical sensitizers and sensitizer potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Parkinson
- Centre for Biological Sciences
- Centre for Proteomic Research, Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Maja Aleksic
- Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Richard Cubberley
- Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook MK44 1LQ, UK
| | | | | | - Paul Skipp
- Centre for Biological Sciences
- Centre for Proteomic Research, Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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7
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Mizukawa Y, Doi T, Yamazaki Y, Kudo A, Shiohara T. Epidermal Neuromedin U Attenuates IgE-Mediated Allergic Skin Inflammation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160122. [PMID: 27463114 PMCID: PMC4963095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although keratinocyte-derived neuropeptide neuromedin U (NMU) mediates the proinflammatory effects of innate-type mast cell activation, no information is available on the physiological roles. Here, to investigate the effects of NMU on IgE-mediated allergic skin inflammation, we determined whether IgE-mediated inflammation associated with severe scratching was induced in Nmu-/- mice administered repeated hapten applications to the ear or footpad. Dry skin was induced by targeted deletion of Nmu. Mice administered repeated hapten application developed IgE-mediated allergic inflammation characterized by severe scratching and increased serum IgE levels only when the ear, and not the footpad, was subjected to scratching, indicating that depletion of NMU from the epidermis alone does not drive such allergic inflammation. Thus, the susceptibility of Nmu-/- mice to allergic inflammation depends primarily on scratching dry skin. Further, allergic skin inflammation mediated by FcεRI cross-linking in Nmu-/-mice was inhibited by prior injection of NMU. These results indicate that NMU plays an important physiological role as a negative regulator during the late stage of IgE-mediated allergic skin inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Mizukawa
- Department of Dermatology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Takaaki Doi
- Department of Dermatology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Yamazaki
- Department of Dermatology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kudo
- Department of Anatomy, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Shiohara
- Department of Dermatology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Ahmed SS, Wang XN, Fielding M, Kerry A, Dickinson I, Munuswamy R, Kimber I, Dickinson AM. An in vitro human skin test for assessing sensitization potential. J Appl Toxicol 2016; 36:669-84. [PMID: 26251951 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Sensitization to chemicals resulting in an allergy is an important health issue. The current gold-standard method for identification and characterization of skin-sensitizing chemicals was the mouse local lymph node assay (LLNA). However, for a number of reasons there has been an increasing imperative to develop alternative approaches to hazard identification that do not require the use of animals. Here we describe a human in-vitro skin explant test for identification of sensitization hazards and the assessment of relative skin sensitizing potency. This method measures histological damage in human skin as a readout of the immune response induced by the test material. Using this approach we have measured responses to 44 chemicals including skin sensitizers, pre/pro-haptens, respiratory sensitizers, non-sensitizing chemicals (including skin-irritants) and previously misclassified compounds. Based on comparisons with the LLNA, the skin explant test gave 95% specificity, 95% sensitivity, 95% concordance with a correlation coefficient of 0.9. The same specificity and sensitivity were achieved for comparison of results with published human sensitization data with a correlation coefficient of 0.91. The test also successfully identified nickel sulphate as a human skin sensitizer, which was misclassified as negative in the LLNA. In addition, sensitizers and non-sensitizers identified as positive or negative by the skin explant test have induced high/low T cell proliferation and IFNγ production, respectively. Collectively, the data suggests the human in-vitro skin explant test could provide the basis for a novel approach for characterization of the sensitizing activity as a first step in the risk assessment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Ahmed
- Alcyomics Ltd, Bulman House, Regent Centre, Gosforth, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE3 3LS, UK
| | - X N Wang
- Haematological Sciences, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - M Fielding
- Haematological Sciences, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - A Kerry
- Haematological Sciences, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - I Dickinson
- Haematological Sciences, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - R Munuswamy
- Haematological Sciences, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - I Kimber
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - A M Dickinson
- Alcyomics Ltd, Bulman House, Regent Centre, Gosforth, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE3 3LS, UK
- Haematological Sciences, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
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9
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Plošnik A, Zupan J, Vračko M. Evaluation of toxic endpoints for a set of cosmetic ingredients with CAESAR models. Chemosphere 2015; 120:492-499. [PMID: 25278177 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The randomly selected set of 558 chemicals from Cosmetic inventory was studied with internet accessible program package CAESAR. Four toxic endpoints were considered: mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, developmental toxicity and skin sensitization. The CAESAR program provides beside the predictions comprehensive information on applicability domain and the similarity between the considered compound and the compounds from model's training set. This information was used to implement for clustering and classification of chemicals. As the technique the Self Organizing Maps was applied. This technique also enables us to define to each cluster the cluster indicator, i.e., the characteristic compound, which is considered as a representative for a cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alja Plošnik
- Kemijski institut/National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jure Zupan
- Kemijski institut/National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marjan Vračko
- Kemijski institut/National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Peiser M, Hitzler M, Luch A. On the role of co-inhibitory molecules in dendritic cell: T helper cell coculture assays aimed to detect chemical-induced contact allergy. Exp Suppl 2014; 104:115-35. [PMID: 24214622 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-0726-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
T cells play a pivotal role in sensitization and elicitation of type IV allergic reactions. While T helper cells sustain and maintain the differentiation of further effector cells, regulatory T cells are involved in control of cytokine release and proliferation, and T killer cells execute cellular lysis, thereby leading to certain levels of tissue damage. According to their central role, the widely applied and OECD-supported test method for the assessment of the sensitization potential of a chemical, i.e., the local lymph node assay (LLNA), relies on the detection of the immune-responsive proliferation of lymphocytes. However, most sensitization assays recently developed take advantage of the initiators of sensitization, dendritic cells (DCs) or DC-like cell lines. Here, we focus on inhibitory molecules expressed on the surface of DCs and their corresponding receptors on T cells. We summarize insight into the function of CTLA-4, the ligands of inducible co-stimulators (ICOSs), and on the inhibitory receptor programmed death (PD). The targeting of immune cell surface receptors by inhibitory molecules holds some promise with regard to the development of T cell-based sensitization assays. Firstly, a broader and more sensitive dynamic range of detection could be achieved by blocking inhibitors or by removing inhibiting regulatory T cells from the assays. Secondly, the actual expression levels of inhibitory molecules could be also a valuable indicator for the process of sensitization. Finally, inhibitory molecules in coculture test systems are supposed to have a major influence on DCs by reverse signaling, thereby affecting their differentiation and maturation status in a feedback loop. In conclusion, inhibitory ligands of DC surface receptors and/or their cognate receptors on T cells could serve as useful tools in cell-based assays, directly influencing toxicological endpoints such as sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Peiser
- Department of Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany,
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Enoch SJ, Schultz TW, Cronin MTD. The definition of the applicability domain relevant to skin sensitization for the aromatic nucleophilic substitution mechanism. SAR QSAR Environ Res 2012; 23:649-663. [PMID: 22647056 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2012.679691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study outlines how a glutathione reactivity assay (so-called in chemico data) can be used to define the applicability domain for the nucleophilic aromatic substitution (S(N)Ar) reaction for benzenes. This reaction is one of the six mechanistic domains that have been shown to be important in toxicological endpoints in which the ability to bind covalently to a protein is a key molecular initiating event. This study has analysed the experimental data, allowing a clear and interpretable structure-activity relationship to be developed for the S(N)Ar domain. The applicability domain has resulted in a series of structural alerts. The definition of the applicability domain for the S(N)Ar reaction and the resulting structural alerts are likely to be beneficial in the development of computational tools for category formation and read-across. The study concludes with how this information can be used in the development of adverse outcome pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Enoch
- School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, England
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12
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Qi Z, Shi B, Hu Z, Zhang Y, Wu W. Ultrastructural effects of Celangulin V on midgut cells of the oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata walker (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2011; 74:439-444. [PMID: 20970855 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2009] [Revised: 09/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The ultrastructural effects of ingested Celangulin V (CA-V), an insecticidal component extracted from the root bark of Chinese bittersweet (Celastrus angulatus Maxim), on the midgut epithelial cells of the oriental armyworm larva (Mythimna separata Walker) were studied. Transmission electron microscopy showed that CA-V could induce a severe, time-dependent cytotoxicity of the midgut epithelial cells, which had large cytoplasmic spaces, disrupted microvilli and swollen mitochondria. The cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum were excessively dilated, vesiculated and then fragmented. The nuclei were pycnotic and contained one or two divided nucleoli and agglomerated chromatin. Numerous lysosome-like vacuoles and secretion granules were observed. Finally, the CA-V resulted in cell death by necrosis with plasma membrane lysis and the cytoplasm content leakage into the migdut lumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Qi
- Institute of Pesticide Science, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Box 61, Xinong Road 22, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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13
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Gunturi SB, Theerthala SS, Patel NK, Bahl J, Narayanan R. Prediction of skin sensitization potential using D-optimal design and GA-kNN classification methods. SAR QSAR Environ Res 2010; 21:305-335. [PMID: 20544553 DOI: 10.1080/10629361003773955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Modelling of skin sensitization data of 255 diverse compounds and 450 calculated descriptors was performed to develop global predictive classification models that are applicable to whole chemical space. With this aim, we employed two automated procedures, (a) D-optimal design to select optimal members of the training and test sets and (b) k-Nearest Neighbour classification (kNN) method along with Genetic Algorithms (GA-kNN Classification) to select significant and independent descriptors in order to build the models. This methodology helped us to derive multiple models, M1-M5, that are stable and robust. The best among them, model M1 (CCR(train) = 84.3%, CCR(test) = 87.2% and CCR(ext) = 80.4%), is based on six neighbours and nine descriptors and further suggests that: (a) it is stable and robust and performs better than the reported models in literature, and (b) the combination of D-optimal design and GA-kNN classification approach is a very promising approach. Consensus prediction based on the models M1-M5 improved the CCR of training, test and external validation datasets by 3.8%, 4.45% and 3.85%, respectively, over M1. From the analysis of the physical meaning of the selected descriptors, it is inferred that the skin sensitization potential of small organic compounds can be accurately predicted using calculated descriptors that code for the following fundamental properties: (i) lipophilicity, (ii) atomic polarizability, (iii) shape, (iii) electrostatic interactions, and (iv) chemical reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Gunturi
- Innovation Labs Hyderabad, Tata Consultancy Services Limited, #1, Software Units Layout, Madhapur, Hyderabad - 500 081, India
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14
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Sato A, Okamoto N. Characterization of the cell-mediated cytotoxic responses of isogeneic ginbuna crucian carp induced by oral immunisation with hapten-modified cellular antigens. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2008; 24:684-692. [PMID: 18407518 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2007.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2007] [Revised: 10/24/2007] [Accepted: 11/18/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A better understanding of the immune responses in fish elicited by oral immunisation is of importance for the development of new and effective oral vaccines for cultured fish. In the present study, we characterized specific cell-mediated cytotoxic responses in isogeneic ginbuna crucian carp (Carassius auratus langsdorfii) following oral immunisation with cellular antigens. Trinitrophenyl- (TNP) or dinitrophenyl- (DNP) modified syngeneic and allogeneic cells were used for studying the fine specificity and genetic restriction of orally-induced cytotoxic cells. Hapten-specific cytotoxic responses were detected in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) of fish orally immunised with haptenated syngeneic cells. PBLs from orally immunised fish had cytolytic activity for haptenated syngeneic cells, but they showed little reactivity against both haptenated and unmodified allogeneic targets. Similarly, oral immunisation of fish with hapten-modified allogeneic cells did not induce hapten-specific cytotoxic cells which can lyse haptenated syngeneic targets. Although ginbuna crucian carp possess spontaneous cytotoxic cells that are capable of killing mammalian tumour cells, cold target inhibition studies suggested that such spontaneous cytotoxic cells were not involved in the killing of haptenated syngeneic targets. Oral immunisation of fish with haptenated syngeneic cells also induced hapten-specific cytotoxic memory responses. Oral administration of haptenated fixed cells also effectively induced hapten-specific cytotoxic cells in the treated fish. These findings suggest that oral immunisation with antigens can elicit antigen-specific cytotoxic cells that are capable of recognizing antigens in an MHC-restricted manner. In addition, our results provide indirect evidence that fish possess a mechanism for taking up exogenous non-replicating antigens from the alimentary tract and generating antigen-specific cytotoxic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Sato
- Kyorin Co. Ltd., 9 Minami-machi, Himeji, Hyogo, Japan
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15
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Allergic asthma has increased worldwide in the industrialized countries. This review evaluates whether the major groups of indoor chemical exposures possess allergy-promoting (adjuvant) effects; formaldehyde was excluded, because of the size of the literature. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are used as an example of gases and vapors. The precipitation of asthmatic symptoms by VOC exposures is probably because of VOC levels considerably above typical indoor levels, or VOCs may be a surrogate for exposure to allergens, combustion products or dampness. Indoor particles possessed adjuvant effects in animal studies and allergy-promoting effects in humans. Quaternary ammonium compounds may possess adjuvant effects in animal studies and promoted sensitization in humans in occupational settings. The use of cleaning agents, anionic and non-ionic surfactants are not considered to possess an important adjuvant effect in the general population. Regarding phthalate exposures, results from animal and epidemiological studies were found to be discordant. There is little evidence that the indoor chemicals evaluated possess important adjuvant effects. If buildings are kept clean, dry and free of combustion products, the important question may be would it be profitable to look for lifestyle factors and non-chemical indoor exposures in order to abate airway allergy? PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Indoor chemicals (pollutants) have been accused to promote development of airway allergy by adjuvant effects. In this review, we evaluated the scientific literature and found little support for the supposition that indoor chemicals possess important adjuvant effects. This rises the question: would it be profitable for abatement of airway allergy to look for non-chemical indoor exposures, including lifestyle factors, and exposures to allergens, microorganisms, including vira, and their interactions?
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Nielsen
- National Institute of Occupational Health Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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16
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Lehé CL, Jacobs JJL, Hua CM, Courtellemont P, Elliott GR, Das PK. Subtoxic concentrations of allergenic haptens induce LC migration and maturation in a human organotypic skin explant culture model: a novel method for identifying potential contact allergens. Exp Dermatol 2006; 15:421-31. [PMID: 16689858 DOI: 10.1111/j.0906-6705.2006.00415.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The accelerated migration of Langerhans cells (LCs) out of the epidermis and up-regulation of maturation markers, upon treatment with subtoxic concentrations of chemicals, were used as the criteria to determine the potential of allergenic chemicals capable of inducing a hapten-specific delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction. Here we report the findings of a study in which seven chemicals, coded and tested in a blind fashion, were classified as contact allergens or non-allergens using the human organotypic skin explant culture (hOSEC) model. All chemicals that were identified as a contact sensitizer on decoding induced a definite decrease in the number of CD1a and HLA-DR-positive epidermal LCs in the epidermis of the skin explants, as determined by both semiquantitative immunohistochemistry and quantitative flow cytometric analysis. A significant increase in the number of CD83(+) cells was accompanied by up-regulation of activation molecules in the epidermis of hOSEC exposed specifically to contact allergens. In contrast, there were only minor alterations in epidermal LC numbers, expression of CD83 and other activation markers by LCs when the biopsies were treated with non-toxic concentrations of non-allergenic irritants and vehicles. The data suggest that an increased epidermal LC migration and maturation accompanied by increased expression of activation markers could be used as end-point determinants to screen allergens in a non-animal alternative hOSEC model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L Lehé
- Department of Pathology, UvA-AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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Vocanson M, Hennino A, Cluzel-Tailhardat M, Saint-Mezard P, Benetiere J, Chavagnac C, Berard F, Kaiserlian D, Nicolas JF. CD8+ T Cells Are Effector Cells of Contact Dermatitis to Common Skin Allergens in Mice. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 126:815-20. [PMID: 16456532 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) to strong experimental haptens is mediated by specific CD8+ T cells. Here, we show that similar mechanisms occur for weak haptens, which comprise the vast majority of chemicals responsible for human ACD. We used a model of ACD, that is, the contact hypersensitivity reaction, to test for the allergenicity of three weak haptens involved in fragrance allergy. ACD to weak haptens could not be induced in normal mice. In contrast, mice acutely depleted in CD4+ T cells developed a typical ACD reaction to the three weak fragrance allergens that peaked 24 hours after challenge. Priming of CD8+ T cells was observed in draining lymph nodes 5 days after sensitization and development of ACD was associated with the infiltration of activated CD8+ T cells in the challenged skin. CD8+ T cells were effectors of the ACD reaction as in vivo treatment with depleting anti-CD8 mAbs abrogated the ACD responses and as purified CD8+ T cells could adoptively transfer ACD to naive recipients. In conclusion, our data demonstrate a dominant role of CD8+ T cells as initiators of ACD to weak haptens, and suggest that CD8+ T cells may represent potential targets for preventing or treating ACD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Vocanson
- IFR 128 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U503, Lyon Cedex, France
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18
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Abstract
Current approaches to skin sensitisation risk assessment are dependent upon the availability of information regarding two fundamental parameters. Firstly, data relating to the relative skin sensitising potency of the chemical, and secondly, information regarding likely conditions of human exposure. During the past two decades, much has been achieved in terms of refining methods capable of informing these parameters. For example, the development of the local lymph node assay (LLNA) has made it possible to predict skin sensitising hazard, and to determine relative skin sensitising potency, in a way that was not possible previously. Taken together with accurate information about predicted exposure, such potency data can be used to facilitate the derivation of effective risk assessments. However, although the LLNA provides an integrated assessment of skin sensitising activity, it does require the use of experimental animals and there is growing enthusiasm for designing robust alternative approaches that will reduce or obviate that need. Progress is being made in defining alternative experimental strategies that avoid animal use, but it is clear that accurate characterisation of skin sensitisation hazards will require the effective integration of various sources of information. For this reason, we exemplify here one possible approach that, in theory, provides a framework for not only the identification of skin sensitising chemicals, but also the estimation of relative sensitising potency. This paradigm depends upon development of an understanding of the various biological, biochemical and chemical factors that impact on the allergenic properties of chemicals and the acquisition of skin sensitisation, and an ability to measure these in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian R Jowsey
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, UK.
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19
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Abstract
Haptens are classified as low molecular chemicals with an intrinsic potential to covalently modify proteins, and many of them are strong inducers of contact hypersensitivity (CHS). CHS is T cell mediated, and hapten-specific T cells have been shown to interact with hapten-modified, MHC-associated peptides. However, the most common contact sensitizer in the industrialized world is nickel. In contrast to classical haptens, nickel ions do not form covalent bonds to proteins, but rather become caught in reversible coordination complexes. We here review work demonstrating that some T cells, indeed, may react to such Ni complexes on the MHC/peptide-surface absolutely comparable to other haptens. In other cases, Ni ions unlike classical haptens, may activate T cells by crosslinking their receptors to MHC molecules, independent of the nature of the associated peptide. Moreover, Ni-interacting proteins appear to make use of the reversibility of Ni-binding, and to mediate the transfer of Ni-ions to the receptor-MHC interphase. We have demonstrated such properties for human serum albumin (HSA) as well as for transferrin and identified numerous new Ni-binding proteins in human B-cell lines or dendritic cells by affinity purification and mass spectroscopy. These proteins include a notable number of known heat shock proteins and chaperones, implying that Ni may functionally interfere with these stress proteins.
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20
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Nilsson AM, Bergström MA, Luthman K, Nilsson JLG, Karlberg AT. A Conjugated Diene Identified as a Prohapten: Contact Allergenic Activity and Chemical Reactivity of Proposed Epoxide Metabolites. Chem Res Toxicol 2005; 18:308-16. [PMID: 15720137 DOI: 10.1021/tx049758c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A hapten causing allergic contact dermatitis binds covalently to macromolecules via nucleophilic-electrophilic reactions or radical couplings. A prohapten can be seen as a chemically inert compound without electrophilic or radical forming properties. To exert its activity, the prohapten is activated, for example, metabolically, to the hapten. We have investigated the contact allergenic properties of a diene, (5R)-5-isopropenyl-2-methyl-1-methylene-2-cyclohexene (1), as a potential prohapten, and we found it to be a sensitizer in animal studies. The activity is likely to be exerted via epoxide metabolites. Thus, two potential metabolites of the investigated diene, (4S)-1,2-epoxy-4-isopropenyl-1-methyl-6-methylene-cyclohexane (3) and (7R)-7-isopropenyl-4-methyl-1-oxa-spiro[2.5]oct-4-ene (4), were synthesized and subjected to animal tests. Both epoxides were sensitizers. They also elicited significant reactions when tested in animals induced with 1, which indicates that they are formed from the diene in the skin. Furthermore, incubation of 1 with human liver microsomes produced both epoxides. The chemical reactivity of 1, 3, and 4 was investigated in relation to a hexapeptide, H-Pro-His-Cys-Lys-Arg-Met-OH. No adducts were obtained from reactions between the peptide and 1. However, epoxide 3 bound covalently to the cysteine residue and epoxide 4 to both the cysteine and proline residues. Since it is possible to relate the sensitizing capacity of a compound to its key physicochemical properties, knowledge-based expert systems have been developed to predict the toxicity of novel compounds by comparing the structure with activity data stored in the computer database. A diene related to 1 found in the knowledge-based expert system DEREK was considered as a nonsensitizer by this system. Our study indicates that conjugated dienes can be metabolized to contact allergens in the skin. Thus, when constructing predictive test methods based on SARs, it is important to analyze not only the virtual chemical structure of a compound but also its ability to act as a prohapten.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Malin Nilsson
- Department of Chemistry, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, Göteborg University, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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21
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Fiorucci S, Wallace JL, Mencarelli A, Distrutti E, Rizzo G, Farneti S, Morelli A, Tseng JL, Suramanyam B, Guilford WJ, Parkinson JF. A beta-oxidation-resistant lipoxin A4 analog treats hapten-induced colitis by attenuating inflammation and immune dysfunction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:15736-41. [PMID: 15505205 PMCID: PMC524215 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0404722101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipoxins and aspirin-triggered 15-epi-lipoxins (ATL) are counter-regulatory eicosanoids with potent antiinflammatory actions. Oral efficacy and mechanism of action of ZK-192, a beta-oxidation-resistant 3-oxa-ATL analog, were examined in trinitrobenzenesulphonate (TNBS)-induced colitis. When dosed orally once daily, 300 and 1,000 mug/kg ZK-192 markedly attenuated TNBS colitis in rodents both in preventive and therapeutic regimens. ZK-192 attenuated weight loss, macroscopic and histologic colon injury, mucosal neutrophil infiltration, and colon wall thickening. ZK-192 was as effective as 3-10 mg/kg oral prednisolone. ZK-192 decreased mucosal mRNA levels for several inflammatory mediators: inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase 2, and macrophage inflammatory protein 2. ZK-192 also decreased mucosal mRNA and protein levels of T helper 1 effector cytokines: tumor necrosis factor alpha, IL-2, and IFN-gamma. Systemic levels of these cytokines were also dramatically attenuated. CD3/CD28-mediated costimulation of T helper 1 effector cytokine release in lamina propria mononuclear cells was markedly inhibited by ZK-192 ex vivo and in vitro. ZK-192 also prevented colitis in lymphocyte-deficient severe combined immunodeficient mice, with approximately 75% inhibition of mucosal tumor necrosis factor alpha and IL-2 levels. The results are further evidence that innate immune cells function as triggers for hapten-induced colitis. The combined antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of ZK-192 in TNBS colitis suggest that ATL analogs may be an attractive oral treatment approach for inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Fiorucci
- Clinica di Gastroenterologia ed Endoscopia Digestiva, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Patologia, Universita di Perugia, 06122 Perugia, Italy
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Tsukuba T, Okamoto K, Okamoto Y, Yanagawa M, Kohmura K, Yasuda Y, Uchi H, Nakahara T, Furue M, Nakayama K, Kadowaki T, Yamamoto K, Nakayama KI. Association of Cathepsin E Deficiency with Development of Atopic Dermatitis. J Biochem 2003; 134:893-902. [PMID: 14769879 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvg216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a pruritic inflammatory skin diseases associated with a family history of atropy. Here we show that mice lacking the endolysosomal aspartic proteinase cathepsin E spontaneously develop skin lesions similar to those of humans with AD when reared under conventional conditions but not under specific pathogen-free conditions. These mice showed the increase in the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ T cells, the strong polarization of naïve T cells to T helper 2 cells, and the systemic accumulation of IL-18 and IL-1beta accompanied by a marked increase in IL-4, IL-5, and IgE. The relative rates of degradation of IL-18 and IL-1beta were significantly lower in cathepsin E-deficient mice than wild-type mice. These results strongly suggest that the development of AD in cathepsin E-deficient mice is initiated by systemic accumulation of IL-18 and IL-1beta, mainly due to their reduced turnover rates. In addition, the reduced expression of cathepsin E was also observed in erythrocytes of both humans with AD and the AD mouse model NC/Nga. Cathepsin E deficiency might thus be responsible for the induction of AD in humans and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Tsukuba
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582
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23
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Shiba T, Aiba Y, Ishikawa H, Ushiyama A, Takagi A, Mine T, Koga Y. The suppressive effect of bifidobacteria on Bacteroides vulgatus, a putative pathogenic microbe in inflammatory bowel disease. Microbiol Immunol 2003; 47:371-8. [PMID: 12906096 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2003.tb03368.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Bacteroides, a predominant commensal bacteria in the gut, are thought to be responsible for the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In the present study, we examined whether or not bifidobacteria suppress B. vulgatus, a representative pathogenic Bacteroides species, in both the coculture system and the gnotobiotic murine model. As a result, Bifidobacterium infantis 1222 highly inhibited the growth of B. vulgatus in the coculture and also significantly suppressed the systemic antibody response raised by B. vulgatus colonizing the gut in gnotobiotic mice. Colonization of the mice by B. vulgatus increased the number of Peyer's patch (PP) cells bearing PNA (peanut agglutinin)+/anti-kappa+ phenotype, which represents plasma cell-like B cells. Moreover, treatment of those B. vulgatus-implanted mice with B. infantis 1222 abrogated such increase in the number of PNA+/anti-kappa+ cells. These results thus suggested that B. infantis 1222 protected the gut epithelial layer including the PP from being invaded by Bacteroides, thereby suppressing the systemic antibody response raised by Bacteroides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadahiko Shiba
- Departments of Infectious Diseases, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
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24
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Taniguchi Y, Kohno K, Inoue SI, Koya-Miyata S, Okamoto I, Arai N, Iwaki K, Ikeda M, Kurimoto M. Oral administration of royal jelly inhibits the development of atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2003; 3:1313-24. [PMID: 12890429 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5769(03)00132-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We have shown previously that in addition to IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10, antigen-specific interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production by spleen cells from ovalbumin (OVA)/Alum-immunized mice is inhibited by the administration of royal jelly (RJ). Since it has been shown that both Th1 and Th2 cytokines play pathogenic roles in the generation of atopic dermatitis (AD), we have examined whether RJ suppresses the development of AD-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice induced by repeated application of picryl chloride (PiCl) under specific pathogen-free (SPF) conditions. Oral administration of RJ to the PiCl-treated NC/Nga mice inhibited the development of AD-like skin lesions in these mice as exemplified by the significant decrease in the total skin severity scores and the decrease in hypertrophy, hyperkeratosis, and infiltration of the epidermis and corium by inflammatory cells. IFN-gamma production by spleen cells from PiCl-treated NC/Nga mice in response to TNP-KLH was partially but significantly inhibited by the oral administration of RJ, while IFN-gamma production by Con A-stimulated spleen cells was not affected. Since inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS)-derived NO has been suggested as an important immunoregulatory mediator in inflammatory autoimmune diseases, we have also examined the expression of iNOS in the dorsal skin lesions of PiCl-treated NC/Nga mice. Interestingly, the expression of iNOS was significantly increased in the skin lesions of RJ-administered mice compared with those of control PBS-administered mice. Thus, our results suggest that RJ suppresses the development of AD-like skin lesions in PiCl-treated NC/Nga mice, possibly by a combination of down-regulating TNP-specific IFN-gamma production and up-regulating iNOS expression.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/therapeutic use
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Dermatitis, Atopic/chemically induced
- Dermatitis, Atopic/genetics
- Dermatitis, Atopic/pathology
- Dermatitis, Atopic/prevention & control
- Dermatitis, Contact/etiology
- Dermatitis, Contact/genetics
- Dermatitis, Contact/pathology
- Dermatitis, Contact/prevention & control
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Eruptions/etiology
- Drug Eruptions/genetics
- Drug Eruptions/pathology
- Drug Eruptions/prevention & control
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Fatty Acids/administration & dosage
- Fatty Acids/therapeutic use
- Female
- Haptens/toxicity
- Hypertrophy
- Immunoglobulin E/blood
- Immunoglobulin E/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/biosynthesis
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II
- Picryl Chloride/toxicity
- Skin/drug effects
- Skin/immunology
- Skin/pathology
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/drug effects
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Taniguchi
- Fujisaki Institute, Hayashibara Biochemical Laboratories, Inc, Fujisaki 675-1, Okayama 702-8006, Japan
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25
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Lutz W, Pałczyński C. Advances in molecular immunotoxicology of occupational asthma induced by low molecular weight chemicals. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2003; 16:285-99. [PMID: 14964638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The paper reviews the literature reports on low molecular weight (LMW) sensitizers that are commonly encountered in the work environment as well as on the major mechanisms responsible for their effect on the immune cells of the respiratory tract. Current studies have focused on: LMW-antigens; the role of airway epithelial and dendritic cells (DCs); activation of naive helper T (Th) cells by DCs; naive B cell-effector Th2 cell interactions; and activation of mast cells by LMW asthmogens. A better understanding of the pathogenesis of occupational asthma due to LMW asthmogens should facilitate the development of better diagnostics and the improvement of strategies for disease surveillance and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waldemar Lutz
- Department of Immunotoxicology, Center of Occupational and Environmental Allergy, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lódź, Poland.
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Guo TL, Zhang XL, Leffel EK, Peachee VL, Karrow NA, Germolec DR, White KL. Differential stimulation of IgE production, STAT activation and cytokine and CD86 expression by 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene and trimellitic anhydride. J Appl Toxicol 2002; 22:397-403. [PMID: 12424743 DOI: 10.1002/jat.876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported that dermal exposure to trimellitic anhydride (TMA, 50%), a respiratory allergen, induced greater production of serum IgE and expression of Th2 cytokines than 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB, 1%), a potent contact sensitizer, in female BALB/C mice. To determine if there is any strain difference, four strains (B6C3F1, C57BL/6, BDF1 and BALB/C) of female mice were employed in this study to compare the differential effects of these chemicals on the hypersensitivity responses. Serum IgE levels were increased in TMA-treated B6C3F1, C57BL/6 and BDF1 mice when compared with the DNCB treatment and vehicle controls; in contrast, no difference was observed between TMA- and DNCB-treated BALB/C mice, although both chemicals induced greater IgE production than vehicle controls. In vitro expression of interleukin 4 (IL-4) and IL-13 mRNA by overnight concanavalin A (ConA)-stimulated draining lymph node cells was enhanced following in vivo treatment with TMA but not with DNCB in the B6C3F1, C57BL/6 and BDF1 mice. In contrast, TMA and DNCB induced similar levels of IL-4 and IL-13 mRNA in the BALB/C mice. The IL-4 protein levels in the supernatants of overnight ConA-treated draining lymph node cells were also increased in TMA-treated B6C3F1 and C57BL/6 mice when compared with the DNCB treatment and vehicle controls. Further mechanistic evaluation in the B6C3F1 mice indicated that the activation of STAT6 but not STAT4 by ConA plus IL-2-treated draining lymph node cells was increased in TMA- but not DNCB-treated mice when compared with the vehicle controls. Furthermore, surface expression of B7.2 (CD86) by B cells was increased in both TMA- and DNCB-treated B6C3F1 mice when compared with the vehicles; however, greater B7.2 expression was observed in TMA-treated compared with DNCB-treated. Overall, these results demonstrate that a similar pattern of IgE and cytokine production was observed in these strains of mice except for BALB/C. Furthermore, differential activation of STAT6 and expression of CD86 following exposure to TMA and DNCB may contribute to the differential production of IgE and cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0613, USA
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27
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Abstract
In this study, we have investigated the expression of cytokine mRNAs in mice cutaneously exposed to formaldehyde using semiquantitative RT-PCR. We show that formaldehyde induced the long-lasting expression of IL-4 and IFN-gamma mRNAs and the transient expression of IL-13 mRNA in mouse spleen and draining lymph nodes. The transient increases in IL-2, IL-15, IL-12p40, IL-15 and IL-18 mRNAs, but long-lasting IL-15 mRNA were only seen in the formaldehyde-exposed mouse spleen. Moreover, a weak contact hypersensitivity (CH) and the significant increases in IL-4 and IFN-gamma mRNAs were detected in the ear skin of formaldehyde-cutaneously exposed mice when rechallenged mouse ears. Furthermore, CH as measured by mouse ear swelling response was positively correlated with IL-4 and IFN-gamma mRNA levels in the challenged ears. This study thus suggests that the induction of Th1 and Th2 cytokine mRNAs, particularly IL-4 and IFN-gamma, are a common immunological feature caused by contact allergens irrespective of strong or weak contact allergens. The analysis of IL-4 and IFN-gamma mRNAs may be useful markers in establishing the novel test for predicting chemical sensitizing potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baohui Xu
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan.
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Valk E, Zahn S, Knop J, Becker D. JAK/STAT pathways are not involved in the direct activation of antigen-presenting cells by contact sensitizers. Arch Dermatol Res 2002; 294:163-7. [PMID: 12111345 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-002-0309-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2001] [Revised: 01/15/2002] [Accepted: 03/20/2002] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
JAK/STAT pathways are described as the major mechanisms by which cytokine receptors transduce intracellular signals. The signalling mechanisms in antigen-presenting cells (APC) in the sensitization phase of contact hypersensitivity are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to clarify whether well-established JAK/STAT signalling pathways might be activated directly by contact sensitizers as described previously for tyrosine kinases and some MAP kinases. As a model of epidermal APC, human monocytes and human monocyte-derived dendritic cells were stimulated with the structurally unrelated contact sensitizers MCI/MI, thimerosal, TNCB and formaldehyde. The phosphorylation states of the transcription factors STAT1, STAT3, STAT4, STAT5 and STAT6 were determined by Western blot analysis using phosphospecific antibodies. In contrast to the positive controls performed with the cytokines IFN-gamma, IL-10, IFN-alpha, GM-CSF and IL-4, no significant increase in the phosphorylation of STAT molecules was recognized in hapten-treated cells. These results suggest that contact allergens do not directly activate common JAK/STAT pathways. Therefore the activation of APC in the early sensitization phase of contact hypersensitivity by haptens does not involve signals normally delivered by JAK-associated cytokine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Valk
- Department of Dermatology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55101 Mainz, Germany.
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29
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Sun FF, Lai PS, Yue G, Yin K, Nagele RG, Tong DM, Krzesicki RF, Chin JE, Wong PY. Pattern of cytokine and adhesion molecule mRNA in hapten-induced relapsing colon inflammation in the rat. Inflammation 2001; 25:33-45. [PMID: 11293664 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007023611478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We examined the mRNA expression of cytokines, chemokines, integrins, and selectins in colon lesions of rat colitis with a semi-quantitative RT-PCR assay. Rat colitis was induced by trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) in 50% ethanol. Within 24 h, an acute inflammation occurred with hyperemia, edema, necrosis and an intense infiltration of granulocytes in the mucosa. The lesion proceeded into a T-lymphocyte/monocyte-driven chronic inflammation for two weeks and healed in 6 weeks. An acute inflammation recurred at the same site when the recovered animals were systemically injected with TNBS. We isolated RNA from colon tissue at 24 h, 1, 2, 4, 6 weeks after TNBS treatment and from the relapsed animals. The mRNA for cytokines IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-10 and the chemokines CINC, MIP-1alpha, MCP-1 were significantly (P < 0.05) elevated and persisted for 2 weeks, decreased in 6 weeks and increased again during relapse. IFN-gamma mRNA stayed at control levels initially, but increased dramatically in the second weeks of chronic inflammation as well as in relapse. The mRNA levels of adhesion molecules, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, the mucosal homing integrin beta7 as well as P- and E-selectin were greatly enhanced between 1 and 3 weeks. The data showed that the chronically inflamed tissue expresses a time-dependent changing pattern of TH1 cytokines and adhesion molecules that maintain the infiltration and activation of inflammatory cells and tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- F F Sun
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Osteopathic Medicine, UMDNJ, Stratford, New Jersey 08084, USA
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Coutant KD, de Fraissinette AB, Cordier A, Ulrich P. Modulation of the activity of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells by chemical haptens, a metal allergen, and a staphylococcal superantigen. Toxicol Sci 1999; 52:189-98. [PMID: 10630571 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/52.2.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For the development of mechanistic assays in immunotoxicology, the phenotype, cytokine production, and stimulatory function of dendritic cells (DCs) were assessed after incubation with the chemical haptens aminophenol, chlorpromazine hydrochloride, dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), and with the DNCB-corresponding tolerogen DCNB, the metal allergen nickel sulfate, the irritants sodium dodecyl sulfate and benzoic acid, as well as with staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). DCs were differentiated from human monocytes by in vitro exposure to GM-CSF and interleukin-4 (IL-4) for 7 days. Flow cytometric data revealed that only representative haptens increased the surface expression of HLA-DR, CD86, CD40, and of CD54 on DCs when compared to irritants or to the tolerogen. This event was associated with an increased ability of DCs to stimulate T cell proliferation. Moreover, after incubation with the haptens, but not with the irritants or the tolerogen, a higher production of TNF-alpha by DCs was observed. Under our experimental conditions, no release of IL-1beta, IL-10, or IL-12 was detected. Compared to the activation elicited by haptens, SEB strongly up-regulated HLA-DR and costimulatory molecule expression. In agreement with this effect, there was a marked release of TNF-alpha and a slight production of IL-12. IL-1beta and IL-10 were not detected in the culture medium. Finally, SEB-pulsed DCs showed a strong T-cell-stimulating activity. These data underline the activating potential of haptens versus irritants or a tolerogen on DC functions. The different levels of DC activation by haptens and SEB suggested that distinct cellular events were involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Coutant
- Novartis Pharma, Preclinical Safety, Basel, Switzerland
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31
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van den Hoven WE, van den Berg TP, Hall DW, van der Goot H, Timmerman H. Development of an ear edema model of contact hypersensitivity to avoid false-positive results due to interactions between hapten and test agents. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 1997; 38:53-7. [PMID: 9339417 DOI: 10.1016/s1056-8719(97)00049-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ear edema models are regularly used for topical testing of antiinflammatory compounds. However, test compounds are usually applied simultaneously with proinflammatory agents at the same site which may result in mutual interactions. In order to avoid the occurrence of false antiinflammatory effects, a model of oxazolone-induced contact hypersensitivity has been described in which the hapten and test compound are each applied separately to only one side of the ear. By splitting and weighing the dorsal and ventral cutis of the ears, it was shown that the edemateous response of the control nonhapten side was comparable with the hapten-treated side. Some agents with antiinflammatory properties, as for example, dapsone, cimetidine, cyclosporine A, and budesonide, were tested simultaneously with oxazolone on both sides of the ear or applied separately on the dorsal and ventral ear sides, respectively. When dissolving the compounds in solutions of oxazolone, marked colorations of the test solutions were noted, indicating the occurrence of a chemical interaction. On simultaneous application at the same area, almost complete inhibition of the edemateous response was obtained for all compounds tested. In contrast, when applied separately, only budesonide appeared to exhibit antiinflammatory activity. The results indicate that the proposed model can be used to avoid the occurrence of interactions between oxazolone, and possibly other sensitizers, and substances that are being evaluated for topical antiinflammatory activity. By use of this model spurious antiinflammatory activity can be detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E van den Hoven
- Pharmacology Department, Yamanouchi Research Laboratories, Yamanouchi Europe B.V., AC Leiderdorp, The Netherlands
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32
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Bykova AA, Iushkova TA. [The character of development of the immune response to sheep erythrocytes and parallel responses to exo- and endobiotics]. Eksp Klin Farmakol 1997; 60:58-60. [PMID: 9324402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The immune response to sheep erythrocytes (SE) is usually used as the indicator system in screening of immunotropic compounds. We had shown earlier that a rapid immune reaction develops in response to a chemical compound (drug). It is characterized by an increase in the number of antigen-recognizing and antigen-producing lymphocytes and their blast forms, titers of antibodies specific of the introduced compound and endobiotics mobilized under its effect.
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Bacci S, Alard P, Dai R, Nakamura T, Streilein JW. High and low doses of haptens dictate whether dermal or epidermal antigen-presenting cells promote contact hypersensitivity. Eur J Immunol 1997; 27:442-8. [PMID: 9045915 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830270214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In the induction of contact hypersensitivity (CH) to an epicutaneously applied hapten, we have previously proposed that low doses of hapten sensitize primarily through epidermal Langerhans' cells (LC), whereas high doses rely largely on dermal antigen-presenting cells (APC). To examine this issue further, we applied either high or low doses of dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) epicutaneously to mice. We observed reduced LC density at the site after 12 h (nadir), which returned to normal levels at 24 h only after a low dose of hapten. When a low dose of an unrelated hapten, oxazolone, was painted on skin that had been painted 12 h previously with high dose of DNFB, oxazolone-specific CH was impaired. When grafts of whole skin, dermis alone, and epidermis alone prepared from skin painted 2 h previously with low or high doses of DNFB were placed onto naive, syngeneic mice, CH was induced by whole skin after both types of doses, by epidermis only after a low dose, and by dermis only after high dose. When epidermal cell suspensions were derivatized in vitro with low or high doses of DNFB, only cells exposed to a low dose induced proliferation of hapten-specific Tcells. Thus, only a low dose of hapten reveals the APC functions of LC without the participation of dermal APC.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bacci
- The Schepens Eye Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Abstract
Neurochemical and functional studies were performed to investigate the role of substance P (SP) during trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNB)-induced colitis. Time course studies showed that tissutal SP-like immunoreactivity levels decreased in acute or chronic phases of the experimental colitis. The affinity of SP was not significantly reduced up to 1 week after TNB-induced colitis but a decreased density of SP binding sites was observed at all times. The subcutaneous administration of neurokinin (NK)1 receptor antagonist RP 67580 (0.1-1 mumol/kg daily x 1 week) did not affect the injury induced by the hapten. These findings suggest that changes in SP seem to be the effect rather than the cause of colitis and differ from those observed in human inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Evangelista
- Pharmacology Department, Istituto Farmacobiologico Malesci S.p.A., Firenze, Italy
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35
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Abstract
Previous studies on the immunotoxicity of a complex mixture of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) by-products from a manufactured gas plant indicated possible synergistic interactions which were investigated by determining the immunosuppressive effects of a reconstituted PAH mixture in female B6C3F1 mice challenged with TNP-haptenated sheep red blood cells (SRBCs) (T-cell-dependent) or trinitrophenyl-lipopolysaccharide (TNP-LPS) (T-cell-independent) antigens. The reconstituted PAH mixture contained the following 17 congeners: 2-rings (indan, naphthalene, 1- and 2-methylnaphthalene), 3-rings (acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, dibenzofuran, fluorene, phenanthrene and anthracene), and > or = 4-rings (pyrene, fluoranthene, benz[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene and benzo[a]pyrene), and resembled mixtures identified as by-products from manufactured gas plants. The reconstituted mixture and the 2-, 3- and > or = 4-ring PAH fractions all caused a dose-dependent decrease in the splenic plaque-forming cell (PFC) response to SRBCs or TNP-LPS, and their ED50 values for the four treatment groups were 86, 354, 145, and 23 or 163, 439, 637 and 31 mg/kg, respectively. The corresponding ED50 values for decreased serum anti-TNP IgM levels for these same mixtures were (TNP-haptenated SRBCs, T-cell-dependent) 144, 231, 42 and 27 units, respectively, and (TNP-LPS, T-cell-independent) 161, 406, 312 and 69 units, respectively. The suppression of anti-TNP IgM titers was similar to the suppression of the PFC response and shows that antigen-specific immunoglobulin titer can be used as a biomarker of PAH exposure. A direct comparison of the immunotoxic responses of the reconstituted PAH mixture and the corresponding dose of the > or = 4-ring PAHs indicated that the latter fraction was primarily responsible for the activity of the reconstituted mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Harper
- Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A & M University, College Station, 77843-4466, USA
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36
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Abstract
A method is reported to eliminate B lymphocytes specific for a haptenated lipid by using the lipid hapten to target a photosensitive drug to them. The photosensitizer eosin was coupled to a phospholipid and incorporated into trinitrophenol (TNP)-bearing small unilamellar vesicles of egg phosphatidylcholine (PC) and cholesterol in order to target the photosensitizer to B lymphoma cells (A20-HL) with TNP-specific membrane IgM receptors in vitro. Exposure of the treated cells to visible light led to an antigen-specific toxic effect indicated by inhibition of cell proliferation. A significantly higher concentration of liposomal eosin was required to inhibit control B cells. These were genetically identical B lymphoma cells (A20-2J) which lack only the DNA for the surface antigen receptor. Furthermore, pretreatment with TNP-conjugated keyhole limpet hemocyanin or anti-IgM antibody abolished the antigen-specific toxic effect, confirming that the TNP-targeted liposomal eosin mediates its effect by binding to the Ig antigen receptors on TNP-specific B cells. Incubation of cells with the TNP-bearing phototoxic liposomes at 4 degrees C instead of 37 degrees C did not alter the antigen-specific targeting effect, suggesting that uptake of the liposomal drug into the cells is not necessary for its toxic effect. Replacement of the liposomal phospholipid (egg PC) with saturated species of PC having higher phase transition temperatures or with sphingomyelin caused a decrease of the antigen-specific effect. These results demonstrate the potential use of antigen-bearing liposomal phototoxic drugs for the purpose of targeting and eliminating B cells with antigen-specific surface Ig receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Avrilionis
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Xu B, Aoyama K, Matsuyama T, Matsushita T. Model for evaluating cross-sensitivity of DNBS with DNCB using hapten-stimulated in vitro interleukin-2 production by murine lymph node cells. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 1995; 55:789-795. [PMID: 8601055 DOI: 10.1007/bf00209455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B Xu
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Japan
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Abstract
The role of interferon-gamma (IFN gamma) in contact hypersensitivity induced by the haptens, oxazolone and 2,4,6-trinitrochlorobenzene (TNCB), was investigated in mice with a targeted disruption of the IFN gamma receptor (IFN gamma-R-/-). The 24-h ear-swelling response to oxazolone or TNCB in sensitized animals was not significantly reduced by the disruption of IFN gamma signalling. Dermal mononuclear infiltrates (MN) and epidermal microabscesses, however, were clearly diminished in the mutant mice. The hapten-induced upregulation of intercellular-adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I in IFN gamma-R-/- mice was smaller when compared to wild-type mice. It is concluded that oxazolone- and TNCB-induced contact hypersensitivity is partially dependent on a functional IFN gamma system. While the cutaneous oedema is IFN gamma-independent, the mononuclear cell infiltration and epidermal microabscess formation are at least partly IFN gamma-dependent. Therefore, reduced cellular infiltrates are likely due to a reduced upregulation of ICAM-1 and class I antigen expression in IFN gamma-R-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Saulnier
- Institute of Toxicology, University of Zürich, Switzerland
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Abstract
Chemicals that bind to protein may cause immunological responses that include respiratory hypersensitivity mediated by IgE antibodies. The BALB/c mouse model has been used to characterize chemicals that induce an IgE antibody response. This model may be a useful predictive tool for the evaluation and classification of chemicals that induce IgE antibody production in humans. Total serum IgE content was determined after dermal exposure to various concentrations of isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), diphenylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate (MDI), toluene diisocyanate (TDI), 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), trimellitic anhydride (TMA), formaldehyde (FA), and glutaric dialdehyde (GA). Chemicals were generally administered in acetone:olive oil on Days 1 and 7. Mouse serum was collected 14 days after the initial administration and subsequently total IgE antibody content was evaluated by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Mice treated with TMA, IPDI, MDI, and TDI had statistically (p < 0.01) higher concentrations of serum IgE antibodies than control animals. Total serum IgE content was examined at various times after TMA or TDI administration. Mice treated with a total of 37.5 mg TMA or 3 mg TDI had elevated IgE antibodies for 8-41 days after initial administration. In other studies where various concentrations of TDI were administered 15 times over a 3-week period or 30 times over a 6-week period, the apparent TDI threshold for IgE antibody production significantly increased with an increase in the number of TDI applications.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Potter
- Research Laboratories, Rohm and Haas Chemical Company, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, USA
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40
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Blaikie L, Morrow T, Wilson AP, Hext P, Hartop PJ, Rattray NJ, Woodcock D, Botham PA. A two-centre study for the evaluation and validation of an animal model for the assessment of the potential of small molecular weight chemicals to cause respiratory allergy. Toxicology 1995; 96:37-50. [PMID: 7863510 DOI: 10.1016/0300-483x(94)03007-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated a single intradermal injection model in the guinea pig with subsequent inhalation challenge and serological analysis as a method to predict the potential of chemicals to induce respiratory allergy. Four known respiratory allergens (trimellitic anhydride, diphenyl methane diisocyanate, phthalic anhydride and toluene diisocyanate (TDI)) were screened by two industrial research laboratories using this protocol. Dinitrochlorobenzene, a potent contact allergen, was included as a negative control material. In both laboratories, the respiratory allergens, but not the contact allergen, induced high titre antigen-specific antibodies in treated animals. The inhalation challenge results were similar in both laboratories but were less conclusive in that exposure to free TDI failed to induce pulmonary responses, probably because it fails to penetrate to the deep lung in sufficient concentration. Although the assay shows promise as a means of identifying chemical respiratory sensitisers, its use as a routine screen for the prediction of the ability of materials to induce respiratory allergy in man is probably questionable.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Blaikie
- Zeneca Central Toxicological Laboratory, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK
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41
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Garrigue JL, Nicolas JF, Fraginals R, Benezra C, Bour H, Schmitt D. Optimization of the mouse ear swelling test for in vivo and in vitro studies of weak contact sensitizers. Contact Dermatitis 1994; 30:231-7. [PMID: 8033550 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.1994.tb00650.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Murine models for the assessment of the contact sensitizing properties of chemicals rely on mouse ear swelling tests (Mest), which are not sensitive enough to detect weak sensitizers. The aim of the present study was to develop in mice an adjuvant-free Mest appropriate for in vivo detection of any type of sensitizer (weak to strong), and useful for in vitro assessment of contact sensitivity (CS). 3 haptens were tested: dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), para-phenylenediamine (pPD) and isoeugenol. We compared various protocols for induction of the CS reaction, differing by the site of induction, the number of applications and the concentrations of the 3 haptens. Comparison of the induction site for optimal CS reaction showed that, in Balb/c mice, the back was a better site of induction than the abdomen. Detection of the sensitizing properties of weak sensitizers (pPD, isoeugenol) was possible using an adjuvant-free protocol, provided that the induction phase comprised hapten applications on 3 consecutive days on the backs of animals. For DNCB, one application was sufficient to obtain optimal CS reaction. For all 3 haptens, a secondary response in vitro was obtained using semi-purified lymph node T cells from animals sensitized 5 days before with the optimized Mest. These results demonstrate that the Mest could be a useful experimental model for the study of all types of contact sensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Garrigue
- INSERM U346, Peau Humaine et Immunité, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France
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42
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Abstract
We examined the role of cytokines in the cutaneous response to the application of trinitrochlorobenzene (TNCB) in both nonsensitized and sensitized mice, i.e., in the irritant reaction (IR) and contact hypersensitivity reactions (CH). When administered immediately before challenge, anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antibody abrogated the ear swelling response in CH; antibody directed against interferon gamma or antibodies to both granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin 3 (IL-3) had a partial inhibitory effect; anti-IL-2 receptor antibody had no effect. Anti-TNF prevented the various features of the CH, as seen on histological sections, e.g., leukocyte infiltration and hemorrhages within the dermis and keratinocytes necrosis. Anti-TNF antibody also prevented the IR. The presence of TNF mRNA was evaluated on Northern blots; TNF-alpha mRNA was detectable in an untreated ear, increased after the application of TNCB in nonsensitized mice, and was highest in sensitized mice. TNF mRNA accumulation, which was evident 0.5 h after hapten application and lasted greater than 72 h, was abolished by treatment with anti-TNF antibody, thus suggesting an auto-amplification of TNF production. The cellular origin of TNF mRNA was explored by in situ hybridization; basal keratinocytes showed the highest labeling, but TNF mRNA was also detectable in cells of the dermal infiltrate. After hapten (TNCB) application at sites susceptible (the ear) or resistant (the foot pad) to CH or IR, a close correlation was observed between TNF mRNA accumulation and the intensity of the inflammatory reaction. The major role played by TNF in both the CH and the IR explains the histologically similar aspects of these reactions and the extreme variability of these reactions at various anatomical sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Piguet
- Department of Pathology, University of Geneva, Switzerland
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43
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Hatz RA, Bloch KJ, Harmatz PR, Gonnella PA, Ariniello PD, Walker WA, Kleinman RE. Divalent hapten-induced intestinal anaphylaxis in the mouse enhances macromolecular uptake from the stomach. Gastroenterology 1990; 98:894-900. [PMID: 2107115 DOI: 10.1016/0016-5085(90)90013-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The capacity of the stomach to participate in anaphylaxis induced by the hapten N,N'-di-2,4,dinitrophenyllysine (di-DNP-lysine) was examined in BDF1 female mice immunized with dinitrophenylated Ascaris suum extract. Immunized animals underwent laparotomy and nontraumatic pyloric occlusion using a microvascular clamp. Following wound closure, animals were gavage-fed ovalbumin together with di-DNP-lysine. Other mice were subjected to systemic anaphylaxis by intravenous injection of di-DNP-lysine administered 1 min after gavage feeding of ovalbumin. The intravenous and intragastric administration of di-DNP-lysine led to a sixfold or greater increase in serum immunoreactive ovalbumin. Examination of 1-micron sections of gastric tissue from DNP-Asc-immunized and unimmunized mice showed an intact mucosal and submucosal architecture. A 75% increase in the number of mast cells below the muscularis mucosa was seen in immunized compared with unimmunized BDF1 mice. Gastric tissue sections from immunized mice challenged orally or intravenously with di-DNP-lysine showed compaction of erythrocytes in blood vessels, degranulation of mast cells, degenerative changes in the gastric epithelium, expulsion of mucus from gastric glands, and edema in the lamina propria. The present model may be useful for further defining the consequences of anaphylaxis on the development of immune responses to dietary antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Hatz
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Marchand B, Benezra C. Double-head haptens. Synthesis of and experimentally induced contact sensitivity to substances containing two unrelated haptens, pyrocatechol and alpha-methylene-gamma-butyrolactone, in the same molecule. J Med Chem 1982; 25:650-3. [PMID: 7097718 DOI: 10.1021/jm00348a008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A "double-head" hapten containing a pyrocatechol and an alpha-methylene-gamma-butyrolactone moiety (3) and "monofunctional haptens" with either one of these moieties (18 and 19) connected by a six-carbon chain have been synthesized, and their sensitizing capacity was tested on guinea pigs. In the "double-head" hapten, only the pyrocatechol end is "recognized". A possible interpretation of the biological results is offered.
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Abstract
Respiratory hypersensitivity to small chemical determinants (haptens) was produced in guinea pigs by repeatedly exposing the animals to aerosols of hapten-ovalbumin conjugates. In this way, reactivity toward p-azobenzenearsonate and p-tolyl isocyanate was induced. Carrier (ovalbumin)-specific respiratory reactions were not produced. Hapten-specific respiratory hypersensitivity was accompanied by the production of hapten-specific antibodies. The method for inducing hapten-specific hypersensitivity can be applied to screen various industrial chemicals for their sensitizing abilities toward the respiratory tract.
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