Doxycycline protects against sepsis-induced endothelial glycocalyx shedding

Endothelial glycocalyx (eGC) covers the inner surface of the vessels and plays a role in vascular homeostasis. Syndecan is considered the "backbone" of this structure. Several studies have shown eGC shedding in sepsis and its involvement in organ dysfunction. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) contribute to eGC shedding through their ability for syndecan-1 cleavage. This study aimed to investigate if doxycycline, a potent MMP inhibitor, could protect against eGC shedding in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sepsis and if it could interrupt the vascular hyperpermeability, neutrophil transmigration, and microvascular impairment. Rats that received pretreatment with doxycycline before LPS displayed ultrastructural preservation of the eGC observed using transmission electronic microscopy of the lung and heart. In addition, these animals exhibited lower serum syndecan-1 levels, a biomarker of eGC injury, and lower perfused boundary region (PBR) in the mesenteric video capillaroscopy, which is inversely related to the eGC thickness compared with rats that only received LPS. Furthermore, this study revealed that doxycycline decreased sepsis-related vascular hyperpermeability in the lung and heart, reduced neutrophil transmigration in the peritoneal lavage and inside the lungs, and improved some microvascular parameters. These findings suggest that doxycycline protects against LPS-induced eGC shedding, and it could reduce vascular hyperpermeability, neutrophils transmigration, and microvascular impairment.

Treatment with bestatin (the exogenous synthetic inhibitor of metalloproteinases) reduces the activity of metalloproteinase 2 and 12 in the spleen and lung tissues of rats in a model of lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis

Sepsis is caused by an inadequate or dysregulated host response to infection. Enzymes causing cellular degradation are matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is used in models of sepsis in laboratory settings The aim of the study was to measure MMP 2 and 12 concentrations in spleen and lungs in rats in which septic shock was induced by LPS. The experiment was carried out on 40 male Wistar rats (5 groups of 8): 0. controls 1. administered LPS 2. administered bestatin 3. LPS and bestatin 4.bestatin and after 6 hours LPS Animals were decapitated. Lungs and spleens were collected. Concentrations of MMP-2 and MMP-12 were determined using immunoenzymatic methods. Mean (±SD) MMP-2 in the controls was 43.57 ± 20.53 ng/ml in the lungs and 1.7 ± 0.72 ng/ml in the spleen; Group 1: 31.28 ± 13.13 ng/ml, 0.83 ± 0.8 ng/ml; Group 2: 44.24 ± 22.75 ng /ml, 1.01 ± 0.32 ng/ml; Group 3: 35.94 ± 15.13 ng/ml, 0.41 ± 0.03 ng/ml; Group 4:79.42 ± 44.70 ng/ml, 0.45 ± 0.15, respectively. Mean MMP-12 in controls was 19.79 ± 10.01 ng/ml in lungs and 41.13 ± 15.99 ng/ml in the spleen; Group 1:27.97 ± 15.1 ng/ml; 40.44 ± 11.2 ng/ml; Group 2: 37.93 ± 25.38 ng/ml 41.05 ± 18.08 ng/ml; Group 3: 40.59 ± 11.46 ng/ml, 35.16 ± 12.89 ng/ml; Group 4: 39.4 ± 17.83 ng/ml, 42.04 ± 12.35 ng/ml, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: 1. Bestatin reduces MMP 2 and 12 levels in spleen and lungs. 2. Treatment with bestatin minimizes the effect of LPS.

Tolperisone hydrochloride improves motor functions in Parkinson's disease via MMP-9 inhibition and by downregulating p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 signaling cascade

The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, particularly the p38 MAPK and ERK1/2, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Recent studies have shown that MAPK signaling pathway can influence the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), known for its involvement in various physiological and pathological processes, including neurodegenerative diseases. This study explores the modulation of MMP-9 expression via the MAPK/ERK signaling cascade and its potential therapeutic implications in the context of PD-associated motor dysfunction. Here, tolperisone hydrochloride (TL), a muscle relaxant that blocks voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels, was used as a treatment to observe its effect on MAPK signaling and MMP-9 expression. Rotenone (RT) exposure in mice resulted in a significant reduction in substantia nigra and primary motor cortex neurons, which were further evidenced by impairments in motor function. When TL was administered, neuron count was restored (89.0 ± 4.78 vs 117.0 ± 4.46/mm2), and most of the motor dysfunction was alleviated. Mechanistically, TL reduced the protein expression of phospho-p38MAPK (1.06 fold vs 1.00 fold) and phospho-ERK1/2 (1.16 fold vs 1.02 fold), leading to the inhibition of MAPK signaling, as well as reduced MMP-9 concentrations (2.76 ± 0.10 vs 1.94 ± 0.10 ng/mL) in the process of rescuing RT-induced neuronal cell death and motor dysfunction. Computational analysis further revealed TL's potential inhibitory properties against MMP-9 along with N and L-type calcium channels. These findings shed light on TL's neuroprotective effects via MMP-9 inhibition and MAPK signaling downregulation, offering potential therapeutic avenues for PD-associated motor dysfunction.

Implications of MMP-12 in the pathophysiology of ischaemic stroke

This article focuses on the emerging role of matrix metalloproteinase-12 (MMP-12) in ischaemic stroke (IS). MMP-12 expression in the brain increases dramatically in animal models of IS, and its suppression reduces brain damage and promotes neurological, sensorimotor and cognitive functional outcomes. Thus, MMP-12 could represent a potential target for the management of IS. This article provides an overview of MMP-12 upregulation in the brain following IS, its deleterious role in the post-stroke pathogenesis (blood-brain barrier disruption, inflammation, apoptosis and demyelination), possible molecular interactions and mechanistic insights, its involvement in post-ischaemic functional deficits and recovery as well as the limitations, perspectives, challenges and future directions for further research. Prior to testing any MMP-12-targeted therapy in patients with acute IS, additional research is needed to establish the effectiveness of MMP-12 suppression against IS in older animals and in animals with comorbidities. This article also examines the clinical implications of suppressing MMP-12 alone or in combination with MMP-9 for extending the currently limited tissue plasminogen activator therapy time window. Targeting of MMP-12 is expected to have a profound influence on the therapeutic management of IS in the future.

Batimastat Induces Cytotoxic and Cytostatic Effects in In Vitro Models of Hematological Tumors

The role of metalloproteinases (MMPs) in hematological malignancies, like acute myeloid leukemia (AML), myelodysplastic neoplasms (MDS), and multiple myeloma (MM), is well-documented, and these pathologies remain with poor outcomes despite treatment advancements. In this study, we investigated the effects of batimastat (BB-94), an MMP inhibitor (MMPi), in single-administration and daily administration schemes in AML, MDS, and MM cell lines. We used four hematologic neoplasia cell lines: the HL-60 and NB-4 cells as AML models, the F36-P cells as an MDS model, and the H929 cells as a model of MM. We also tested batimastat toxicity in a normal human lymphocyte cell line (IMC cells). BB-94 decreases cell viability and density in a dose-, time-, administration-scheme-, and cell-line-dependent manner, with the AML cells displaying higher responses. The efficacy in inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrests is dependent on the cell line (higher effects in AML cells), especially with lower daily doses, which may mitigate treatment toxicity. Furthermore, BB-94 activated apoptosis via caspases and ERK1/2 pathways. These findings highlight batimastat's therapeutic potential in hematological malignancies, with daily dosing emerging as a strategy to minimize adverse effects.

Inhibition of MMP-2 and MMP-9 by Dietary Antioxidants in THP-1 Macrophages and Sera from Patients with Breast Cancer

Polyphenols, the main antioxidants of diet, have shown anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anticarcinogenic activities. Here, we compared the effects of four polyphenolic compounds on ROS production and on the levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9, which represent important pathogenetic factors of breast cancer. THP-1 differentiated macrophages were activated by LPS and simultaneously treated with different doses of a green tea extract (GTE), resveratrol (RSV), curcumin (CRC) and an olive fruit extract (oliplus). By using the 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, we found that all of the tested compounds showed antioxidant activity in vitro. In addition, GTE, RSV and CRC were able to counteract ROS production induced by H2O2 in THP-1 cells. As assessed by a zymographic analysis of THP-1 supernatants and by an "in-gel zymography" of a pool of sera from patients with breast cancer, the antioxidant compounds used in this study inhibited both the activity and expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 through different mechanisms related to their structures and to their ability to scavenge ROS. The results of this study suggest that the used antioxidants could be promising agents for the prevention and complementary treatment of breast cancer and other diseases in which MMPs play a pivotal role.

Discovery of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors as anti-skin photoaging agents

Photodamage is the result of prolonged exposure of the skin to sunlight. This exposure causes an overexpression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), leading to the abnormal degradation of collagen in the skin tissue and resulting in skin aging and damage. This review presents a detailed overview of MMPs as a potential target for addressing skin aging. Specifically, we elucidated the precise mechanisms by which MMP inhibitors exert their anti-photoaging effects. Furthermore, we comprehensively analyzed the current research progress on MMP inhibitors that demonstrate significant inhibitory activity against MMPs and anti-skin photoaging effects. The review also provides insights into the structure-activity relationships of these inhibitors. Our objective in conducting this review is to provide valuable practical information to researchers engaged in investigations on anti-skin photoaging.

Chemosensitization of non-small cell lung cancer to sorafenib via non-hydroxamate s-triazinedione-based MMP-9/10 inhibitors

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) continues to be a leading cause of cancer death. Its fatality is associated with angiogenesis and metastasis. While VEGFR inhibitors are expected to be the central pillar for halting lung cancer, several clinical reports declared their subpar activities as monotherapy. These results directed combination studies of VEGFR inhibitors, especially sorafenib (Nexavar®), with various chemotherapeutic agents. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors are seldom utilized in such combinations despite the expected complementary therapeutic outcome. This could be attributed to the clinical unsuitability of MMP inhibitors from the hydroxamate family. Herein, we report new non-hydroxamate s-triazinedione-based inhibitors of MMP-9 (6b; IC50 = 0.112 μM), and MMP-10 (6e; IC50 = 0.076 μM) surpassing the hydroxamate inhibitor NNGH for chemosensitization of NSCLC to sorafenib. MMPs inhibition profiling of the hits revealed MMP-9 over -2 and MMP-10 over -13 selectivity. 6b and 6e were potent (IC50 = 0.139 and 0.136 µM), safe (SI up to 6.77) and superior to sorafenib (IC50 = 0.506 µM, SI = 6.27) against A549 cells. When combined with sorafenib, the studied MMP inhibitors enhanced its cytotoxic efficacy up to 26 folds as confirmed by CI and DRI values for 6b (CI = 0.160 and DRI = 22.175) and 6e (CI = 0.096 and DRI = 29.060). 6b and 6e exerted anti-invasive activities in A549 cells as single agents (22.66 and 39.67 %) and in sorafenib combinations (29.96 and 91.83 %) compared to untreated control. Both compounds downregulated VEGF in A549 cells by approximately 70 % when combined with sorafenib, highlighting enhanced anti-angiogenic activities. Collectively, combinations of 6b and 6e with sorafenib demonstrated synergistic NSCLC cytotoxicity with pronounced anti-invasive and anti-angiogenic activities introducing a promising start point for preclinical studies.

Data-Independent Acquisition Proteomics and N-Terminomics Methods Reveal Alterations in Mitochondrial Function and Metabolism in Ischemic-Reperfused Hearts

Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (IR) (stunning) injury triggers changes in the proteome and degradome of the heart. Here, we utilize quantitative proteomics and comprehensive degradomics to investigate the molecular mechanisms of IR injury in isolated rat hearts. The control group underwent aerobic perfusion, while the IR injury group underwent 20 min of ischemia and 30 min of reperfusion to induce a stunning injury. As MMP-2 activation has been shown to contribute to myocardial injury, hearts also underwent IR injury with ARP-100, an MMP-2-preferring inhibitor, to dissect the contribution of MMP-2 to IR injury. Using data-independent acquisition (DIA) and mass spectroscopy, we quantified 4468 proteins in ventricular extracts, whereby 447 proteins showed significant alterations among the three groups. We then used subtiligase-mediated N-terminomic labeling to identify more than a hundred specific cleavage sites. Among these protease substrates, 15 were identified following IR injury. We identified alterations in numerous proteins involved in mitochondrial function and metabolism following IR injury. Our findings provide valuable insights into the biochemical mechanisms of myocardial IR injury, suggesting alterations in reactive oxygen/nitrogen species handling and generation, fatty acid metabolism, mitochondrial function and metabolism, and cardiomyocyte contraction.

MMP inhibition as a novel strategy for extracellular matrix preservation during whole liver decellularization

As the only reliable treatment option for end-stage liver diseases, conventional liver transplantation confronts major supply limitations. Accordingly, the decellularization of discarded livers to produce bioscaffolds that support recellularization with progenitor/stem cells has emerged as a promising translational medicine approach. The success of this approach will substantially be determined by the extent of extracellular matrix (ECM) preservation during the decellularization process. Here, we assumed that the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibition could reduce the ECM damage during the whole liver decellularization of an animal model using a perfusion-based system. We demonstrated that the application of doxycycline as an MMP inhibitor led to significantly higher preservation of collagen, glycosaminoglycans, and hepatic growth factor (HGF) contents, as well as mechanical and structural features, including tensile strength, fiber integrity, and porosity. Notably, produced bioscaffolds were biocompatible and efficiently supported cell viability and proliferation in vitro. We also indicated that produced bioscaffolds efficiently supported HepG2 cell function upon seeding onto liver ECM discs using albumin and urea assay. Additionally, MMP inhibitor pretreated decellularized livers were more durable in contact with collagenase digestion compared to control bioscaffolds in vitro. Using zymography, we confirmed the underlying mechanism that results in these promising effects is through the inhibition of MMP2 and MMP9. Overall, we demonstrated a novel method based on MMP inhibition to ameliorate the ECM structure and composition preservation during liver decellularization as a critical step in fabricating transplantable bioengineered livers.

Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 inhibitors as therapeutic drugs for traumatic brain injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among young adults and the elderly. In the United States, TBI is responsible for around 30 percent of all injuries brought on by injuries in general. Vasogenic cerebral edema due to blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction and the associated elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) are some of the major causes of secondary injuries following traumatic brain injury. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is a therapeutic target for being an enzyme that degrades the proteins that make up a part of the microvascular basal lamina as well as inter-endothelial tight junctions of the blood-brain barrier. MMP-9-mediated BBB dysfunctions and the compromise of the BBB is a major pathway that leads the development of vasogenic cerebral edema, elevation of ICP, poor cerebral perfusion and brain herniation following traumatic brain injury. That makes MMP-9 an effective therapeutic target and endogenous or exogenous MMP-9 inhibitors as therapeutic drugs for preventing secondary brain damage after traumatic brain injury. Although our understanding of the mechanisms that underlie the primary and secondary stages of damage following a TBI has significantly improved in recent years, such information has not yet resulted in the successful development of novel pharmacological treatment options for traumatic brain injury. Recent pre-clinical and/or clinical studies have demonstrated that there are several compounds with specific or non-specific MMP-9 inhibitory properties either directly binding and inhibiting MMP-9 or by indirectly inhibiting MMP-9, with potential as therapeutic agents for traumatic brain injury. This article reviews the efficacy of several such medications and potential agents that include endogenous and exogeneous compounds that are at various levels of research and development. MMP-9-based therapeutic drug development has enormous potential in the pharmacological treatment of cerebral edema and/or neuronal injury resulting from traumatic brain injury.

Generation of Protease Inhibitory Antibodies by Functional In Vivo Selection

Targeting dysregulated protease expression and/or abnormal substrate proteolysis, highly selective inhibition of pathogenic proteases by monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) presents an attractive therapeutic approach for the treatment of diseases including cancer. Herein, we report a functional selection method for protease inhibitory mAbs by periplasmic co-expression of three recombinant proteins-a protease of interest, an antibody Fab library, and a modified β-lactamase TEM-1. We validate this approach by isolation of highly selective and potent mAbs inhibiting human matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9).

A fragment-based exploration of diverse MMP-9 inhibitors through classification-dependent structural assessment

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are belonging to the Zn2+-dependent metalloenzymes. These can degenerate the extracellular matrix (ECM) that is entailed with various biological processes. Among the MMP family members, MMP-9 is associated with several pathophysiological circumstances. Apart from wound healing, remodeling of bone, inflammatory mechanisms, and rheumatoid arthritis, MMP-9 has also significant roles in tumor invasion and metastasis. Therefore, MMP-9 has been in the spotlight of anticancer drug discovery programs for more than a decade. In this present study, classification-based QSAR techniques along with fragment-based data mining have been carried out on divergent MMP-9 inhibitors to point out the important structural attributes. This current study may be able to elucidate the importance of several pivotal molecular fragments such as sulfonamide, hydroxamate, i-butyl, and ethoxy functions for imparting potential MMP-9 inhibition. These observations are in correlation with the ligand-bound co-crystal structures of MMP-9. Therefore, these findings are beneficial for the design and discovery of effective MMP-9 inhibitors in the future.

Exploring natural anthraquinones as potential MMP2 inhibitors: A computational study

OBJECTIVE

Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) plays a significant role in cleaving extracellular matrix components, leading to many cancer cells' progression and invasion behavior. Therefore, MMP2 inhibition may hold promise for cancer treatment. Anthraquinones have shown antineoplastic effects, some of which have been used in clinical practice as anticancer drugs. This study used a computational drug discovery approach to assess the possible inhibitory effects of selected anthraquinones on MMP2. The results were then compared with that of Captopril, which was considered a standard drug.

METHODS

This study used the AutoDock 4.0 tool to evaluate the binding affinity of 21 anthraquinones to the MMP2 catalytic domain. The most favorable scores based on the Gibbs free binding energy scores were given to the highest-ranked ligands. The Discovery Studio Visualizer tool illustrated interactions between MMP2 residues and top-ranked anthraquinones.

RESULTS

A total of 12 anthraquinones were identified with ΔGbinding scores less than - 10 kcal/mol. Pulmatin (Chrysophanol-8-glucoside) was the most potent MMP2 inhibitor, with a ΔGbinding score of - 12.91 kcal/mol. This anthraquinone was able to restrict MMP2 activity within a picomolar range.

CONCLUSION

MMP2 inhibition by anthraquinones, notably Pulmatin, may be a useful therapeutic approach for cancer treatment.

Matrix Metalloproteinases in Oral Cancer Pathogenesis and their Use in Therapy

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are proteolytic enzymes that aid in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. MMPs destroy the extracellular matrix, causing tumor growth and metastasis. MMPs are involved in the spread and metastasis of oral cancer. High levels of MMPs and oral squamous cell carcinoma have been linked to cancer prognosis. Modern medicine aims to prevent the illness from spreading through early intervention and examining changes in MMP genes. MMP gene polymorphism has recently been identified as one of the factors predicting susceptibility or risk in the development of oral carcinoma. This review aims to provide insight into the function of MMP subtypes involved in cancer. The genetic polymorphism in MMP genes and its predictive value in risk evaluation have been elaborated. Novel personalized therapeutic approaches for oral cancer, like the use of MMP inhibitors, nanoparticle-mediated targeting of MMP, or gene silencing by microRNA, can be designed.

Effect of MMP Inhibitors on the Bond Strength of Fibre Posts After Ageing

AIM

This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the effect of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors on the bond strength of resin-cemented fibre posts to radicular dentin under an aged-loaded condition.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Radicular dentin was prepared and irrigated by MMP inhibitor solution after root canal obturation in 60 extracted single-rooted teeth based on 6 groups: (1) 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) + loaded; (2) CHX + unloaded; (3) 0.5% benzalkonium chloride (BAC) + loaded; (4) BAC + unloaded; (5) 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) + loaded; and (6) EDTA + unloaded. After final rinsing, all specimens were sliced cross-sectionally and kept in a water bath for 12 months of ageing. Groups 1, 3, and 5 were subjected to cyclic loading. Push-out tests were conducted using a universal testing machine, and failure mode was examined. The data were analysed using 3-way analysis of variance and post hoc tests at α = 0.05.

RESULTS

BAC + unloaded demonstrated the highest mean bond strength (3.12 ± 0.18 MPa; P < .001), while the BAC + loaded and CHX + loaded groups showed a significantly lower push-out bond strength than their unloaded counterparts. Mixed adhesive-cohesive failure was the most common failure mode observed.

CONCLUSIONS

Without cycling loading, BAC was superior to CHX and EDTA in preserving the bond strength of resin-cemented fibre posts after 12 months of ageing. Loading significantly weakened the effectiveness of BAC and CHX in preserving the bond strength.

Enzyme-Responsive Nanoparticles for the Targeted Delivery of an MMP Inhibitor to Acute Myocardial Infarction

Herein, we have developed a drug-loaded matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-responsive micellar nanoparticle (NP) intended for minimally invasive intravenous injection during the acute phase of myocardial infarction (MI) and prolonged retention in the heart for small-molecule drug delivery. Peptide-polymer amphiphiles (PPAs) bearing a small-molecule MMP inhibitor (MMPi), PD166793, were synthesized via ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) and formulated into spherical micelles by transitioning to aqueous solution. The resulting micellar NPs underwent MMP-induced aggregation, demonstrating enzyme responsiveness. Using a rat MI model, we observed that these NPs were capable of successfully extravasating into the infarcted region of the heart where they were retained due to the active, enzyme-mediated targeting, remaining detectable after 1 week post administration without increasing macrophage recruitment. Furthermore, in vitro studies show that these NPs demonstrated successful drug release following MMP treatment and maintained drug bioactivity as evidenced by comparable MMP inhibition to free MMPi. This work establishes a targeted NP platform for delivering small-molecule therapeutics to the heart after MI, opening possibilities for myocardial infarction treatment.

Structure-Based Optimization and Biological Evaluation of Potent and Selective MMP-7 Inhibitors for Kidney Fibrosis

Matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) has been shown to play important roles in pathophysiological processes involved in the development/progression of diseases such as cancer and fibrosis. We discovered selective MMP-7 inhibitors composed of arylsulfonamide, carboxylate, and short peptides by a molecular hybridization approach. These compounds interacted with MMP-7 via multiple hydrogen bonds in the cocrystal structures. To obtain compounds for in vivo evaluation, we attempted structural optimization, particularly targeting Tyr167 at the S3 subsite through structure-based drug design, and identified compound 15 as showing improved MMP-7 potency and MMP subtype selectivity. A novel π-π stacking interaction with Tyr167 was achieved when 4-pyridylalanine was introduced as the P3 residue. Compound 15 suppressed the progression of kidney fibrosis in a dose-dependent manner in a mouse model of unilateral ureteral obstruction. Thus, we demonstrated, for the first time, that potent and selective MMP-7 inhibitors could prevent the progression of kidney fibrosis.

Type I collagen proteolysis by matrix metalloproteinase-2 contributes to focal adhesion kinase activation and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation in the aorta in early hypertension

INTRODUCTION

Increased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 activity contributes to increase vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation in the aorta in early hypertension by cleaving many proteins of the extracellular matrix. Cleaved products from type I collagen may activate focal adhesion kinases (FAK) that trigger migration and proliferation signals in VSMC. We therefore hypothesized that increased activity of MMP-2 proteolyzes type I collagen in aortas of hypertensive rats, and thereby, induces FAK activation, thus leading to increased VSMC proliferation and hypertrophic remodeling in early hypertension.

METHODS

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were submitted to renovascular hypertension by the two kidney-one clip (2K1C) model and treated with doxycycline (30 mg/kg/day) by gavage from the third to seventh-day post-surgery. Controls were submitted to sham surgery. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured daily by tail-cuff plethysmography and the aortas were processed for zymography and Western blot for MMP-2, pFAK/FAK, integrins and type I collagen. Mass spectrometry, morphological analysis and Ki67 immunofluorescence were also done to identify collagen changes and VSMC proliferation. A7r5 cells were stimulated with collagen and treated with the MMP inhibitors (doxycycline or ARP-100), and with the FAK inhibitor PND1186 for 24 h. Cells were lysed and evaluated by Western blot for pFAK/FAK.

RESULTS

2K1C rats developed elevated SBP in the first week as well as increased expression and activity of MMP-2 in the aorta (p < 0.05 vs. Sham). Treatment with doxycycline reduced both MMP activity and type I collagen proteolysis in aortas of 2K1C rats (p < 0.05). Increased pFAK/FAK and increased VSMC proliferation (p < 0.05 vs. Sham groups) were also seen in the aortas of 2K1C and doxycycline decreased both parameters (p < 0.05). Higher proliferation of VSMC contributed to hypertrophic remodeling as seen by increased media/lumen ratio and cross sectional area (p < 0.05 vs Sham groups). In cell culture, MMP-2 cleaves collagen, an effect reversed by MMP inhibitors (p < 0.05). Increased levels of pFAK/FAK were observed when collagen was added in the culture medium (p < 0.05 vs control) and MMP and FAK inhibitors reduced this effect.

CONCLUSIONS

Increase in MMP-2 activity proteolyzes type I collagen in the aortas of 2K1C rats and contributes to activate FAK and induces VSMC proliferation during the initial phase of hypertension.

An updated patent review of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors (2021-present)

INTRODUCTION

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are strongly interlinked with the progression and mechanisms of several life-threatening diseases including cancer. Thus, novel MMP inhibitors (MMPIs) as promising drug candidates can be effective in combating these diseases. However, no MMPIs are marketed to date due to poor pharmacokinetics and lower selectivity. Therefore, this review was performed to study the newer MMPIs patented after the COVID-19 period for an updated perspective on MMPIs.

AREAS COVERED

This review highlights patents related to MMPIs, and their therapeutic implications published between January 2021 and August 2023 available in the Google Patents, Patentscope, and Espacenet databases.

EXPERT OPINION

Despite various MMP-related patents disclosed up to 2020, newer patent applications in the post-COVID-19 period decreased a lot. Besides major MMPs, other isoforms (i.e. MMP-3 and MMP-7) have gained attention recently for drug development. This may open up newer dimensions targeting these MMPs for therapeutic advancements. The isoform selectivity and bioavailability are major concerns for effective MMPI development. Thus, adopting theoretical approaches and experimental methodologies can unveil the development of novel MMPIs with improved pharmacokinetic profiles. Nevertheless, the involvement of MMPs in cancer, and the mechanisms of such MMPs in other diseases should be extensively studied for novel MMPI development.

Assessing structural insights into in-house arylsulfonyl L-(+) glutamine MMP-2 inhibitors as promising anticancer agents through structure-based computational modelling approaches

MMP-2 is potentially contributing to several cancer progressions including leukaemias. Therefore, considering MMP-2 as a promising target, novel anticancer compounds may be designed. Here, 32 in-house arylsulfonyl L-(+) glutamines were subjected to various structure-based computational modelling approaches to recognize crucial structural attributes along with the spatial orientation for higher MMP-2 inhibition. Again, the docking-based 2D-QSAR study revealed that the Coulomb energy conferred by Tyr142 and total interaction energy conferred by Ala84 was crucial for MMP-2 inhibition. Importantly, the docking-dependent CoMFA and CoMSIA study revealed the importance of favourable steric, electrostatic, and hydrophobic substituents at the terminal phenyl ring. The MD simulation study revealed a lower fluctuation in the RMSD, RMSF, and Rg values indicating stable binding interactions of MMP-2 and these molecules. Moreover, the residual hydrogen bond and their interaction analysis disclosed crucial amino acid residues responsible for forming potential hydrogen bonding for higher MMP-2 inhibition. The results can effectively aid in the design and discovery of promising small-molecule drug-like MMP-2 inhibitors with greater anticancer potential in the future.

Novel Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) Inhibitors in Cancer Treatment

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) belong to a family of zinc-dependent proteolytic metalloenzymes. MMP-9, a member of the gelatinase B family, is characterized as one of the most intricate MMPs. The crucial involvement of MMP-9 in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling underscores its significant correlation with each stage of cancer pathogenesis and progression. The design and synthesis of MMP-9 inhibitors is a potentially attractive research area. Unfortunately, to date, there is no effective MMP-9 inhibitor that passes the clinical trials and is approved by the FDA. This review primarily focuses on exploring the diverse strategies employed in the design and advancement of MMP-9 inhibitors, along with their anticancer effects and selectivity. To illuminate the essential structural characteristics necessary for the future design of novel MMP-9 inhibitors, the current narrative review highlights several recently discovered MMP-9 inhibitors exhibiting notable selectivity and potency.

Computational design of matrix metalloprotenaise-9 (MMP-9) resistant to auto-cleavage

Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is an endopeptidase that remodels the extracellular matrix. MMP-9 has been implicated in several diseases including neurodegeneration, arthritis, cardiovascular diseases, fibrosis and several types of cancer, resulting in a high demand for MMP-9 inhibitors for therapeutic purposes. For such drug design efforts, large amounts of MMP-9 are required. Yet, the catalytic domain of MMP-9 (MMP-9Cat) is an intrinsically unstable enzyme that tends to auto-cleave within minutes, making it difficult to use in drug design experiments and other biophysical studies. We set our goal to design MMP-9Cat variant that is active but stable to auto-cleavage. For this purpose, we first identified potential auto-cleavage sites on MMP-9Cat using mass spectroscopy and then eliminated the auto-cleavage site by predicting mutations that minimize auto-cleavage potential without reducing enzyme stability. Four computationally designed MMP-9Cat variants were experimentally constructed and evaluated for auto-cleavage and enzyme activity. Our best variant, Des2, with 2 mutations, was as active as the wild-type enzyme but did not exhibit auto-cleavage after 7 days of incubation at 37°C. This MMP-9Cat variant, with an identical with MMP-9Cat WT active site, is an ideal candidate for drug design experiments targeting MMP-9 and enzyme crystallization experiments. The developed strategy for MMP-9CAT stabilization could be applied to redesign other proteases to improve their stability for various biotechnological applications.

Matrix metalloproteinase-2 proteolyzes mitofusin-2 and impairs mitochondrial function during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury

During myocardial ischemia and reperfusion (IR) injury matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) is rapidly activated in response to oxidative stress. MMP-2 is a multifunctional protease that cleaves both extracellular and intracellular proteins. Oxidative stress also impairs mitochondrial function which is regulated by different proteins, including mitofusin-2 (Mfn-2), which is lost in IR injury. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction trigger the NLRP3 inflammasome and the innate immune response which invokes the de novo expression of an N-terminal truncated isoform of MMP-2 (NTT-MMP-2) at or near mitochondria. We hypothesized that MMP-2 proteolyzes Mfn-2 during myocardial IR injury, impairing mitochondrial function and enhancing the inflammasome response. Isolated hearts from mice subjected to IR injury (30 min ischemia/40 min reperfusion) showed a significant reduction in left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) compared to aerobically perfused hearts. IR injury increased MMP-2 activity as observed by gelatin zymography and increased degradation of troponin I, an intracellular MMP-2 target. MMP-2 preferring inhibitors, ARP-100 or ONO-4817, improved post-ischemic recovery of LVDP compared to vehicle perfused IR hearts. In muscle fibers isolated from IR hearts the rates of mitochondrial oxygen consumption and ATP production were impaired compared to those from aerobic hearts, whereas ARP-100 or ONO-4817 attenuated these reductions. IR hearts showed higher levels of NLRP3, cleaved caspase-1 and interleukin-1β in the cytosolic fraction, while the mitochondria-enriched fraction showed reduced levels of Mfn-2, compared to aerobic hearts. ARP-100 or ONO-4817 attenuated these changes. Co-immunoprecipitation showed that MMP-2 is associated with Mfn-2 in aerobic and IR hearts. ARP-100 or ONO-4817 also reduced infarct size and cell death in hearts subjected to 45 min ischemia/120 min reperfusion. Following myocardial IR injury, impaired contractile function and mitochondrial respiration and elevated inflammasome response could be attributed, at least in part, to MMP-2 activation, which targets and cleaves mitochondrial Mfn-2. Inhibition of MMP-2 activity protects against cardiac contractile dysfunction in IR injury in part by preserving Mfn-2 and suppressing inflammation.

Metalloproteases in Pain Generation and Persistence: A Possible Target?

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a large family of zinc-dependent proteolytic enzymes associated with extracellular matrix protein turnover and tissue degradation. They participate to many different physiological reactions but are also hyperactivated in several diseases. Various literature studies have documented that MMPs play a role in the modulation of neuropathic and nociceptive pain. The heterogeneity of clinical and pre-clinical data is an important issue in this experimental context. Despite the presence of a good number of studies on MMP inhibitors, these drugs showed scarce efficacy and relevant side effects. In the present manuscript, we reviewed studies in the literature that define a possible role of MMPs in pain and the effects of their modulation.

MT1-MMP Expression Levels and Catalytic Functions Dictate LDL Receptor-Related Protein-1 Ligand Internalization Capacity in U87 Glioblastoma Cells

Modulations in cell surface receptor ectodomain proteolytic shedding impact on receptor function and cancer biomarker expression. As such, heavily pursued therapeutic avenues have exploited LDL receptor-related protein-1 (LRP-1)-mediated capacity in internalizing Angiopep-2 (An2), a brain-penetrating peptide that allows An2-drug conjugates to cross the blood-brain tumor barrier (BBTB). Given that LRP-1 is proteolytically shed from the cell surface through matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity, the balance between MMP expression/function and LRP-1-mediated An2 internalization is unknown. In this study, we found that membrane type-1 (MT1)-MMP expression increased from grade 1 to 4 brain tumors, while that of LRP-1 decreased inversely. MMP pharmacological inhibitors such as Ilomastat, Doxycycline and Actinonin increased in vitro An2 internalization by up to 2.5 fold within a human grade IV-derived U87 glioblastoma cell model. Transient siRNA-mediated MT1-MMP gene silencing resulted in increased basal An2 cell surface binding and intracellular uptake, while recombinant MT1-MMP overexpression reduced both cell surface LRP-1 expression as well as An2 internalization. The addition of Ilomastat to cells overexpressing recombinant MT1-MMP restored LRP-1 expression at the cell surface and An2 uptake to levels comparable to those observed in control cells. Collectively, our data suggest that MT1-MMP expression status dictates An2-mediated internalization processes in part by regulating cell surface LRP-1 functions. Such evidence prompts preclinical evaluations of combined MMP inhibitors/An2-drug conjugate administration to potentially increase the treatment of high-MT1-MMP-expressing brain tumors.

Discovery of Phenolic Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors by Peptide Microarray for Osteosarcoma Treatment

Because of the abnormal upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activities in tumors, MMP inhibitors (MMPIs) are validated anticancer drug candidates. We identified several MMPIs including mangiferin as an MMP-9 inhibitor with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) value of 250 nM, isosilybin as an MMP-13 inhibitor with an IC₅₀ value of 250 nM, and isoliquiritigenin as a broad-spectrum MMPI (with IC₅₀ values of 16 nM for MMP-1, 10 nM for MMP-2, 81 nM for MMP-3, 8 nM for MMP-7, 10 nM for MMP-9, and 14 nM for MMP-13) through studying the interactions of 6 MMPs secreted by U-2OS cells with 51 phenolic natural products on the peptide microarray platform. In addition, the inhibitory mechanisms of as-discovered MMPIs were evaluated by a molecular docking simulation. The antitumor efficiencies of MMPIs were demonstrated by both a cell scratch test and growth suppression of mouse-born OS tumors. The results of the cell scratch test suggested that isoliquiritigenin significantly inhibited the migration of U-2OS cells. In addition, administration of isoliquiritigenin significantly reduced the tumor size (by about 80%) and prolonged the survival time (by more than 70 days). This study suggests that the discovery of MMPIs from phenolic natural products is a meaningful way to screen anticancer agents.

Adding of neurotensin to non-small cell lung cancer cells increases tyrosine phosphorylation of HER3

Neurotensin (NTS) receptor 1 regulates the growth non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. NTS binds with high affinity to NTSR1, leading to increased tyrosine phosphorylation of the EGFR and HER2. Using Calu3, NCI-H358, or NCI-H441 cells, the effects of NTS on HER3 transactivation were investigated. HER3 tyrosine phosphorylation was increased by NTS or neuregulin (NRG1) addition to NSCLC cells. NCI-H358, NCI-H441, and Calu-3 cells have HER3, NTSR1 and neuregulin (NRG)1 protein. NTSR1 regulation of HER3 transactivation was impaired by SR48692 (NTSR1 antagonist) or monoclonal antibody (mAb)3481 (HER3 blocker). Immunoprecipitation experiments indicated that NTS addition to NCI-H441cells resulted in the formation of EGFR/HER3 and HER2/HER3 heterodimers. The ability of NTS to increase HER3 tyrosine phosphorylation was impaired by GM6001 (MMP inhibitor), PP2 (Src inhibitor), Tiron (superoxide scavenger), or N-acetylcysteine (antioxidant). Adding NTS to NSCLC cells increased phosphorylation of ERK, HER3, and AKT. NTS or NRG1 increased colony formation of NSCLC cells which was strongly inhibited by SR48692 and mAb3481. The results indicate that NTSR1 regulates HER3 transactivation in NSCLC cells leading to increased proliferation.

Dual function of quercetin as an MMP inhibitor and crosslinker in preventing dentin erosion and abrasion: An in situ/in vivo study

OBJECTIVE

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the in situ/in vivo effect of quercetin on dentin erosion and abrasion.

METHODS

Human dentin blocks (2 × 2 × 2 mm) were embedded and assigned to 6 groups: 75 μg/mL, 150 μg/mL and 300 μg/mL quercetin (Q75, Q150, Q300); 120 μg/mL chlorhexidine (CHX, positive control); and deionized water and ethanol (the negative controls). The specimens were treated with the respective solutions for 2 min and then subjected to in situ/in vivo erosive/abrasive challenge for 7 d as follows: in vivo erosion 4 times a day and then in vivo toothbrush abrasion after the first and last erosive challenges of each day. Dentin loss was assessed by profilometry. An additional dentin specimen was used to evaluate the penetration depth of quercetin into dentin by tracking the spatial distribution of its characteristic Raman peak. Moreover, dentin blocks (7 × 1.7 × 0.7 mm) were used to detect the impact of quercetin on dentin-derived matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibition by in situ zymography, and the inhibition percentage (%) was calculated. Additionally, the potential collagen crosslinking interactions with quercetin were detected by Raman spectroscopy, and the crosslinking degree was determined with a ninhydrin assay. Fully demineralized dentin beams (0.5 × 0.5 × 10 mm) were used to evaluate the impact of quercetin on the mechanical properties of dentin collagen fibre by the ultimate micro-tensile strength test (μUTS). The data were analysed by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's test (α = 0.05).

RESULTS

Compared to the negative controls, all treatment solutions significantly reduced dentin loss. The dentin loss of Q150 and Q300 was significantly less than that of CHX (all P < 0.05). The amount of quercetin decreased with increasing dentin depth, and the maximum penetration depth was approximately 25-30 µm. In situ zymography showed that quercetin significantly inhibited the activities of dentin-derived MMPs. The inhibitory percentages of Q75 and Q150 were significantly lower than that of CHX (all P < 0.05), but no significant difference was found between Q300 and CHX (P = 0.58). The collagen crosslinking interactions with quercetin primarily involved hydrogen bonding and the degree of crosslinking increased in a concentration-dependent manner. Statistically significant increases in μUTS values were observed for demineralized dentin beams after quercetin treatment compared with those of the control treatments (all P < 0.05).

SIGNIFICANCE

This study provides the first direct evidence that quercetin could penetrate approximately 25-30 µm into dentin and further prevent dentin erosion and abrasion by inhibiting dentin-derived MMP activity as well as crosslinking collagen of the demineralized organic matrix.

Screening a Panel of Topical Ophthalmic Medications against MMP-2 and MMP-9 to Investigate Their Potential in Keratoconus Management

Keratoconus (KC) is a serious disease that can affect people of any race or nationality, although the exact etiology and pathogenic mechanism are still unknown. In this study, thirty-two FDA-approved ophthalmic drugs were exposed to virtual screening using docking studies against both the MMP-2 and MMP-9 proteins to find the most promising inhibitors as a proposed computational mechanism to treat keratoconus. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are zinc-dependent proteases, and MMP inhibitors (MMPIs) are usually designed to interact with zinc ion in the catalytic (CAT) domain, thus interfering with enzymatic activity. In our research work, the FDA-approved ophthalmic medications will be investigated as MMPIs, to explore if they can be repurposed for KC treatment. The obtained findings of the docking study suggest that atenolol and ampicillin are able to accommodate into the active sites of MMP-2 and MMP-9. Additionally, both exhibited binding modes similar to inhibitors used as references, with an ability to bind to the zinc of the CAT. Molecular dynamic simulations and the MM-GBSA binding free-energy calculations revealed their stable binding over the course of 50 ns. An additional pharmacophoric study was carried out on MMP-9 (PDB ID: 1GKC) using the co-crystallized ligand as a reference for the future design and screening of the MMP-9 inhibitors. These promising results open the door to further biological research to confirm such theoretical results.

A novel glyceroglycolipid from brown algae Ishige okamurae improve photoaging and counteract inflammation in UVB-induced HaCaT cells

BACKGROUND

Excessive exposure to Ultraviolet (UV) rays can cause premature skin aging. Ishigoside (IGS) is a new glyceroglycolipid compound isolated from brown algal Ishige okamurae, However, whether it can protect the skin from (Ultraviolet-B) UVB damage has not been illuminated.

METHODS

The in vitro anti-photoaging effect of IGS was conducted in UVB-induced HaCaT. The HaCaT cells were divided into the following five groups: (1) cells didn't suffer from UVB irradiation or IGS treatment. (2-5) Cells were treated with various concentrations of IGS (0, 10, 50, and 100 μM) and irradiated by 40 mJ/cm2 UVB. The Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) of photoaging process was determined by ELISA kits and the latent interaction between IGS and MMP was further performed by molecular docking. The crucial signaling pathway proteins involved in the collagen synthesis and degradation were subsequently evaluated by Western blotting, immunofluorescence and EMSA.

RESULTS

IGS effectively suppresses the high expressions and secretions of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and photo-inflammation by blocking MAPKs, AP-1 and NF-κB. Meanwhile, increasing antioxidant enzyme expression. Molecular docking results suggest that inhibition of IGS on MMPs may be attributed to its hydrogen supply and hydrophobic capacity. In addition, IGS enhanced procollagen production by upregulating the TGF-β/Smad pathways.

CONCLUSIONS

IGS exhibited anti-photoaging activity in UVB-damage HaCaT. These effects might be a contribution by its suppression of MMPs expression via MAPKs, AP-1 and NF-κB pathway and have anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, IGS has the great potential to become skin-care products or functional foods for preventing skin photoaging.

Effects of Sargassum thunbergii Extract on Skin Whitening and Anti-Wrinkling through Inhibition of TRP-1 and MMPs

Sargassum thunbergii has been traditionally used as an edible and medicinal material in oriental countries. However, the skin-whitening and anti-wrinkling effects of S. thunbergii have not yet been investigated. This study was conducted to establish optimal extraction conditions for the production of bioactive compounds with antioxidant activity as well as skin-whitening and anti-wrinkle effects using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) in S. thunbergii. The extraction time (5.30~18.7 min), extraction temperature (22.4~79.6 °C), and ethanol concentration (0.0~99.5%), which are the main variables of the UAE, were optimized using a central composite design. Quadratic regression equations were derived based on experimental data and showed a high coefficient of determination (R2 > 0.85), demonstrating suitability for prediction. The optimal UAE condition for maximizing all dependent variables, including radical scavenging activity (RSA), tyrosinase inhibitory activity (TIA), and collagenase inhibitory activity (CIA), was identified as an extraction time of 12.0 min, an extraction temperature of 65.2 °C, and ethanol of 53.5%. Under these conditions, the RSA, TIA, and CIA of S. thunbergii extract were 86.5%, 88.3%, and 91.4%, respectively. We also confirmed S. thunbergii extract had inhibitory effects on the mRNA expression of tyrosinase-related protein-1, matrix metalloproteinase-1, and matrix metalloproteinase-9, which are the main genes of melanin synthesis and collagen hydrolysis. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to identify the main phenolic compounds in S. thunbergii extract, and caffeic acid was identified as a major peak, demonstrating that high value-added ingredients with skin-whitening and anti-wrinkling effects can be produced from S. thunbergii and used for developing cosmetic materials.

Concentration-Dependent Multi-Potentiality of L-Arginine: Antimicrobial Effect, Hydroxyapatite Stability, and MMPs Inhibition

This study's objective was to examine L-arginine (L-arg) supplementation's effect on mono-species biofilm (Streptococcus mutans/Streptococcus sanguinis) growth and underlying enamel substrates. The experimental groups were 1%, 2%, and 4% arg, and 0.9% NaCl was used as the vehicle control. Sterilised enamel blocks were subjected to 7-day treatment with test solutions and S. mutans/S. sanguinis inoculum in BHI. Post-treatment, the treated biofilms stained for live/dead bacterial cells were analysed using confocal microscopy. The enamel specimens were analysed using X-ray diffraction crystallography (XRD), Raman spectroscopy (RS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The molecular interactions between arg and MMP-2/MMP-9 were determined by computational molecular docking and MMP assays. With increasing arg concentrations, bacterial survival significantly decreased (p < 0.05). The XRD peak intensity with 1%/2% arg was significantly higher than with 4% arg and the control (p < 0.05). The bands associated with the mineral phase by RS were significantly accentuated in the 1%/2% arg specimens compared to in other groups (p < 0.05). The TEM analysis revealed that 4% arg exhibited an ill-defined shape of enamel crystals. Docking of arg molecules to MMPs appears feasible, with arg inhibiting MMP-2/MMP-9 (p < 0.05). L-arginine supplementation has an antimicrobial effect on mono-species biofilm. L-arginine treatment at lower (1%/2%) concentrations exhibits enamel hydroxyapatite stability, while the molecule has the potential to inhibit MMP-2/MMP-9.

Extended Cheese Whey Fermentation Produces a Novel Casein-Derived Antibacterial Polypeptide That Also Inhibits Gelatinases MMP-2 and MMP-9

Our previous works produced a whey fermentation methodology that yielded antibacterial activity and potential inhibition of matrix metalloproteases (MMP)-2 and -9. Here, we evaluated if these activities were due to fermentation-produced peptides. Prolonged fermentation was carried out in the presence of our specific lactic acid bacteria (LAB) consortium. LAB fermentation yielded a total of 11 polypeptides, which were predominantly produced after 6 days of fermentation. One which was derived from beat casein presented a particularly high antibacterial activity against food pathogenic bacteria and was more effective than standard food disinfectants. This polypeptide was further studied and was also found to be active against several strains of pathogenic bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), in a dose-dependent manner. It also inhibited MMP-2 and MMP-9 whilst reducing HT29 cancer cell migration in vitro. Overall, this novel whey-derived polypeptide presents dual antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activity, revealing a strong potential to be used in functional foods or as a nutraceutical. Its identification and further characterization can open novel perspectives in the field of preventive/curative diets related to gut microbiota, gut inflammation, and cancer prevention, particularly if used in in vivo studies.

A robust classification-dependent multi-molecular modelling study on some biphenyl sulphonamide based MMP-8 inhibitors

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a group of zinc and calcium-dependent endopeptidases, which contribute to different physiological and biological activities via extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation. Matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) belongs to type-II collagenases of the MMP family that has contribution in several physiological disorders such as cardiovascular diseases, joint, renal, digestive and respiratory disorders as well as in cancer. In clinical study, MMP-8 is found to be associated with periodontal disease condition. Therefore, MMP-8 specific inhibitors should be developed to target these disorders. The biphenyl sulphonamide (BPS) moiety is one of the crucial structural characteristics found in several MMP-8 inhibitors. Here, different classification-based molecular modelling methods were used to explore the structural features that lead to the activity variation of a series of MMP-8 inhibitors possessing a BPS moiety. Our current classification-based structural analysis of these BPS-derived MMP-8 inhibitors was able to identify the importance of several structural features such as the tetrahydroisoquinoline and N-Boc pyridyl groups, which have positive influences on MMP-8 inhibition. This study was also reflected the importance of the zinc-binding groups (ZBGs) like the hydroxamate and phosphonate for potent and sub-nanomolar range MMP-8 inhibition, which may benefit the development of highly potent MMP-8 inhibitors.

Halting Tumor Progression via Novel Non-Hydroxamate Triazole-Based Mannich Bases MMP-2/9 Inhibitors; Design, Microwave-Assisted Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are key signaling modulators in the tumor microenvironment. Among MMPs, MMP-2 and MMP-9 are receiving renewed interest as validated druggable targets for halting different tumor progression events. Over the last decades, a diverse range of MMP-2/9 inhibitors has been identified starting from the early hydroxamic acid-based peptidomimetics to the next generation non-hydroxamates. Herein, focused 1,2,4-triazole-1,2,3-triazole molecular hybrids with varying lengths and decorations, mimicking the thematic features of non-hydroxamate inhibitors, were designed and synthesized using efficient protocols and were alkylated with pharmacophoric amines to develop new Mannich bases. After full spectroscopic characterization the newly synthesized triazoles tethering Mannich bases were subjected to safety assessment via MTT assay against normal human fibroblasts, then evaluated for their potential anticancer activities against colon (Caco-2) and breast (MDA-MB 231) cancers. The relatively lengthy bis-Mannich bases 15 and 16 were safer and more potent than 5-fluorouracil with sub-micromolar IC₅₀ and promising selectivity to the screened cancer cell lines rather than normal cells. Both compounds upregulated p53 (2–5.6-fold) and suppressed cyclin D expression (0.8–0.2-fold) in the studied cancers, and thus, induced apoptosis. 15 was superior to 16 in terms of cytotoxic activities, p53 induction, and cyclin D suppression. Mechanistically, both were efficient MMP-2/9 inhibitors with comparable potencies to the reference prototype hydroxamate-based MMP inhibitor NNGH at their anticancer IC₅₀ concentrations. 15 (IC₅₀ = 0.143 µM) was 4-fold more potent than NNGH against MMP-9 with promising selectivity (3.27-fold) over MMP-2, whereas 16 was comparable to NNGH. Concerning MMP-2, 16 (IC₅₀ = 0.376 µM) was 1.2-fold more active than 15. Docking simulations predicted their possible binding modes and highlighted the possible structural determinants of MMP-2/9 inhibitory activities. Computational prediction of their physicochemical properties, ADMET, and drug-likeness metrics revealed acceptable drug-like criteria.

Anti-angiogenic, apoptotic and matrix metalloproteinase inhibitory activity of Withania somnifera (ashwagandha) on lung adenocarcinoma cells

INTRODUCTION

Withania somnifera belongs to the family Solanaceae, known as Queen of medicinal plants for its enormous use in the medicinal field. Traditionally ashwagandha is used to treat several neurological disorders. This study evaluates the cytotoxic, apoptotic, antiangiogenic and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitory activity of W. somnifera on lung adenocarcinoma.

METHODOLOGY

Aqueous and ethanolic extracts were prepared from the roots of the W. somnifera. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analyses were performed using the standard protocols. Cytotoxicity was assessed using MTT assay. Further experiments were carried out with IC₅₀ concentration of the extract. Apoptosis and DNA damage were evaluated using AO-EB dual staining, Hoechst staining and Comet assay. Effect of the extract on cell migration was evaluated using scratch assay. Angiogenesis inhibition was evaluated using in ovo CAM assay and angiogenic pathway alterations were evaluated using qRT-PCR and western blotting. Autophagy induction was studied via western blotting.

RESULTS

In this study, we found antioxidant activity and the presence of certain secondary metabolites in the ethanolic extracts. The extract showed cytotoxic activity on lung adenocarcinoma cells with an IC₅₀ of 99.7 μg/ml. The extract showed significant anti-angiogenic, apoptotic and autophagy induction activity. W. somnifera extract induced significant decrease in the cell migration at lower concentrations indicating the anti-migratory potential.

CONCLUSION

Our investigation revealed ethanolic extract of W. somnifera possess significant anti-angiogenic and MMP inhibitory activity and helps in inhibiting the lung adenocarcinoma cells proliferation. Further, our study revealed that the enhanced autophagy induction and apoptotic effects of W. somnifera are responsible for the potential anticancer activity of the extract.

Nanoliposomes co-encapsulating Ce6 and SB3CT against the proliferation and metastasis of melanoma with the integration of photodynamic therapy and NKG2D-related immunotherapy on A375 cells

Purpose. To overcome the insufficiency of conventional photodynamic therapy (PDT) for treating metastatic melanoma, the combination of smart nanoparticles and PDT with immunotherapy was used to achieve a higher efficiency by accumulating more photosensitizers in tumor areas and triggering stronger immune responses against tumors after PDT.Methods. In this study, we designed a nanoliposome co-encapsulation of chlorin E6 (Ce6) and SB-3CT to realize significant antitumoral proliferation and metastasis efficacy after laser irradiation in A375 cells. The morphology, size distribution, and loading efficiency of Ce6-SB3CT@Liposome (Lip-SC) were characterized. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and cytotoxicity were evaluated in A375 cells, and the mechanisms of natural killer (NK) cell-mediated killing were assessed.Results. Lip-SC showed good stability and was well-dispersed with a diameter of approximately 140 nm in phosphate-buffered saline. The nanoliposomes could accumulate in tumor areas and induce apoptosis in cancer cells upon 660 nm light irradiation, which could trigger an immune response and induce the expression of NK group 2 member D (NKG2D) ligands. The subsequently released SB-3CT could further activate NK cells effectively and strengthen the immune system by inhibiting the shedding of soluble NKG2D ligands.Discussion. Taken together, the synergistic effects of SB-3CT on nanoliposomes for Ce6-mediated PDT were analyzed in detail to provide a new platform for future anti-melanoma treatment.

Insight into the structural requirement of aryl sulphonamide based gelatinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) inhibitors - Part I: 2D-QSAR, 3D-QSAR topomer CoMFA and Naïve Bayes studies - First report of 3D-QSAR Topomer CoMFA analysis for MMP-9 inhibitors and jointly inhibitors of gelatinases together

Gelatinases [gelatinase A - matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), gelatinase B - matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9)] play key roles in many disease conditions including cancer. Despite some research work on gelatinases inhibitors both jointly and individually had been reported, challenges still exist in achieving potency as well as selectivity. Here in part I of a series of work, we have reported the structural requirement of some arylsulfonamides. In particular, regression-based 2D-QSARs, topomer CoMFA (comparative molecular field analysis) and Bayesian classification models were constructed to refine structural features for attaining better gelatinase inhibitory activity. The 2D-QSAR models exhibited good statistical significance. The descriptors nsssN, SHBint6, SHBint7, PubchemFP629 were directly correlated with the MMP-2 binding affinities whereas nsssN, SHBint10 and AATS2i were directly proportional to MMP-9 binding affinities. The topomer CoMFA results indicated that the steric and electrostatic fields play key roles in gelatinase inhibition. The established Naïve Bayes prediction models were evaluated by fivefold cross validation and an external test set. Furthermore, important molecular descriptors related to MMP-2 and MMP-9 binding affinities and some active/inactive fragments were identified. Thus, these observations may be helpful for further work of aryl sulphonamide based gelatinase inhibitors in future.

Matrix metalloproteinases inhibitors in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Medicinal chemistry perspectives

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a lethal disease with limited therapeutic options and a particularly poor prognosis. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), promising targets for the treatment of IPF, have been identified as playing a pivotal role in IPF. Although the pathological processes of MMPs and IPF have been verified, there are no MMP inhibitors for the treatment of IPF in the clinic. In this review, we will present the latest developments in MMP inhibitors, including pharmacophores, binding modes, selectivity and optimization strategies. In addition, we will also discuss the future development direction of MMP inhibitors based on emerging tools and techniques.

Identification of potential diagnostic biomarkers in MMPs for pancreatic carcinoma

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a malignant tumor which ranks fourth in cancer-related death. However, the specificity and sensitivity of traditional biomarkers such as carbohydrate antigen 19-9 no longer meet the clinical requirements.Tools as ONCOMINE and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) were used to analyze the differential expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in PC and adjacent tissues. For further analysis, we adopted database for annotation, visualization and integrated discovery (DAVID 6.8), transcriptional regulatory relationships unraveled by sentence-based text (TRRUST) and other tools. We also identified drugs targeted the selected MMPs.Eight MMPs (MMP1, MMP2, MMP7, MMP9, MMP11, MMP12, MMP14, and MMP28) were differentially expressed in PC and adjacent tissue. MMP1 (P = .0189), MMP7 (P = .000216), MMP11 (P = .0209), MMP14 (P = .00611) were correlated with the pathological stages of PC. Patients with higher expression of MMP1 (P = .0011), MMP2 (P = .011), MMP7 (P = .0081), MMP9 (P = .046), MMP11 (P = .0019), MMP12 (P = .0011), MMP14 (P = .0011), and MMP28 (P = 6.3e-06) showed poor prognosis. Ten transcription factors were associated with the up-regulation of selected MMPs. Marimastat (DB00786) was found to target selected MMPs.Our research revealed that selected MMPs played an important role in the early diagnosis and prognosis of PC.

Venom-Induced Blood Disturbances by Palearctic Viperid Snakes, and Their Relative Neutralization by Antivenoms and Enzyme-Inhibitors

Palearctic vipers are medically significant snakes in the genera Daboia, Macrovipera, Montivipera, and Vipera which occur throughout Europe, Central Asia, Near and Middle East. While the ancestral condition is that of a small-bodied, lowland species, extensive diversification has occurred in body size, and niche specialization. Using 27 venom samples and a panel of in vitro coagulation assays, we evaluated the relative coagulotoxic potency of Palearctic viper venoms and compared their neutralization by three antivenoms (Insoserp Europe, VIPERFAV and ViperaTAb) and two metalloprotease inhibitors (prinomastat and DMPS). We show that variation in morphology parallels variation in the Factor X activating procoagulant toxicity, with the three convergent evolutions of larger body sizes (Daboia genus, Macrovipera genus, and Vipera ammodytes uniquely within the Vipera genus) were each accompanied by a significant increase in procoagulant potency. In contrast, the two convergent evolutions of high altitude specialization (the Montivipera genus and Vipera latastei uniquely within the Vipera genus) were each accompanied by a shift away from procoagulant action, with the Montivipera species being particularly potently anticoagulant. Inoserp Europe and VIPERFAV antivenoms were both effective against a broad range of Vipera species, with Inoserp able to neutralize additional species relative to VIPERFAV, reflective of its more complex antivenom immunization mixture. In contrast, ViperaTAb was extremely potent in neutralizing V. berus but, reflective of this being a monovalent antivenom, it was not effective against other Vipera species. The enzyme inhibitor prinomastat efficiently neutralized the metalloprotease-driven Factor X activation of the procoagulant venoms. In contrast, DMPS (2,3-dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid), which as been suggested as another potential treatment option in the absence of antivenom, DMPS failed against all venoms tested. Overall, our results highlight the evolutionary variations within Palearctic vipers and help to inform clinical management of viper envenomation.

Antioxidant and Cytoprotective Properties of Plant Extract from Dry Flowers as Functional Dyes for Cosmetic Products

Nowadays, natural dyes are expected by the cosmetic and food industries. In contrast to synthetic dyes, colorants derived from natural sources are more environmentally friendly and safer for human health. In this work, plant extracts from Gomphrena globasa L., Clitoria ternatea L., Carthamus tinctorius L., Punica granatum L. and Papaver rhoeas L. as the natural and functional dyes for the cosmetics industry were assessed. Cytotoxicity on keratinocyte and fibroblast cell lines was determined as well as antioxidant and anti-aging properties by determining their ability to inhibit the activity of collagenase and elastase enzymes. In addition, the composition of the extracts was determined. The obtained extracts were also applied in face cream formulation and color analyses were performed. It has been shown that the obtained extracts were characterized by no cytotoxicity and a high antioxidant potential. The extracts also show strong ability to inhibit the activity of collagenase and moderate ability to inhibit elastase and provide effective and long-lasting hydration after their application on the skin. Application analyses showed that the extracts of P. rhoeas L., C. ternatea L. and C. tinctorius L. can be used as effective cosmetic dyes that allow for attainment of an intense and stable color during the storage of the product. The extracts of P. granatum L. and G. globasa L., despite their beneficial effects as active ingredients, did not work effectively as cosmetic dyes, because cosmetic emulsions with these extracts did not differ significantly in color from emulsions without the extract.

Antibacterial, antifungal and enzyme inhibitory effects of selected plants from Turkey

In this study, antibacterial, antifungal, antihyaluronidase, anticollagenase and antielastase activity of Hypericum bithynicum, Malva neglecta, Morus alba, Rubus discolor, Sambucus ebulus and Smilax excelsa were investigated. Methanol extracts of M. neglecta and R. discolor and all extracts of H. bithynicum were more active against Staphylococcus epidermidis. Similarly, water extracts of M. alba and S. ebulus were more active against Streptococcus pneumonia. Additionally, S. ebulus and S. excelsa had prominent antifungal activity on Candida albicans. Besides, methanol extract of M. neglecta and n-hexane extract of H. bithynicum were determined to have significant antihyaluronidase activity. Only R. discolor showed significant antielastase effect.

Phosphonate as a Stable Zinc-Binding Group for "Pathoblocker" Inhibitors of Clostridial Collagenase H (ColH)

Microbial infections are a significant threat to public health, and resistance is on the rise, so new antibiotics with novel modes of action are urgently needed. The extracellular zinc metalloprotease collagenase H (ColH) from Clostridium histolyticum is a virulence factor that catalyses tissue damage, leading to improved host invasion and colonisation. Besides the major role of ColH in pathogenicity, its extracellular localisation makes it a highly attractive target for the development of new antivirulence agents. Previously, we had found that a highly selective and potent thiol prodrug (with a hydrolytically cleavable thiocarbamate unit) provided efficient ColH inhibition. We now report the synthesis and biological evaluation of a range of zinc-binding group (ZBG) variants of this thiol-derived inhibitor, with the mercapto unit being replaced by other zinc ligands. Among these, an analogue with a phosphonate motif as ZBG showed promising activity against ColH, an improved selectivity profile, and significantly higher stability than the thiol reference compound, thus making it an attractive candidate for future drug development.

Matrix Metalloproteinase 13 Inhibitors for Modulation of Osteoclastogenesis: Enhancement of Solubility and Stability

Matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13) activity has been correlated to breast cancer bone metastasis. It has been proposed that MMP-13 contributes to bone metastasis through the promotion of osteoclastogenesis. To explore the mechanisms of MMP-13 action, we previously described a highly efficacious and selective MMP-13 inhibitor, RF036. Unfortunately, further pursuit of RF036 as a probe of MMP-13 in vitro and in vivo activities was not practical due to the limited solubility and stability of the inhibitor. Our new study has explored replacing the RF036 backbone sulfur atom and terminal methyl group to create inhibitors with more favorable pharmacokinetic properties. One compound, designated inhibitor 3, in which the backbone sulfur and terminal methyl group of RF036 were replaced by nitrogen and oxetane, respectively, had comparable activity, selectivity, and membrane permeability to RF036, while exhibiting greatly enhanced solubility and stability. Inhibitor 3 effectively inhibited MMP-13-mediated osteoclastogenesis but spared collagenolysis, and thus represents a next-generation MMP-13 probe applicable for in vivo studies of breast cancer metastasis.

Parecoxib improves atherosclerotic plaque stability by suppressing inflammation and inhibiting matrix metalloproteinases production

With the aging population, coronary syndrome is one of the leading causes of mortality. Atherosclerosis is the pathophysiological basis of coronary syndrome, which is caused by plaque rupture and predisposed or aggravated by many perioperative complications. Parecoxib is one of the most widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory perioperative drugs. This study aims to evaluate the potential benefits of parecoxib on atherosclerosis progression. Apolipoprotein E-deficient (Apo E-/-) mice were intraperitoneally injected by parecoxib (par group) or saline (control group) and, meanwhile, were given a western diet for 12 weeks. The aorta and aortic root were examined by oil red O (ORO) staining for atherosclerotic lesions. The expression level of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), was investigated using immunofluorescence and western blot. Macrophage inflammation was investigated by Q-PCR. Parecoxib treatment increased the number of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and amount of collagen, while and decreased the number of macrophages in murine aortic walls. The expression of MMP1, 2, 9, and 13 as well as IL- 1β and IL-6 were also decreased in the par group. However, there was no statistical difference in lipid infiltration between the two groups. Parecoxib could improve plaque stability by suppressing inflammation and inhibiting MMPs production.

Targeting MMP-Regulation of Inflammation to Increase Metabolic Tolerance to COVID-19 Pathologies: A Hypothesis

Many individuals infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) develop no or only mild symptoms, but some can go on onto develop a spectrum of pathologies including pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, respiratory failure, systemic inflammation, and multiorgan failure. Many pathogens, viral and non-viral, can elicit these pathologies, which justifies reconsidering whether the target of therapeutic approaches to fight pathogen infections should be (a) the pathogen itself, (b) the pathologies elicited by the pathogen interaction with the human host, or (c) a combination of both. While little is known about the immunopathology of SARS-CoV-2, it is well-established that the above-mentioned pathologies are associated with hyper-inflammation, tissue damage, and the perturbation of target organ metabolism. Mounting evidence has shown that these processes are regulated by endoproteinases (particularly, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)). Here, we review what is known about the roles played by MMPs in the development of COVID-19 and postulate a mechanism by which MMPs could influence energy metabolism in target organs, such as the lung. Finally, we discuss the suitability of MMPs as therapeutic targets to increase the metabolic tolerance of the host to damage inflicted by the pathogen infection, with a focus on SARS-CoV-2.

22β-hydroxytingenone induces apoptosis and suppresses invasiveness of melanoma cells by inhibiting MMP-9 activity and MAPK signaling

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

22β-hydroxytingenone (22-HTG) is a quinonemethide triterpene isolated from Salacia impressifolia (Miers) A. C. Smith (family Celastraceae), which has been used in traditional medicine to treat a variety of diseases, including dengue, renal infections, rheumatism and cancer. However, the anticancer effects of 22-HTG and the underlying molecular mechanisms in melanoma cells have not yet been elucidated.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The present study investigated apoptosis induction and antimetastatic potencial of 22-HTG in SK-MEL-28 human melanoma cells.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

First, the in vitro cytotoxic activity of 22-HTG in cultured cancer cells was evaluated. Then, cell viability was determined using the trypan blue assay in melanoma cells (SK-MEL-28), which was followed by cell cycle, annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide assays (Annexin/PI), as well as assays to evaluate mitochondrial membrane potential, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) using flow cytometry. Fluorescence microscopy using acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/BE) staining was also performed. RT-qPCR was carried out to evaluate the expression of BRAF, NRAS, and KRAS genes. The anti-invasiveness potential of 22-HTG was evaluated in a three-dimensional (3D) model of reconstructed human skin.

RESULTS

22-HTG reduced viability of SK-MEL-28 cells and caused morphological changes, as cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, and nuclear fragmentation. Furthermore, 22-HTG caused apoptosis, which was demonstrated by increased staining with AO/BE and Annexin/PI. The apoptosis may have been caused by mitochondrial instability without the involvement of ROS production. The expression of BRAF, NRAS, and KRAS, which are important biomarkers in melanoma development, was reduced by the 22-HTG treatment. In the reconstructed skin model, 22-HTG was able to decrease the invasion capacity of melanoma cells in the dermis.

CONCLUSIONS

Our data indicate that 22-HTG has anti-tumorigenic properties against melanoma cells through the induction of cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and inhibition of invasiveness potential, as observed in the 3D model. As such, the results provide new insights for future work on the utilization of 22-HTG in malignant melanoma treatment.