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Sitticharoon C, Mutirangura P, Chinachoti T, Iamaroon A, Triyasunant N, Churintaraphan M, Keadkraichaiwat I, Maikaew P, Sririwichitchai R. Associations of serum kisspeptin levels with metabolic and reproductive parameters in men. Peptides 2021; 135:170433. [PMID: 33129892 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Central kisspeptin action is well known in reproductive regulation; however, its peripheral action is not well understood. This study aimed to 1) compare serum or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) kisspeptin levels between different body mass index (BMI) groups 2) compare the levels of kisspeptin between serum and CSF, and 3) determine correlations between serum or CSF kisspeptin levels with clinical, metabolic, and reproductive parameters. There were 40 male subjects undergoing operations with lumbar puncture anesthesia. Subgroup analysis was performed to compare between the normal (n = 12), overweight (n = 10), and obese groups (n = 17). One lean subject was recruited for correlation analysis. Serum kisspeptin levels were significantly higher in the obese group when compared to the normal weight and overweight groups even after adjusting for age or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (p < 0.05 all). Serum leptin levels were significantly higher in the obese group when compared to the normal weight and overweight groups (p < 0.05 all). CSF kisspeptin levels were below the minimum detectable concentration for the assay (<0.06 ng/mL). Serum kisspeptin was positively correlated with body weight, BMI, plasma insulin, the homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and serum leptin but was negatively correlated with plasma LH (p < 0.05 all). In conclusion, serum kisspeptin was related to obesity, leptin, insulin, and insulin resistance, while CSF kisspeptin was below the limits of detection. Thus, peripheral kisspeptin might have a role in metabolic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantacha Sitticharoon
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Pornthira Mutirangura
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thitima Chinachoti
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Arissara Iamaroon
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Namtip Triyasunant
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Malika Churintaraphan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Issarawan Keadkraichaiwat
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pailin Maikaew
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rungnapa Sririwichitchai
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article summarizes recent advances in the identification of genetic and environmental factors that affect the risk of developing multiple sclerosis (MS) and the pathogenic processes involved in acute relapses and relapse-independent disability progression. RECENT FINDINGS The number of single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with increased risk of MS has increased to more than 200 variants. The evidence for the association of Epstein-Barr virus infection, vitamin D deficiency, obesity, and smoking with increased risk of MS has further accumulated, and, in cases of obesity and vitamin D deficiency, the evidence for causal association has strengthened. Interactions between genetic and environmental factors have been studied more extensively. Dietary factors and changes in the gut microbiota are emerging as possible modulators of the disease risk. Several processes important to MS pathogenesis have been newly investigated or investigated more comprehensively, including the role of B cells, innate immune cells, meningeal inflammation, cortical and gray matter demyelination, and early axonal and neuronal loss. SUMMARY MS is a complex disease in which the interaction between genetic and environmental factors causes a cascade of events, including activation of the adaptive and innate immune system, blood-brain barrier breakdown, central nervous system demyelination, and axonal and neuronal damage with variable degrees of repair. These events manifest as potentially reversible focal neurologic symptoms or progressive nonremitting physical and cognitive disability, or both. Advances in the understanding of the risk factors and pathogenic mechanisms of MS have resulted in improved therapeutic strategies. The results of ongoing or future studies are needed to successfully and fully translate these advances into clinical practice.
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Santiago JCP, Otto M, Kern W, Baier PC, Hallschmid M. Relationship between cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of orexin A/hypocretin-1 and body composition in humans. Peptides 2018; 102:26-30. [PMID: 29471000 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamic neuropeptide orexin A (hypocretin-1) is a key signal in sleep/wake regulation and promotes food intake. We investigated the relationship between cerebrospinal fluid orexin A concentrations and body composition in non-narcoleptic human subjects with a wide range of body weight to gain insight into the role of orexin A in human metabolism. We collected cerebrospinal fluid and blood samples and measured body composition by bioelectric impedance analysis in 36 subjects (16 women and 20 men) with body mass indices between 16.24 and 38.10 kg/m2 and an age range of 19-80 years. Bivariate Pearson correlations and stepwise multiple regressions were calculated to determine associations between orexin A and body composition as well as biometric variables. Concentrations of orexin A in cerebrospinal fluid averaged 315.6 ± 6.0 pg/ml, were comparable between sexes (p > 0.15) and unrelated to age (p > 0.66); they appeared slightly reduced in overweight/obese compared to normal-weight subjects (p = .07). Orexin A concentrations decreased with body weight (r = -0.38, p = .0229) and fat-free mass (r = -0.39, p = .0173) but were not linked to body fat mass (p > 0.24). They were inversely related to total body water (r = -0.39, p = .0174) as well as intracellular (r = -0.41, p = .0139) and extracellular water (r = -0.35, p = .0341). Intracellular water was the only factor independently associated with cerebrospinal fluid orexin A concentrations (p = .0139). We conclude that cerebrospinal fluid orexin A concentrations do not display associations with body adiposity, but are inversely related to intracellular water content. These cross-sectional findings suggest a link between orexin A signaling and the regulation of water homeostasis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- João C P Santiago
- Department of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | | | - Paul Christian Baier
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Kiel, 24103 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Manfred Hallschmid
- Department of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Page-Wilson G, Nguyen KT, Atalayer D, Meece K, Bainbridge HA, Korner J, Gordon RJ, Panigrahi SK, White A, Smiley R, Wardlaw SL. Evaluation of CSF and plasma biomarkers of brain melanocortin activity in response to caloric restriction in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2017; 312:E19-E26. [PMID: 27894065 PMCID: PMC5283881 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00330.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin neuronal system, which consists of hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and agouti-related protein (AgRP) neurons, is a leptin target that regulates energy balance and metabolism, but studies in humans are limited by a lack of reliable biomarkers to assess brain melanocortin activity. The objective of this study was to measure the POMC prohormone and its processed peptide, β-endorphin (β-EP), in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and AgRP in CSF and plasma after calorie restriction to validate their utility as biomarkers of brain melanocortin activity. CSF and plasma were obtained from 10 lean and obese subjects after fasting (40 h) and refeeding (24 h), and from 8 obese subjects before and after 6 wk of dieting (800 kcal/day) to assess changes in neuropeptide and hormone levels. After fasting, plasma leptin decreased to 35%, and AgRP increased to 153% of baseline. During refeeding, AgRP declined as leptin increased; CSF β-EP increased, but POMC did not change. Relative changes in plasma and CSF leptin were blunted in obese subjects. After dieting, plasma and CSF leptin decreased to 46% and 70% of baseline, CSF POMC and β-EP decreased, and plasma AgRP increased. At baseline, AgRP correlated negatively with insulin and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR), and positively with the Matsuda index. Thus, following chronic calorie restriction, POMC and β-EP declined in CSF, whereas acutely, only β-EP changed. Plasma AgRP, however, increased after both acute and chronic calorie restriction. These results support the use of CSF POMC and plasma AgRP as biomarkers of hypothalamic melanocortin activity and provide evidence linking AgRP to insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Page-Wilson
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Kim T Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Deniz Atalayer
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Kana Meece
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Heather A Bainbridge
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Judith Korner
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Rebecca J Gordon
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Sunil K Panigrahi
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Anne White
- Faculties of Life Sciences and Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; and
| | - Richard Smiley
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Sharon L Wardlaw
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York;
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Gustavsson C, Andersson Hall U, Pelanis A, Karlsson OI, Andersson L, Svedin P, Mallard C, Myntti A, Andreasson U, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Holmäng A. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of insulin, leptin, and agouti-related protein in relation to BMI in pregnant women. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016; 24:1299-304. [PMID: 27130070 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE During pregnancy, metabolic interactions must be adapted, though neuroendocrine mechanisms for increased food intake are poorly understood. The objective of this study was to characterize differences in insulin, leptin, and agouti-related protein (AgRP) levels in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in pregnant women with normal weight (NW) and pregnant women with overweight (OW) or obesity (OB). Placenta as a source for increased peripheral AgRP levels during pregnancy was also investigated. METHODS Women were recruited at admission for elective cesarean section. Insulin, AgRP, and leptin were measured in serum and CSF from 30 NW, 25 OW, and 21 OB at term. Serum during pregnancy and placenta at term were collected for further AgRP analysis. RESULTS Immunohistology showed placental production of AgRP and serum AgRP levels increased throughout pregnancy. CSF AgRP, leptin, and insulin levels were higher in OW and OB than NW. Serum leptin and insulin levels were higher and AgRP lower in OB than NW. CONCLUSIONS High serum AgRP levels might protect from the suppressive effects of leptin during pregnancy. Pregnant women with OB and OW might further be protected from the suppressive effect of leptin by high CSF AgRP levels. Evidence was found, for the first time, of human placental AgRP production mirrored by levels in the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Gustavsson
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Andersson Hall
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Aurimantas Pelanis
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ove I Karlsson
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Louise Andersson
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Svedin
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carina Mallard
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alexandra Myntti
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ulf Andreasson
- Clinical Neurochemistry Lab, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemistry Lab, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemistry Lab, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Agneta Holmäng
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Page-Wilson G, Meece K, White A, Rosenbaum M, Leibel RL, Smiley R, Wardlaw SL. Proopiomelanocortin, agouti-related protein, and leptin in human cerebrospinal fluid: correlations with body weight and adiposity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 309:E458-65. [PMID: 26152765 PMCID: PMC4556883 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00206.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Leptin and its neuronal targets, which produce proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and agouti-related protein (AgRP), regulate energy balance. This study characterized leptin, POMC, and AgRP in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 47 healthy human subjects, 23 lean and 24 overweight/obese (OW/OB), as related to BMI, adiposity, plasma leptin, soluble leptin receptor (s-OB-R), and insulin. POMC was measured since the POMC prohormone is the predominant POMC peptide in CSF and correlates with hypothalamic POMC in rodents. Plasma AgRP was similarly characterized. CSF leptin was 83-fold lower than in plasma and correlated strongly with BMI, body fat, and insulin. The relative amount of leptin transported into CSF declined with increasing BMI, ranging from 4.5 to 0.52%, consistent with a saturable transport mechanism. CSF sOB-R was 78-fold lower than in plasma and correlated negatively with plasma and CSF leptin. CSF POMC was higher in lean vs. OW/OB subjects (P < 0.001) and correlated negatively with CSF leptin (r = -0.60, P < 0.001) and with plasma leptin, insulin, BMI, and adiposity. CSF AgRP was not different in lean vs. OW/OB; however, plasma AgRP was higher in lean subjects (P = 0.001) and correlated negatively with BMI, adiposity, leptin, insulin, and HOMA (P < 0.005). Thus, CSF measurements may provide useful biomarkers for brain leptin and POMC activity. The striking negative correlation between CSF leptin and POMC could be secondary to leptin resistance and/or neuronal changes associated with obesity but may also indicate that POMC plays a primary role in regulating body weight and adiposity. The role of plasma AgRP as a neuroendocrine biomarker deserves further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Page-Wilson
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Kana Meece
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Anne White
- Faculties of Life Sciences and Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Rosenbaum
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York; and
| | - Rudolph L Leibel
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York; and
| | - Richard Smiley
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Sharon L Wardlaw
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York;
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Hwang JJ, Johnson A, Cline G, Belfort-DeAguiar R, Snegovskikh D, Khokhar B, Han CS, Sherwin RS. Fructose levels are markedly elevated in cerebrospinal fluid compared to plasma in pregnant women. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128582. [PMID: 26035307 PMCID: PMC4452737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fructose, unlike glucose, promotes feeding behavior in rodents and its ingestion exerts differential effects in the human brain. However, plasma fructose is typically 1/1000th of glucose levels and it is unclear to what extent fructose crosses the blood-brain barrier. We investigated whether local endogenous central nervous system (CNS) fructose production from glucose via the polyol pathway (glucose→sorbitol→fructose) contributes to brain exposure to fructose. Methods In this observational study, fasting glucose, sorbitol and fructose concentrations were measured using gas-chromatography-liquid mass spectroscopy in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), maternal plasma, and venous cord blood collected from 25 pregnant women (6 lean, 10 overweight/obese, and 9 T2DM/gestational DM) undergoing spinal anesthesia and elective cesarean section. Results As expected, CSF glucose was ~60% of plasma glucose levels. In contrast, fructose was nearly 20-fold higher in CSF than in plasma (p < 0.001), and CSF sorbitol was ~9-times higher than plasma levels (p < 0.001). Moreover, CSF fructose correlated positively with CSF glucose (ρ 0.45, p = 0.02) and sorbitol levels (ρ 0.75, p < 0.001). Cord blood sorbitol was also ~7-fold higher than maternal plasma sorbitol levels (p = 0.001). There were no differences in plasma, CSF, and cord blood glucose, fructose, or sorbitol levels between groups. Conclusions These data raise the possibility that fructose may be produced endogenously in the human brain and that the effects of fructose in the human brain and placenta may extend beyond its dietary consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice J. Hwang
- Yale University School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Andrea Johnson
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Gary Cline
- Yale University School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Renata Belfort-DeAguiar
- Yale University School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Denis Snegovskikh
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesia, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Babar Khokhar
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Christina S. Han
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Robert S. Sherwin
- Yale University School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Nicholson J, Azim S, Rebecchi MJ, Galbavy W, Feng T, Reinsel R, Rizwan S, Fowler CJ, Benveniste H, Kaczocha M. Leptin levels are negatively correlated with 2-arachidonoylglycerol in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with osteoarthritis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123132. [PMID: 25835291 PMCID: PMC4383333 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is compelling evidence in humans that peripheral endocannabinoid signaling is disrupted in obesity. However, little is known about the corresponding central signaling. Here, we have investigated the relationship between gender, leptin, body mass index (BMI) and levels of the endocannabinoids anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of primarily overweight to obese patients with osteoarthritis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Patients (20 females, 15 males, age range 44-78 years, BMI range 24-42) undergoing total knee arthroplasty for end-stage osteoarthritis were recruited for the study. Endocannabinoids were quantified by liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry. AEA and 2-AG levels in the serum and CSF did not correlate with either age or BMI. However, 2-AG levels in the CSF, but not serum, correlated negatively with CSF leptin levels (Spearman's ρ -0.48, P=0.0076, n=30). No such correlations were observed for AEA and leptin. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE In the patient sample investigated, there is a negative association between 2-AG and leptin levels in the CSF. This is consistent with pre-clinical studies in animals, demonstrating that leptin controls the levels of hypothalamic endocannabinoids that regulate feeding behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Nicholson
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Syed Azim
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Mario J. Rebecchi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - William Galbavy
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Tian Feng
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Ruth Reinsel
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Sabeen Rizwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Helene Benveniste
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MK); (HB)
| | - Martin Kaczocha
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MK); (HB)
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Piya MK, Harte AL, Sivakumar K, Tripathi G, Voyias PD, James S, Sabico S, Al-Daghri NM, Saravanan P, Barber TM, Kumar S, Vatish M, McTernan PG. The identification of irisin in human cerebrospinal fluid: influence of adiposity, metabolic markers, and gestational diabetes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 306:E512-8. [PMID: 24398403 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00308.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral action of irisin improves glucose homeostasis and increases energy expenditure, with no data on a central role of irisin in metabolism. These studies sought to examine 1) presence of irisin in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and banked human hypothalamic tissue, 2) serum irisin in maternal subjects across varying adiposities with or without gestational diabetes (GDM), and 3) their respective neonate offspring. CSF, serum, and neonatal cord serum were collected from 91 pregnant women with and without GDM attending for an elective cesarean section [body mass index (BMI): 37.7 ± 7.6 kg/m(2); age: 32 ± 8.3 yr]. Irisin was assessed by ELISA and correlated with biochemical and anthropometric data. Irisin expression was examined in human hypothalamus by immunohistochemical staining. Serum irisin in pregnant women was significantly lower in nonobese compared with obese and GDM subjects, after adjusting for BMI, lipids, and glucose. Irisin was present in neonatal cord serum (237 ± 8 ng/ml) and maternal CSF (32 ± 1.5 ng/ml). CSF irisin correlated positively with serum irisin levels from nonobese and obese pregnant women (P < 0.01), with CSF irisin significantly raised in GDM subjects (P < 0.05). Irisin was present in human hypothalamic sections in the paraventricular neurons, colocalized with neuropeptide Y. Irisin was detectable in CSF and in paraventricular neurons. Maternal serum irisin was lower in nonobese pregnant women after adjusting for BMI and a number of metabolic parameters. These studies indicate that irisin may have a central role in metabolism in addition to the known peripheral role. Further studies investigating the central action of irisin in human metabolic disease are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan K Piya
- Division of Metabolic and Vascular Health, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Coventry, United Kingdom
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Begg DP, Mul JD, Liu M, Reedy BM, D'Alessio DA, Seeley RJ, Woods SC. Reversal of diet-induced obesity increases insulin transport into cerebrospinal fluid and restores sensitivity to the anorexic action of central insulin in male rats. Endocrinology 2013; 154:1047-54. [PMID: 23337529 PMCID: PMC3578991 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Diet-induced obesity (DIO) reduces the ability of centrally administered insulin to reduce feeding behavior and also reduces the transport of insulin from the periphery to the central nervous system (CNS). The current study was designed to determine whether reversal of high-fat DIO restores the anorexic efficacy of central insulin and whether this is accompanied by restoration of the compromised insulin transport. Adult male Long-Evans rats were initially maintained on either a low-fat chow diet (LFD) or a high-fat diet (HFD). After 22 weeks, half of the animals on the HFD were changed to the LFD, whereas the other half continued on the HFD for an additional 8 weeks, such that there were 3 groups: 1) a LFD control group (Con; n = 18), 2) a HFD-fed, DIO group (n = 17), and 3) a HFD to LFD, DIO-reversal group (DIO-rev; n = 18). The DIO reversal resulted in a significant reduction of body weight and epididymal fat weight relative to the DIO group. Acute central insulin administration (8 mU) reduced food intake and caused weight loss in Con and DIO-rev but not DIO rats. Fasting cerebrospinal fluid insulin was higher in DIO than Con animals. However, after a peripheral bolus injection of insulin, cerebrospinal fluid insulin increased in Con and DIO-rev rats but not in the DIO group. These data provide support for previous reports that DIO inhibits both the central effects of insulin and insulin's transport to the CNS. Importantly, DIO-rev restored sensitivity to the effects of central insulin on food intake and insulin transport into the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denovan P Begg
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA.
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11
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Lecube A, Poca MA, Colomé N, Bech-Serra JJ, Hernández C, García-Ramírez M, Gándara D, Canals F, Simó R. Proteomic analysis of cerebrospinal fluid from obese women with idiopathic intracranial hypertension: a new approach for identifying new candidates in the pathogenesis of obesity. J Neuroendocrinol 2012; 24:944-52. [PMID: 22296024 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2012.02288.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Body weight control is tightly regulated in the hypothalamus. The inaccessibility of human brain tissue can be partially solved by using cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as a tool for assessing the central nervous system's production of orexigen and anorexigen factors. Using proteomic analysis, the present study investigated the differentially displayed proteins in human CSF from obese and non-obese subjects. We designed a case-control study conducted in a reference hospital where eight obese (cases) and eight non-obese (controls) women with idiopathic intracranial hypertension were included. Intracranial hypertension was normalised through the placement of a ventriculo- or lumboperitoneal shunt in the 12 months before their inclusion in the study. Isotope-coded protein label (for proteins > 10 kDa) and label-free liquid chromatography (for proteins < 10 kDa) associated with mass spectrometry analysis were used. Eighteen differentially expressed proteins were identified. Many of them fall into three main groups: inflammation (osteopontin, fibrinogen γ and β chain, α1 acid glycoprotein 2 and haptoglobin), neuroendocrine mediators (neurosecretory protein VGF, neuroendocrine protein 7B2, chromogranin-A and chromogranin B), and brain plasticity (testican-1, isoform 10 of fibronectin, galectin-3 binding protein and metalloproteinase inhibitor type 2). The differential production of osteopontin, neurosecretory protein VGF, chromogranin-A and fibrinogen γ chain was further confirmed by either enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or western blotting. In conclusion, we have identified potential candidates that could be involved in the pathogenesis of obesity. Further studies aiming to investigating the precise role of these proteins in the pathogenesis of obesity and their potential therapeutic implications are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lecube
- Department of Endocrinology, CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Institut de Recerca i Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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12
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Tan BK, Hallschmid M, Adya R, Kern W, Lehnert H, Randeva HS. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) in human cerebrospinal fluid: relationship with plasma FGF21 and body adiposity. Diabetes 2011; 60:2758-62. [PMID: 21926274 PMCID: PMC3198100 DOI: 10.2337/db11-0672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Reports of increased circulating fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) levels in obesity indicate that FGF21 may be implicated in body weight homeostasis. We sought to investigate the existence of FGF21 in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and, if present, the relationship between CSF FGF21 with body adiposity and metabolic parameters. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS CSF and corresponding plasma FGF21 were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (18 men and 20 women, aged 19-80 years, and BMI 16.2-38.1 kg/m(2)) and correlated to body adiposity and metabolic parameters. RESULTS CSF and plasma FGF21 increased in particular with rising BMI and fat mass. In CSF, FGF21 was detectable at concentrations ~40% that of plasma levels. CSF and plasma FGF21 levels were significantly positively correlated with BMI and fat mass, body weight, plasma insulin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance. Plasma FGF21 levels were significantly negatively correlated with plasma adiponectin. When subjected to multiple regression analysis, only fat mass was predictive of plasma FGF21 (β = 0.758; P = 0.004) and CSF FGF21 (β = 0.767; P = 0.007). The CSF-to-plasma FGF21 ratio was significantly negatively correlated with BMI, fat mass, and plasma FGF21. Subjects in the highest plasma FGF21 quintile had a lower CSF-to-plasma FGF21 ratio (12.7% [9.7-14.9%]) compared with those in the lowest plasma FGF21 quintile (94.7% [37.3-99.8%]) (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Our observations have important implications with respect to the potential central actions of FGF21. Future research should seek to clarify whether FGF21 would be beneficial in the management of obesity and its metabolic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bee K Tan
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Group, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
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13
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Elias E, Benrick A, Behre CJ, Ekman R, Zetterberg H, Stenlöf K, Wallenius V. Central nervous system lipocalin-type prostaglandin D2-synthase is correlated with orexigenic neuropeptides, visceral adiposity and markers of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in obese humans. J Neuroendocrinol 2011; 23:501-7. [PMID: 21438929 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2011.02128.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lipocalin-type prostaglandin D2-synthase (L-PGDS) is the main producer of prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) in the central nervous system (CNS). Animal data suggest effects of central nervous L-PGDS in the regulation of food intake and obesity. No human data are available. We hypothesised that a role for CNS L-PGDS in metabolic function in humans would be reflected by correlations with known orexigenic neuropeptides. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum samples were retrieved from 26 subjects in a weight loss study, comprising a 3-week dietary lead-in followed by 12-weeks of leptin or placebo treatment. At baseline, CSF L-PGDS was positively correlated with neuropeptide Y (NPY) (ρ = 0.695, P < 0.001, n = 26) and galanin (ρ = 0.651, P < 0.001) as well as visceral adipose tissue (ρ = 0.415, P = 0.035). Furthermore, CSF L-PGDS was inversely correlated with CSF leptin (ρ = -0.529, P = 0.005) and tended to correlate inversely with s.c. adipose tissue (ρ = -0.346, P = 0.084). As reported earlier, leptin treatment had no effect on weight loss and did not affect CSF L-PGDS or NPY levels compared to placebo. After weight loss, the change of CSF L-PGDS was significantly correlated with the change of CSF NPY levels (ρ = 0.604, P = 0.004, n = 21). Because of the correlation between baseline CSF L-PGDS levels and visceral adipose tissue, we examined associations with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis components. Baseline CSF L-PGDS was correlated with corticotrophin-releasing hormone (ρ = 0.764, P < 0.001) and β-endorphin (ρ = 0.491, P < 0.001). By contrast, serum L-PGDS was not correlated with any of the measured variables either at baseline or after treatment. In summary, CSF L-PGDS was correlated with orexigenic neuropeptides, visceral fat distribution and central HPA axis mediators. The importance of these findings is unclear but could suggest a role for CSF L-PGDS in the regulation of visceral obesity by interaction with the neuroendocrine circuits regulating appetite and fat distribution. Further interventional studies will be needed to characterise these interactions in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Elias
- Department of Gastrosurgical Research and Education, Sahlgrenska Academy at Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
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Tan BK, Hallschmid M, Kern W, Lehnert H, Randeva HS. Decreased cerebrospinal fluid/plasma ratio of the novel satiety molecule, nesfatin-1/NUCB-2, in obese humans: evidence of nesfatin-1/NUCB-2 resistance and implications for obesity treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:E669-73. [PMID: 21252251 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-1782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The novel adipokine, nesfatin-1/NUCB-2, reduces food intake, levels of which are elevated in overweight individuals. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to investigate the mechanisms underlying brain nesfatin-1/NUCB-2 uptake and to determine whether reduced uptake may contribute to nesfatin-1/NUCB-2 resistance. DESIGN Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and corresponding plasma nesfatin-1/NUCB-2 were measured by ELISA [18 men and 20 women; age, 19-80 yr; body mass index (BMI), 16.2-38.1 kg/m(2)] and correlated to body adiposity and metabolic parameters. RESULTS CSF/plasma nesfatin-1/NUCB-2 ratio was significantly negatively associated with BMI, body weight, fat mass, and CSF glucose. BMI was predictive of CSF/plasma nesfatin-1/NUCB-2 ratio (β = -0.786; P = 0.045). CSF nesfatin-1/NUCB-2 was significantly positively associated with plasma nesfatin-1/NUCB-2 (R = 0.706; P < 0.01). There was a significant linear relation between CSF and plasma nesfatin-1/NUCB-2 in lean (BMI <25 kg/m(2); R = 0.744; P = 0.002) and obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m(2); R = 0.693; P = 0.026) subjects. Subjects in the highest plasma nesfatin-1/NUCB-2 quintile had lower CSF/plasma nesfatin-1/NUCB-2 ratio [26.5% (26.0-29.5%)] compared to the lowest plasma nesfatin-1/NUCB-2 quintile [38.5% (34.0-42.0%)] (P < 0.01), corresponding BMI [32.4 (31.0-35.0) vs. 23.3 (19.7-23.5) kg/m(2); P < 0.01], and fat mass [32.8 (29.5-40.6) vs. 30.7 (8.2-20.1) kg/m(2); P < 0.01]. CONCLUSIONS Our observations have important implications with respect to the potential weight-reducing actions of nesfatin-1/NUCB-2 treatment. Future research should seek to clarify whether nesfatin-1/NUCB-2 would be beneficial in the management of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bee K Tan
- Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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Sinclair AJ, Walker EA, Burdon MA, van Beek AP, Kema IP, Hughes BA, Murray PI, Nightingale PG, Stewart PM, Rauz S, Tomlinson JW. Cerebrospinal fluid corticosteroid levels and cortisol metabolism in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension: a link between 11beta-HSD1 and intracranial pressure regulation? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95:5348-56. [PMID: 20826586 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-0729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The etiology of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is unknown. We hypothesized that obesity and elevated intracranial pressure may be linked through increased 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) activity. OBJECTIVE The aim was to characterize 11β-HSD1 in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) secretory [choroid plexus (CP)] and drainage [arachnoid granulation tissue (AGT)] structures, and to evaluate 11β-HSD1 activity after therapeutic weight loss in IIH. DESIGN AND SETTING We conducted in vitro analysis of CP and AGT and a prospective in vivo cohort study set in two tertiary care centers. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Twenty-five obese adult female patients with active IIH were studied, and 22 completed the study. INTERVENTION Fasted serum, CSF, and 24-h urine samples were collected at baseline, after 3-month observation, and after a 3-month diet. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Changes in urine, serum, and CSF glucocorticoids (measured by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry) after weight loss were measured. RESULTS 11β-HSD1 and key elements of the glucocorticoid signaling pathway were expressed in CP and AGT. After weight loss (14.2±7.8 kg; P<0.001), global 11β-HSD1 activity decreased (P=0.001) and correlated with reduction in intracranial pressure (r=0.504; P=0.028). CSF and serum glucocorticoids remained stable, although the change in CSF cortisone levels correlated with weight loss (r=-0.512; P=0.018). CONCLUSIONS Therapeutic weight loss in IIH is associated with a reduction in global 11β-HSD1 activity. Elevated 11β-HSD1 may represent a pathogenic mechanism in IIH, potentially via manipulation of CSF dynamics at the CP and AGT. Although further clarification of the functional role of 11β-HSD1 in IIH is needed, our results suggest that 11β-HSD1 inhibition may have therapeutic potential in IIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J Sinclair
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Dudley Road, Birmingham B18 7QU, United Kingdom
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Behbehani R, Mabrook A, Abbas JMK, Al-Rammah T, Mojiminiyi O, Doi SAR. Is cerebrospinal fluid leptin altered in idiopathic intracranial hypertension? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2010; 72:851-2. [PMID: 19788589 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2009.03722.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Observations of elevated circulating concentrations of visfatin (PBEF/Nampt) in obesity and diabetes suggest that this recently described adipokine is involved in the regulation of body weight and metabolism. We examined in humans whether visfatin is found in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and, if so, how CSF visfatin concentrations relate to adiposity and metabolic parameters. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We measured visfatin concentrations in the plasma and CSF of 38 subjects (18 men and 20 women; age 19-80 years) with a wide range of body weight (BMI 16.24-38.10 kg/m2). In addition, anthropometric parameters and endocrine markers were assessed. Bivariate correlation coefficients were determined and stepwise multiple regression analyses were performed to detect associations of CSF and plasma visfatin levels with relevant parameters. RESULTS Plasma visfatin levels increased with rising BMI (P < 0.0001) and body fat mass (P < 0.0001). In contrast, CSF visfatin levels decreased with increasing plasma visfatin concentrations (P < 0.03), BMI (P < 0.001), body fat mass (P < 0.0001), and insulin resistance (P < 0.05). Body fat was the only factor independently associated with CSF visfatin, explaining 58% of the variation of CSF visfatin levels (P < 0.0001). Neither plasma (P > 0.13) nor CSF (P > 0.61) visfatin concentrations differed between men and women. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that visfatin concentrations in human CSF decrease with rising body fat, supporting the assumption that visfatin transport across the blood-brain barrier is impaired in obesity and that central nervous visfatin insufficiency or resistance are linked to pathogenetic mechanisms of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Hallschmid
- Department of Neuroendocrinology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany.
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Nishii N, Nodake H, Takasu M, Soe O, Ohba Y, Maeda S, Ohtsuka Y, Honjo T, Saito M, Kitagawa H. Postprandial changes in leptin concentrations of cerebrospinal fluid in dogs during development of obesity. Am J Vet Res 2006; 67:2006-11. [PMID: 17144801 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.67.12.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate postprandial changes in the leptin concentration of CSF in dogs during development of obesity. ANIMALS 4 male Beagles. PROCEDURES Weight gain was induced and assessments were made when the dogs were in thin, optimal, and obese body conditions (BCs). The fat area at the level of the L3 vertebra was measured via computed tomography to assess the degree of obesity. Dogs were evaluated in fed and unfed states. Dogs in the fed state received food at 9 AM. Blood and CSF samples were collected at 8 AM, 4 PM, and 10 PM. RESULTS Baseline CSF leptin concentrations in the thin, optimal, and obese dogs were 24.3 +/- 2.7 pg/mL, 86.1 +/- 14.7 pg/mL, and 116.2 +/- 47.3 pg/mL, respectively. In the thin BC, CSF leptin concentration transiently increased at 4 PM. In the optimal BC, baseline CSF leptin concentration was maintained until 10 PM. In the obese BC, CSF leptin concentration increased from baseline value at 4 PM and 10 PM. Correlation between CSF leptin concentration and fat area was good at all time points. There was a significant negative correlation between the CSF leptin concentration-to-serum leptin concentration ratio and fat area at 4 PM; this correlation was not significant at 8 AM and 10 PM. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Decreased transport of leptin at the blood-brain barrier may be 1 mechanism of leptin resistance in dogs. However, leptin resistance at the blood-brain barrier may not be important in development of obesity in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohito Nishii
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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Kern W, Benedict C, Schultes B, Plohr F, Moser A, Born J, Fehm HL, Hallschmid M. Low cerebrospinal fluid insulin levels in obese humans. Diabetologia 2006; 49:2790-2. [PMID: 16951936 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-006-0409-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2006] [Accepted: 07/25/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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López M, Tovar S, Vázquez MJ, Nogueiras R, Seoane LM, García M, Señarís RM, Diéguez C. Perinatal overfeeding in rats results in increased levels of plasma leptin but unchanged cerebrospinal leptin in adulthood. Int J Obes (Lond) 2006; 31:371-7. [PMID: 16801924 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effect of perinatal programming and overfeeding on the hypothalamic control mechanisms of food intake in adult rats. DESIGN Neonatal programming effects on body weight, food intake, central and peripheral leptin levels, hypothalamic neuropeptides, leptin receptors and central leptin responsiveness in adult rats. MEASUREMENTS Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leptin levels were analyzed using radioimmunoassay. Neuropeptide mRNA levels were analyzed using in situ hybridization. Leptin receptor mRNA levels were analyzed using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Perinatally overfed rats growing up in small litters (SL) maintain their obese and hyperleptinemic phenotype in adulthood. However, leptin levels in CSF are abnormally low considering the plasmatic hyperleptinemia. In contrast to the already reported changes in perinatally overfed juvenile rats, perinatally overfed adult rats did not show any alteration in the expression of leptin receptor isoforms and evaluated neuropeptides. Moreover, SL adult rats showed a normal sensitivity regarding the inhibitory effect of intracerebroventricular leptin administration on food intake. CONCLUSION Perinatal overfeeding does not induce alterations in either the anorectic response to central leptin administration or expression of leptin receptors and neuropeptides in adulthood. The leptin resistance to peripheral leptin in SL adult rats may be related to impaired leptin transport across the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- M López
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, S Francisco s/n, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain
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Stenlöf K, Wernstedt I, Fjällman T, Wallenius V, Wallenius K, Jansson JO. Interleukin-6 levels in the central nervous system are negatively correlated with fat mass in overweight/obese subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88:4379-83. [PMID: 12970313 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2002-021733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we demonstrated that intracerebroventricular injection of IL-6 increases energy expenditure and decreases body fat in rodents. Therefore, IL-6 may play a role in appetite and body weight control in the central nervous system. In the present study we evaluated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum IL-6 levels in humans in relation to body fat content and to CSF and serum levels of leptin. Thirty-two healthy overweight/obese male subjects with a body mass index range of 29.3-36.0 kg/m(2) were studied. Total and sc body fat were measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry and computed tomography, respectively. CSF IL-6 levels were in some individuals higher than serum IL-6 levels and correlated negatively with total body weight, sc and total body fat. In contrast, CSF leptin levels were 30-60 times lower than serum leptin levels and correlated positively with serum leptin, body weight, sc and total body fat. Furthermore, there was a negative correlation between CSF IL-6 and leptin. In conclusion, CSF IL-6 differs in many ways from CSF leptin. CSF IL-6 may be locally produced rather than serum derived, and body fat-regulating regions in the central nervous system may be exposed to insufficient IL-6 levels in more severe obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaj Stenlöf
- Research Center for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Tritos NA, Kokkinos A, Lampadariou E, Alexiou E, Katsilambros N, Maratos-Flier E. Cerebrospinal fluid ghrelin is negatively associated with body mass index. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88:2943-6. [PMID: 12788909 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2003-030300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a 28 amino acid peptide hormone, predominantly expressed in the gastric epithelium and, at a lower level, in the hypothalamus. Although several lines of evidence indicate that ghrelin has a role in appetite regulation, nevertheless the regulation and role of central ghrelin levels remain unclear. To further characterize the role of ghrelin in the regulation of body adiposity, we investigated the association between fasting cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) ghrelin levels and body mass index (BMI) in humans. We consecutively enrolled 19 adults (aged 21-76 yr, 15 females and 4 males), including 4 obese, 7 overweight and 8 lean subjects, who underwent spinal anesthesia during surgery for non-malignant conditions. We found a negative association between fasting CSF ghrelin levels and BMI (r = -0.48, p = 0.035) and a trend towards lower (by 16%) fasting CSF ghrelin levels in the obese (p = 0.06 for the difference between lean and obese subjects). In conclusion, we found a negative association between fasting CSF ghrelin levels and BMI in humans. Our data suggest that central ghrelin may have a role in the regulation of body adiposity in humans, which requires further study to be fully elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Tritos
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The behavioral phenotype of Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) suggests hypothalamic dysfunction and altered neurotransmitter regulation. The purpose of this study was to examine whether there was any difference in the concentrations of monoamine metabolites in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in PWS and non-PWS comparison cases. METHODS The concentration of monoamine metabolites in CSF was determined in 13 children and adolescents with PWS diagnosed on clinical and genetic criteria. The concentrations were compared with those from 56 comparison cases in healthy and other contrast groups. RESULTS The concentrations of dopamine and particularly serotonin metabolites were increased in the PWS group. The differences were most prominent for 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. The increased concentrations were found in all PWS cases independently of age, body mass index, and level of mental retardation. CONCLUSIONS The findings implicate dysfunction of the serotonergic system and possibly also of the dopamine system in PWS individuals, and might help inform future psychopharmacologic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Akefeldt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Göteborg, Mölndal
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Wu-Peng XS, Chua SC, Okada N, Liu SM, Nicolson M, Leibel RL. Phenotype of the obese Koletsky (f) rat due to Tyr763Stop mutation in the extracellular domain of the leptin receptor (Lepr): evidence for deficient plasma-to-CSF transport of leptin in both the Zucker and Koletsky obese rat. Diabetes 1997; 46:513-8. [PMID: 9032111 DOI: 10.2337/diab.46.3.513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The obese phenotypes of the diabetes (db) mouse and fatty fa) rat are due to functional null mutations of the leptin receptor (Lepr). The recessive mutation in the Koletsky (f) obese rat maps to the same genetic intervals as db and fa and fails to complement the fa mutation. Comparison of the sequence of brain Lepr cDNA from +/+ and f/f animals reveals a T2349A transversion resulting in a Tyr763Stop nonsense mutation in the gene just before the transmembrane domain. Virtual absence of Lepr mRNA in whole brain from f/f animals is consistent with the presence of a null mutation. The predicted reduced cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) transport of leptin in both f/f and fa/fa mutants is reflected in the approximately 10-fold lower ratio of CSF/plasma leptin concentration in the obese versus lean animals. However, equivalent CSF leptin concentration between lean and obese rats (fa/fa, f/f) indicates that leptin can enter the CSF through a non-Lepr-mediated mechanism, which may be saturated at normal physiological plasma leptin concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- X S Wu-Peng
- Laboratory of Human Behavior and Metabolism, Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021, USA
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Strömbom U, Krotkiewski M, Blennow K, Månsson JE, Ekman R, Björntorp P. The concentrations of monoamine metabolites and neuropeptides in the cerebrospinal fluid of obese women with different body fat distribution. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1996; 20:361-8. [PMID: 8680464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
DESIGN AND SUBJECTS Several studies suggest neuroendocrine abnormalities in, particularly, abdominal, central obesity in humans, a condition with high morbidity and mortality. Therefore the concentrations of neuropeptides and catecholamines in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were analysed in 48 obese women, subdivided into groups with central, abdominal and gluteo-femoral distribution of body fat, utilising the waist-to-hip circumference ratio (WHR) for division. RESULTS In comparisons with non-obese control women concentration of 5-hydroxyindol acetic acid (5-HIAA), methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG), corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), beta-endorphins (END) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) were lower, while homovanillic acid (HVA) was not different in obese women, HIAA, HVA and END correlated negatively with the WHR only in abdominally obese women, suggesting a threshold effect. HIAA vs HVA as well as CRF vs END correlated strongly in the total and both subgroups. An interrelationship between all these four substances was found in abdominal but not in gluteo-femoral obesity, suggesting a tighter functional coupling in the former group. Several correlations were found between CSF substance levels and appetite registrations, including END vs voracious eating, and for carbohydrate craving vs HIAA and vs HVA (negatively). This was also found only in abdominally obese women. CONCLUSION Although the concentrations of monoamine metabolites and neuropeptides in the CSF sampled at the level of the lumber spine might not be representative for those at regulatory centers in the brain, the findings suggest that low 5-HIAA is characteristic of human obesity, and coupled to CRH as well as eating abnormalities, particularly in abdominal obesity. Since CRH is regulating the balance between the autonomic nervous systems, insulin secretion and thermogenesis in animals, corresponding anomalies in abdominal obesity in humans may have a central origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Strömbom
- Department of Pharmacology, Sahlgren's Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that abnormal entry of glucose into the central nervous system (CNS) might exist in some chronic binge eaters of carbohydrates, as either a cause or consequence of binge eating. The purpose of this study was thus to determine fasting and postprandial glucose concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of healthy women, and to obtain similar data in an obese, irritable woman with chronic binge eating of postpartum onset. METHOD CSF was sampled continuously at 0.1 ml/min from 1100 hr to 1700 hr from the binge eating patient, who consumed 5,000 to 10,000 calories per day (preferentially binging on refined carbohydrates), and 4 healthy women via an indwelling, flexible spinal canal catheter. CSF aliquots were obtained at 10-min intervals for measurement of glucose concentrations. Simultaneously, blood was withdrawn at 30-min intervals to obtain serum for glucose assay. A glucose-rich mixed liquid meal was consumed by participants at 1300 hr. RESULTS In striking contrast to the normal women, our bulimic patient showed no postprandial rise whatever in CSF glucose concentrations. Fasting CSF glucose concentrations were slightly lower whereas fasting serum glucose levels were normal in the bulimic patient, compared with the normal women. After eating, serum glucose levels increased in all participants, but less so in our patient. DISCUSSION This is the first description of a lack of postprandial elevation in CSF glucose concentration in a patient with a binge eating disorder. Defective transport of glucose across the blood-brain barrier might account for the observed abnormality. While considering other possibilities, we conjecture that our patient's binge eating was an attempt to compensate for impaired postprandial entry of glucose into her CNS.
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Israel PA, Park CR, Schwartz MW, Green PK, Sipols AJ, Woods SC, Porte D, Figlewicz DP. Effect of diet-induced obesity and experimental hyperinsulinemia on insulin uptake into CSF of the rat. Brain Res Bull 1993; 30:571-5. [PMID: 8457906 DOI: 10.1016/0361-9230(93)90084-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We examined the hypothesis that the uptake of plasma insulin into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is saturable in two rat models. Dietary obese and control female Osborne Mendel rats received 24-h infusions of vehicle or insulin. CSF insulin levels in cafeteria- and chow-fed rats were comparable at all levels of plasma insulin (4.5 +/- 2.8, 7.6 +/- 2.4, and 23.9 +/- 6.4 microU/ml in cafeteria diet vs. 4.5 +/- 0.9, 6.8 +/- 1.1, and 17.0 +/- 4.0 microU/ml in chow rats). CSF insulin uptake as a percentage of plasma insulin decreased with increased plasma insulin in both groups. A similar relationship was observed in Wistar rats receiving 6-day infusions of vehicle or insulin (plasma insulin = 55 +/- 12 vs. 365 +/- 98 microU/ml; CSF/plasma insulin ratio = 0.022 +/- .007 vs. 0.013 +/- .006, respectively). Hyperinsulinemic Wistar rats did not demonstrate decreased brain capillary insulin binding vs. vehicle-infused controls. The results suggest that a saturable transport process contributes insulin transport into CSF in normal rats and that this process is not altered by moderate diet-induced obesity or hyperinsulinemia per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Israel
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195
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Stein LJ, Dorsa DM, Baskin DG, Figlewicz DP, Ikeda H, Frankmann SP, Greenwood MR, Porte D, Woods SC. Immunoreactive insulin levels are elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid of genetically obese Zucker rats. Endocrinology 1983; 113:2299-301. [PMID: 6357768 DOI: 10.1210/endo-113-6-2299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Immunoreactive insulin (IRI) concentrations were measured in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of four-month old genetically obese Zucker rats, their heterozygote lean littermates, and age-matched normal-weight Wistar rats. Basal plasma IRI was 201 + 35 microU/ml (means +/- SEM) in the obese animals and was significantly elevated compared to both lean Zucker rats (18 +/- 2.4 microU/ml, P less than 0.001) and Wistar rats (12 +/- 2.4 microU/ml, P less than 0.001). The mean CSF IRI concentration of fasted obese Zucker rats was 1.59 +/- 0.19 microU/ml; this was significantly higher than the CSF IRI level of either fasted Zucker lean rats (0.31 +/- 0.08 microU/ml, P less than 0.001) or Wistar rats (0.34 +/- 0.12 microU/ml, P less than 0.001). Plasma and CSF IRI concentrations were increased in free-feeding as compared with fasted animals. These data provide evidence that endogenous CSF insulin is derived from circulating plasma insulin in the rat and suggest that the hyperphagia and obesity of the Zucker fatty rat are not due to an inability of circulating insulin to gain access to the CSF.
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Abstract
The concentration of oestrone in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from obese young women with pseudotumour cerebri was much greater than predicted and found in normal subjects. Each woman with pseudotumour cerebri, and a high level of CSF oestrone and a CSF protein less than 0·2 g/l, had clinical improvement when treated with an 800 calorie/day diet and dexamethasone 2 mg/day.
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Cramer H, Warter JM, Renaud B, Krieger J, Marescaux CH, Hammers R. Cerebrospinal fluid adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and homovanillic acid in patients with sleep apnoea syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1981; 44:1165-7. [PMID: 6174700 PMCID: PMC491241 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.44.12.1165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and homovanillic acid (HVA) were determined in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with respiratory disorder and hypersomnia and in control patients. Patients with the sleep apnoea syndrome confirmed polygraphically showed elevated levels of cyclic AMP and 5-HIAA. Cyclic AMP levels were inversely correlated with arterial Po(2), measured under resting conditions. The level of HVA also was raised, but the change was not statistically significant.
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Owen OE, Reichard GA, Boden G, Shuman C. Comparative measurements of glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, and insulin in blood and cerebrospinal fluid during starvation. Metabolism 1974; 23:7-14. [PMID: 4808514 DOI: 10.1016/0026-0495(74)90098-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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