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Yu J, Li J, Shen A, Liu Z, He TS. E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF128 negatively regulates the IL-3/STAT5 signaling pathway by facilitating K27-linked polyubiquitination of IL-3Rα. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:254. [PMID: 38702781 PMCID: PMC11067302 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01636-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
IL-3/STAT5 signaling pathway is crucial for the development and activation of immune cells, contributing to the cellular response to infections and inflammatory stimuli. Dysregulation of the IL-3/STAT5 signaling have been associated with inflammatory and autoimmune diseases characterized by inflammatory cell infiltration and organ damage. IL-3 receptor α (IL-3Rα) specifically binds to IL-3 and initiates intracellular signaling, resulting in the phosphorylation of STAT5. However, the regulatory mechanisms of IL-3Rα remain unclear. Here, we identified the E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF128 as a negative regulator of IL-3/STAT5 signaling by targeting IL-3Rα for lysosomal degradation. RNF128 was shown to selectively bind to IL-3Rα, without interacting with the common beta chain IL-3Rβ, which shares the subunit with GM-CSF. The deficiency of Rnf128 had no effect on GM-CSF-induced phosphorylation of Stat5, but it resulted in heightened Il-3-triggered activation of Stat5 and increased transcription of the Id1, Pim1, and Cd69 genes. Furthermore, we found that RNF128 promoted the K27-linked polyubiquitination of IL-3Rα in a ligase activity-dependent manner, ultimately facilitating its degradation through the lysosomal pathway. RNF128 inhibited the activation and chemotaxis of macrophages in response to LPS stimulation, thereby attenuating excessive inflammatory responses. Collectively, these results reveal that RNF128 negatively regulates the IL-3/STAT5 signaling pathway by facilitating K27-linked polyubiquitination of IL-3Rα. This study uncovers E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF128 as a novel regulator of the IL-3/STAT5 signaling pathway, providing potential molecular targets for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingge Yu
- School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, China
- Center for Immunology, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- School of Graduate, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Jingmen Central Hospital, Jingmen, China
| | - Jianguo Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, China
- Center for Immunology, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- School of Graduate, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ao Shen
- School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, China
- Center for Immunology, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- School of Graduate, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhiping Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, China.
- Center for Immunology, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Tian-Sheng He
- School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, China.
- Center for Immunology, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China.
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Fogha J, Bayry J, Diharce J, de Brevern AG. Structural and evolutionary exploration of the IL-3 family and its alpha subunit receptors. Amino Acids 2021; 53:1211-1227. [PMID: 34196789 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03026-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-3 (IL-3) is a cytokine belonging to the family of common β (βc) and is involved in various biological systems. Its activity is mediated by the interaction with its receptor (IL-3R), a heterodimer composed of two distinct subunits: IL-3Rα and βc. IL-3 and its receptor, especially IL-3Rα, play a crucial role in pathologies like inflammatory diseases and therefore are interesting therapeutic targets. Here, we have performed an analysis of these proteins and their interaction based on structural and evolutionary information. We highlighted that IL-3 and IL-3Rα structural architectures are conserved across evolution and shared with other proteins belonging to the same βc family interleukin-5 (IL-5) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). The IL-3Rα/IL-3 interaction is mediated by a large interface in which most residues are surprisingly not conserved during evolution and across family members. In spite of this high variability, we suggested small regions constituted by few residues conserved during the evolution in both proteins that could be important for the binding affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade Fogha
- UMR_S 1134, DSIMB, Université de Paris, Inserm, Biologie Intégrée du Globule Rouge, 75739, Paris, France
- Institut National de La Transfusion Sanguine (INTS), 75739, Paris, France
- Laboratoire D'Excellence GR-Ex, 75739, Paris, France
| | - Jagadeesh Bayry
- Centre de Recherche Des Cordeliers, Institut National de La Santé Et de La Recherche Médicale, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75006, Paris, France
- Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Kozhippara, Palakkad, 678 557, India
| | - Julien Diharce
- UMR_S 1134, DSIMB, Université de Paris, Inserm, Biologie Intégrée du Globule Rouge, 75739, Paris, France.
- Institut National de La Transfusion Sanguine (INTS), 75739, Paris, France.
- Laboratoire D'Excellence GR-Ex, 75739, Paris, France.
| | - Alexandre G de Brevern
- UMR_S 1134, DSIMB, Université de Paris, Inserm, Biologie Intégrée du Globule Rouge, 75739, Paris, France.
- Institut National de La Transfusion Sanguine (INTS), 75739, Paris, France.
- Laboratoire D'Excellence GR-Ex, 75739, Paris, France.
- UMR_S 1134, DSIMB, Université de La Réunion, Inserm, Biologie Intégrée du Globule Rouge, La Réunion, 97744, Saint-Denis, France.
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Akula S, Paivandy A, Fu Z, Thorpe M, Pejler G, Hellman L. How Relevant Are Bone Marrow-Derived Mast Cells (BMMCs) as Models for Tissue Mast Cells? A Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of BMMCs and Peritoneal Mast Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9092118. [PMID: 32957735 PMCID: PMC7564378 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) are often used as a model system for studies of the role of MCs in health and disease. These cells are relatively easy to obtain from total bone marrow cells by culturing under the influence of IL-3 or stem cell factor (SCF). After 3 to 4 weeks in culture, a nearly homogenous cell population of toluidine blue-positive cells are often obtained. However, the question is how relevant equivalents these cells are to normal tissue MCs. By comparing the total transcriptome of purified peritoneal MCs with BMMCs, here we obtained a comparative view of these cells. We found several important transcripts that were expressed at very high levels in peritoneal MCs, but were almost totally absent from the BMMCs, including the major chymotryptic granule protease Mcpt4, the neurotrophin receptor Gfra2, the substance P receptor Mrgprb2, the metalloprotease Adamts9 and the complement factor 2 (C2). In addition, there were a number of other molecules that were expressed at much higher levels in peritoneal MCs than in BMMCs, including the transcription factors Myb and Meis2, the MilR1 (Allergin), Hdc (Histidine decarboxylase), Tarm1 and the IL-3 receptor alpha chain. We also found many transcripts that were highly expressed in BMMCs but were absent or expressed at low levels in the peritoneal MCs. However, there were also numerous MC-related transcripts that were expressed at similar levels in the two populations of cells, but almost absent in peritoneal macrophages and B cells. These results reveal that the transcriptome of BMMCs shows many similarities, but also many differences to that of tissue MCs. BMMCs can thereby serve as suitable models in many settings concerning the biology of MCs, but our findings also emphasize that great care should be taken when extrapolating findings from BMMCs to the in vivo function of tissue-resident MCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Akula
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, The Biomedical Center, Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden; (S.A.); (Z.F.); (M.T.)
| | - Aida Paivandy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, The Biomedical Center, Box 589, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; (A.P.); (G.P.)
| | - Zhirong Fu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, The Biomedical Center, Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden; (S.A.); (Z.F.); (M.T.)
| | - Michael Thorpe
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, The Biomedical Center, Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden; (S.A.); (Z.F.); (M.T.)
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, The Biomedical Center, Box 589, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; (A.P.); (G.P.)
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7011, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Hellman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, The Biomedical Center, Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden; (S.A.); (Z.F.); (M.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-(0)18-471-4532; Fax: +46-(0)18-471-4862
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Dougan M, Dranoff G, Dougan SK. GM-CSF, IL-3, and IL-5 Family of Cytokines: Regulators of Inflammation. Immunity 2019; 50:796-811. [PMID: 30995500 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The β common chain cytokines GM-CSF, IL-3, and IL-5 regulate varied inflammatory responses that promote the rapid clearance of pathogens but also contribute to pathology in chronic inflammation. Therapeutic interventions manipulating these cytokines are approved for use in some cancers as well as allergic and autoimmune disease, and others show promising early clinical activity. These approaches are based on our understanding of the inflammatory roles of these cytokines; however, GM-CSF also participates in the resolution of inflammation, and IL-3 and IL-5 may also have such properties. Here, we review the functions of the β common cytokines in health and disease. We discuss preclinical and clinical data, highlighting the potential inherent in targeting these cytokine pathways, the limitations, and the important gaps in understanding of the basic biology of this cytokine family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Dougan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Glenn Dranoff
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Stephanie K Dougan
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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5
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Dai YP, Gao XP, Wu JM, Li X, Huang FH, Zou WJ. [Effect of total saponins from Sanguisorba officinalis on megakaryocyte progenitor cells proliferation, differentiation and relative receptor expression]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2014; 39:1685-1689. [PMID: 25095385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of total saponins from Sanguisorba officinalis (DYS) on hematopoietic cell proliferation, differentiation and the expression level of IL-3R and c-kit. METHOD Baf3 and 32D cells were cultured with or without IL-3, then the cells were exposed to DYS in different concentrations of 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 mg x L(-1) for 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours separately. After that, the cell proliferation and differentiation capacity were determinated by the methods of CCK8 and Giemsa staining separately. The effects of DYS on the expression level of IL-3 receptor in Baf3 cells and the expression level of c-kit in 32D cells were determinated using RT-PCR. RESULT DYS promotes alone proliferation of Baf3 cells and 32D cells after 48 h. In contrast to control cells, 32D cells containing DYS without IL-3 form many large clusters. DYS also increases the proliferation when cultured with IL-3. High concentration of DYS induce alone the differentiation of 32D cells and increase alone the number of the polyploidy megakaryocyte. Moreover, DYS increases alone the expression level of IL-3R in Baf3 cells and the expression level of c-kit in 32D cells separately. CONCLUSION Our data shows DYS can promote alone proliferation and differentiation of megakaryocyte progenitor cells. The proliferative and differentiative effect of DYS on megakaryocyte progenitor cells is correlated to the up-regulation of IL-3 receptor and c-kit expression.
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Ghirelli C, Zollinger R, Soumelis V. Systematic cytokine receptor profiling reveals GM-CSF as a novel TLR-independent activator of human plasmacytoid predendritic cells. Blood 2010; 115:5037-40. [PMID: 20382843 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-01-266932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human plasmacytoid predendritic cells (pDCs) can be activated during microbial infection through Toll-like receptor engagement. They are also involved in nonmicrobial inflammatory diseases, but their activation pathways in this context remain elusive. To identify Toll-like receptor-independent pDC activators, we performed a systematic analysis of cytokine receptors on primary human pDCs. Six receptors were expressed both at mRNA and protein levels: interleukin-3 receptor (IL-3R), IL-6R, IL-10R, IL-18R, interferon-gamma receptor, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) receptor. Only GM-CSF and IL-3 were able to efficiently promote pDC survival and induce their differentiation into dendritic cells. Allogeneic naive CD4 T cells primed with GM-CSF-activated pDCs produced more interferon-gamma and less IL-4 and IL-10 compared with IL-3-activated pDCs, indicating a shift in the Th1/Th2 balance. Our data point at a novel function of GM-CSF, which may serve as a link between a pathologic inflammatory environment, pDC activation, and the modulation of CD4 T-cell responses.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/physiology
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Dendritic Cells/cytology
- Dendritic Cells/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/physiology
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/metabolism
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/pharmacology
- Humans
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Interferon/genetics
- Receptors, Interferon/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-10/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-18/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-18/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-3/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-3/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-6/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-6/metabolism
- Toll-Like Receptors/metabolism
- Interferon gamma Receptor
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Jing X, Infante J, Nachtman RG, Jurecic R. E3 ligase FLRF (Rnf41) regulates differentiation of hematopoietic progenitors by governing steady-state levels of cytokine and retinoic acid receptors. Exp Hematol 2008; 36:1110-20. [PMID: 18495327 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2008.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2008] [Revised: 04/01/2008] [Accepted: 04/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE FLRF (Rnf41) gene was identified through screening of subtracted cDNA libraries form murine hematopoietic stem cells and progenitors. Subsequent work has revealed that FLRF acts as E3 ubiquitin ligase, and that it regulates steady-state levels of neuregulin receptor ErbB3 and participates in degradation of IAP protein BRUCE and parkin. The objective of this study was to start exploring the role of FLRF during hematopoiesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS FLRF was overexpressed in a murine multipotent hematopoietic progenitor cell line EML, which can differentiate into almost all blood cell lineages, and in pro-B progenitor cell line BaF3. The impact of FLRF overexpression on EML cell differentiation into myeloerythroid lineages was studied using hematopoietic colony-forming assays. The interaction of FLRF with cytokine receptors and receptor levels in control cells and EML and BaF3 cells overexpressing FLRF were examined with Western and immunoprecipitation. RESULTS Remarkably, overexpression of FLRF significantly attenuated erythroid and myeloid differentiation of EML cells in response to cytokines erythropoietin (EPO) and interleukin-3 (IL-3), and retinoic acid (RA), and resulted in significant and constitutive decrease of steady-state levels of IL-3, EPO, and RA receptor-alpha (RARalpha) in EML and BaF3 cells. Immunoprecipitation has revealed that FLRF interacts with IL-3, EPO, and RARalpha receptors in EML and BaF3 cells, and that FLRF-mediated downregulation of these receptors is ligand binding-independent. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study have revealed new FLRF-mediated pathway for ligand-independent receptor level regulation, and support the notion that through maintaining basal levels of cytokine receptors, FLRF is involved in the control of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation into myeloerythroid lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jing
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Stirewalt DL, Meshinchi S, Kopecky KJ, Fan W, Pogosova-Agadjanyan EL, Engel JH, Cronk MR, Dorcy KS, McQuary AR, Hockenbery D, Wood B, Heimfeld S, Radich JP. Identification of genes with abnormal expression changes in acute myeloid leukemia. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2008; 47:8-20. [PMID: 17910043 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is one of the most common and deadly forms of hematopoietic malignancies. We hypothesized that microarray studies could identify previously unrecognized expression changes that occur only in AML blasts. We were particularly interested in those genes with increased expression in AML, believing that these genes may be potential therapeutic targets. To test this hypothesis, we compared gene expression profiles between normal hematopoietic cells from 38 healthy donors and leukemic blasts from 26 AML patients. Normal hematopoietic samples included CD34+ selected cells (N = 18), unselected bone marrows (N = 10), and unselected peripheral bloods (N = 10). Twenty genes displayed AML-specific expression changes that were not found in the normal hematopoietic cells. Subsequent analyses using microarray data from 285 additional AML patients confirmed expression changes for 13 of the 20 genes. Seven genes (BIK, CCNA1, FUT4, IL3RA, HOMER3, JAG1, WT1) displayed increased expression in AML, while 6 genes (ALDHA1A, PELO, PLXNC1, PRUNE, SERPINB9, TRIB2) displayed decreased expression. Quantitative RT/PCR studies for the 7 over-expressed genes were performed in an independent set of 9 normal and 21 pediatric AML samples. All 7 over-expressed genes displayed an increased expression in the AML samples compared to normals. Three of the 7 over-expressed genes (WT1, CCNA1, and IL3RA) have already been linked to leukemogenesis and/or AML prognosis, while little is known about the role of the other 4 over-expressed genes in AML. Future studies will determine their potential role in leukemogenesis and their clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek L Stirewalt
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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Lencz T, Morgan TV, Athanasiou M, Dain B, Reed CR, Kane JM, Kucherlapati R, Malhotra AK. Converging evidence for a pseudoautosomal cytokine receptor gene locus in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2007; 12:572-80. [PMID: 17522711 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a strongly heritable disorder, and identification of potential candidate genes has accelerated in recent years. Genomewide scans have identified multiple large linkage regions across the genome, with fine-mapping studies and other investigations of biologically plausible targets demonstrating several promising candidate genes of modest effect. The recent introduction of technological platforms for whole-genome association (WGA) studies can provide an opportunity to rapidly identify novel targets, although no WGA studies have been reported in the psychiatric literature to date. We report results of a case-control WGA study in schizophrenia, examining approximately 500 000 markers, which revealed a strong effect (P=3.7 x 10(-7)) of a novel locus (rs4129148) near the CSF2RA (colony stimulating factor, receptor 2 alpha) gene in the pseudoautosomal region. Sequencing of CSF2RA and its neighbor, IL3RA (interleukin 3 receptor alpha) in an independent case-control cohort revealed both common intronic haplotypes and several novel, rare missense variants associated with schizophrenia. The presence of cytokine receptor abnormalities in schizophrenia may help explain prior epidemiologic data relating the risk for this illness to altered rates of autoimmune disorders, prenatal infection and familial leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lencz
- Department of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Division of the North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, NY 11004, USA.
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Hogge DE, Yalcintepe L, Wong SH, Gerhard B, Frankel AE. Variant diphtheria toxin-interleukin-3 fusion proteins with increased receptor affinity have enhanced cytotoxicity against acute myeloid leukemia progenitors. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:1284-91. [PMID: 16489085 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-2070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A fusion protein linking a truncated form of diphtheria toxin (DT(388)) to human interleukin-3 (DT(388)IL3) kills malignant progenitors from some patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) while sparing normal progenitors. This study evaluated two variants of DT(388)IL3 with increased affinity for the IL-3 receptor (IL-3R) for their cytotoxicity to AML progenitors and determined the ability of quantitative reverse transcription-PCR assessment of expression of the IL-3R subunits to predict the effectiveness of wild-type DT(388)IL3 and its variants. Both the IL-3 deletion variant (Delta125-133) and the amino acid substitution variant (K116W) showed enhanced toxicity against AML colony-forming cells (AML-CFC; but not normal CFC) compared with wild-type DT(388)IL3 with the K116W variant achieving >90% AML-CFC kill with 17 of 23 patient samples. This variant was also more effective against AML cells engrafting in nonobese diabetic severe combined immunodeficient mice. There was a significant correlation between the expression of the alpha and, particularly, the common beta subunit of the IL-3R on AML blasts detected by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and AML-CFC kill. Thus, the combined use of IL-3R expression to select patients most likely to respond to DT(388)IL3 and the improved cytotoxicity of the K116W DT(388)IL3 variant against leukemic progenitors may enhance the clinical usefulness of these fusion proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna E Hogge
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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11
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Lindstedt M, Lundberg K, Borrebaeck CAK. Gene Family Clustering Identifies Functionally Associated Subsets of Human In Vivo Blood and Tonsillar Dendritic Cells. J Immunol 2005; 175:4839-46. [PMID: 16210585 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.8.4839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human dendritic cells (DCs) are a distinct but heterogeneous lineage of APCs operating as the link between innate and adaptive immune responses, with the function to either maintain tolerance or trigger immunity. The DC lineage consists of several subpopulations with unique phenotypes; however, their functional characteristics and transcriptional similarities remain largely unknown. To further characterize the phenotypes and transcriptomes of the subsets, we purified myeloid CD16(+), blood DC Ag 1(+) (BDCA1(+)), and BDCA3(+) DC populations, as well as plasmacytoid CD123(+) DCs, from tonsillar tissue and peripheral blood. Transcriptional profiling and hierarchical clustering visualized that BDCA1(+) DCs clustered with BDCA3(+) DCs, whereas CD16(+) DCs and CD123(+) DCs clustered as distinct populations in blood. Differential expression levels of chemokines, ILs, and pattern recognition receptors were demonstrated, which emphasize innate DC subset specialization. Even though highly BDCA1(+) and BDCA3(+) DC-specific gene expression was identified in blood, the BDCA1(+) DCs and BDCA3(+) DCs from tonsils displayed similar transcriptional activity, most likely due to the pathogenic or inflammatory maturational signals present in tonsillar tissues. Of note, plasmacytoid DCs displayed less plasticity in their transcriptional activity compared with myeloid DCs. The data demonstrated a functionally distinct association of each of the seven subsets based on their signatures, involving regulatory genes in adaptive and innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Lindstedt
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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12
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Wållberg F, Sundström H, Ledung E, Hewitt CJ, Enfors SO. Monitoring and quantification of inclusion body formation in Escherichia coli by multi-parameter flow cytometry. Biotechnol Lett 2005; 27:919-26. [PMID: 16091887 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-005-7184-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2005] [Accepted: 05/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Multi-parameter flow cytometry was used to monitor the formation of promegapoietin (PMP) inclusion bodies during a high cell density Escherichia coli fed-batch fermentation process. Inclusion bodies were labelled with a primary antibody and then with a secondary fluorescent antibody. Using this method it was possible to detect PMP inclusion body formation with a high specificity and it was possible to monitor the increased accumulation of the protein with process time (6-48 mg PMP/g CDW) whilst highlighting population heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Wållberg
- Department of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, Roslagstullsbacken 21, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Abstract
Classical Hodgkin's disease (HD) is a peculiar form of lymphoma characterized by a low frequency of tumor cells, the so-called Hodgkin (H) and Reed/Sternberg (RS) cells, embedded in a background of non-neoplastic (reactive) cells believed to be recruited and activated by H-RS cell-derived cytokines/chemokines. How these tumor cells can survive in such a seemingly hostile environment has confused researchers. We have previously identified interleukin (IL)-3 receptor (R) expression as a common feature of classical HD and unveiled the potential role of IL-3 as a growth and anti-apoptotic factor for H-RS cells. More then 90% of malignant cells of classical HD usually express the alpha chain of the IL-3R (IL-3R(alpha)), as evidenced by immunostaining of frozen sections and cell suspensions from neoplastic lymph nodes. Consistently, HD-derived cell lines (L428, KMH2, HDLM2 and L1236) express the alpha and beta chains that form IL-3R, both at the mRNA and protein level, with a molecular size of IL-3R(alpha) identical (70 kDa) to that expressed by human myeloid cells. Exogenous IL-3 promotes the growth of cultured H-RS cells, such an effect being potentiated by IL-9 and stem cell factor (SCF) co-stimulation, and is able to partially rescue tumor cells from apoptosis induced by serum deprivation. Finally, cultured H-RS cells are able to increase the production of IL-3 by pre-activated T cells, suggesting an involvement of IL-3/IL-3R interactions in the cellular growth of HD through paracrine mechanisms. This review will outline the biological activity of IL-3 and summarize the evidence indicating IL-3 as a growth and anti-apoptotic factor for H-RS cells in classical HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Aldinucci
- Clinical and Experimental Hematology Research Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS, Aviano (PN), Italy.
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14
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Sundström H, Wållberg F, Ledung E, Norrman B, Hewitt CJ, Enfors SO. Segregation to non-dividing cells in recombinant Escherichia coli fed-batch fermentation processes. Biotechnol Lett 2005; 26:1533-9. [PMID: 15604793 DOI: 10.1023/b:bile.0000044458.29147.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In Escherichia coli fermentation processes, a drastic drop in viable cell count as measured by the number of colony forming units per ml (c.f.u. ml(-1)) is often observed. This phenomenon was investigated in a process for the production of the recombinant fusion protein, promegapoietin (PMP). After induction, the number of c.f.u. ml(-1) dropped to approximately 10% of its maximum though the biomass concentration continued to increase. Flow cytometric analysis of viability and intracellular concentration of PMP showed that almost all cells were alive and contributed to the production. Thus, the drop in the number of c.f.u. ml(-1) probably reflects a loss of cell division capability rather than cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heléne Sundström
- Department of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, Roslagstullsbacken 21, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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15
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Rauch M, Brito M, Zambrano A, Espinoza M, PéREZ M, YAñEZ A, Rivas C, Slebe J, Vera J, Concha I. Differential signalling for enhanced hexose uptake by interleukin (IL)-3 and IL-5 in male germ cells. Biochem J 2004; 381:495-501. [PMID: 15018615 PMCID: PMC1133857 DOI: 10.1042/bj20031615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2003] [Revised: 02/09/2004] [Accepted: 03/12/2004] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We studied the expression and function of the IL (interleukin)-3 and IL-5 family of receptors in male germ cells. RT (reverse transcription)-PCR showed expression of mRNAs encoding the alpha and beta subunits of the IL-3 and IL-5 receptors in human testis, and the presence of IL-3 and IL-5 receptors alpha and beta proteins was confirmed by immunoblotting with anti-alpha and anti-beta antibodies. The immunolocalization studies showed expression of these receptors in the germ line in the human testis and in human and bovine ejaculated spermatozoa. Functional studies with bull spermatozoa indicated that IL-3 signalled for increased uptake of hexoses in these cells at picomolar concentrations compatible with expression of functional high-affinity IL-3 receptors in these cells. In contrast, IL-5 failed to induce increased hexose uptake in bull spermatozoa. Experiments using HL-60 eosinophils that express functional IL-3 and IL-5 receptors confirmed that IL-3, but not IL-5, signalled for increased hexose uptake. Our findings suggest that differential signalling for increased hexose uptake by heteromeric high-affinity IL-3 and IL-5 receptors in mammalian spermatozoa is a property that depends on the identity of the alpha-subunit forming part of the alphabeta-complex and is not a property specific to the germ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Cecilia Rauch
- *Instituto de Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Mónica Brito
- *Instituto de Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Angara Zambrano
- *Instituto de Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Mónica Espinoza
- *Instituto de Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Marisol PéREZ
- *Instituto de Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Alejandro YAñEZ
- *Instituto de Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Coralia I. Rivas
- †Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario S/N, Concepción, Chile
| | - Juan Carlos Slebe
- *Instituto de Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Juan Carlos Vera
- †Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario S/N, Concepción, Chile
| | - Ilona I. Concha
- *Instituto de Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (e-mail )
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16
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Westcott MM, Abi-Habib RJ, Cohen KA, Willingham MC, Liu S, Bugge TH, Leppla SH, Frankel AE. Diphtheria toxin-murine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-induced hepatotoxicity is mediated by Kupffer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2004; 3:1681-9. [PMID: 15634662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
DT388GMCSF, a fusion toxin composed of the NH2-terminal region of diphtheria toxin (DT) fused to human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF) has shown efficacy in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. However, the primary dose-limiting side effect is liver toxicity. We have reproduced liver toxicity in rats using the rodent cell-tropic DT-murine GMCSF (DT390mGMCSF). Serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase were elevated 15- and 4-fold, respectively, in DT390mGMCSF-treated rats relative to controls. Histologic analysis revealed hepatocyte swelling; however, this did not lead to hepatic necrosis or overt histopathologic changes in the liver. Immunohistochemical staining showed apoptotic cells in the sinusoids, and depletion of cells expressing the monocyte/macrophage markers, ED1 and ED2, indicating that Kupffer cells (KC) are targets of DT390mGMCSF. In contrast, sinusoidal endothelial cells seemed intact. In vitro, DT390mGMCSF was directly cytotoxic to primary KC but not hepatocytes. Two related fusion toxins, DT388GMCSF, which targets the human GMCSF receptor, and DT390mIL-3, which targets the rodent IL-3 receptor, induced a less than 2-fold elevation in serum transaminases and did not deplete KC in vivo. In addition, DTU2mGMCSF, a modified form of DT390mGMCSF with enhanced tumor cell specificity, was not hepatotoxic and was significantly less toxic to KC in vivo and in vitro. These results show that DT390mGMCSF causes liver toxicity by targeting KC, and establish a model for studying how this leads to hepatocyte injury. Furthermore, alternative fusion toxins with potentially reduced hepatotoxicity are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlena M Westcott
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA
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17
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Huang T, Huang ZQ, Zhou YM, Xue ZZ, Gan RB. [Study on the changes of IL-3 and its receptor in mice with immune-mediated aplastic anemia]. Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi 2004; 12:684-6. [PMID: 15498135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to find new idea for clinical treatment of aplastic anemia. Immune-mediated aplastic anemia mice were developed, IL-3 in the supernatant with PHA stimulating splenic cells was detected by ELISA, semi-quantiting analysis of IL-3R was performed by point hybridization. The results showed that the IL-3 level in the supernatant with PHA stimulating splenic cells of immune-mediated aplastic anemia mice was higher than controls, difference between them was significant (P <0.001), while amount of IL-3 receptor by semi-quantiting analysis was lower than control significantly. In conclusion, the IL-3 receptor expression level is important for pathogenesis and treatment strategy of aplastic anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Huang
- Department of Hematology, The Yue Yang Iraditional Chinese and Weseten Medicine Integrated Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Traditional Chinese University, Shanghai 200437, China.
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18
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Iwamoto T, Senga T, Adachi K, Hamaguchi M. Stat3-dependent induction of interleukin-3 receptor expression in leukemia inhibitory factor-stimulated M1 mouse leukemia cells. Cytokine 2004; 25:136-9. [PMID: 14698140 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2003.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
M1 mouse leukemia cells differentiate to macrophages/monocytes by the stimulation of interleukin-6 (IL-6)/leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). To identify new LIF-induced genes, we have performed representational difference analysis using M1 cells and cloned mouse interleukin-3 (IL-3) receptor beta subunit gene. The mRNA expression of both IL-3 receptor (IL-3R) alpha and beta subunits is upregulated after 1 h stimulation of LIF and remains to be elevated along the differentiation of M1 cells. This induction is almost completely suppressed in M1 cells expressing a dominant negative form of Stat3. Furthermore, we show that IL-3-induced Stat5 phosphorylation increases in LIF-stimulated M1 cells. These results suggest that Stat3 may play a role in the differentiation of myeloid cells by regulating IL-3R expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Iwamoto
- Radioisotope Research Center Medical Division, Nagoya University School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan.
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19
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Abstract
The colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) are a group of cytokines central to the hematopoiesis of blood cells, the modulation of their functional responses, as well as the maintenance of homeostasis and overall immune competence. This group consists of the macrophage-CSF (M-CSF), granulocyte-CSF (G-CSF), granulocyte/macrophage-CSF (GM-CSF), and multi-CSF (IL-3). M-CSF and G-CSF are relatively lineage-specific, having a role in the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of macrophages, neutrophils, and their precursors. In contrast, GM-CSF and multi-CSF function at earlier stages of lineage commitment regulating the expansion and maturation of primitive hematopoietic progenitors. Colony stimulating factor production and degradation are strictly controlled, thus allowing for effective modulation of their biological functions in steady-state conditions as well as under periods of stress. Moreover, the mechanisms behind their expression and that of their cognate receptors ensures that their actions are tightly coordinated, within the context of a network of complex but finely tuned regulatory pathways derived from a variety of local and endocrine hematopoietic regulators. In this review we present some of the most salient information on CSF biology collected over the last three decades. We examine the gene and protein structure of each of the four CSFs and their corresponding receptors, and consider the main determinants behind their biological activities. The components responsible for their functional redundancy as well as the mechanisms that mediate their specificity are also discussed. Although most of available knowledge about CSFs is on human and mouse CSFs, an attempt was made to integrate recent findings in other systems in order to highlight a more widespread role for CSFs throughout evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Barreda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cw-405 Biological Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2E9
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20
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Scherr M, Battmer K, Dallmann I, Ganser A, Eder M. Inhibition of GM-CSF receptor function by stable RNA interference in a NOD/SCID mouse hematopoietic stem cell transplantation model. Oligonucleotides 2004; 13:353-63. [PMID: 15000826 DOI: 10.1089/154545703322617032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) describes a highly conserved mechanism of sequence-specific posttranscriptional gene silencing triggered by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Whereas RNAi is applied to study gene function in different organisms and in variant cell types, little is known about RNAi in human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and their myeloid progeny. To address this issue, short hairpin RNAs (shRNA) were designed to target the common beta-chain of the human receptors for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin-3 (IL-3), and IL-5 (betaGMR). These receptors regulate proliferation, survival, differentiation, and functional activity of hematopoietic cells. In addition to markedly inhibiting mRNA and protein expression, anti-beta-GMR shRNAs were also found to inhibit receptor function in a cell culture model. Furthermore, lentiviral gene transfer of shRNA expression cassettes into primary normal CD34+ cells selectively inhibited colony formation of transduced progenitors when stimulated with GM-CSF/IL-3 but not when stimulated with cytokines that do not signal via beta-GMR. Finally, anti-beta-GMR shRNAs had no detectable effect on engraftment or lineage composition of lentivirally transduced human CD34+ cells transplanted into NOD/SCID mice. However, the growth defect of transduced colony-forming cells under stimulation with GM-CSF/IL-3 remains unchanged in bone marrow cells harvested from individual NOD/SCID mice 6 weeks after transplantation. These data indicate that lentiviral gene transfer of shRNA expression cassettes may be used to induce long-term RNAi in human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells for functional genetics and potential therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Scherr
- Hannover Medical School, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Hannover, Germany.
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21
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Hunyady L, Gáborik Z, Shah BH, Jagadeesh G, Clark AJL, Catt KJ. Structural determinants of agonist-induced signaling and regulation of the angiotensin AT1 receptor. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2004; 217:89-100. [PMID: 15134806 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2003.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) regulates aldosterone secretion by stimulating inositol phosphate production and Ca(2+) signaling in adrenal glomerulosa cells via the G(q)-coupled AT(1) receptor, which is rapidly internalized upon agonist binding. Ang II also binds to the heptahelical AT(2) receptor, which neither activates inositol phosphate signaling nor undergoes receptor internalization. The differential behaviors of the AT(1) and AT(2) receptors were analyzed in chimeric angiotensin receptors created by swapping the second (IL2), the third (IL3) intracellular loops and/or the cytoplasmic tail (CT) between these receptors. When transiently expressed in COS-7 cells, the chimeric receptors showed only minor alterations in their ligand binding properties. Measurements of the internalization kinetics and inositol phosphate responses of chimeric AT(1A) receptors indicated that the CT is required for normal receptor internalization, and IL2 is a determinant of G protein activation. In addition, the amino-terminal portion of IL3 is required for both receptor functions. However, only substitution of IL2 impaired Ang II-induced ERK activation, suggesting that alternative mechanisms are responsible for ERK activation in signaling-deficient mutant AT(1) receptors. Substitution of IL2, IL3, or CT of the AT(1A) receptor into the AT(2) receptor sequence did not endow the latter with the ability to internalize or to mediate inositol phosphate signaling responses. These data suggest that the lack of receptor internalization and inositol phosphate signal generation by the AT(2) receptor is a consequence of its different activation mechanism, rather than the inability of its cytoplasmic domains to couple to intracellular effectors.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- COS Cells
- Calcium Signaling/genetics
- Cricetinae
- GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics
- GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Inositol Phosphates/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/metabolism
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Binding/genetics
- Protein Structure, Tertiary/genetics
- Rats
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-3/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-3/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- László Hunyady
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Faculty of Medicine, H-1088 Budapest, Hungary.
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22
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Guthridge MA, Barry EF, Felquer FA, McClure BJ, Stomski FC, Ramshaw H, Lopez AF. The phosphoserine-585-dependent pathway of the GM-CSF/IL-3/IL-5 receptors mediates hematopoietic cell survival through activation of NF-kappaB and induction of bcl-2. Blood 2004; 103:820-7. [PMID: 12920017 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-06-1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently identified a novel mechanism of hematopoietic cell survival that involves site-specific serine phosphorylation of the common beta subunit (beta(c)) of the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin-3 (IL-3), and IL-5 receptors. However, the downstream components of this pathway are not known, nor is its relationship to survival signals triggered by tyrosine phosphorylation of the receptor clear. We have now found that phosphorylation of Ser585 of beta(c) in response to GM-CSF recruited 14-3-3 and phosphatidyl inositol 3-OH kinase (PI 3-kinase) to the receptor, while phosphorylation of the neighboring Tyr577 within this "viability domain" promoted the activation of both Src homology and collagen (Shc) and Ras. These are independent processes as demonstrated by the intact reactivity of phosphospecific anti-Ser585 and anti-Tyr577 antibodies on the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-ecotrophic retroviral receptor neomycin (CTL-EN) mutants beta(c)Tyr577Phe and beta(c)Ser585Gly, respectively. Importantly, while mutants in which either Ser585 (beta(c)Ser585Gly) or all tyrosines (beta(c)F8) were substituted showed a defect in Akt phosphorylation, nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation, bcl-2 induction, and cell survival, the mutant beta(c)Tyr577Phe was defective in Shc, Ras, and extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) activation, but supported CTL-EN cell survival in response to GM-CSF. These results demonstrate that both serine and tyrosine phosphorylation pathways play a role in hematopoietic cell survival, are initially independent of each other, and converge on NF-kappaB to promote bcl-2 expression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Division
- Cell Line
- Cell Survival
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genes, bcl-2
- Humans
- Mice
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- Phosphoserine/chemistry
- Receptors, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/chemistry
- Receptors, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin/chemistry
- Receptors, Interleukin/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-3/chemistry
- Receptors, Interleukin-3/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-3/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-5
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Guthridge
- Cytokine Receptor Laboratory, Department of Human Immunology, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Frome Rd, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia 5000
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Abstract
Recent studies indicate that abnormalities of the interleukin-3 receptor (IL-3R) are frequently observed in acute myeloid leukemias (AMLs) and may contribute to the proliferative advantage of leukemic blasts. This review analyzes the evidences indicating that the IL-3R represents one of the target molecules involved in the stimulation of proliferation of AMLs, and the overexpression of the IL-3Ralpha chain may represent one of the mechanisms contributing to the development of a highly malignant leukemic phenotype. Furthermore, there is evidence that the IL-3Ralpha is a marker of leukemic stem cells, at variance with normal stem cells that are IL-3Ralpha-. Finally, the IL-3R may represent an important target for the development of new antileukemic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Testa
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy.
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24
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Luo L, Luo YL, Lai WY. [Effects of Huobahuagen tablet on the expression of interleukin-3 receptor mRNA in asthmatic guinea pig bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and eosinophil infiltration]. Di Yi Jun Yi Da Xue Xue Bao 2003; 23:1069-73. [PMID: 14559697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of Huobahuagen tablet on the expression of interleukin-3 (IL-3) receptor mRNA in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and infiltration of eosinophil (Eos) in the airway of asthmatic guinea pigs. METHODS Thirty-two healthy guinea pigs were randomized into 4 equal groups, the control group, asthmatic group, dexamethasone therapy group and Huobahuagen tablet therapy group. Asthma was induced in the latter 3 groups which were challenged with the asthma-inducing agents and at the same time received treatments as indicated. BALF were collected subsequently from the guinea pigs for examining the total cell number and cell classification, and histopathologic examination of the lung tissue was performed. Semi-quantitative analysis with reverse transcriptional-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of IL-3 receptor mRNA in the BALF was performed. RESULTS Compared with the control and the asthmatic group, the number of Eos in the BALF of Huobahuagen tablet therapy group was significantly lower (P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively). In spite of the presence of hyperemia and edema in the lung tissues of the Huobahuagen tablet therapy group, Eos infiltration was less severe than that in the asthmatic group. As found by RT-PCR, the quantity of IL-3 receptor mRNA in the BALF of the Huobahuagen tablet therapy group did not significantly differ from that in the dexamethasone therapy group, but was significantly higher than that in both the control and asthmatic group (P<0.01). CONCLUSION Huobahuagen tablet can significantly lower the number of Eos in the airway of asthmatic guinea pigs, a finding that may potentially serve as the elementary theoretical basis for clinical therapy of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Luo
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, First Military Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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25
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Brown AL, Peters M, D'Andrea RJ, Gonda TJ. Constitutive mutants of the GM-CSF receptor reveal multiple pathways leading to myeloid cell survival, proliferation, and granulocyte-macrophage differentiation. Blood 2003; 103:507-16. [PMID: 14504109 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-05-1435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) family of receptors promotes the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of cells of the myeloid compartment. Several signaling pathways are activated downstream of the receptor, however it is not clear how these induce specific biologic outcomes. We have previously identified 2 classes of constitutively active mutants of the shared signaling subunit, human (h) betac, of the human GM-CSF/interleukin-3 (IL-3)/IL-5 receptors that exhibit different modes of signaling. In a factor-dependent bipotential myeloid cell line, FDB1, an activated mutant containing a substitution in the transmembrane domain (V449E) induces factor-independent proliferation and survival, while mutants in the extracellular domain induce factor-independent granulocyte-macrophage differentiation. Here we have used further mutational analysis to demonstrate that there are nonredundant functions for several regions of the cytoplasmic domain with regard to mediating proliferation, viability, and differentiation, which have not been revealed by previous studies with the wild-type GM-CSF receptor. This unique lack of redundancy has revealed an association of a conserved membrane-proximal region with viability signaling and a critical but distinct role for tyrosine 577 in the activities of each class of mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Brown
- Child Health Research Institute, 72 King William Rd, North Adelaide, South Australia, 5006 Australia.
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26
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Liu B, Hou CM, Wu Y, Zhang SX, Mao N. [The investigation of hematopoietic capacity of HPP-CFC derived from murine embryonic stem cells in vitro and in vivo]. Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao 2003; 19:312-6. [PMID: 15969013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The hematopoietic system of the mouse arises from extraembryonic mesoderm that migrate through primitive streak to the presumptive yolk sac at day 7.0 of gestation. However, the mechanisms regulating mesoderm commitment to hematopoietic lineages remain poorly understood. Previous studies demonstrated that the development kinetics and growth factor responsiveness of hematopoietic precursors derived from embryonic stem cells (ES cells) is similar to that found in the yolk sac, indicating that the onset of hematopoiesis within the embryoid bodies (EBs) parallels that found in the embryo. Furthermore, in vitro differentiation of ES cells to hematopoietic cells is valuable for establishment of therapeutic clone against a variety of hematological disorders. Despite the identification of multipotential hematopoietic progenitors in EBs, a subset of more primitive progenitors, identical to the high proliferative potential colony-forming cells (HPP-CFC) derived from human and murine hematopoietic tissues, have not been clearly identified regarding particular their replating potential in vitro. HPP-CFC is among the most primitive hematopoietic multipotent precursors cultured in vitro. In this study, our aim was to investigate the in vitro and in vivo hematopoietic capacity of HPP-CFC within the day 12 EBs, rather than the expansion of more committed progenitors. In this study the HPP-CFC could be detected within EBs differentiated for 5 to 14 days of murine ES cells, but the development dynamics of the HPP-CFC differed greatly among distinct serum lots. Qualitatively HPP-CFC is capable of forming secondary colonies. As to our expectation the ES cells-derived HPP-CFC demonstrated similar regeneration capacity to those from yolk sac, giving rise to secondary granulocyte, erythrocyte, macrophage and mast cells, however largely differed from the counterparts of adult bone marrow. In addition, by RT-PCR ES cells-derived HPP-CFC were found to express transcription factors associated closely with stem cell proliferation including SCL, GATA-2 and AML1 as well as various receptors of hematopoietic growth factors such as c-kit, GM-CSF receptor and interleukin 3 receptor et al. Finally, in order to understand the in vivo hematopoietic capacity of the ES cells-derived HPP-CFC, spleen colony-forming unit (CFU-S) assay was performed. Nevertheless, typical CFU-S was not observed after transplantation of the day 12 EB cells or HPP-CFC colonies into lethally irradiated adult murine. In conclusion the HPP-CFC differentiated from murine ES cells displayed robust hematopoietic activity in vitro, however their in vivo reconstitution ability was not detected. The difference between in vitro and in vivo hematopoietic activities of ES cells-derived primitive hematopoietic precursors deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
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Ogawa K, Hashida R, Miyagawa M, Kagaya S, Sugita Y, Matsumoto K, Katsunuma T, Akasawa A, Tsujimoto G, Saito H. Analysis of gene expression in peripheral blood eosinophils from patients with atopic dermatitis and in vitro cytokine-stimulated blood eosinophils. Clin Exp Immunol 2003; 131:436-45. [PMID: 12605696 PMCID: PMC1808659 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2003.02090.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigation of differentially expressed genes in eosinophils of patients with allergic diseases such as atopic dermatitis (AD) will provide important information for elucidating possible mechanisms of pathology. To identify novel genes that are expressed in AD, we compared gene expression in samples of peripheral blood eosinophils from AD patients and healthy volunteers. RNA was extracted from peripheral blood eosinophils. The expression of various genes, such as those for cytokine receptors, eosinophil activation marker, platelet activating factor (PAF) receptor, eosinophil-specific granular proteins and apoptosis-related genes, was confirmed using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Peripheral blood eosinophils of healthy volunteers were also isolated and stimulated for introduction of various cytokines. RNA was extracted and gene expression was monitored. Several genes, such as those for cytokine receptors (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) receptor alpha and beta chain and interleukin (IL)-3 receptor alpha chain), CD44 and PAF receptor were expressed at significantly higher levels in AD patients than in healthy volunteers. In addition, the anti-apoptotic genes, bcl-2 and bcl-xL, were expressed at increased levels in AD patients. No single gene expression correlated with clinical markers, such as eosinophil count or IgE levels. Expression of GM-CSF receptor beta chain and IL-3 receptor alpha chain in isolated blood eosinophils of healthy volunteers was stimulated by IL-5, IL-4, interferon (IFN)-gamma and GM-CSF. Expression of bcl-2 and bcl-xL was also increased after stimulation with IL-5, IL-4 or IFN-gamma. The in vitro enhancement of cytokine-stimulated gene expression correlated well with the enhancement observed in clinical samples of eosinophils, suggesting that cytokines may affect gene expression in vivo in eosinophils of patients with AD.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Cells, Cultured
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Cytokines/immunology
- Dermatitis, Atopic/immunology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Eosinophils/immunology
- Female
- Gene Expression/immunology
- Humans
- Hyaluronan Receptors/biosynthesis
- Hyaluronan Receptors/genetics
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Multivariate Analysis
- Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled
- Receptors, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-3/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interleukin-3/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Severity of Illness Index
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ogawa
- Genox Research Inc., Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
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28
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Abstract
The receptors for human interleukin-3 (hIL-3R) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (hGM-CSFR) consist of an alpha subunit, specific for each cytokine, and a beta subunit, common to IL-3, GM-CSF, and IL-5. We cloned genomic DNA covering 1.5 kb of the 5' flanking region of the hIL-3R alpha gene and identified multiple transcription start sites by 5(')-RACE and primer extension analyses. By use of transient transfection experiments, two regions (nt -363 to -331 and -106 to -92) of the hIL-3R alpha promoter appeared to have significant transcription-enhancing activities. Electrophoresis mobility shift assays revealed the binding of Sp1 and unidentified proteins to these regions. Deletion of a putative PU.1 binding site did not affect the promoter activity. We then analyzed 2.5 kb of the hGM-CSFR alpha gene and found the proximal PU.1 binding site to be important for transcription-enhancing activity, as previously reported. These results suggest that different transcriptional activation mechanisms are employed for the transcriptional regulation of hIL-3 and hGM-CSF receptor alpha genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Akagawa
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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30
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Evans CA, Ariffin S, Pierce A, Whetton AD. Identification of primary structural features that define the differential actions of IL-3 and GM-CSF receptors. Blood 2002; 100:3164-74. [PMID: 12384414 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2001-12-0235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of human interleukin 3 (IL-3) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) receptors, ectopically expressed in FDCP-mix multipotent cells, stimulates self-renewal or myeloid differentiation, respectively. These receptors are composed of unique alpha subunits that interact with common beta(c) subunits. A chimeric receptor (hGM/beta(c)), comprising the extracellular domain of the hGM-CSF receptor alpha subunit (hGM Ralpha) fused to the intracellular domain of hbeta(c), was generated to determine whether hbeta(c) activation is alone sufficient to promote differentiation. hGM-CSF activation of hGM/beta(c), expressed in the presence and absence of the hbeta(c) subunit, promoted maintenance of primitive phenotype. This indicates that the cytosolic domain of the hGM Ralpha chain is required for differentiation mediated by activation of the hGM Ralpha, beta(c) receptor complex. We have previously demonstrated that the alpha cytosolic domain confers signal specificity for IL-3 and GM-CSF receptors. Bioinformatic analysis of the IL-3 Ralpha and GM Ralpha subunits identified a tripeptide sequence, adjacent to the conserved proline-rich domain, which was potentially a key difference between them. Cross-exchange of the equivalent tripeptides between the alpha subunits altered receptor function compared to the wild-type receptors. Both the mutant and the corresponding wild-type receptors promoted survival and proliferation in the short-term but had distinct effects on developmental outcome. The mutated hGM Ralpha promoted long-term proliferation and maintenance of primitive cell morphology, whereas cytokine activation of the corresponding hIL-3 Ralpha mutant promoted myeloid differentiation. We have thus identified a region of the alpha cytosolic domain that is of critical importance for defining receptor specificity.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Line
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/pharmacology
- Granulocytes/cytology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Humans
- Interleukin-3/pharmacology
- Macrophages/cytology
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Phenotype
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Protein Subunits
- Receptors, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/chemistry
- Receptors, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/drug effects
- Receptors, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-3/chemistry
- Receptors, Interleukin-3/drug effects
- Receptors, Interleukin-3/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/drug effects
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Substrate Specificity
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A Evans
- Leukaemia Research Fund Cellular Development Unit, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST), Sackville Street, Manchester M60 1QD, UK
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31
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Testa U, Riccioni R, Militi S, Coccia E, Stellacci E, Samoggia P, Latagliata R, Mariani G, Rossini A, Battistini A, Lo-Coco F, Peschle C. Elevated expression of IL-3Ralpha in acute myelogenous leukemia is associated with enhanced blast proliferation, increased cellularity, and poor prognosis. Blood 2002; 100:2980-8. [PMID: 12351411 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-03-0852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the expression of interleukin-3 receptor alpha (IL-3Ralpha) chain in primary blasts from 79 patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), 25 patients with B-acute lymphoid leukemia (B-ALL), and 7 patients with T-acute lymphoid leukemia (T-ALL) to evaluate a linkage between the expression of this receptor chain, blast proliferative status, and disease prognosis. Although IL-3Ralpha chain was scarcely expressed in most patients with T-ALL, it was overexpressed in 40% and 45% of patients with B-ALL and AML, respectively, compared with the levels observed in normal CD34(+) progenitors. The biological and clinical significance of this overexpression pattern was investigated in AML. At the biological level, elevated IL-3Ralpha expression was associated with peculiar properties of leukemic blasts, specifically in 3 areas. First, in all patients the blasts expressing elevated IL-3Ralpha levels exhibited higher cycling activity and increased resistance to apoptosis triggered by growth factor deprivation. Second, spontaneous signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (Stat5) phosphorylation was observed in 13% of AML patients, all pertaining to the group of patients exhibiting high IL-3Ralpha expression. Third, following IL-3 treatment, Stat5 was activated at higher levels in blasts with elevated IL-3Ralpha expression. At the clinical level, a significant correlation was observed between the level of IL-3Ralpha expression and the number of leukemic blasts at diagnosis, and patients exhibiting elevated IL-3Ralpha levels had a lower complete remission rate and survival duration than those showing normal IL-3Ralpha levels. These findings suggest that in AML, deregulated expression of IL-3Ralpha may contribute to the proliferative advantage of the leukemic blasts and, hence, to a poor prognosis.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Antigens, Surface/analysis
- Apoptosis
- Blast Crisis
- Cell Cycle
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Interleukin-3 Receptor alpha Subunit
- Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/immunology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/mortality
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Middle Aged
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Prognosis
- Receptors, Interleukin-3/genetics
- Recurrence
- Reference Values
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Survival Rate
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Testa
- Departments of Hematology and Oncology, Virology, and Immunology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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32
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Gebhardt T, Sellge G, Lorentz A, Raab R, Manns MP, Bischoff SC. Cultured human intestinal mast cells express functional IL-3 receptors and respond to IL-3 by enhancing growth and IgE receptor-dependent mediator release. Eur J Immunol 2002; 32:2308-16. [PMID: 12209644 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(200208)32:8<2308::aid-immu2308>3.0.co;2-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are immunoregulatory effector cells capable of releasing different mediators and cytokines implicated in inflammatory tissue processes. Previous studies suggested that IL-3 regulates growth and function of murine mast cells and human mast cell precursors, but does not affect mature human mast cells. In the present study, we found expression of IL-3 receptors (IL-3R) in freshly isolated human intestinal mast cells by reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR and in mast cells cultured with stem cell factor (SCF) using RT-PCR and flow cytometry. IL-3R expression was enhanced when the culture medium was supplemented with IL-4 in addition to SCF. In the presence of SCF, IL-3 significantly enhanced mast cell growth in a dose-dependent fashion (179+/-51% of control, p</=0.004, n=9, ED(50) approximately 15 ng/ml) by decreasing mast cell apoptosis rather than inducing proliferation. Furthermore, IL-3 selectively enhanced histamine (from 39.6+/-12.4 to 51.2+/-15.7% specific release, p<0.02, n=8) and leukotriene C(4) (LTC(4), 5.1+/-3.4 to 10.8+/-5.5 ng/10(6) mast cells, p<0.03, n=6) release triggered by IgE receptor cross-linking without affecting prostaglandin D(2) production. In conclusion, our data show that human intestinal mast cells express functional IL-3R, indicating that IL-3 not only regulates growth and function of immature, but also that of mature human mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gebhardt
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical School of Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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33
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Rossini A, Militi S, Sposi NM, Pelosi E, Testa U. Modulation by growth factors of the expression of interleukin 3 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor common chain beta c. Leuk Lymphoma 2002; 43:1645-50. [PMID: 12400608 DOI: 10.1080/1042819021000002983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 3 (IL-3), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin 5 (IL-5) exert their biological activities through interaction with cell-surface receptors that consist of two subunits, a specific a subunit and a common beta transducing subunit (beta c). We have evaluated the effect of growth factors on the expression of beta c in normal monocytes. Addition of either GM-CSF or M-CSF to monocytes elicited a marked increase of beta c chain expression, a phenomenon seemingly related to a stimulation of the transcriptional activity of this gene mediated through an enhancement of the PU.1 DNA binding activity. Interestingly, during the activation of beta c chain expression by growth factors a switch from the synthesis of the truncated betaIT to the full-length beta c was observed. Similar observations have been made also in the growth factor-dependent erythroleukemic cell line TF-1, showing that GM-CSF deprivation elicited a marked decrease of beta c chain expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Rossini
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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34
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Reddy GPV, McAuliffe CI, Pang L, Quesenberry PJ, Bertoncello I. Cytokine receptor repertoire and cytokine responsiveness of Ho(dull)/Rh(dull) stem cells with differing potentials for G1/S phase progression. Exp Hematol 2002; 30:792-800. [PMID: 12135678 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-472x(02)00814-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Subsetting of Hoechst 33342 dull (Ho(dull)) hematopoietic stem cells on the basis of rhodamine 123 (Rh) efflux utilizing an improved dual-dye efflux strategy resolves Ho(dull)/Rh(dull) stem cell subsets that differ with regard to their rate of recruitment and progression through the cell cycle upon exposure to cytokines. MATERIALS AND METHODS Murine bone marrow cells were isolated by negative immunomagnetic selection using lineage-directed antibodies followed by Ho and Rh staining using a dual-dye efflux method. RESULTS Ho(dull)/Rh(dull) stem cells that efflux Rh more efficiently (R1) exhibit a 4- to 8-hour delay in progression to S phase when stimulated by interleukin-3 (IL-3), IL-6, IL-11, and stem cell factor (SCF) compared to Ho(dull)/Rh(medium) stem cells, which retain low levels of Rh (R2). R1 and R2 cells show a hierarchical entry into S phase upon exposure to any or all of these cytokines. The R1 subset contains proportionately more high proliferative potential colony-forming cells than the R2 subset, but equivalent levels of engraftable stem cells at 3 and 8 weeks after competitive transplantation. Both R1 and R2 cells express c-kit, IL-3R, and IL-11R, whereas IL-6R and c-fms are only expressed by R1 or R2 cells, respectively. Cytokine stimulation of R1 and R2 cells induced cell cycle progression with elevated or induced expression of c-kit, c-fms, IL-2R, and IL-6R. CONCLUSION These studies indicate that primitive marrow stem cells can be further subsetted by degree of Rh staining to reveal important functional phenotypic differences between cells with different levels of Rh staining.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Benzimidazoles/analysis
- Benzimidazoles/metabolism
- Biological Transport
- Biomarkers
- Bone Marrow Cells/classification
- Bone Marrow Cells/cytology
- Bone Marrow Cells/drug effects
- Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism
- Bone Marrow Transplantation
- Cell Lineage
- Colony-Forming Units Assay
- Cytokines/pharmacology
- Female
- Fluorescent Dyes/analysis
- Fluorescent Dyes/metabolism
- G1 Phase/physiology
- Graft Survival
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/classification
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Immunomagnetic Separation
- Interleukin-11/pharmacology
- Interleukin-11 Receptor alpha Subunit
- Interleukin-3/pharmacology
- Interleukin-6/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit/biosynthesis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit/genetics
- Receptor, Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/biosynthesis
- Receptor, Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Cytokine/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cytokine/drug effects
- Receptors, Cytokine/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interleukin/drug effects
- Receptors, Interleukin/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-11
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-3/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interleukin-3/drug effects
- Receptors, Interleukin-3/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-6/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interleukin-6/drug effects
- Receptors, Interleukin-6/genetics
- Rhodamine 123/analysis
- Rhodamine 123/metabolism
- S Phase/physiology
- Stem Cell Factor/pharmacology
- Time Factors
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- G Prem Veer Reddy
- Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Health Sciences Center, Detroit, MI, USA
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35
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Allakhverdi Z, Allam M, Renzi PM. Inhibition of antigen-induced eosinophilia and airway hyperresponsiveness by antisense oligonucleotides directed against the common beta chain of IL-3, IL-5, GM-CSF receptors in a rat model of allergic asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 165:1015-21. [PMID: 11934731 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.165.7.2109095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway obstruction, hyperresponsiveness, and the accumulation and persistence within the airways of inflammatory cells characterize asthma. Interleukin (IL)-3, granulocyte macrophage colony- stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and IL-5 are among several cytokines that have been shown to be increased in asthma and to contribute to atopic inflammation. They mediate their effect via receptors that have a common beta subunit (beta(c)). We hypothesized that blocking of this common beta(c) would impair the airway response to antigen. We report that an antisense (AS) phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) found to specifically inhibit transcription of the beta(c) in rat bone marrow cells also caused inhibition of beta(c) mRNA expression and of immunoreactive cells within the lungs of Brown Norway (BN) rats when injected intratracheally (p < 0.01). Inhibition of beta(c) significantly reduced (p < 0.01) experimentally induced eosinophilia in vivo in ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized BN rats after antigen challenge. Furthermore, when compared with mismatch-treated rats, beta(c) AS-ODN caused inhibition of antigen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness to leukotriene D4. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that the common beta(c) of IL-3, IL-5, and GM-CSF receptors is involved in the eosinophil influx and airway hyperresponsiveness that follow OVA challenge and underscore the potential utility of a topical antisense approach targeting beta(c) for the treatment of asthma.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens/immunology
- Asthma/immunology
- Asthma/pathology
- Asthma/physiopathology
- Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism
- Bronchial Hyperreactivity
- Cell Count
- Cells, Cultured
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Eosinophils/pathology
- Immunization
- Leukotriene D4/pharmacology
- Lung/metabolism
- Lung/pathology
- Male
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred BN
- Receptors, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/chemistry
- Receptors, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin/chemistry
- Receptors, Interleukin/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin-3/chemistry
- Receptors, Interleukin-3/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-3/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin-5
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoulfia Allakhverdi
- CHUM Research Center, Notre-Dame Hospital, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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36
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Abstract
Although 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) has been known for its immunosuppressive activity, the mechanisms of its action have been difficult to elucidate, partly because of its inability of exerting its effects in vitro. To gain insights into the molecular mechanisms of immunosuppressive effects of TCDD, we screened for genes, which are regulated by in vivo TCDD treatment in an allogeneic mouse tumor model. RNA, collected from lymphoid organs, was reverse-transcribed to cDNA and hybridized to DNA arrays. In addition to genes such as NF-kappa B p65 and p27(Kip1) which were previously shown to be regulated by TCDD, expression of several genes including Hrk and IL-3R beta (AIC-2A) was shown to be modulated. RT-PCR and Western blot analyses confirmed the differential expression of Hrk and IL-3R beta. Finally, Hrk was up-regulated by TCDD in Jurkat T cells, suggesting the potential role of Hrk in thymic atrophy and the possibility of exploiting Jurkat T cells as a suitable in vitro model for studying mechanisms of thymic atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Hung Park
- Department of Biology, Changwon National University, #9 Sarim-dong, Changwon, Kyungnam 641-773, South Korea.
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37
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Aldinucci D, Poletto D, Gloghini A, Nanni P, Degan M, Perin T, Ceolin P, Rossi FM, Gattei V, Carbone A, Pinto A. Expression of functional interleukin-3 receptors on Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells. Am J Pathol 2002; 160:585-96. [PMID: 11839579 PMCID: PMC1850655 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64878-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The human interleukin-3 receptor (IL-3R) is a heterodimeric complex consisting of an IL-3-specific alpha chain (IL-3Ralpha) and a common beta chain (beta(c)), this latter shared with the receptors for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and IL-5. Despite extensive research on cytokine circuitries regulating proliferation and survival of tumor cells in Hodgkin's disease (HD) the functional expression of IL-3Rs in this pathobiological entity has not yet been investigated. In the present study, we demonstrate that the great majority (>90%) of malignant Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells of classic HD (19 of 19 analyzed cases) express IL-3Ralpha by immunostaining of frozen sections and cell suspensions from involved lymph nodes. Accordingly, HD cell lines (L428, KMH2, HDLM2, L1236) expressed the alpha and beta chains of IL-3R both at the mRNA and protein level, with a molecular size of IL-3Ralpha identical (70 kd) to that expressed by human myeloid cells. Exogenous IL-3 promoted the growth of cultured Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells, such effect being potentiated by IL-9 co-stimulation, and was able to partially rescue tumor cells from apoptosis induced by serum deprivation. This data suggests an involvement of IL-3/IL-3R interactions in the cellular growth of HD through paracrine mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Aldinucci
- Clinical & Experimental Hematology Research Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Istituto Nazionale Tumori, via Pedemontana Occidentale 12, Aviano I-33081, Italy.
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Farese AM, Smith WG, Giri JG, Siegel N, McKearn JP, MacVittie TJ. Promegapoietin-1a, an engineered chimeric IL-3 and Mpl-L receptor agonist, stimulates hematopoietic recovery in conventional and abbreviated schedules following radiation-induced myelosuppression in nonhuman primates. Stem Cells 2002; 19:329-38. [PMID: 11463953 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.19-4-329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Promegapoietin-1a (PMP-1a), a multifunctional agonist for the human interleukin 3 and Mpl receptors, was evaluated for its ability to stimulate hematopoietic reconstitution in nonhuman primates following severe radiation-induced myelosuppression. Animals were total body x-irradiated (250 kVp) to 600 cGy total midline tissue dose. PMP-1a was administered s.c. in several protocols: A) daily (50 microg/kg) for 18 days; B) nine doses (5 microg/kg) every other day for 3 weeks; C) a single high dose (100 microg/kg) at 20 hours, or D) a single high dose (100 microg/kg) at 1 hour following TBI. The irradiation controls received 0.1% autologous serum for 18 consecutive days. Hematopoietic recovery was assessed by bone marrow clonogenic activity, peripheral blood cell nadirs, duration of cytopenias, time to recovery to cellular thresholds, and requirements for clinical support. PMP-1a, irrespective of administration schedule, significantly improved all platelet-related parameters: thrombocytopenia was eliminated, the severity of platelet nadirs was significantly improved, and recovery of platelet counts to > or =20,000/miccrol was significantly reduced in all PMP-1a-treated cohorts. As a consequence, all PMP-1a-treated cohorts were transfusion-independent. Neutrophil regeneration was augmented in all treatment schedules. Additionally, all PMP-1a-treated cohorts showed an improvement in red blood cell nadir and recovery. PMP-1a in conventional or abbreviated schedules induced significant thrombopoietic regeneration relative to the control cohort, whereas significant improvement in neutrophil recovery was schedule-dependent in radiation-myelosuppressed nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Farese
- Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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39
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Abstract
The effect of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on the expression of cytokine receptors was examined in the spleen, brain and pituitary gland, and compared in young and old mice. The level of mRNA for various cytokine receptors (IL-1RI, IL-2Ralpha, IL-3Ralpha, IL-6R, TNFalphaR and IFNgammaR) was found to be increased in the spleen of young but not in old mice within 2-6h of stimulation with LPS. Similar enhancement of cytokine receptor mRNA was also observed in the brain after LPS stimulation, but the magnitude varied according to the type of cytokine receptor, the site of brain and the age of the mice. In the hypothalamus, the level of mRNA for IL-1R, IL-3R, IL-6R and IFNgammaR increased in young but not in old mice. Reciprocally, in the cerebral cortex, mRNA for TNFalphaR and IFNgammaR increased in old but not in young mice. In the hippocampus, TNFalphaR mRNA expression, increased in young but not in old mice, and expression of the other cytokine receptors did not change greatly in either. In the pituitary gland, mRNA for IL-6R, TNFalphaR and IFNgammaR increased in both young and old mice, but IL-2Ralpha increased only in young mice.Thus, various cytokines produced by immune cells might directly or indirectly influence brain functions through the various cytokine receptors expressed in the brain. Moreover, interactions between the immune system and the brain at the time of infection would be expected to be different in young and old mice, because cytokine production changes with age, as does the expression of their receptors in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Utsuyama
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Aging and Developmental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
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40
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Spence SE, Lohrey NC, Ortiz M, Gooya J, Keller JR. Detection of growth factor receptor RNA in individual hematopoietic cells by in situ RT-PCR; comparison with RT-PCR. J Immunol Methods 2001; 257:123-36. [PMID: 11687246 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(01)00457-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The ability to detect changes in RNA expression in single cells would greatly enhance understanding of the molecular basis of biological responses to positive and negative growth regulators. To this end, we compared expression of RNA encoding the receptors for interleukin-3 (IL-3), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), IL-6, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and stem cell factor (SCF) in populations of primitive hematopoietic progenitors (lineage marker negative, Lin(-), and Lin(-) c-Kit(+)) by RT-PCR and in situ RT-PCR. Both Lin(-) and Lin(-) c-Kit(+) progenitors expressed all receptors by RT-PCR. However, RT-PCR could not distinguish between the possibility that all cells expressed growth factor receptor RNA, or the possibility that only a proportion of cells expressed RNA. Therefore, we used in situ RT-PCR to examine growth factor receptor mRNA expression in individual cells. In contrast to RT-PCR, we observed that only 40-80% of Lin(-) cells and 75-100% of Lin(-) c-Kit(+) cells were positive for expression of the growth factor receptor subunits, demonstrating that not all cells were receptor positive. We found that in situ RT-PCR could also be used to measure induction or repression of receptor RNA expression in these cell populations. Specifically, the percentage of cells expressing IL-6alpha receptor RNA decreased from 88% positive in freshly harvested cells to 9% in Lin(-) c-Kit(+) cells cultured in IL-3 for 18 h. Thus, in situ RT-PCR can be used to detect and quantify the number of individual cells that express growth factor receptor mRNA, and may also be useful to measure changes in expression of other endogenous genes or genes introduced by transfection and gene therapy vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Spence
- Intramural Research Support Program, SAIC Frederick, Division of Basic Science, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, P.O. Box B, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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Li Z, Wang C, Qian G. [The influence of dexamethasone on mRNA expression of interleukin-5, interleukin-3 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptors in eosinophils of guinea pig asthma model]. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi 2001; 24:542-7. [PMID: 11758170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the iufluence of dexamethasone (DM) on expression of interleukin-5 receptor alpha(IL-5R alpha), interleukin-3 receptor alpha (IL-3R alpha), granulocyte-macrophage-colony-stimulating factor receptor alpha(GM-CSFR alpha) and common beta receptor (beta cR) in bronchalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) eosinophils in guinea pig asthma model, and to study the mechanism of promotion effect of steroid on eosinophil apoptosis. METHODS 18 guinea pigs were divided into three groups randomly, normal control group, asthma group and DM-treated group. Asthma models of guinea pig were sensitized by ovalbumin(OVA). Hypodense EOS (HEOS) and normodense EOS (NEOS) were purified from BALF by gradients of percoll. Apoptosis was detected by method of TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling. The mRNA expression of IL-5R alpha, IL-3R alpha, GM-CSFR alpha and common beta receptor (beta cR) in eosinophils were measured by RT-PCR and in situ hybridization. RESULTS Apoptosis of HEOS and NEOS in asthma group(4.0 +/- 2.0 and 3.0 +/- 2.0, respectively) were significanteylower than normal group(8.0 +/- 2.0 and, 7.0 +/- 2.0 respectively, P < 0.01), while the numbers of EOS cells (75.2 +/- 12.6 and 50.7 +/- 11.2, respectively) were significantly higher than normal group (4.8 +/- 1.5 and 9.5 +/- 2.6, respectively, P < 0.01). The BALF HEOS and NEOS of asthma group were remarkably reduced after DM treatment (14.8 +/- 8.0 and 20.0 +/- 7.0, respectively, P < 0.01), Eosinophils apoptosis in DM-treated group (24.0 +/- 5.0 and 22.0 +/- 4.0, respectively) was remarkably higher than those in asthma group (P < 0.01); The expressions of IL-5R alpha, IL-3R alpha, GM-CSFR alpha mRNA of BALF EOS of asthma group were significantly lower, but the expression of beta cR mRNA was significantly higher than those of normal group(P < 0.01, 0.05). The expressions of IL-5R alpha, IL-3R alpha, GM-CSFR alpha mRNA in EOS of DM-treated group were significantly higher, while the expression of beta cR mRNA were significantly lower than those of asthma group (P < 0.01, 0.05). CONCLUSIONS DM promote the apoptosis of BALF EOS of guinea pigs asthma models. and reduce EOS infiltration in lung of guinea pigs asthma models. It also decreased the effect of IL-5, IL-3 and GM-CSF and promoted the apoptosis of lung EOS through inducing the mRNA expression of their specific alpha chain and reducing the mRNA expression of the common beta chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Li
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
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42
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Prassolov V, Meyer J, Brandenburg G, Hannemann J, Bergemann J, Ostertag W, Stocking C. Functional identification of secondary mutations inducing autonomous growth in synergy with a truncated interleukin-3 receptor Implications for multi-step oncogenesis. Exp Hematol 2001; 29:756-65. [PMID: 11378271 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-472x(01)00648-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A truncated common beta chain (Deltabeta(C)) of the interleukin-3 (IL-3) receptor complex was previously identified as a key factor in inducing autonomous growth of IL-3-independent mutants. Expression of Deltabeta(C) in IL-3-dependent hematopoietic cells does not result in immediate factor-independent growth, but increases the frequency of obtaining autonomous mutants by three to four orders of magnitude. This study was designed to delineate the mechanisms by which Deltabeta(C) increases the frequency to autonomous growth. DESIGN AND METHODS Retroviral vectors were used to express Deltabeta(C) into IL-3-dependent myeloid cells, which were then tested for factor-independent growth. To determine if secondary genetic events were required for conversion to autonomous growth, elements of the Cre-loxP recombinant system were used to excise Deltabeta(C) in factor-independent clones. RESULTS Excision of Deltabeta(C) in factor-independent clones revealed two types of phenotypes: reversion to factor-dependent growth (1/8) or continued IL-3-dependent growth (7/8). Analysis of cells that remained factor independent revealed constitutive activation of STAT5, not observed in factor-dependent revertants. Analysis of revertant cells demonstrated the presence of interacting secondary mutations that synergize with Deltabeta(C)-induced proliferation. A cysteine residue within the truncated extracellular domain of Deltabeta(C) was also found to be required for its oncogenic potential, supporting a model of dimerization for receptor activation. CONCLUSIONS The high incidence of obtaining factor-independent mutants from cells expressing Deltabeta(C) results from the selection of mutations that either complement Deltabeta(C) expression to promote proliferation or that singly or in synergy with other secondary mutations negate the requirement of Deltabeta(C) expression for proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Prassolov
- Department of Cell and Virus Genetics, Heinrich-Pette-Institut für Experimentelle Immunologie und Virologie an der Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Donato NJ, Wu JY, Zhang L, Kantarjian H, Talpaz M. Down-regulation of interleukin-3/granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor beta-chain in BCR-ABL(+) human leukemic cells: association with loss of cytokine-mediated Stat-5 activation and protection from apoptosis after BCR-ABL inhibition. Blood 2001; 97:2846-53. [PMID: 11313280 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v97.9.2846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Several signaling cascades are engaged by expression of the p210 bcr-abl tyrosine kinase, and evidence suggests that these signals drive leukemogenesis. In this report, signaling pathways were examined and compared between cells derived from leukemic patients and cells expressing a bcr-abl construct (MBA). The effects of acute inhibition of bcr-abl with STI-571 on these signals and the survival of bcr-abl-expressing cells were also evaluated. Expression of bcr-abl in interleukin-3 (IL-3)/granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-dependent Mo7e cells (MBA) resulted in growth factor independence, constitutive activation of Stat-5 phosphorylation, engagement of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signals, and increased expression of PTP1B and bcl-x(L). STI-571 inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis in bcr-abl-expressing cells (MBA, K562, BV-173, KBM5) but not in bcr-abl(-) tumor cells (Mo7e, KG-1, ME-180, Daudi). STI-571-mediated apoptosis correlated with the inhibition of Stat-5 and MAP kinase activation and a reduction in overexpressed bcl-x(L) but not in PTP1B. Inhibitor had no effect on IL-3/GM-CSF-dependent Mo7e cell signaling and did not prevent activation of the other Jak/Stat pathways (interferon alpha, IL-3/GM-CSF). However, neither IL-3 nor GM-CSF could reactivate Stat-5 after the STI-571-mediated inhibition of bcr-abl. Expression of the common beta-chain of the IL-3/GM-CSF receptor was down-regulated in Stat-5-activated myeloid leukemic cells, suppressing IL-3/GM-CSF signal transduction and the ability of these cytokines to provide apoptotic protection. These studies suggest that bcr-abl activates cytokine-independent mechanisms of survival while inactivating intrinsic cytokine signaling cascades, making bcr-abl(+) myeloid cells vulnerable to apoptosis after bcr-abl inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Donato
- Department of Bioimmunotherapy, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston 77030, USA.
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44
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Bendriss-Vermare N, Barthélémy C, Durand I, Bruand C, Dezutter-Dambuyant C, Moulian N, Berrih-Aknin S, Caux C, Trinchieri G, Brière F. Human thymus contains IFN-alpha-producing CD11c(-), myeloid CD11c(+), and mature interdigitating dendritic cells. J Clin Invest 2001; 107:835-44. [PMID: 11285302 PMCID: PMC199577 DOI: 10.1172/jci11734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Three distinct dendritic cell (DC) subsets capable of stimulating allogeneic naive T cells were isolated from human thymus. The most abundant subset was represented by plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs), which secreted high amounts of IFN-alpha upon stimulation with inactivated influenza virus and thus likely correspond to the recently identified peripheral blood natural IFN-alpha/beta-producing cells (IPCs). Like those latter cells, thymic pDCs had distinctive phenotypic features (i.e., Lin(-), HLA-DR(int), IL-3R alpha(hi), CD45RA(hi), CD11c(-), CD13(-), and CD33(lo)) and developed into mature DCs upon culture in IL-3 and CD40L. Of the two other DC subsets, one displayed a phenotype of immature myeloid DCs (imDCs) (HLA-DR(int), CD11c(+), CD13(+), CD33(+)), and the other represented HLA-DR(hi) CD11c(+) mature DCs (mDCs). Since they also expressed DC-LAMP, these mDCs appear to correspond to interdigitating dendritic cells (IDCs). Thymic pDCs, but not myeloid imDCs, strongly expressed lymphoid-specific transcripts such as pre-T alpha, lambda-like, and Spi-B, thereby suggesting a possible lymphoid origin. The detection of Spi-B mRNA, not only upon in vitro maturation of pDCs, but also in freshly purified IDCs, suggests that in vivo pDCs may differentiate into IDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bendriss-Vermare
- Schering-Plough, Laboratory for Immunological Research, Dardilly, France
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Monahan JB, Hood WF, Welply JK, Shieh JJ, Polazzi JO, Li X. Bivalent binding and signaling characteristics of Leridistim, a novel chimeric dual agonist of interleukin-3 and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptors. Exp Hematol 2001; 29:416-24. [PMID: 11301181 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-472x(01)00611-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Leridistim is a member of a novel family of engineered chimeric cytokines, myelopoietins, that contain agonists of both interleukin-3 (IL-3) receptors (IL-3R) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) receptors (G-CSFR). To more clearly understand Leridistim's function at the molecular level, binding to both IL-3R and G-CSFR and subsequent signaling characteristics have been delineated. The affinity of Leridistim for the human G-CSFR was found to be comparable to that of native G-CSF (IC(50) = 0.96 nM and 1.0 nM, respectively). Both Leridistim and G-CSF induced receptor tyrosine phosphorylation to a similar maximal level. Compared with native recombinant human IL-3 (rhIL-3), Leridistim was found to possess higher affinity for the IL-3R alpha chain (IL-3Ralpha) (IC(50) = 85 nM and 162 nM, respectively). However, the increase in Leridistim binding affinity to the functional, high-affinity heterodimeric IL-3Ralphabeta(c) receptor is lower than that observed with rhIL-3 (85 nM and 14 nM vs 162 nM and 3.5 nM, respectively). Leridistim induced tyrosine phosphorylation of beta(c) to a level comparable to native IL-3, and the level of JAK2 tyrosine phosphorylation in cells expressing both IL-3R and G-CSFR was comparable to that observed with IL-3 or G-CSF alone. The ability of Leridistim to interact with IL-3R and G-CSFR simultaneously was demonstrated using surface plasmon resonance analysis. These studies were extended to demonstrate that Leridistim exhibited a higher affinity for the IL-3R on cells that express both the IL-3Ralphabeta(c) and the G-CSFR (IC(50) = 2 nM) compared with cells that contain the IL-3Ralphabeta(c) alone (IC(50) = 14 nM). Leridistim binds to both IL-3R and G-CSFR simultaneously and has been shown to activate both receptors. The bivalent avidity may explain the unique biologic effects and unexpected potency of Leridistim in hematopoietic cells compared with rhIL-3 or G-CSF alone or in combination.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD34/analysis
- Bone Marrow Cells/immunology
- Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cricetinae
- DNA/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Dimerization
- Electrophoresis
- Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/metabolism
- Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/pharmacology
- Humans
- Interleukin-3/genetics
- Interleukin-3/metabolism
- Janus Kinase 2
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute
- Mice
- Milk Proteins
- Phosphorylation
- Phosphotyrosine/metabolism
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins
- Receptors, Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/agonists
- Receptors, Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-3/agonists
- Receptors, Interleukin-3/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-3/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- STAT5 Transcription Factor
- Signal Transduction
- Surface Plasmon Resonance
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Monahan
- Discovery Research, Pharmacia Corporation, 700 Chesterfield Village Parkway, Chesterfield, MO 63017, USA.
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46
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Abstract
Cytokines mediate the transduction of proliferative, differentiation and survival signals in the hematopoietic system. Although the cytokine family is large and diverse, many different cytokines display broadly overlapping functions. This can be explained by the fact that cytokine receptors often share multiple subunits. Specificity in signal transduction can however be achieved through several mechanisms. This review focuses on how signal specificity can be achieved within the IL-3, IL-5 and GM-CSF receptor family. This is discussed in terms of receptor expression, recent advances in our understanding of intracellular signalling components, and analysis of null mutant knock-out mice.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/chemistry
- Receptors, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin/chemistry
- Receptors, Interleukin/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-3/chemistry
- Receptors, Interleukin-3/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-3/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-5
- Signal Transduction
- Transgenes
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Affiliation(s)
- N Geijsen
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University Medical Centre Utrecht, G03.550, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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47
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Abstract
Thrombopoietin is a lineage-dominant cytokine involved primarily in the control of platelet production. The physiological importance of thrombopoietin (TPO) in the regulation of megakaryocyte and platelet production was demonstrated by the production of mice deficient in TPO or its receptor, c-Mpl. Even though these mice are profoundly thrombocytopenic they maintain a basal level of approximately 10% of the normal count of fully functional platelets. These platelets prevent any abnormal bleeding episodes and highlight the potential importance of other factors in the control of platelet production. Among the factors with in vitro megakaryocytopoietic activity, the most potent is undoubtedly interleukin 3 (IL-3). To analyze the contribution of IL-3 to platelet formation in the absence of TPO, we have generated mice deficient in both c-Mpl and IL-3Ralpha by taking advantage of a natural mutation present in this gene in the A/J mouse. Surprisingly, these double knockout mice did not show any further reduction in their platelet or megakaryocyte counts when compared with c-Mpl-deficient mice. Similarly, progenitors from other lineages that are also reduced in c-Mpl-deficient mice are not further affected by the absence of a functional IL-3Ralpha gene. These results demonstrate that IL-3 alone is not responsible for the production of a basal level of normal platelets in the absence of thrombopoietin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Chen
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
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48
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Brizzi MF, Formato L, Dentelli P, Rosso A, Pavan M, Garbarino G, Pegoraro M, Camussi G, Pegoraro L. Interleukin-3 stimulates migration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells: a potential role in atherogenesis. Circulation 2001; 103:549-54. [PMID: 11157721 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.103.4.549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytokines released by activated T lymphocytes are key regulators of chronic inflammatory response, including atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of interleukin-3 (IL-3) in lymphocytes infiltrating the atherosclerotic plaque and the effect of this cytokine on primary vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). METHODS AND RESULTS Twenty atherosclerotic carotid arterial specimens and 5 early atherosclerotic lesions from the internal carotid were manually minced to fragments, and T lymphocytes infiltrating the atherosclerotic plaque were isolated on solid-phase anti-CD3 polystyrene plates. Southern blot analysis demonstrated that in all samples, lymphocytes expressed IL-3 and IL-2 receptor alpha-chain transcripts, indicating that in this context, the activated T lymphocytes may release IL-3. We further analyzed the expression of the IL-3 receptor and the biological effects exerted by the ligand on vascular SMCs. ss-IL-3-transducing subunit was detected both on cultured SMCs and on endothelial cells and SMCs within atheroma. The analysis of the IL-3-induced biological effects demonstrated that it was able to trigger both mitogenic and motogenic signals. Moreover, we demonstrated that the addition of PD98059, a known inhibitor of the MAP-extracellular signaling-regulated/MAP kinase pathway, completely inhibited IL-3-mediated MAP kinase activation and IL-3-induced migration and proliferation. Finally, IL-3 was found to stimulate vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene transcription. CONCLUSIONS IL-3, expressed by activated T lymphocytes infiltrating early and advanced atherosclerotic plaques, may sustain the atherosclerotic process either directly, by activating SMC migration and proliferation, or indirectly, via VEGF production.
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MESH Headings
- Arteriosclerosis/pathology
- Blotting, Northern
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA/biosynthesis
- DNA/drug effects
- Endothelial Growth Factors/genetics
- Enzyme Activation/drug effects
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Flavonoids/pharmacology
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- Interleukin-3/genetics
- Interleukin-3/pharmacology
- Lymphocytes/cytology
- Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Lymphokines/genetics
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/drug effects
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/drug effects
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-3/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-3/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Brizzi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, Italy
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49
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Schmitt C, Fohrer H, Beaudet S, Palmer P, Alpha MJ, Canque B, Gluckman JC, Dalloul AH. Identification of mature and immature human thymic dendritic cells that differentially express HLA-DR and interleukin-3 receptor in vivo. J Leukoc Biol 2000; 68:836-44. [PMID: 11129651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that thymic CD34+ cells have a very limited myeloid differentiation capacity and differentiate in vitro mostly into CD1a+-derived but not CD14+-derived dendritic cells (DC). Herein we characterized the human neonatal thymic DC extracted from the organ in relationship with the DC generated from CD34+ cells in situ. We show that in vivo thymic DC express E cadherin, CLA, CD4, CD38, CD40, CD44, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-R (GM-CSF-R; CD116) but no CD1a. According to their morphology, functions, and surface staining they could be separated into two distinct subpopulations: mature HLA-DRhi, mostly interleukin-3-R (CD123)-negative cells, associated with thymocytes, some apoptotic, and expressed myeloid and activation markers but no lymphoid markers. In contrast, immature HLA-DR+ CD123hi CD36+ cells with monocytoid morphology lacked activation and myeloid antigens but expressed lymphoid antigens. The latter express pTalpha mRNA, which is also found in CD34+ thymocytes and in blood CD123hi DC further linking this subset to lymphoid DC. However, the DC generated from CD34+ thymic progenitors under standard conditions were pTalpha-negative. Thymic lymphoid DC showed similar phenotype and cytokine production profile as blood/tonsillar lymphoid DC but responded to GM-CSF, and at variance with them produced no or little type I interferon upon infection with viruses and did not induce a strict polarization of naive T cells into TH2 cells. Their function in the thymus remains therefore to be elucidated.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Antigens, CD34/analysis
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte
- Antigens, Neoplasm
- Biomarkers
- Cadherins/analysis
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Lineage
- Cells, Cultured
- Dendritic Cells/chemistry
- Dendritic Cells/classification
- Dendritic Cells/cytology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/virology
- Fetal Blood/cytology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- HLA-DR Antigens/biosynthesis
- HLA-DR Antigens/genetics
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Infant, Newborn
- Interferon-alpha/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-3 Receptor alpha Subunit
- Interleukins/biosynthesis
- Lymphokines/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/analysis
- Myeloid Cells/chemistry
- Receptors, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/analysis
- Receptors, Interleukin-3/analysis
- Receptors, Interleukin-3/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interleukin-3/genetics
- Respirovirus/physiology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Th2 Cells/cytology
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- C Schmitt
- UMR CNRS 7627, Hopital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
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50
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Militi S, Riccioni R, Parolini I, Sposi NM, Samoggia P, Pelosi E, Testa U, Peschle C. Expression of interleukin 3 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor common chain betac, betaIT in normal haematopoiesis: lineage specificity and proliferation-independent induction. Br J Haematol 2000; 111:441-51. [PMID: 11122083 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2000.02348.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 3 (IL-3), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin 5 (IL-5) exert their biological activities through interaction with cell-surface receptors that consist of two subunits, a specific alpha subunit and a common beta transducing subunit (betac). We have evaluated the expression of betac on purified haematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) induced to unilineage differentiation/maturation through the erythroid (E), granulocytic (G), megakaryocytic (Mk) or monocytic (Mo) lineage. HPCs displayed low betac expression, which increased during the initial stages of HPC differentiation along the E, G, Mo or Mk lineages. At later stages of differentiation, betac chain expression increased in both G and Mo lineages, was expressed at low levels in the Mk lineage and declined to undetectable levels in the E lineage. Analysis of the full-length betac and intracytoplasmically truncated betac (betaIT) mRNAs showed that the former was predominant in the G and Mo lineages, whereas the latter was prevalent in the E and Mk lineages. The betac induction takes place even in the absence of cell cycling. Thus, incubation of HPCs with graded amounts of IL-3 showed that the initial induction of betac expression is unrelated to cell proliferation. Furthermore, circulating monocytes and granulocytes exhibit a low level of betac expression that is greatly stimulated following incubation with either IL-3 or GM-CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Militi
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, Rome, Italy
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