Revealing the structural changes of lignin in Chinese quince (Chaenomeles sinensis) fruit as it matures

Chinese quince fruits (Chaenomeles sinensis) contain substantial amounts of lignin; however, the exact structure of lignin remains to be investigated. In this study, milled wood lignins (Milled wood lignin (MWL)-1, MWL-2, MWL-3, MWL-4, MWL-5, and MWL-6) were extracted from fruits harvested once a month from May to October 2019 to investigate their structural evolution during fruit growth. The samples were characterized via High-performance anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC), Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), thermogravimetric (TGA), pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) and NMR (2D-heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) and 31P). The MWL samples in all fruit growth stages were GS-type lignin and lignin core undergoing minimal alterations during fruit development. The predominant linkage in the lignin structure was β-O-4', followed by β-β' and β-5'. Galactose and glucose were the main monosaccharides associated with MWL. In MWL-6, the lignin exhibited the highest homogeneity and thermal stability. As the fruit matured, a gradual increase in the β-O-4' proportion and the ratio of S/G was observed. The results provide comprehensive characterization of the cell wall lignin of quince fruit as it matures. This study could inspire innovative applications of quince fruit lignin and provide the optimal harvest time for lignin utilization.

Exploring the potential of phenolic and antioxidant compounds in new Rosaceae fruits

BACKGROUND

Rosaceae fruits have been used in traditional medicine for the prevention and treatment of diseases. However, these fruits have not extensively been studied regarding their phenolic composition. Thus, this research focuses on the determination of phenolic compounds by high-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, flavan-3-ols by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection, and the antioxidant activity by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), and ferric reducing antioxidant power of the fruits of five species of genera Crataegus and Sorbus (Rosaceae).

RESULTS

We found a total of 71 phenolic compounds from which 30 were identified in these berries for the first time. Crataegus monogyna and Crataegus laciniata revealed higher total phenolic and flavan-3-ol contents than the other species and the highest antioxidant activities.

CONCLUSIONS

Therefore, the fruits evaluated have demonstrated to be important sources of bioactive compounds with huge potential for being used in nutraceutical or food scopes. Additional studies could be needed to evaluate the influence of the different production areas on the phenolic content. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Development of silver nanoparticles based on the method using quince seed mucilage for ascorbic acid determination

INTRODUCTION

Nanoparticles are used in various fields such as chemistry, pharmacy, biotechnology, and food science since they provide higher sensitivity than traditional optical detection methods. Recently, synthesis of nanomaterials using green chemistry has become popular. Many phytochemical components are used in the synthesis of nanoparticles, including vitamins, proteins, polysaccharides, glycosides, essential oils and phenolic compounds.

OBJECTIVE

A novel green nanotechnology-based method using quince seed mucilage (QSM) was designed for the determination of ascorbic acid in pharmaceutical preparations. QSM, a natural polysaccharide, was used as a bioreducing and stabilizing reagent in the proposed silver nanoparticle (SNP)-based method.

METHOD

In the first stage of the developed method, silver(I) is reduced to silver(0) via QSM and spherical, homogeneous SNPs were prepared (QSM-SNPs). In the second stage of the developed method, SNPs nuclei were enlarged with the addition of ascorbic acid. The developed method was validated by performance parameters (linearity, recovery, and precision). Ascorbic acid determination was performed by measuring increase in absorbance at 420 nm.

RESULTS

The limit of detection and limit of quantification for ascorbic acid were, respectively, found to be at 0.27 and 0.90 μM. The QSM-SNP-based method was successfully applied to effervescent tablets containing ascorbic acid. The standards of the excipients frequently used in pharmaceutical preparations did not interfere with the developed method.

CONCLUSION

The developed QSM-SNP-based method satisfies the requirements of green nanotechnology. The developed QSM-SNP-based method is simple, fast, eco-friendly and low-cost.

Polyphenol-enriched extracts of Sarcopoterium spinosum fruits for counteracting lipid accumulation and oxidative stress in an in vitro model of hepatic steatosis

Sarcopoterium spinosum (L.) Spach is a Rosaceae shrub employed in the folk medicine in the Eastern Mediterranean basin. The previous few studies have focused on the S. spinosum roots, while the fruits have been poorly investigated. The present study aims to assess the biological properties of S. spinosum fruits collected in Lebanon and subjected to ethanolic, water or boiling water extraction. The extracts were compared for the phenol and flavonoid contents, and for the in vitro radical scavenging ability. The ethanolic extract (SEE) was selected and characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) showing a phenolome rich in tannins (ellagitannins), flavonoids (quercetin derivatives), and triterpenes. The biological activity of SEE was tested on a cellular model of moderate steatosis consisting of lipid-loaded hepatic cells treated with increasing concentrations of SEE (1-25 μg/mL), or with corilagin or quercetin as comparison. In steatotic hepatocytes the SEE was able (i) to ameliorate the hepatosteatosis; (ii) to counteract the excess ROS and lipid peroxidation; (iii) to restore the impaired catalase activity. The results indicate that the ethanolic extract from S. spinosum fruits is endowed with relevant antisteatotic and antioxidant activities and might find application as nutraceutical product.

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Chaenomeles sinensis Extract in an ALS Animal Model

BACKGROUND

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a systemic disease with multiple pathological effects, including neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, autophagy, mitochondrial dysfunction, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Despite many studies seeking to identify and develop effective therapies, effective ALS treatment has yet to be approved. Hence, patients with ALS ultimately experience muscle atrophy and loss of motor neurons. Herbal medicines have been used to treat numerous diseases by modulating multiple biological processes and exerting pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. In particular, Chaenomeles sinensis Koehne (CS) exhibits anti-hyperuricemic and nephroprotective effects and is used to treat anaphylaxis, viral infections, and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease. This study monitored the effects of CS supplementation on muscle function and motor neurons in hSOD1G93A mice, an established ALS animal model.

METHODS

Body weight measurements and behavioral tests were performed; additionally, western blotting and immunohistochemistry analyses were conducted using the mice gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, and spinal cord.

RESULTS

CS augmented anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in the muscle and spinal cord of hSOD1G93A mice. Furthermore, CS improved motor function and regulated autophagy in the muscles of the hSOD1G93A mice.

CONCLUSIONS

CS might represent a promising supplement for improving motor function and delaying ALS progression. However, its development for clinical use warrants further investigation.

The Synergistic Effect of Quince Fruit and Probiotics (Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium) on Reducing Oxidative Stress and Inflammation at the Intestinal Level and Improving Athletic Performance during Endurance Exercise

Endurance exercise promotes damage at the intestinal level and generates a variety of symptoms related to oxidative stress processes, inflammatory processes, microbiota dysbiosis, and intestinal barrier damage. This study evaluated the effects of quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) and probiotics of the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium on intestinal protection and exercise endurance in an animal swimming model. Phytochemical characterization of the quince fruit demonstrated a total dietary fiber concentration of 0.820 ± 0.70 g/100 g and a fiber-bound phenolic content of 30,218 ± 104 µg/g in the freeze-dried fruit. UPLC-PDA-ESI-QqQ analyses identified a high content of polyphenol, mainly flavanols, hydroxycinnamic acids, hydroxybenzoic acids, flavonols, and, to a lesser extent, dihydrochalcones. The animal model of swimming was performed using C57BL/6 mice. The histological results determined that the consumption of the synbiotic generated intestinal protection and increased antioxidant (catalase and glutathione peroxidase enzymes) and anti-inflammatory (TNF-α and IL-6 and increasing IL-10) activities. An immunohistochemical analysis indicated mitochondrial biogenesis (Tom2) at the muscular level related to the increased swimming performance. These effects correlated mainly with the polyphenol content of the fruit and the effect of the probiotics. Therefore, this combination of quince and probiotics could be an alternative for the generation of a synbiotic product that improves exercise endurance and reduces the effects generated by the practice of high performance sports.

Rosaceae rubus rosifolius smith: nutritional, bioactive and antioxidant potential of unconventional fruit

Rubus is an economically important fruit, highly valued for its taste and medicinal properties. Itis estimated that there are between 400 and 700 species, but many of them are still unknown to the general population. There is a little information in the literature about the physicochemical and bioactive composition, as well as the antioxidant activity of these fruit, which is why this research was carried out. The fruits showed lipids (7.42%), ash (0.27%), dietary protein (11.54%), fiber (23.72%), carbohydrates (59.18%), low acidity, and good °Brix. Regarding bioactive compounds, good concentrations of phenolic compounds (289.4 (mg. g-1 EAG), flavonoids (155 mg100g-1), anthocyanins (120.11 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside 100 g-1), and phytoene (517.3 mg100g-1) were found. The wild strawberry showed a good antioxidant capacity, which was confirmed by different analytical methods. Because of the results of this research, it is concluded that this fruit has nutritional and phytochemical potential that should be included in the human diet, and its consumption should therefore be encouraged.

Structural characterization of lignin-carbohydrate complexes from Chinese quince fruits extracted after enzymatic hydrolysis pretreatment

Chinese quince fruit (CQF) contains abundant pectin; however, the pectin cannot be efficiently separated by conventional approaches because of strong lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCC). In this study, to elucidate the structural characteristics of the original LCC formed by lignin and pectin in CQF, single and multiple enzymatic hydrolysis pretreatments were innovatively performed, and the resulting LCC preparations were comprehensively characterized using a series of techniques. The enzymatic hydrolysis pretreatments significantly increase the LCC yield, releasing LCC fractions with low molecular weights (Mw = 4660-8288 Da). LCC-4, isolated by pretreatment with cellulase plus xylanase, had the highest galacturonic acid content (15.5 %), followed by LCC-2 (isolated by xylanase pretreatment) of 14.0 %. In CQF, lignin develops lignin-carbohydrate (LC) bonds with pectin to form LCC, with phenyl-glycoside bond being the dominant linkage. Although the pectinase pretreatment reduced the pectin content, signals of the LC linkages in the 2D-HSQC spectra were enhanced. LCC-4 could be considered as the most representative of the original LCC in CQF due to its high pectin content and multiple LCC signals in the 2D-HSQC spectrum. The structural understanding of the original LCC in CQF will lay a foundation for designing appropriate methods for extracting pectin from CQF.

UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS Analysis of the Phytochemical Compositions From Chaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) Nakai Fruits

Chaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) Nakai (C. speciosa Nakai) is a popular fruit widely used in China for its health-promoting properties. The presences of phytochemical compositions in the plants play an important role in the health benefits. Nevertheless, the detailed information of these ingredients is still unknown. Therefore, in this work, an untargeted analytical method based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight coupled to mass spectrometry in two different ionization modes was used to qualitative the phytochemicals in C. speciosa Nakai, meanwhile, the anti-inflammatory activity of these phytochemicals was researched through detecting the inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) that was induced by lipopolysaccharide in RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells. The results showed that there were totally 175 primary and secondary metabolites were identified in the fruit of C. speciosa Nakai, including phenols, terpenoids, flavonoids and other phyto-constituents. Actually, most compounds were described in C. speciosa Nakai fruits for the first time. Besides, the anti-inflammatory activity was measured by the result of NO inhibition rate, the consequence showed that the value of half-inhibitory concentration (IC50) was 365.208 μg/mL. These results indicate that C. speciosa Nakai is an efficient medicinal fruit, which owns various bioactivities and has the potential to treat various diseases.

Phytochemical compositions, health-promoting properties and food applications of crabapples: A review

Crabapples belong to the genus Malus (Rosaceae), which are small sized edible fruits with unique aroma and taste. According to previous studies, crabapples are rich in bioactive compounds and possess a series of health-promoting properties. Various crabapple-based food products and additives have also been developed by different research groups in recent years. In this paper, we aim to summarize the current knowledge about the phytochemical compositions, health-promoting properties and food applications of crabapples for the first time. It is shown that crabapples are good sources of polyphenols, terpenoids, vitamins, lipids, fibers, soluble sugars, microelements, organic acids and amino acids, which exhibit antioxidant, anticancer, lipid-lowering, anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory activities in vitro and/or in vivo. Nowadays, the crabapple fruits have been successfully utilized to produce vinegar, jam, mixed beverage, fruit bar/gelatinized layers and lipophilic antioxidant. In a word, crabapples may have great potential in the development of new functional food and drinks.

The Effect of the Addition of Ozonated and Non-Ozonated Fruits of the Saskatoon Berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt.) on the Quality and Pro-Healthy Profile of Craft Wheat Beers

Research into the suitability of domestic raw materials, including, for example, new wheat cultivars and fruit additives for the production of flavoured beers, is increasingly being undertaken by minibreweries and craft breweries. The fruits of the Saskatoon berry are an important source of bioactive compounds, mainly polyphenols, but also macro- and microelements. The fruits of two Canadian cultivars of this species, 'Honeywood' and 'Thiessen', were used in this study. Physicochemical analysis showed that wheat beers with the addition of non-ozonated fruit were characterised by a higher ethanol content by 7.73% on average. On the other hand, enrichment of the beer product with fruit pulp obtained from the cv. 'Thiessen' had a positive effect on the degree of real attenuation and the polyphenol profile. Sensory evaluation of the beer product showed that wheat beers with the addition of 'Honeywood' fruit were characterised by the most balanced taste and aroma. On the basis of the conducted research, it can be concluded that fruits of both cvs. 'Honeywood' and 'Thiessen' can be used in the production of wheat beers, but the fermentation process has to be modified in order to obtain a higher yield of the fruit beer product.

Can Extracts from the Leaves and Fruits of the Cotoneaster Species Be Considered Promising Anti-Acne Agents?

This study aimed to evaluate the phenolic profile and biological activity of the extracts from the leaves and fruits of Cotoneaster nebrodensis and Cotoneaster roseus. Considering that miscellaneous species of Cotoneaster are thought to be healing in traditional Asian medicine, we assumed that this uninvestigated species may reveal significant therapeutic properties. Here, we report the simultaneous assessment of chemical composition as well as biological activities (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and cytotoxic properties) of tested species. Complementary LC-MS analysis revealed that polyphenols (especially flavonoids and proanthocyanidins) are the overriding phytochemicals with the greatest significance in tested biological activities. In vitro chemical tests considering biological activities revealed that obtained results showed different values depending on concentration, extraction solvent as well as phenolic content. Biological assays demonstrated that the investigated extracts possessed antibacterial properties and were not cytotoxic toward normal skin fibroblasts. Given the obtained results, we concluded that knowledge of the chemical composition and biological activities of investigated species are important to achieve a better understanding of the utilization of these plants in traditional medicine and be useful for further research in their application to treat various diseases, such as skin disorders.

Phenolic Acids and Flavonoids in Acetonic Extract from Quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.): Nutraceuticals with Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Potential

Quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) is a potential source of polyphenolic compounds related with beneficial biological processes. In this study polyphenols from quince fruit were extracted with aqueous acetone at different ratios. A polyphenol profile was identified and quantified by LC-ESI-QqQ. The antioxidant capacity (ORAC and DPPH) and anti-inflammatory effect (inhibition of COX-2 cyclooxygenase) were evaluated in vitro. The results indicated an effect of the aqueous acetone ratio on the extraction of polyphenolic compounds. The higher extraction yields of polyphenolic compounds were attained with 60-75% aqueous acetone. However, extracts obtained with 85% aqueous acetone promoted higher antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Optimal scaling analysis indicated that hydroxycinnamic acids (quinic and chlorogenic), hydroxybenzoic acids (vanillic and syringic), flavonoids (quercetin and kaempferol), dihydrochalcones (neohesperidin) and flavones (acacetin) are related to the antioxidant activity of quince. While phenolic acids, flavonols (kaempferol-3-O-glucoside and rutin) and flavanols (epicatechin) generated the anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting 52.3% of the COX-2 enzyme. Therefore, a selective extraction of phenolic mix can reduce oxidative stress or inflammatory processes. This suggests the use of quince as a natural source with significant nutraceutical potential.

Source-dependent variation in phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of Prinsepia utilis Royle fruits

Prinsepia utilis, a wild-growing Himalayan shrub, is a good source of phytoceuticals, cosmeceuticals, and antioxidants. The present study is an attempt to investigate the effect of altitude and edaphic factors on phenolics and antioxidant activity in fruit pulp of Prinsepia utilis. The ripened fruits and soil samples were collected for detailed investigation. The fruits (pulp) were extracted in methanol for analyzing total phenolics and antioxidant activity using a spectrophotometric method and phenolic compounds by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Similarly, standard methods for soil analysis were used. Results reveal that altitude negatively correlated with total phenolics and flavonoid contents determined by a spectrophotometric method and with specific phenolic compounds determined by HPLC. For instance, Dwarahat population (PU-1) at lower altitude (1400 m asl) exhibited higher values of total phenolics and flavonoids, while total tannin was higher at Nainital (PU-6) population (2000 m asl). The antioxidant activity measured by 2, 2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) was found higher in Narayan Ashram (PU-9) population (2750 m asl), while ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) was significantly higher in Badechena (PU-2) population (1600 m asl). Soil nutrients (edaphic factors) showed a good correlation among measured parameters. Neighbor-joining and principal component analysis identified phenolics and antioxidant-rich populations that can be utilized for collection of fruits from these populations.

Sanguiins-Promising Molecules with Broad Biological Potential

Compounds of natural origin, an infinite treasure of bioactive chemical entities, persist as an inexhaustible resource for discovering new medicines. In this review, we summarize the naturally occurring ellagitannins, sanguiins, which are bioactive constituents of various traditional medicinal plants, especially from the Rosaceae family. In-depth studies of sanguiin H-6 as an antimicrobial, antiviral, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and osteoclastogenesis inhibitory agent have led to potent drug candidates. In addition, recently, virtual screening studies have suggested that sanguiin H-6 might increase resistance toward SARS-CoV-2 in the early stages of infection. Further experimental investigations on ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity) supplemented with molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation are still needed to fully understand sanguiins' mechanism of action. In sum, sanguiins appear to be promising compounds for additional studies, especially for their application in therapies for a multitude of common and debilitating ailments.

Quince seed mucilage coated iron oxide nanoparticles for plasmid DNA delivery

This study investigates the potential of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄) and quince seed mucilage as combined genetic carriers to deliver plasmid DNA (pDNA) through the gastrointestinal system. The samples are characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), zeta potential, dynamic light scattering, FT-IR spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy and vibrating sample magnetometry. The stability of pDNA loading on the nanocarriers and their release pattern are evaluated in simulated gastrointestinal environments by electrophoresis. The XRD patterns reveal that the nanocarriers could preserve their structure during various synthesis levels. The saturation magnetization (M_s) of the Fe₃O₄cores are 56.48 emu g^-1without any magnetic hysteresis. Not only does the loaded pDNA contents experience a remarkable stability in the simulated gastric environment, but also, they could be released up to 99% when exposed to an alkaline environment similar to the intestinal fluid of fish. The results indicate that the synthesized nanoparticles could be employed as efficient low-cost pDNA carriers.

Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliot, Chaenomeles superba Lindl. and Cornus mas L. Leaf Extracts as Natural Preservatives for Pork Meat Products

The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of using Aronia melanocarpa, Chaenomeles superba, and Cornus mas leaf extracts as natural preservatives for pork meat products. Pork sausages were stored in modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) (80% N₂ and 20% CO₂) at 4 °C for 29 days. The total psychrotrophic counts (TPC) were determined during the storage period, along with the numbers of Enterobacteriaceae and lactic acid bacteria (LAB). The extracts improved the microbial quality of the meat products but to a lesser extent than sodium nitrate (III). They reduced the amounts of Enterobacteriaceae and LAB. The A.melanocarpa leaf extract showed the strongest preservative effect. The bacterial biodiversity of the meat products was investigated based on high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Two predominant bacteria phyla were identified, Proteobacteria and Firmucutes, mostly consisting of genera Photobacterium, Brochothrix, and Carnobacterium. The extracts also influenced microbial community in sausages decreasing or increasing bacterial relative abundance. The extracts significantly inhibited lipid oxidation and improved the water-holding capacity of the meat, with C. superba extract showing the strongest influence. In addition, A. melanocarpa and C. superba improved the redness (a*) of the sausages. The results of this study show that A. melanocarpa, C. superba, and C. mas leaf extracts can extend the shelf life of meat products stored in MAP at 4 °C.

Saskatoon berry powder reduces hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in high fat-high sucrose diet-induced obese mice

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a common metabolic disorder associated with insulin resistance and lacks a specific treatment. Our previous studies demonstrated that freeze-dried Saskatoon berry powder (SBp) reduced high fat-high sucrose (HFHS) diet-induced hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in mice. The present study examined the effect of SBp and one of its active components, cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G), on hepatic steatosis in mice fed with HFHS diet for 10 weeks. HFHS diet significantly increased fasting plasma glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin resistance, inflammatory markers (tumor necrosis factor-α, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, plasminogen activator inbitor-1), alanine aminotransferase activity, and monocyte adhesion compared to control diet. In the liver, HFHS diet increased steatosis, lipid accumulation, collagen deposition, and the abundance of patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3, CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein, toll-like receptor-4, and macrophage marker. Supplementation with SBp (5%) or C3G in an amount corresponding to that in 5% SBp to HFHS diet had similar effects to reduced fasting plasma glucose, liver steatosis, enzyme activity, lipid, collagen and macrophage deposition, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, monocyte adhesion, markers related to liver steatosis, inflammation, oxidative or endoplasmic reticulum stress in the peripheral circulation and/or liver compared to mice fed with HFHS diet alone. No significant difference in the studied variables was detected between mice treated with HFHS+SBp and C3G diet. The results suggest that SBp or C3G administration attenuates HFHS diet-induced liver steatosis in addition to insulin resistance and chronic inflammation in mice. C3G may contribute to the beneficial effects of SBp.

A basic and effective liquid phase microextraction with a novel automated mixing system for the determination of cobalt in quince samples by flame atomic absorption spectrometry

A new, green, and simple liquid-phase microextraction method namely sieve conducted two syringe-based pressurized liquid-phase microextraction methods was combined with flame atomic absorption spectrometry for the preconcentration and determination of cobalt. For this aim, a novel automated syringe mixing system was developed to be used in the developed extraction procedure. Two syringes were connected to each other by an apparatus having six holes to produce efficient dispersion of the extractant. The pressure created between the two syringes by the forward and backward movements of the syringe plungers created an efficient dispersion of the extractant. In the present study, ligand as complexing agent was synthesized in our laboratory. Limits of detection and quantification were determined to be 1.8 and 6.0 μg L^-1, respectively. A 33.7-fold enhancement in detection power was obtained with the developed method. Method was effectively applied for the determination of cobalt in quince samples.

In Vitro α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory and Antioxidant Activities of the Crude Extract and Solvent Fractions of Hagenia abyssinica Leaves

BACKGROUND

The leaves of Hagenia abyssinica have been used in the management of diabetes mellitus in Ethiopian folk medicine. Thus, this study is aimed at investigating the in vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory and antioxidant activities of the crude extract and solvent fractions of H. abyssinica leaves.

METHODS

The in vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory and antioxidant activities of the plant extract were assessed using 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNSA), p-nitro-phenyl-a-D glucopyranoside (p-NPG), and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays, respectively. Each value of percent inhibition of α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and DPPH scavenging effect was presented as means ± SEM (n = 3).

RESULTS

The α-amylase inhibitory activity of the crude extract and solvent fractions was found to be concentration-dependent. The strongest activity was exhibited by the crude extract at the highest concentration with a percentage inhibition of 74.52% (IC50, 14.52 μg/ml) followed by water fraction 68.24% (IC50, 16.31 μg/ml), ethyl acetate fraction 61.57% (IC50, 18.73 μg/ml), and chloroform fraction 56.87% (IC50, 21.57 μg/ml) of H. abyssinica leaves. In the α-glucosidase inhibition assay, the maximum activity was exhibited by the aqueous fraction 62.54% (IC50, 11.67 μg/ml) followed by ethyl acetate fraction 54.97% (IC50, 15.89 μg/ml), crude extract 46.79% (IC50, >16.5 μg/ml), and chloroform fraction 36.44% (IC50, >16.5 μg/ml). In the antioxidant assay, the crude extract exhibited the highest antioxidant activity 86.36% (IC50, 10.25 μg/ml) followed by water fraction 78.59% (IC50, 13.86 μg/ml), ethyl acetate fraction 71.58% (IC50, 16.34 μg/ml), and chloroform fraction 63.65% (IC50, 18.83 μg/ml).

CONCLUSION

This study has revealed that H. abyssinica leaves possess noticeable in vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory and antioxidant activities.

Inhibition of enzymes associated with metabolic and neurological disorder by dried pomegranate sheets as a function of pomegranate cultivar and fruit puree

BACKGROUND

Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus are the most extended current chronic diseases and also Alzheimer pathology which is a progressive degenerative neurological disorder. Therefore, finding effective enzyme inhibitors responsible for the development of these diseases are essential. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the impact of fruit purée (Cydonia oblonga, Ziziphus jujube and Malus domestica) and pomegranate juice cultivar ('Mollar de Elche' and 'Wonderful') of dried pomegranate sheets (DS) on the inhibition of enzymes associated with metabolic (α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and pancreatic lipase activity), and neurological disorder (acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activity). Quality properties (colour coordinates, texture properties and sensory characteristics) of DS were also studied. In addition, it was researched the effect of storage conditions (4 months at 4 and 20 °C) on phenolic content.

RESULTS

DS from jujube had the highest antioxidant capacity and were characterized by the highest storage stability with respect to phenolic compounds. The α-amylase and α-glucosidase half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀ , in mg mL^-1 ) inhibition of DS ranged from 107 to 216 and from 55.2 to values indicating no effect, respectively. The inhibition toward pancreatic lipase (IC₅₀  < 5 mg mL^-1 ), acetylcholinesterase (ranged 9.15-22.2%) and butyrylcholinesterase (ranged 20.6-48.6%) was increased with the presence of total flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids content (identifying mainly in DS from quinces). It is noteworthy that none of the samples presented off-flavour notes, supporting the high quality of the products.

CONCLUSION

DS can be an innovative supplement to a diet as a snack used in the prevention of neurological changes and disorders of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Antihypertensive and safety studies of Cydonia oblonga M

Antihypertensive studies on aqueous-methanolic extract prepared from seeds of Cydonia oblonga M. were carried out. The test extract in 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg doses was investigated in normotensive, high cholesterol and glucose fed hypertensive rats through non-invasive blood pressure measuring technique. Acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies were conducted in mice and rats, respectively. The test extract significantly decreased dose dependently the systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressures. The test extract in 600mg/kg dose produced maximum effect and prevented rise in blood pressure of high cholesterol diet and glucose fed rats as compare to control in 21 days studies. The extract was found safe up to 4g/kg dose in mice. In sub-chronic toxicity study, no significant alteration in blood chemistry of extract treated rats was observed except reduction in the low density cholesterol levels. It is concluded that Cydonia oblonga seeds extract possess antihypertensive effect which supports its use in folklore.

Structural Changes in Milled Wood Lignin (MWL) of Chinese Quince (Chaenomeles sinensis) Fruit Subjected to Subcritical Water Treatment

Subcritical water treatment has received considerable attention due to its cost effectiveness and environmentally friendly properties. In this investigation, Chinese quince fruits were submitted to subcritical water treatment (130, 150, and 170 °C), and the influence of treatments on the structure of milled wood lignin (MWL) was evaluated. Structural properties of these lignin samples (UL, L130, L150, and L170) were investigated by high-performance anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC), FT-IR, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), TGA, pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), 2D-Heteronculear Single Quantum Coherence (HSQC) -NMR, and 31P-NMR. The carbohydrate analysis showed that xylose in the samples increased significantly with higher temperature, and according to molecular weight and thermal analysis, the MWLs of the pretreated residues have higher thermal stability with increased molecular weight. The spectra of 2D-NMR and 31P-NMR demonstrated that the chemical linkages in the MWLs were mainly β-O-4' ether bonds, β-5' and β-β', and the units were principally G- S- H- type with small amounts of ferulic acids; these results are consistent with the results of Py-GC/MS analysis. It is believed that understanding the structural changes in MWL caused by subcritical water treatment will contribute to understanding the mechanism of subcritical water extraction, which in turn will provide a theoretical basis for developing the technology of subcritical water extraction.

Physical and Sensory Properties of Japanese Quince Chips Obtained by Osmotic Dehydration in Fruit Juice Concentrates and Hybrid Drying

Japanese quince has high health value, but due to its taste and texture, it is difficult to eat raw. The use of innovative drying methods to produce dried snack foods from these fruits may be of interest to producers and consumers. The physicochemical and sensory properties of 3 mm slices of Japanese quince fruit (with skin, without seeds) obtained by osmotic pre-treatment in chokeberry and apple juice concentrates, and with the use of convection (convective drying, C-D), freeze-drying (F-D), and convection-microwave-vacuum drying (hybrid) are assessed. The methods of drying osmo-dehydrated slices do not affect the dry matter content. In most dried quince, the water activity is 0.40 or lower. Pre-osmotic dehydration and drying have a significant impact on the mechanical and acoustic properties of quince chips. Sensory attractive chips emit loud acoustic emission (AE) during the breaking test. Chips that are osmo-dehydrated in a mixture of chokeberry juice concentrate and sucrose and dried by a hybrid method are attractive. They have a dark red color given by chokeberry concentrate and a slight sweet (with a slight sour-bitter) taste. The sensory evaluation was useful for determining the quality of the chips in terms of their texture (crispness) tested by mechanical methods. Their sensory ratings (overall desirability as weight of color, taste, crispness, and flavor) are high and similar (from 3.8 to 4.1). The use of innovative drying methods with pre-osmotic treatment allows obtaining dried material with properties comparable to those obtained by the F-D method, but in a much shorter time, i.e., with lower energy and using a simple method.

[Shikimic acid extracted from Chaenomeles speciosa reduces chondrocyte differentiation by inhibiting RBL-2H3 cell degranulation]

Objective To investigate the reducing effects of shikimic acid from the total extract of Chaenomeles speciose on the differentiation of chondrocytes into hypertrophic chondrocytes by inhibiting RBL-2H3 cell degranulation. Methods The chondrocytes were identified by toluidine blue staining and tryptase immunohistochemical staining. The chondrocytes were divided into normal chondrocytes control group, C48/80 activated RBL-2H3 cell culture supernatant treatment group, 3, 10 and 30 μg/mL SA activated RBL-2H3 cell culture supernatant treatment groups. The toxicity of SA and RBL-2H3 cell supernatant were detected by MTT assay. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of collagen type II (Col2) and collagen type X (Col10) in chondrocytes. The levels of matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13), soluble nuclear factor B receptor activated protein ligand (sRANKL) and bone protective factor (OPG) were determined by ELISA, and glycosaminoglycan polysaccharide (GAG) were tested by dimethylmethylene blue (DMB) colorimetry. Results (0~30) μg/mL SA had no significant effects on the growth of chondrocytes. Compared with the C48/80 activated RBI-2H3 cell supernatant treatment group, the expression of Col2 and GAG proteins increased significantly, while the expression of Col10 and MMP13 and the ratio of sRANKL/OPG decreased significantly in the SA treatment groups in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion SA can effectively reduce the differentiation of chondrocytes into hypertrophic chondrocytes by inhibiting RBL-2H3 cell degranulation.

Biological activity, phytochemical parameters, and potential bioaccessibility of wheat bread enriched with powder and microcapsules made from Saskatoon berry

The aim of the present study was to determine the impact of Saskatoon powder addition on phytochemical parameters, biological activity, and nutritional value of wheat bread. Supplementation increased phenolics content up to 72% in the bread with 6% powder content. This increase was reflected in the improved antioxidative properties of breads, especially after their supplementation with the microencapsulated additives (an increase by 93% in the bread enriched with 6% of powder covered with maltodextrin). The in vitro digestion released the antioxidative compounds, leading to higher bioaccessibility of the breads enriched with the microencapsulated powders. The highest inhibition of activities of cyclooxygenase 1 and -2, as well as amylase and glucosidase was recorded for the breads enriched with the additive microencapsulated with maltodextrin and inulin. Thus, Saskatoon berry powders, especially the microencapsulated ones, may be used as functional components in designing innovative bakery products.

Plant Extracts Containing Saponins Affects the Stability and Biological Activity of Hempseed Oil Emulsion System

In this study, two saponins-rich plant extracts, viz. Saponaria officinalis and Quillaja saponaria, were used as surfactants in an oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion based on hempseed oil (HSO). This study focused on a low oil phase content of 2% v/v HSO to investigate stable emulsion systems under minimum oil phase conditions. Emulsion stability was characterized by the emulsification index (EI), centrifugation tests, droplet size distribution as well as microscopic imaging. The smallest droplets recorded by dynamic light scattering (droplets size v. number), one day after the preparation of the emulsion, were around 50-120 nm depending the on use of Saponaria and Quillaja as a surfactant and corresponding to critical micelle concentration (CMC) in the range 0-2 g/L. The surface and interfacial tension of the emulsion components were studied as well. The effect of emulsions on environmental bacteria strains was also investigated. It was observed that emulsions with Saponaria officinalis extract exhibited slight toxic activity (the cell metabolic activity reduced to 80%), in contrast to Quillaja emulsion, which induced Pseudomonas fluorescens ATCC 17400 growth. The highest-stability samples were those with doubled CMC concentration. The presented results demonstrate a possible use of oil emulsions based on plant extract rich in saponins for the food industry, biomedical and cosmetics applications, and nanoemulsion preparations.

Osteomeles schwerinae Extract and Its Major Compounds Inhibit Methylglyoxal-Induced Apoptosis in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells

The accumulation and formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are related to diabetes and age-related disease. Osteomeles schwerinae C. K. Schneid. (Rosaceae, OSSC) is used traditionally for the treatment of various diseases in Asia. Previous studies have shown that OSSC elicits preventive effects in an in vivo model of diabetes. This study was to evaluate the antiapoptotic effects of dried leaves and twigs of OSSC extract and its major compounds in ARPE-19 cells—spontaneously arising human retinal pigment epithelial cells—under diabetic conditions. To examine the effects of an OSSC extract and its active compounds (acetylvitexin, hyperoside and quercitrin) on apoptosis in methylglyoxal (MG, the active precursor in the formation of AGEs)-treated ARPE-19 cells and the mechanism by which these effects occur, apoptosis was measured using flow cytometry analysis. Protein expression levels of phospho-p53 (p-p53), Bax and Bcl-2 were determined by western blot analyses. The OSSC extract inhibited apoptosis in MG-treated ARPE-19 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The major compounds also reduced the rate of apoptosis. Both the extract and major compounds also inhibited the expression of p-p53 and Bax and increased the levels of Bcl-2 that had been previously reduced by MG treatment. The OSSC extract (0.1 μg/mL) and its major compounds (0.01 μM) attenuated apoptosis in ARPE-19 cells under toxic diabetic conditions by downregulating of expression of p-p53 and Bax. OSSC may serve as an alternative therapy to retard the development of diabetic retinopathy.

Inactivation and structural changes of polyphenol oxidase in quince (Cydonia oblonga Miller) juice subjected to ultrasonic treatment

BACKGROUND

Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) is considered a problem in the food industry because it starts browning reactions during fruit and vegetable processing. Ultrasonic treatment is a technology used to inactivate the enzyme; however, the mechanism behind PPO inactivation is still unclear. For this reason, the inactivation, aggregation, and structural changes in PPO from quince juice subjected to ultrasonic treatments were investigated. Different intensities and times of ultrasonic treatment were used. Changes in the activity, aggregation, conformation, and structure of PPO were investigated through different structural analyses.

RESULTS

Compared to untreated juice, the PPO activity in treated juice was reduced to 35% at a high ultrasonic intensity of 400 W for 20 min. The structure of PPO determined from particle size distribution (PSD) analysis showed that ultrasound treatment caused initial dissociation and subsequent aggregation leading to structural modification. The spectra of circular dichroism (CD) analysis of ultrasonic treated PPO protein showed a significant loss of α-helix, and reorganization of secondary structure. Fluorescence analysis showed a significant increase in fluorescence intensity of PPO after ultrasound treatment with evident blue shift, revealing disruption in the tertiary structure.

CONCLUSION

In summary, ultrasonic treatment triggered protein aggregation, distortion of tertiary structure, and loss of α-helix conformation of secondary structure causing inactivation of the PPO enzyme. Hence, ultrasound processing at high intensity and duration could cause the inactivation of the PPO enzyme by inducing aggregation and structural modifications. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Saskatoon Berry Amelanchier alnifolia Regulates Glucose Metabolism and Improves Cardiovascular and Liver Signs of Diet-Induced Metabolic Syndrome in Rats

Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia) is a potential functional food containing anthocyanins and flavonols, as well as ellagitannins and phenolic acids. We have determined the potential therapeutic effects of Saskatoon berry in diet-induced metabolic syndrome. Nine- to ten-week-old male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four groups. Two groups were fed on control diets, either corn starch (C) or high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet (H) respectively, for 16 weeks. Two further groups were fed on C or H diet for 16 weeks with Saskatoon berry powder added to the diet for the final 8 weeks (CSSK, HSSK). After 16 weeks, H rats showed symptoms of metabolic syndrome, including increased body weight, visceral adiposity, systolic blood pressure, cardiac fibrosis, plasma concentrations of triglycerides and non-esterified fatty acids, and plasma activities of alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase. Saskatoon berry intervention normalised body weight and adiposity, improved glucose tolerance, decreased systolic blood pressure, improved heart and liver structure and function with decreased infiltration of inflammatory cells, and decreased plasma total cholesterol. Further, Saskatoon berry normalised liver expression of hexokinase 1 and glycogen phosphorylase and increased glucose 6-phosphatase relative to H rats. These results suggest that Saskatoon berry regulates glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and glycogenesis to improve metabolic syndrome.

Green Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Capped with Procyanidins from Leucosidea sericea as Potential Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Agents

In this study, procyanidins fractions of dimers and trimers (F1-F2) from the Leucosidea sericea total extract (LSTE) were investigated for their chemical constituents. The total extract and the procyanidins were employed in the synthesis of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) and fully characterized. Au NPs of 6, 24 and 21 nm were obtained using LSTE, F1 and F2 respectively. Zeta potential and in vitro stability studies confirmed the stability of the particles. The enzymatic activity of LSTE, F1, F2 and their corresponding Au NPs showed strong inhibitory alpha-amylase activity where F1 Au NPs demonstrated the highest with IC₅₀ of 1.88 µg/mL. On the other hand, F2 Au NPs displayed the strongest alpha-glucosidase activity at 4.5 µg/mL. F2 and F2 Au NPs also demonstrated the highest antioxidant activity, 1834.0 ± 4.7 μM AAE/g and 1521.9 ± 3.0 μM TE/g respectively. The study revealed not only the ability of procyanidins dimers (F1 and F2) in forming biostable and bioactive Au NPs but also, a significant enhancement of the natural products activities, which could improve the smart delivery in future biomedical applications.

Anti-inflammatory effects of Sarcopoterium spinosum extract

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Sarcopoterium spinosum is a Mediterranean plant, widely used by the Beduin traditional medicine. While its major use is for the treatment of diabetes, there are also documentations for its use as anti-inflammatory agent. This therapeutic potential of Sarcopoterium spinosum was not validated before.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To investigate the anti-inflammatory properties of Sarcopoterium spinosum extract (SSE).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Experiments were performed on RAW264.7 macrophages and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) and the effect of SSE on markers of inflammation was investigated. In addition, the effect of SSE on the development of inflammation in adipose-tissue of obese, insulin resistant mice was measured in KK-Ay mice and high fat diet (HFD)-fed mice.

RESULTS

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and SSE increased the viability of RAW264.7. In addition, the cells acquired distinct dendritic-like morphology, however, while LPS induced NO production and the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, SSE increased the mRNA expression of anti-inflammatory genes and blocked LPS effects. All three pathways of MAPK were activated by LPS and SSE, as demonstrated by the phosphorylation of ERK, p38 and JNK. NFκB was activated and Akt was phosphorylated by LPS, while SSE blocked this effects. STAT proteins were differently phosphorylated by SSE and LPS. Immunomodulatory effects of SSE were also found in BMDM. In adipose tissue of SSE-treated mice, less crown-like structures were found, and lower expression of pro-inflammatory adipocytokines was observed, although adipocytes hypertrophy was not affected.

CONCLUSIONS

SSE has an immunomodulatory effects that affect macrophage function, and reduces adipose tissue inflammation. Identifying active component and clarifying its mechanism of action might support the development of new anti-inflammatory agent.

Microbiological, antioxidant and lipoxygenase-1 inhibitory activities of fruit extracts of chosen Rosaceae family species

BACKGROUND

Extracts from the Rosaceae family fruits are rich in natural, biologically active polyphenols, but their antibacterial properties are still poorly understood. Therefore, we focused our research on their activity against uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains. This research also concerned the proof of their ability to reduce oxidative stress and modulate the activity of lipoxygenase-1 (LOX-1). It is well-known that plants represent a source of bioactive compounds whose antioxidant activity may be useful in protecting against oxidative damage in cells, which have been linked to the pathogenesis of many oxidative diseases.

OBJECTIVES

The study determined the biological activity of methanol (ME) and water (WE) extracts rich in polyphenols from the hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna Jacq.), dog rose (Rosa canina L.), quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.), and Japanese quince (Chaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) Nakai).

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The antioxidant capacity was evaluated using 1,1diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH▪) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS+▪) radical scavenging methods. The inhibition of liposome membrane oxidation was studied using the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay. Lipoxygenase-1 inhibitory activity was measured using the spectrophotometric method. Bacterial growth was determined by evaluating the number of colony forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL). Hydrophobicity was established with salt aggregation hydrophobicity test (SAT). Swimming and swarming motilities were evaluated using soft-agar plates. Production of curli fimbriae was estimated on CFA agar. The P fimbriae were detected using the hemagglutination of erythrocytes. Adhesion of bacteria to human uroepithelial cells was assessed. The amount of biofilm was determined spectrophotometrically.

RESULTS

We showed that most of these extracts are effective antioxidants and free radical scavengers, possess reasonable potential anti-inflammatory activity, reduce the adhesion of E. coli to uroepithelial cells, and reduce the ability of these bacteria to form biofilm.

CONCLUSIONS

The extracts examined, showing very promising biological properties, seem to be able to join the list of substances that can be used as dietary supplements aimed at preventing, for example, urinary tract infections, or as support of drug treatment in many diseases.

Exploring the metabolomic diversity of plant species across spatial (leaf and stem) components and phylogenic groups

BACKGROUND

Plants have been used as an important source of indispensable bioactive compounds in various cosmetics, foods, and medicines. However, the subsequent functional annotation of these compounds seems arduous because of the largely uncharacterized, vast metabolic repertoire of plant species with known biological phenotypes. Hence, a rapid multi-parallel screening and characterization approach is needed for plant functional metabolites.

RESULTS

Fifty-one species representing three plant families, namely Asteraceae, Fabaceae, and Rosaceae, were subjected to metabolite profiling using gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS) and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole orbitrap ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-orbitrap-MS/MS) as well as multivariate analyses. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) of the metabolite profiling datasets indicated a distinct clustered pattern for 51 species depending on plant parts (leaves and stems) and relative phylogeny. Examination of their relative metabolite contents showed that the extracts from Fabaceae plants were abundant in amino acids, fatty acids, and genistein compounds. However, the extracts from Rosaceae had higher levels of catechin and ellagic acid derivatives, whereas those from Asteraceae were higher in kaempferol derivatives and organic acids. Regardless of the different families, aromatic amino acids, branch chain amino acids, chlorogenic acid, flavonoids, and phenylpropanoids related to the shikimate pathway were abundant in leaves. Alternatively, certain amino acids (proline, lysine, and arginine) as well as fatty acids levels were higher in stem extracts. Further, we investigated the associated phenotypes, i.e., antioxidant activities, affected by the observed spatial (leaves and stem) and intra-family metabolomic disparity in the plant extracts. Pearson's correlation analysis indicated that ellagic acid, mannitol, catechin, epicatechin, and quercetin derivatives were positively correlated with antioxidant phenotypes, whereas eriodictyol was positively correlated with tyrosinase inhibition activity.

CONCLUSIONS

This work suggests that metabolite profiling, including multi-parallel approaches and integrated bioassays, may help the expeditious characterization of plant-derived metabolites while simultaneously unraveling their chemodiversity.

Bioactive Components and Health Benefits of Saskatoon Berry

In response to the recent rise in numbers of diabetes patients, many treatments have been developed; but currently, oral antihyperglycemic agents and insulin are still the main clinical treatments. Since current drugs have limitations and harmful side effects, research in alternative treatments has been sought. This article reviews recent research updates of Saskatoon berries (SB), covering its background information, its main active ingredients, its structure, and its function. Flavonoid compounds in Saskatoon berries, in particular flavanol, anthocyanin, and proanthocyanin, possess anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and antidiabetes impacts. The current review synthesizes the latest research on the health benefits of Saskatoon berry in a variety of domains. With further research, SB has the potential to help treat and prevent diabetes in the future.

Duchesnea indica extract attenuates oral cancer cells metastatic potential through the inhibition of the matrix metalloproteinase-2 activity by down-regulating the MEK/ERK pathway

BACKGROUND

Duchesnea indica (Andr.) Focke, an herb in folk medicine used extensively in traditional Chinese medicine, has cytostatic properties as well as antioxidant and antimetastasis activities in various cancer cells. However, the effects and underlying mechanisms of Duchesnea indica extracts (DIEs) on human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) metastases remain unclear.

PURPOSE

In this study, we posit the hypothesis that DIE possesses antimetastatic effects on human OSCC cells.

METHODS

The effects of DIE on cell viability, motility, migration, and invasion were investigated. Gelatin zymography, Western blotting, migration and invasion assays were used to further study the underlying mechanisms involved in the antimetastatic effects of DIE in OSCC cells.

RESULTS

The results from MTT assay revealed that DIE did not affect the cell viability of OSCC cells. Moreover, DIE significantly attenuated OSCC cells' motility, migration, and invasion by reducing the MMP-2 protein expression and MMP-2 activity in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, DIE reduced the phosphorylation of both ERK1/2 and its upstream kinase but had no effect on the phosphorylation of p38 and JNK.

CONCLUSION

DIE triggers the antimetastatic activity in OSCC cells by suppressing the MMP-2 activity via the MEK/ERK signaling pathways. Therefore, these findings are promising for the use of DIE antimetastatic activity in oral cancer metastasis treatment.

Activation of Insulin Signaling in Adipocytes and Myotubes by Sarcopoterium Spinosum Extract

Sarcopoterium spinosum (S. spinosum) is a medicinal plant, traditionally used as an antidiabetic remedy. Previous studies demonstrated its beneficial properties in the treatment of insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to further clarify the effect of S. spinosum extract (SSE) on insulin signaling. Phosphoproteomic analysis, performed in 3T3-L1 adipocytes treated with SSE, revealed the activation of insulin receptor pathways. SSE increased Glut4-facilitated glucose uptake in adipocytes, with an additive effect between SSE and insulin. While the maximal effect of insulin on glucose uptake was found at days 15–16 of differentiation, SSE-induced glucose uptake was found at an earlier stage of differentiation. Inhibition of PI3K and Akt blocked SSE-dependent glucose uptake. Western blot analysis, performed on 3T3-L1 adipocytes and L6 myotubes, showed that in contrast to insulin action, Akt was only marginally phosphorylated by SSE. Furthermore, GSK3β and PRAS40 phosphorylation as well as glucose uptake were increased by the extract. SSE also induced the phosphorylation of ERK similar to insulin. In conclusion, SSE activates insulin signaling, although the upstream event mediating its effects should be further clarified. Identifying the active molecules in SSE may lead to the development of new agents for the treatment of insulin resistance.

Preventive effect of purgative manna on neonatal jaundice: A double blind randomized controlled clinical trial

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Cotoneaster nummularioides Pojark manna (Shir-e-Khesht) is popular in Persian medicine. Different effects of some Cotoneaster species manna include antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer, and hepatoprotective effects, as well as bilirubin serum levels reduction. Cotoneaster species manna is used in many parts of Iran as a laxative and accelerates the passage of meconium. Neonatal jaundice has relatively costly and sometimes invasive therapeutic interventions, which its prevention from becoming severe cases can be a priority in neonatal medicine.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an herbal product (Purgative Manna, native to Iran and Asian countries) in preventing severe cases of jaundice and reducing total bilirubin levels in neonates.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This randomized double-blind controlled clinical trial included full-term babies. Four hundred and forty-five (445) eligible neonates were assigned to two groups using the block balanced randomization method; 222 neonates received the Purgative Manna product as drops, and 223 neonates received placebo drops. The neonates received a dose of 5 drops per kilogram of neonatal weight (divided into three doses per day) for three days. The treatment period was three days, and a 24-h (three times) examination was performed to measure the initial outcome of the trial (i.e., the total serum bilirubin level). The secondary outcomes of this trial were the need for hospitalization due to jaundice and/or phototherapy from 4 to 14 days after birth, the frequency of defecation within 24 h, and the triple complications of diarrhoea, dehydration symptoms, and abdominal colic.

RESULTS

In this study, 220 neonates in the Purgative Manna product group and 222 neonates in the placebo group completed their interventions within the predicted period of the study. At the end of study, the total bilirubin level in the Purgative Manna treated group was significantly lower than that of the placebo group. The difference between the mean total bilirubin levels of the two groups was approximately 2.1 mg/dl on the third day after treatment, with an effect size of 0.79 (95% CI: 0.06-0.98). The relative risk for reducing the need for hospitalization or phototherapy in the group treated with Purgative Manna drops was 0.26, compared with the placebo group. The risk of occurrence of severe jaundice or phototherapy in the Purgative Manna group was 75% lower than that of the placebo group. The median frequency of defecation in the intervention group at three time intervals in the first, second and third days after treatment was 1-2 times more than that of the comparison group (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Meanwhile, considering the fact that one in every eight neonates who used the product avoided having a severe and high-risk case of jaundice or the need for phototherapy intervention (even through an exchange transfusion), the use of Purgative Manna drops can be recommended; however, further study is necessary.

Effect of processing on quality attributes and phenolic profile of quince dried bar snack

BACKGROUND

Fruit and vegetable processing can often alter and damage antioxidants. Phenolic compounds, which are major antioxidants in these products, can suffer dissociation and changes in their concentration. Quince is an excellent source of antioxidants, with health-improving potential for consumers. The phenolic profile (by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry) and quality attributes (pH, soluble solids, acidity, water activity) were determined for processed quince products (fresh fruit puree, cooked puree and dried bars), in addition to the effect of puree cooking time (5, 10, 15 and 20 min).

RESULTS

Soluble solids in purees averaged 14.4 °Brix and increased to 75 °Brix in bars, as did titratable acidity, reaching 1.5 g malic acid kg^-1 fresh weight after 20 min of cooking at 120 °C. Quercetin, p-coumaric acid and trans-cinnamic acid were predominant in fresh fruit puree. Thermal processing significantly increased the concentration of p-coumaric acid, trans-cinnamic acid, apigenin and quercetin, and decreased gallic acid. This increase was 242%, on average, for all of them when comparing fresh fruit puree with bars on a fresh weight basis, demonstrating their concentration throughout the dehydration process during bar production.

CONCLUSION

Although a minimum puree cooking time of 5 min was sufficient to obtain the highest concentration of most phenolics, p-coumaric acid showed a higher concentration after 20 min of cooking. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

Preliminary evaluation of quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) fruit as extraction source of antioxidant phytoconstituents for nutraceutical and functional food applications

BACKGROUND

Quince (Cydonia oblonga) fruits can be considered as starting material for the extraction of health-promoting phytochemicals, to be exploited in food and nutraceuticals. In the present work, liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection and tandem mass spectrometry analysis allowed the study of the phytochemical composition of quince fruits and to compare it with those of six commercial apple varieties.

RESULTS

The distribution and quantification of secondary metabolites in peel and pulp were studied and compared with six commercial apple varieties. Furthermore the in vitro antioxidant activity was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Quince fruit presented significant amounts of shikimic and quinic acid derivatives, as well as flavonoids and procyanidins. Compared with apple, quince fruit composition was characterized by the presence of 4-caffeoylshikimic acid, 4-caffeoyl quinic acid, quercetin-3,7-diglucoside, kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside and kaempferol-7-O-glucoside, and the dihydrochalcones were not detectable. The peel showed the highest contents of phenolics, whereas 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid was the most abundant compound in the quince pulp. The Pearson correlation index was calculated considering the quantitative amount of the phenolic constituents and the radical scavenging activity toward DPPH^· both for peel and pulp extracts.

CONCLUSIONS

This study highlighted the presence of significant amounts of valuable secondary metabolites in quince fruit, in particular the procyanidins and caffeoyl esters with shikimic and quinic acid. Notably, owing to the higher content in phenolic compounds and the stronger antioxidant capacity compared with the other fruits considered, the use of C. oblonga as a source of antioxidant can be valuable in nutraceuticals, revealing new possible applications of quince fruit. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

Characterizations and rheological study of the purified polysaccharide extracted from quince seeds

BACKGROUND

The functional characteristics of hydrocolloids are mainly dependent on their physicochemical properties. Thus, it is essential to characterize the new sources of hydrocolloids.

RESULTS

Quince seed gum (QSG) is a high-molecular-weight polysaccharide (9.61 × 10⁶  g mol^-1 ) composed of 85.04 ± 2.87% carbohydrate (6.39% l-arabinose, 40.43% d-xylose, 5.60% d-galactose, 5.75% d-glucose and 31.11% d-mannose), 13.16 ± 1.73% uronic acid, 5.77 ± 0.83% moisture, 2.78 ± 0.21% protein, 5.64 ± 0.21% ash, and 0.75 ± 0.09% fat. Our findings indicated that this gum could be introduced as a value-added by-product in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy suggested a highly substituted xylan structure for QSG. In the dilute regime, an increase in the ion concentration was accompanied by a decrease in intrinsic viscosity of QSG. When the salt concentration increased from 0 to 50 mmol L^-1 , the consistency coefficient (as a measure of apparent viscosity) declined. On the other hand, with further increasing of salt concentration, the consistency coefficient (as a measure of apparent viscosity) values increased. Similarly, the G' and G″ values for 10 and 50 mmol L^-1 calcium chloride concentrations were less than in control samples.

CONCLUSION

The rheological behavior of the QSG studied in this paper can provide insight into its potential application in food and pharmaceutical industries. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

Phytochemical composition of smoothies combining pomegranate juice (Punica granatum L) and Mediterranean minor crop purées (Ficus carica, Cydonia oblonga, and Ziziphus jujube)

BACKGROUND

Daily intake of fruits and vegetables as suggested by the World Health Organization is lower than the recommended dietary intake (RDI). A good option to increase the intake of fruit and vegetables is the consumption of smoothies. This work evaluated the effect of adding fig, jujube or quince purée to pomegranate juice (cultivars 'Wonderful' and 'Mollar de Elche') in preparing smoothies at two ratios of purée:juice (40:60 and 60:40) on the composition of minerals, sugars, organic acids, vitamin C, antioxidant activity and polyphenols.

RESULTS

Smoothies composition was mainly affected by the addition of the fruit purée. Twenty-eight polyphenolic compounds were found in the pomegranate smoothies (quadrupole time-of-flight liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry). The highest total content of polyphenolic compounds (ultra-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array and fluorescence detection) was found in smoothies with quince purée, 501 mg 100 g^-1 fresh weight (FW), followed by jujube and figs, with 374 and 320 mg 100 g^-1 FW, respectively. Fig smoothies were rich in anthocyanins, while the jujube ones had high content of flavonols and vitamin C; finally, the quince smoothies were rich in hydroxycinnamic acids.

CONCLUSION

A positive effect of the addition of minor crops (fig, jujube and quince) was observed on the nutritional and functionality of the novel pomegranate smoothies. Moreover, the addition of jujube contributed to an enrichment of the final smoothies in vitamin C and organic acids, while an increase of pectin content was found in fig and quince pomegranate based smoothies. Therefore, the blend of minor Mediterranean crop purées with pomegranate juice to produce smoothies is a good strategy to promote the consumption of these healthy but underutilized fruits. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

Effect of Pentacyclic Triterpenoids-Rich Callus Extract of Chaenomeles japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. ex Spach on Viability, Morphology, and Proliferation of Normal Human Skin Fibroblasts

The effect of the well-characterized callus extract of Chaenomeles japonica on viability, morphology, and proliferation of normal human skin fibroblasts was investigated. The phytochemical analysis was performed using the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography method. The total phenolic, phenolic acid, and flavonoid contents were determined spectrophotometrically. The antioxidant activity was investigated using the DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl Radical Scavenging), FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power), and CUPRAC (CUPric Reducing Antioxidant Capacity) assays. The callus growth index during passages was high as well as the content of pentacyclic triterpenoids. The microscopic observations of the fibroblast viability, morphology and the evaluation of the proliferation ratio (xCELLigence system) proved that the influence of callus extract on the fibroblasts was dose-dependent. The evaluated level of fibroblasts proliferation rate after 72 h of incubation with callus extract at concentration 12.5 µg L⁻¹ was the highest compared to all the analyzed ligands. Moreover, callus extract administrated for 72 h caused a significant increase in the proliferation rate in comparison with the control group (5.7 ± 0.1 vs. 4.4 ± 0.9; p < 0.01). The preliminary studies carried out may suggest that the callus extract rich in triterpenoids may be a potential source of cosmetic ingredients with a beneficial effect on human skin.

Chemical Composition, Antioxidant Activity and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Chaenomeles Speciosa from Four Production Areas in China

Chaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) Nakai is a medicinal plant. Until date, there are no studies focusing on comparing the chemical profiles, antioxidant activity and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of the dried fruits of C. speciosa from different production regions. In the study, we investigated the chemical components of dried fruits of C. speciosa from Yunnan, Chongqing, Zhejiang and Anhui provinces in China in relation to the antioxidant activity and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. C. speciosa from Yunnan had higher total flavonoid (47.92 ± 3.79 mg/g), total polyphenol (29.15 ± 0.29 mg/g) and polysaccharide (27.60 ± 1.56 mg/g) contents than plants from other production areas. Samples from Yunnan, Zhejiang and Anhui (all > 3200 mg/kg) had higher free amino acid contents than those from Chongqing (2286.66 mg/kg). Oleanolic acid and ursolic acid levels were highest in samples from Zhejiang (555.98 ± 20.88 μg/g) and Anhui (321.06 ± 14.64 μg/g), respectively. C. speciosa from Chongqing had low total flavonoid, total polyphenol, polysaccharide, free amino acid, oleanolic acid and ursolic acid contents but high levels of palmitic acid (12.04 ± 0.02 mg/g) and stearic acid (2.23 ± 0.08 mg/g). Among four production areas, Yunnan represented the highest antioxidant activity and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. In addition, correlation analysis revealed that total flavonoid, total polyphenol, polysaccharide and ursolic acid were the major components responsible for the antioxidant activity of C. speciosa, while total flavonoid and polysaccharide were the main contributors for α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of the plant. These results would be helpful for evaluating the quality of C. speciosa in the different production areas.

Polyphenol-Rich Extracts from Cotoneaster Leaves Inhibit Pro-Inflammatory Enzymes and Protect Human Plasma Components against Oxidative Stress In Vitro

The present study investigated the phenolic profile and biological activity of dry extracts from leaves of C. bullatus, C. zabelii and C. integerrimus-traditional medicinal and dietary plants-and evaluated their potential in adjunctive therapy of cardiovascular diseases. Complementary UHPLC-PDA-ESI-MS³, HPLC-PDA-fingerprint, Folin-Ciocalteu, and n-butanol/HCl assays of the extracts derived by fractionated extraction confirmed that they are rich in structurally diverse polyphenols (47 analytes, content up to 650.8 mg GAE/g dw) with proanthocyanidins (83.3⁻358.2 mg CYE/g) dominating in C. bullatus and C. zabelii, and flavonoids (53.4⁻147.8 mg/g) in C. integerrimus. In chemical in vitro tests of pro-inflammatory enzymes (lipoxygenase, hyaluronidase) inhibition and antioxidant activity (DPPH, FRAP), the extracts effects were dose-, phenolic- and extraction solvent-dependent. The most promising polyphenolic extracts were demonstrated to be effective antioxidants in a biological model of human blood plasma-at in vivo-relevant levels (1⁻5 µg/mL) they normalized/enhanced the non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity of plasma and effectively prevented peroxynitrite-induced oxidative/nitrative damage of plasma proteins and lipids. As demonstrated in cytotoxicity tests, the extracts were safe-they did not affect viability of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In conclusion, Cotoneaster leaves may be useful in development of natural-based products, supporting the treatment of oxidative stress/inflammation-related chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disorders.

Triterpene Acid (3-O-p-Coumaroyltormentic Acid) Isolated From Aronia Extracts Inhibits Breast Cancer Stem Cell Formation through Downregulation of c-Myc Protein

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are drug-resistant and radiation-resistant cancer cells that are responsible for tumor progression and maintenance, cancer recurrence, and metastasis. Targeting breast CSCs with phytochemicals is a new paradigm for cancer prevention and treatment. In this study, activity-guided fractionation from mammosphere formation inhibition assays, repeated chromatographic preparations over silica gel, preparatory thin layer chromatography, and HPLC using aronia extracts led to the isolation of one compound. Using ¹H and ¹³C 2-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) as well as electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry, the isolated compound was identified as 3-O-p-coumaroyltormentic acid. This compound inhibits breast cancer cell proliferation and mammosphere formation in a dose-dependent manner and reduces the CD44^high/CD24^low subpopulation and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)-expressing cell population as well as the expression of the self-renewal-related genes CD44, SOX2, and OCT4.3-O-p-Coumaroyltormentic acid preferentially reduced the protein levels of c-Myc, which is a CSC survival factor, by inducing c-Myc degradation. These findings indicate the novel utilization of 3-O-p-coumaroyltormentic acid for breast cancer therapy via disruption of c-Myc protein, which is a CSC survival factor.

Identification and characterization of potential bioactive compounds from the leaves of Leucosidea sericea

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Leucosidea sericea is a southern African tree used for treating different diseases including microbial infections and inflammatory-related conditions.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To isolate and identify the chemicals in Leucosidea sericea which possibly account for the diverse therapeutic effects of the species.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Leaf material was extracted using 20% methanol and subsequently partitioned with different solvents (hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and butanol). Resultant fractions were subjected to bioactive (antimicrobial)-guided isolation and the structural elucidation was conducted using NMR (1D and 2D) spectroscopic methods. Given the broad uses of Leucosidea sericea in traditional medicine, the extract, fractions and isolated compounds were evaluated in five (5) biological assays in vitro (antimicrobial, antioxidant, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and anti-inflammatory inhibition as well as cytotoxicity effect).

RESULTS

As the most active fractions, from ethyl acetate yielded 5,7-dihydroxychromone (1); 1-hydroxy-2-oxopomolic acid (2); 3,5,7,3´,4´-pentahydroxyflavone (3) and Tiliroside (4). For the first time, these four (4) compounds were isolated from leaves of Leucosidea sericea. These aforementioned compounds demonstrated broad-spectrum antibacterial activity (1.95-125 µg/mL) and noteworthy antifungal (3.9-250 µg/mL) potential. In addition to its noteworthy antimicrobial activity, compound 3 also demonstrated significant antioxidant (EC₅₀ = 14 µg/mL in DPPH assay) and anti-inflammatory (inhibited the level of ELAM by approximately 36% and decreased also the viability of endothelial cells) activities in vitro. Overall, AChE inhibition activity and cytotoxic response was generally weak for the extracts, fractions and isolated compounds.

CONCLUSION

The pool of chemicals in Leucosidea sericea were enriched with the isolation and identification of four (4) compounds obtained from the leaf extract. Among these compounds, the significant antimicrobial activity of compound 3 provides strong evidence that support the use of Leucosidea sericea for microbial-related infections in folk medicine.

Sarcopoterium spinosum extract improved insulin sensitivity in mice models of glucose intolerance and diabetes

BACKGROUND

The glucose lowering properties of Sarcopoterium spinosum, a traditional medicinal plant, were previously validated by us using KK-Ay mice as a genetic model for type 2 diabetes (T2D).

OBJECTIVE

To clarify the effects of Sarcopoterium spinosum extract (SSE) on diet-induced glucose intolerance and to investigate SSE effects on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in target tissues of both high-fat-diet (HFD)-fed and KK-Ay mice.

RESULTS

Mice were given SSE (70 mg/day) for 6 weeks. SSE improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in HFD-fed mice as was demonstrated previously in KK-Ay mice. Higher insulin sensitivity was validated by lower serum insulin and activation of the insulin signaling cascade in skeletal muscle and liver of SSE-treated mice in both models. H&E staining of the livers demonstrated lower severity of steatosis in SSE-treated mice. Several model-specific effects of SSE were observed-mRNA expression of proinflammatory genes and CD36 was reduced in SSE-treated KK-Ay mice. Hepatic mRNA expression of PEPCK was also reduced in SSE-treated KK-Ay mice, while other genes involved in carbohydrates and lipid metabolism were not affected. HFD-fed mice treated by SSE had elevated hepatic glycogen stores. Gluconeogenic gene expression was not affected, while GCK expression was increased. HFD-induced hepatic steatosis was not affected by SSE. However, while genes involved in lipid metabolism were downregulated by HFD, this was not found in HFD-fed mice given SSE, demonstrating an expression profile which is similar to that of standard diet-fed mice.

CONCLUSION

Our study supports the insulin sensitizing activity of SSE and suggests that this extract might improve other manifestations of the metabolic syndrome.

Tetraglochin andina Ciald.: A medicinal plant from the Argentinean highlands with potential use in vaginal candidiasis

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The Argentinean medicinal plant Tetraglochin andina Ciald, formerly classified as T. cristatum (Britton) Rothm is used in traditional medicine by inhabitants from Argentinean northwestern highlands (Puna) to treat candidiasis and as anti-inflammatory.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To assess the potential of the crude drug as an anti-Candida agent with anti-inflammatory properties. The bioactivity and phytochemical composition of a dry extract of the plant was investigated.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The pharmacognostic description of the crude drug is carried out for the first time, including macroscopic and microscopic examinations of the different organs, physicochemical and extractive values (petroleum ether-, ethanol- and water-soluble). The dry extract from T. andina was evaluated as antifungal against pathogenic Candida sp. and Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated from vaginal infections and reference strains, by the macrodilution and microdilution assays. The normal vaginal microbiome in women is characterized by the dominance of lactic acid-producing bacteria, mainly Lactobacillus spp. The effect of T. andina extract on Lactobacillus strains was also assayed. The inhibitory effect on proinflammatory enzymes (cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase and phospholipase A₂) and antioxidant capacity was studied. The chemical profile was analyzed by HPLC-ESI-MS.

RESULTS

The hydroalcoholic extract inhibited the growth of all yeasts with Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values between 12.5 and 400 µg GAE/mL and the MIC values on Lactobacillus were higher than the MIC values against Candida isolates ( > 400 µg GAE/mL). These results indicate that the hydroalcoholic extract could be used without affecting the normal microbiota of vaginal fluid. The extract showed antioxidant activity and could modulate the inflammatory process by three pathways (sPLA₂, COX-2, LOX). The plant extract contained high total phenolic levels (386.9±1.7 mg GAE/g dry extract) and flavonoid levels (260.4±2.7 mg GAE/g dry extract). Fifty phenolic compounds were identified by HPLC-ESI-MS. They were mainly hydrolysable and condensed tannins. The dry extract was chemically and biologically stable during one year at room temperature or 4 °C.

CONCLUSIONS

The presence of anti-Candida and anti-inflammatory activities in Tetraglochin andina extracts give support to their traditional use for treating conditions associated with microorganism infections and inflammatory process in humans. This plant preparation could be used to design phytopharmaceutical preparations to inhibit yeast growth and moderate the inflammatory and oxidative process.

UHPLC-MS Metabolome Fingerprinting: The Isolation of Main Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of the Andean Species Tetraglochin ameghinoi (Speg.) Speg

The seriated extracts of petroleum ether (PE-E), dichloromethane (DCM-E) and methanol extracts (MeOH-E) from the aerial parts of the native South American plant Tetraglochin ameghinoi (Rosaceae), were evaluated regarding their antioxidant and antibacterial activities. The antioxidant properties were evaluated by free radical scavenging methods (DPPH and TEAC), ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and lipoperoxidation in erythrocytes (LP), while the antibacterial activity was performed against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. The chemical and biological analyses of this plant are very important since this bush is currently used in traditional medicine as a cholagogue and digestive. The polar MeOH-E showed the highest antioxidant activities (17.70 µg/mL in the DPPH assay, 381.43 ± 22.38 mM TE/g extract in the FRAP assay, 387.76 ± 91.93 mg TE/g extract in the TEAC assay and 93.23 + 6.77% in the LP assay) and it was selected for chromatographic isolation of its components. These components were found to be four acetophenones, including the new phloracetophenone glucoside: 4′,6′,-dihydroxy-2′-O-(6″-acetyl)-β-d-glucopyranosylacetophenone or IUPAC name: (6-(2-acetyl-3,5-dihydroxyphenoxy)-3,4,5-trihydroxytetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)methyl acetate, whose structure was elucidated by NMR and MS methods. In addition, twenty-six compounds, including five of these acetophenone derivatives, two sugars, six flavonoids, eleven phenolic acids and two triterpenes, were identified based on UHPLC-OT-MS and PDA analysis on the MeOH-E. The results support the medicinal use of the plant.