1
|
Mallarino-Haeger C, Pino M, Viox EG, Pagliuzza A, King CT, Nguyen K, Harper JL, Aldrete SDM, Cervasi B, Delman KA, Lowe MC, Chomont N, Marconi VC, Paiardini M. HIV-1 DNA and Immune Activation Levels Differ for Long-Lived T-Cells in Lymph Nodes, Compared with Peripheral Blood, during Antiretroviral Therapy. J Virol 2023; 97:e0167022. [PMID: 36971588 PMCID: PMC10134873 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01670-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Elucidating the mechanisms underlying the persistence and location of the HIV reservoir is critical for developing cure interventions. While it has been shown that levels of T-cell activation and the size of the HIV reservoir are greater in rectal tissue and lymph nodes (LN) than in blood, the relative contributions of T-cell subsets to this anatomic difference are unknown. We measured and compared HIV-1 DNA content, expression of the T-cell activation markers CD38 and HLA-DR, and expression of the exhaustion markers programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and T-cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif domains (TIGIT) in naive, central memory (CM), transitional memory (TM), and effector memory (EM) CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells in paired blood and LN samples among 14 people with HIV who were receiving antiretroviral therapy. HIV-1 DNA levels, T-cell immune activation, and TIGIT expression were higher in LN than in blood, especially in CM and TM CD4+ T-cell subsets. Immune activation was significantly higher in all CD8+ T-cell subsets, and memory CD8+ T-cell subsets from LN had higher levels of PD-1 expression, compared with blood, while TIGIT expression levels were significantly lower in TM CD8+ T-cells. The differences seen in CM and TM CD4+ T-cell subsets were more pronounced among participants with CD4+ T-cell counts of <500 cells/μL within 2 years after antiretroviral therapy initiation, thus highlighting increased residual dysregulation in LN as a distinguishing feature of and a potential mechanism for individuals with suboptimal CD4+ T-cell recovery during antiretroviral therapy. IMPORTANCE This study provides new insights into the contributions of different CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell subsets to the anatomic differences between LN and blood in individuals with HIV who have optimal versus suboptimal CD4+ T-cell recovery. To our knowledge, this is the first study comparing paired LN and blood CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell differentiation subsets, as well as those subsets in immunological responders versus immunological suboptimal responders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Pino
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Elise G. Viox
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Colin T. King
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kevin Nguyen
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Justin L. Harper
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Barbara Cervasi
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | | | | | - Vincent C. Marconi
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pino M, Pereira Ribeiro S, Pagliuzza A, Ghneim K, Khan A, Ryan E, Harper JL, King CT, Welbourn S, Micci L, Aldrete S, Delman KA, Stuart T, Lowe M, Brenchley JM, Derdeyn CA, Easley K, Sekaly RP, Chomont N, Paiardini M, Marconi VC. Increased homeostatic cytokines and stability of HIV-infected memory CD4 T-cells identify individuals with suboptimal CD4 T-cell recovery on-ART. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009825. [PMID: 34449812 PMCID: PMC8397407 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical outcomes are inferior for individuals with HIV having suboptimal CD4 T-cell recovery during antiretroviral therapy (ART). We investigated if the levels of infection and the response to homeostatic cytokines of CD4 T-cell subsets contributed to divergent CD4 T-cell recovery and HIV reservoir during ART by studying virologically-suppressed immunologic responders (IR, achieving a CD4 cell count >500 cells/μL on or before two years after ART initiation), and virologically-suppressed suboptimal responders (ISR, did not achieve a CD4 cell count >500 cells/μL in the first two years after ART initiation). Compared to IR, ISR demonstrated higher levels of HIV-DNA in naïve, central (CM), transitional (TM), and effector (EM) memory CD4 T-cells in blood, both pre- and on-ART, and specifically in CM CD4 T-cells in LN on-ART. Furthermore, ISR had higher pre-ART plasma levels of IL-7 and IL-15, cytokines regulating T-cell homeostasis. Notably, pre-ART PD-1 and TIGIT expression levels were higher in blood CM and TM CD4 T-cells for ISR; this was associated with a significantly lower fold-changes in HIV-DNA levels between pre- and on-ART time points exclusively on CM and TM T-cell subsets, but not naïve or EM T-cells. Finally, the frequency of CM CD4 T-cells expressing PD-1 or TIGIT pre-ART as well as plasma levels of IL-7 and IL-15 predicted HIV-DNA content on-ART. Our results establish the association between infection, T-cell homeostasis, and expression of PD-1 and TIGIT in long-lived CD4 T-cell subsets prior to ART with CD4 T-cell recovery and HIV persistence on-ART.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pino
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Susan Pereira Ribeiro
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Amélie Pagliuzza
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM and Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Khader Ghneim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Anum Khan
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Emily Ryan
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Justin L. Harper
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Colin T. King
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sarah Welbourn
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Luca Micci
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sol Aldrete
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Keith A. Delman
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Theron Stuart
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Hope Clinic, Decatur, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Michael Lowe
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jason M. Brenchley
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Cynthia A. Derdeyn
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kirk Easley
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Rafick P. Sekaly
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM and Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Vincent C. Marconi
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yukl SA, Khan S, Chen TH, Trapecar M, Wu F, Xie G, Telwatte S, Fulop D, Pico AR, Laird GM, Ritter KD, Jones NG, Lu CM, Siliciano RF, Roan NR, Milush JM, Somsouk M, Deeks SG, Hunt PW, Sanjabi S. Shared Mechanisms Govern HIV Transcriptional Suppression in Circulating CD103 + and Gut CD4 + T Cells. J Virol 2020; 95:e01331-20. [PMID: 33115867 PMCID: PMC7944458 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01331-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Latent HIV infection is the main barrier to cure, and most HIV-infected cells reside in the gut, where distinct but unknown mechanisms may promote viral latency. Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), which induces the expression of CD103 on tissue-resident memory T cells, has been implicated in HIV latency. Using CD103 as a surrogate marker to identify cells that have undergone TGF-β signaling, we compared the HIV RNA/DNA contents and cellular transcriptomes of CD103+ and CD103- CD4 T cells from the blood and rectum of HIV-negative (HIV-) and antiretroviral therapy (ART)-suppressed HIV-positive (HIV+) individuals. Like gut CD4+ T cells, circulating CD103+ cells harbored more HIV DNA than did CD103- cells but transcribed less HIV RNA per provirus. Circulating CD103+ cells also shared a gene expression profile that is closer to that of gut CD4 T cells than to that of circulating CD103- cells, with significantly lower expression levels of ribosomal proteins and transcriptional and translational pathways associated with HIV expression but higher expression levels of a subset of genes implicated in suppressing HIV transcription. These findings suggest that blood CD103+ CD4 T cells can serve as a model to study the molecular mechanisms of HIV latency in the gut and reveal new cellular factors that may contribute to HIV latency.IMPORTANCE The ability of HIV to establish a reversibly silent, "latent" infection is widely regarded as the main barrier to curing HIV. Most HIV-infected cells reside in tissues such as the gut, but it is unclear what mechanisms maintain HIV latency in the blood or gut. We found that circulating CD103+ CD4+ T cells are enriched for HIV-infected cells in a latent-like state. Using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), we found that CD103+ T cells share a cellular transcriptome that more closely resembles that of CD4+ T cells from the gut, suggesting that they are homing to or from the gut. We also identified the cellular genes whose expression distinguishes gut CD4+ or circulating CD103+ T cells from circulating CD103- T cells, including some genes that have been implicated in HIV expression. These genes may contribute to latent HIV infection in the gut and may serve as new targets for therapies aimed at curing HIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Yukl
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Shahzada Khan
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Tsui-Hua Chen
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Frank Wu
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Guorui Xie
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sushama Telwatte
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Daniel Fulop
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Norman G Jones
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Chuanyi M Lu
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Robert F Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nadia R Roan
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Milush
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ma Somsouk
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Steven G Deeks
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Peter W Hunt
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Shomyseh Sanjabi
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kuo HH, Banga R, Lee GQ, Gao C, Cavassini M, Corpataux JM, Blackmer JE, zur Wiesch S, Yu XG, Pantaleo G, Perreau M, Lichterfeld M. Blood and Lymph Node Dissemination of Clonal Genome-Intact Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 DNA Sequences During Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy. J Infect Dis 2020; 222:655-660. [PMID: 32236405 PMCID: PMC8493664 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of cells with latent human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection are located in lymphoid tissues that are difficult to access. In the current study, we used single-genome near-full-length proviral sequencing to evaluate intact and defective proviruses in blood and lymph node CD4 T cells enriched for specific functional polarizations. We observed minor variations between the frequencies of proviral sequences within individual CD4 T-cell subsets and across tissue compartments. However, we noted multiple clonal clusters of identical intact or defective proviral sequences from distinct compartments and CD4 T-cell subpopulations, suggesting frequent interchanges between viral reservoir cells in blood and tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Hsuan Kuo
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital,
Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, USA
| | - Riddhima Banga
- University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital,
Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Guinevere Q Lee
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital,
Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ce Gao
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthias Cavassini
- University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital,
Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Marc Corpataux
- University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital,
Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jane E Blackmer
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Xu G Yu
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital,
Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, USA
| | - Giuseppe Pantaleo
- University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital,
Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthieu Perreau
- University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital,
Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Lichterfeld
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital,
Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen H, Moussa M, Catalfamo M. The Role of Immunomodulatory Receptors in the Pathogenesis of HIV Infection: A Therapeutic Opportunity for HIV Cure? Front Immunol 2020; 11:1223. [PMID: 32714317 PMCID: PMC7343933 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune activation is the hallmark of HIV infection and plays a role in the pathogenesis of the disease. In the context of suppressed HIV RNA replication by combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), there remains immune activation which is associated to the HIV reservoirs. Persistent virus contributes to a sustained inflammatory environment promoting accumulation of "activated/exhausted" T cells with diminished effector function. These T cells show increased expression of immunomodulatory receptors including Programmed cell death protein (PD1), Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Associated Protein 4 (CTLA4), Lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG3), T cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT), T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain containing 3 (TIM3) among others. More importantly, recent reports had demonstrated that, HIV infected T cells express checkpoint receptors, contributing to their survival and promoting maintenance of the viral reservoir. Therapeutic strategies are focused on viral reservoir elimination and/or those to achieve sustained cART-free virologic remission. In this review, we will discuss the immunological basis and the latest advances of the use of checkpoint inhibitors to treat HIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
- CMRS/Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Maha Moussa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Marta Catalfamo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
In December 2019, a novel coronavirus, now named as SARS-CoV-2, caused a series of acute atypical respiratory diseases in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. The disease caused by this virus was termed COVID-19. The virus is transmittable between humans and has caused pandemic worldwide. The number of death tolls continues to rise and a large number of countries have been forced to do social distancing and lockdown. Lack of targeted therapy continues to be a problem. Epidemiological studies showed that elder patients were more susceptible to severe diseases, while children tend to have milder symptoms. Here we reviewed the current knowledge about this disease and considered the potential explanation of the different symptomatology between children and adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Yuki
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Cardiac Anesthesia Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, United States of America.
| | - Miho Fujiogi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Cardiac Anesthesia Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, United States of America.
| | - Sophia Koutsogiannaki
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Cardiac Anesthesia Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chirkova T, Ha B, Rimawi BH, Oomens AGP, Hartert TV, Anderson LJ. In vitro model for the assessment of human immune responses to subunit RSV vaccines. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229660. [PMID: 32191728 PMCID: PMC7081972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the single most important cause of serious lower respiratory tract disease in infants and young children worldwide and a high priority for vaccine development. Despite over 50 years of research, however, no vaccine is yet available. One block to vaccine development is an incomplete understanding of the aberrant memory response to the formalin-inactivated RSV vaccine (FI-RSV) given to children in the 1960s. This vaccine caused enhanced respiratory disease (ERD) with later natural RSV infection. Concern that any non-live virus vaccine may also cause ERD has blocked development of subunit vaccines for young children. A number of animal FI-RSV studies suggest various immune mechanisms behind ERD. However, other than limited data from the original FI-RSV trial, there is no information on the human ERD-associated responses. An in vitro model with human blood specimens may shed light on the immune memory responses likely responsible for ERD. Memory T cell responses to an antigen are guided by the innate responses, particularly dendritic cells that present an antigen in conjunction with co-stimulatory molecules and cytokine signaling. Our in vitro model involves human monocyte derived dendritic cells (moDC) and allogenic T cell cultures to assess innate responses that direct T cell responses. Using this model, we evaluated human responses to live RSV, FI-RSV, and subunit RSV G vaccines (G-containing virus-like particles, G-VLP). Similar to findings in animal studies, FI-RSV induced prominent Th2/Th17-biased responses with deficient type-1 responses compared to live virus. Responses to G-VLPs were similar to live virus, i.e. biased towards a Th1 and not a Th2/Th17. Also mutating CX3C motif in G gave a more pronounced moDC responses associated with type-1 T cell responses. This in vitro model identifies human immune responses likely associated with ERD and provides another pre-clinical tool to assess the safety of RSV vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Chirkova
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Binh Ha
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Bassam H. Rimawi
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine, WakeMed Health & Hospitals, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Antonius G. P. Oomens
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Tina V. Hartert
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Larry J. Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Saleem A, Natkunam Y. Extranodal NK/T-Cell Lymphomas: The Role of Natural Killer Cells and EBV in Lymphomagenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041501. [PMID: 32098335 PMCID: PMC7073055 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes involved in innate and adaptive immune functions. They are the presumed cell of origin of distinct hematolymphoid malignancies, including aggressive NK-cell leukemia and extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma (ENKTL). This review focuses on the role of NK cells and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) in ENKTL pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
9
|
Anderson EM, Simonetti FR, Gorelick RJ, Hill S, Gouzoulis MA, Bell J, Rehm C, Pérez L, Boritz E, Wu X, Wells D, Hughes SH, Rao V, Coffin JM, Kearney MF, Maldarelli F. Dynamic Shifts in the HIV Proviral Landscape During Long Term Combination Antiretroviral Therapy: Implications for Persistence and Control of HIV Infections. Viruses 2020; 12:v12020136. [PMID: 31991737 PMCID: PMC7077288 DOI: 10.3390/v12020136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) controls but does not eradicate HIV infection; HIV persistence is the principal obstacle to curing infections. The proportion of defective proviruses increases during cART, but the dynamics of this process are not well understood, and a quantitative analysis of how the proviral landscape is reshaped after cART is initiated is critical to understanding how HIV persists. Here, we studied longitudinal samples from HIV infected individuals undergoing long term cART using multiplexed Droplet Digital PCR (ddPCR) approaches to quantify the proportion of deleted proviruses in lymphocytes. In most individuals undergoing cART, HIV proviruses that contain gag are lost more quickly than those that lack gag. Increases in the fraction of gag-deleted proviruses occurred only after 1–2 years of therapy, suggesting that the immune system, and/or toxicity of viral re-activation helps to gradually shape the proviral landscape. After 10–15 years on therapy, there were as many as 3.5–5 times more proviruses in which gag was deleted or highly defective than those containing intact gag. We developed a provirus-specific ddPCR approach to quantify individual clones. Investigation of a clone of cells containing a deleted HIV provirus integrated in the HORMAD2 gene revealed that the cells underwent a massive expansion shortly after cART was initiated until the clone, which was primarily in effector memory cells, dominated the population of proviruses for over 6 years. The expansion of this HIV-infected clone had substantial effects on the overall proviral population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Anderson
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (E.M.A.); (F.R.S.); (S.H.); (M.A.G.); (S.H.H.); (M.F.K.)
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA;
| | - Francesco R. Simonetti
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (E.M.A.); (F.R.S.); (S.H.); (M.A.G.); (S.H.H.); (M.F.K.)
| | - Robert J. Gorelick
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (R.J.G.); (J.B.)
| | - Shawn Hill
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (E.M.A.); (F.R.S.); (S.H.); (M.A.G.); (S.H.H.); (M.F.K.)
| | - Monica A. Gouzoulis
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (E.M.A.); (F.R.S.); (S.H.); (M.A.G.); (S.H.H.); (M.F.K.)
| | - Jennifer Bell
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (R.J.G.); (J.B.)
| | - Catherine Rehm
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA;
| | - Liliana Pérez
- Virus Persistence and Dynamics Section, VRC, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (L.P.); (E.B.)
| | - Eli Boritz
- Virus Persistence and Dynamics Section, VRC, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (L.P.); (E.B.)
| | - Xiaolin Wu
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (X.W.); (D.W.)
| | - Daria Wells
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (X.W.); (D.W.)
| | - Stephen H. Hughes
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (E.M.A.); (F.R.S.); (S.H.); (M.A.G.); (S.H.H.); (M.F.K.)
| | - Venigalla Rao
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA;
| | - John M. Coffin
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02155, USA;
| | - Mary F. Kearney
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (E.M.A.); (F.R.S.); (S.H.); (M.A.G.); (S.H.H.); (M.F.K.)
| | - Frank Maldarelli
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (E.M.A.); (F.R.S.); (S.H.); (M.A.G.); (S.H.H.); (M.F.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +01-301-846-5611
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Parra-Sánchez H, Bustamante-Córdova L, Reséndiz M, Mata-Haro V, Pinelli-Saavedra A, Hernández J. Analysis of Swine Conventional Dendritic Cells, DEC205 +CD172a +/-CADM1 +, from Blood and Spleen in Response to PRRSV and PEDV. Viruses 2019; 11:v11111001. [PMID: 31683569 PMCID: PMC6893809 DOI: 10.3390/v11111001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) cannot be infected by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) but respond to infection via cytokine production, indicating a possible role in initiation/regulation of the immune response against PRRSV. In this work, we evaluated the responses of splenic and blood cDCs, with DEC205+CADM1+CD172a+/− phenotype, as well as those of CD163+ cells against PRRSV and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). Both populations were incubated in the presence of PRRSV or PEDV with and without naïve CD3+ T cells, and cytokine responses were evaluated by qPCR and ELISA. Our results showed that cDCs, but not CD163+ cells, produced IL-12 in response to PRRSV. PEDV did not induce IL-12 production. Cocultures of cDCs and autologous naïve CD3+ cells resulted in decreased IL-12 production and low expression of IFN-γ transcripts in response to PRRSV. Interestingly, cDCs increased the proliferation of naïve T cells in the presence of PRRSV compared with that achieved with monocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Cocultures of CD163+ cells induced IL-10 and IL-4 expression in the presence of PRRSV and PEDV, respectively. In conclusion, cDCs can selectively produce IL-12 in response to PRRSV but poorly participate in the activation of naïve T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Parra-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Kilómetro 0.6 carretera la Victoria, Hermosillo 83304, Sonora, Mexico.
| | - Lorena Bustamante-Córdova
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Kilómetro 0.6 carretera la Victoria, Hermosillo 83304, Sonora, Mexico.
| | - Mónica Reséndiz
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Kilómetro 0.6 carretera la Victoria, Hermosillo 83304, Sonora, Mexico.
| | - Verónica Mata-Haro
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Kilómetro 0.6 carretera la Victoria, Hermosillo 83304, Sonora, Mexico.
| | - Araceli Pinelli-Saavedra
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Kilómetro 0.6 carretera la Victoria, Hermosillo 83304, Sonora, Mexico.
| | - Jesús Hernández
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Kilómetro 0.6 carretera la Victoria, Hermosillo 83304, Sonora, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Murakoshi H, Koyanagi M, Akahoshi T, Chikata T, Kuse N, Gatanaga H, Rowland-Jones SL, Oka S, Takiguchi M. Impact of a single HLA-A*24:02-associated escape mutation on the detrimental effect of HLA-B*35:01 in HIV-1 control. EBioMedicine 2018; 36:103-112. [PMID: 30249546 PMCID: PMC6197679 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background HLA-B*35 is an HLA allele associated with rapid progression to AIDS. However, a mechanism underlying the detrimental effect of HLA-B*35 on disease outcome remains unknown. Recent studies demonstrated that most prevalent subtype HLA-B*35:01 is a detrimental allele in HIV-1 clade B-infected individuals. We here investigated the effect of mutations within the epitopes on HLA-B*35:01-restricted CD8+ T cells having abilities to suppress HIV-1 replication. Methods We analyzed 16 HLA-B*35:01-restricted epitope-specific T cells in 63 HIV-1 clade B-infected Japanese B*35:01+ individuals and identified HLA-B*35:01-restricted CD8+ T cells having abilities to suppress HIV-1 replication. We further analyzed the effect of HLA-associated mutations on the ability of these T cells. Findings The breadth of T cell responses to 4 epitopes was inversely associated with plasma viral load (pVL). However, the accumulation of an Y135F mutation in NefYF9 out of the 4 epitopes, which is selected by HLA-A*24:02-restricted T cells, affected the ability of YF9-specific T cells to suppress HIV-1 replication. HLA-B*35:01+ individuals harboring this mutation had much higher pVL than those without it. YF9-specific T cells failed to suppress replication of the Y135F mutant in vitro. These results indicate that this mutation impairs suppression of HIV-1 replication by YF9-specific T cells. Interpretation These findings indicate that the Y135F mutation is a key factor underlying the detrimental effect of HLA-B*35:01 on disease outcomes in HIV-1 clade B-infected individuals. Fund Grants-in-aid for AIDS Research from AMED and for scientific research from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, and Culture, Japan. T cells specific for 4 HLA-B*35:01-restricted epitopes have abilities to suppress HIV-1 replication in vivo. An Y135F mutation selected by HLA-A*24:02-restricted T cells affected HIV-1 control by NefYF9-specific T cells in vivo. The NefY135F mutation impaired suppression of HIV-1 replication by NefYF9-specific T cells in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Murakoshi
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Madoka Koyanagi
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Akahoshi
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takayuki Chikata
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Nozomi Kuse
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Gatanaga
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan; AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sarah L Rowland-Jones
- IRCMS, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Shinichi Oka
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan; AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masafumi Takiguchi
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang Z, Zhu L, Nguyen THO, Wan Y, Sant S, Quiñones-Parra SM, Crawford JC, Eltahla AA, Rizzetto S, Bull RA, Qiu C, Koutsakos M, Clemens EB, Loh L, Chen T, Liu L, Cao P, Ren Y, Kedzierski L, Kotsimbos T, McCaw JM, La Gruta NL, Turner SJ, Cheng AC, Luciani F, Zhang X, Doherty PC, Thomas PG, Xu J, Kedzierska K. Clonally diverse CD38 +HLA-DR +CD8 + T cells persist during fatal H7N9 disease. Nat Commun 2018; 9:824. [PMID: 29483513 PMCID: PMC5827521 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03243-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe influenza A virus (IAV) infection is associated with immune dysfunction. Here, we show circulating CD8+ T-cell profiles from patients hospitalized with avian H7N9, seasonal IAV, and influenza vaccinees. Patient survival reflects an early, transient prevalence of highly activated CD38+HLA-DR+PD-1+ CD8+ T cells, whereas the prolonged persistence of this set is found in ultimately fatal cases. Single-cell T cell receptor (TCR)-αβ analyses of activated CD38+HLA-DR+CD8+ T cells show similar TCRαβ diversity but differential clonal expansion kinetics in surviving and fatal H7N9 patients. Delayed clonal expansion associated with an early dichotomy at a transcriptome level (as detected by single-cell RNAseq) is found in CD38+HLA-DR+CD8+ T cells from patients who succumbed to the disease, suggesting a divergent differentiation pathway of CD38+HLA-DR+CD8+ T cells from the outset during fatal disease. Our study proposes that effective expansion of cross-reactive influenza-specific TCRαβ clonotypes with appropriate transcriptome signatures is needed for early protection against severe influenza disease.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1/genetics
- ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Clonal Selection, Antigen-Mediated/genetics
- Cohort Studies
- Critical Illness
- Gene Expression Regulation
- HLA-DR Antigens/genetics
- HLA-DR Antigens/immunology
- Hospitalization
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza, Human/genetics
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/mortality
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/genetics
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Survival Analysis
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/virology
- Transcriptome/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongfang Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 201508, Shangai, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 201508, Shangai, China
| | - Thi H O Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Yanmin Wan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 201508, Shangai, China
| | - Sneha Sant
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Sergio M Quiñones-Parra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Jeremy Chase Crawford
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Auda A Eltahla
- School of Medical Sciences and The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Simone Rizzetto
- School of Medical Sciences and The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Rowena A Bull
- School of Medical Sciences and The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Chenli Qiu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 201508, Shangai, China
| | - Marios Koutsakos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - E Bridie Clemens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Liyen Loh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Tianyue Chen
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 201508, Shangai, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 201508, Shangai, China
| | - Pengxing Cao
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Yanqin Ren
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 201508, Shangai, China
| | - Lukasz Kedzierski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Tom Kotsimbos
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Alfred Hospital Health and Department Medicine, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - James M McCaw
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Nicole L La Gruta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Stephen J Turner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Allen C Cheng
- Infection Prevention and Healthcare Epidemiology Unit, Alfred Health and School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Fabio Luciani
- School of Medical Sciences and The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 201508, Shangai, China
| | - Peter C Doherty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 201508, Shangai, China.
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 201508, Shangai, China.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang M, Robinson TO, Duverger A, Kutsch O, Heath SL, Cron RQ. Regulatory CD4 T cells inhibit HIV-1 expression of other CD4 T cell subsets via interactions with cell surface regulatory proteins. Virology 2018; 516:21-29. [PMID: 29324358 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
During chronic HIV-1 infection, regulatory CD4 T cells (Tregs) frequently represent the largest subpopulation of CD4 T cell subsets, implying relative resistant to HIV-1. When HIV-1 infection of CD4 T cells was explored in vitro and ex vivo from patient samples, Tregs possessed lower levels of HIV-1 DNA and RNA in comparison with conventional effector and memory CD4 T cells. Moreover, Tregs suppressed HIV-1 expression in other CD4 T cells in an in vitro co-culture system. This suppression was mediated in part via multiple inhibitory surface proteins expressed on Tregs. Antibody blockade of CTLA-4, PD-1, and GARP on Tregs resulted in increased HIV-1 DNA integration and mRNA expression in neighboring CD4 T cells. Moreover, antibody blockade of Tregs inhibitory proteins resulted in increased HIV-1 LTR transcription in co-cultured CD4 T cells. Thus, Tregs inhibit HIV-1 infection of other CD4 T cell subsets via interactions with inhibitory cell surface proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingce Zhang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Tanya O Robinson
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Alexandra Duverger
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Olaf Kutsch
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Sonya L Heath
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Randy Q Cron
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Varanasi SK, Donohoe D, Jaggi U, Rouse BT. Manipulating Glucose Metabolism during Different Stages of Viral Pathogenesis Can Have either Detrimental or Beneficial Effects. J Immunol 2017; 199:1748-1761. [PMID: 28768727 PMCID: PMC5584583 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This report deals with physiological changes and their implication following ocular infection with HSV. This infection usually results in a blinding inflammatory reaction in the cornea, orchestrated mainly by proinflammatory CD4 T cells and constrained in severity by regulatory T cells. In the present report, we make the unexpected finding that blood glucose levels change significantly during the course of infection. Whereas levels remained normal during the early phase of infection when the virus was actively replicating in the cornea, they increased around 2-fold during the time when inflammatory responses to the virus was occurring. We could show that glucose levels influenced the extent of induction of the inflammatory T cell subset in vitro that mainly drives lesions, but not regulatory T cells. Additionally, if glucose utilization was limited in vivo as a consequence of therapy in the inflammatory phase with the drug 2-deoxy-glucose (2DG), lesions were diminished compared with untreated infected controls. In addition, lesions in 2DG-treated animals contained less proinflammatory effectors. Glucose metabolism also influenced the acute phase of infection when the replicating virus was present in the eye. Thus, therapy with 2DG to limit glucose utilization caused mice to become susceptible to the lethal effects of HSV infection, with the virus spreading to the brain causing encephalitis. Taken together, our results indicate that glucose metabolism changed during the course of HSV infection and that modulating glucose levels can influence the outcome of infection, being detrimental or beneficial according to the stage of viral pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siva Karthik Varanasi
- Department of Genome Science and Technology, College of Arts & Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Dallas Donohoe
- Department of Nutrition, College of Education, Health and Human Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996; and
| | - Ujjaldeep Jaggi
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Barry T Rouse
- Department of Genome Science and Technology, College of Arts & Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996;
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bolton DL, McGinnis K, Finak G, Chattopadhyay P, Gottardo R, Roederer M. Combined single-cell quantitation of host and SIV genes and proteins ex vivo reveals host-pathogen interactions in individual cells. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006445. [PMID: 28654687 PMCID: PMC5507340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4 T cells harboring HIV-1/SIV represent a formidable hurdle to eradicating infection, and yet their detailed phenotype remains unknown. Here we integrate two single-cell technologies, flow cytometry and highly multiplexed quantitative RT-PCR, to characterize SIV-infected CD4 T cells directly ex vivo. Within individual cells, we correlate the cellular phenotype, in terms of host protein and RNA expression, with stages of the viral life cycle defined by combinatorial expression of viral RNAs. Spliced RNA+ infected cells display multiple memory and activation phenotypes, indicating virus production by diverse CD4 T cell subsets. In most (but not all) cells, progressive infection accompanies post-transcriptional downregulation of CD4 protein, while surface MHC class I is largely retained. Interferon-stimulated genes were also commonly upregulated. Thus, we demonstrate that combined quantitation of transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation at the single-cell level informs in vivo mechanisms of viral replication and immune evasion. HIV-1, and its simian counterpart, SIV, infect and kill CD4 T cells, resulting in their massive depletion that ultimately leads to AIDS in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. With effective therapy, these cells are largely preserved, but a subset harbors latent virus that can persist for decades and reemerge upon therapy interruption, preventing HIV-1 cure. To prevent or eliminate productive cellular infection, there is tremendous demand to identify host factors expressed by these cells in vivo, which may serve as unique biomarkers or drug targets. Here we provide the first detailed combined transcriptomic and protein expression profile of SIV-infected cells directly ex vivo using novel single-cell technologies. Our survey of activation markers, interferon-stimulated genes, and viral restriction factors identified multiple host genes differentially expressed by SIV-infected cells and will inform future therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diane L. Bolton
- US Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kathleen McGinnis
- ImmunoTechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Greg Finak
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Pratip Chattopadhyay
- ImmunoTechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Mario Roederer
- ImmunoTechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Fromentin R, Bakeman W, Lawani MB, Khoury G, Hartogensis W, DaFonseca S, Killian M, Epling L, Hoh R, Sinclair E, Hecht FM, Bacchetti P, Deeks SG, Lewin SR, Sékaly RP, Chomont N. CD4+ T Cells Expressing PD-1, TIGIT and LAG-3 Contribute to HIV Persistence during ART. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005761. [PMID: 27415008 PMCID: PMC4944956 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV persists in a small pool of latently infected cells despite antiretroviral therapy (ART). Identifying cellular markers expressed at the surface of these cells may lead to novel therapeutic strategies to reduce the size of the HIV reservoir. We hypothesized that CD4+ T cells expressing immune checkpoint molecules would be enriched in HIV-infected cells in individuals receiving suppressive ART. Expression levels of 7 immune checkpoint molecules (PD-1, CTLA-4, LAG-3, TIGIT, TIM-3, CD160 and 2B4) as well as 4 markers of HIV persistence (integrated and total HIV DNA, 2-LTR circles and cell-associated unspliced HIV RNA) were measured in PBMCs from 48 virally suppressed individuals. Using negative binomial regression models, we identified PD-1, TIGIT and LAG-3 as immune checkpoint molecules positively associated with the frequency of CD4+ T cells harboring integrated HIV DNA. The frequency of CD4+ T cells co-expressing PD-1, TIGIT and LAG-3 independently predicted the frequency of cells harboring integrated HIV DNA. Quantification of HIV genomes in highly purified cell subsets from blood further revealed that expressions of PD-1, TIGIT and LAG-3 were associated with HIV-infected cells in distinct memory CD4+ T cell subsets. CD4+ T cells co-expressing the three markers were highly enriched for integrated viral genomes (median of 8.2 fold compared to total CD4+ T cells). Importantly, most cells carrying inducible HIV genomes expressed at least one of these markers (median contribution of cells expressing LAG-3, PD-1 or TIGIT to the inducible reservoir = 76%). Our data provide evidence that CD4+ T cells expressing PD-1, TIGIT and LAG-3 alone or in combination are enriched for persistent HIV during ART and suggest that immune checkpoint blockers directed against these receptors may represent valuable tools to target latently infected cells in virally suppressed individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Fromentin
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Wendy Bakeman
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute Florida, Port St Lucie, Florida, United States of America
| | - Mariam B. Lawani
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute Florida, Port St Lucie, Florida, United States of America
| | - Gabriela Khoury
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University and Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wendy Hartogensis
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sandrina DaFonseca
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute Florida, Port St Lucie, Florida, United States of America
| | - Marisela Killian
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Lorrie Epling
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Hoh
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Sinclair
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Frederick M. Hecht
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Peter Bacchetti
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sharon R. Lewin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University and Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Nicolas Chomont
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute Florida, Port St Lucie, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
van der Heiden M, van Zelm MC, Bartol SJW, de Rond LGH, Berbers GAM, Boots AMH, Buisman AM. Differential effects of Cytomegalovirus carriage on the immune phenotype of middle-aged males and females. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26892. [PMID: 27243552 PMCID: PMC4886678 DOI: 10.1038/srep26892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The elderly population is more susceptible to infections as a result of an altered immune response, commonly referred to as immunosenescence. Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-infection associated changes in blood lymphocytes are known to impact this process, but the interaction with gender remains unclear. Therefore, we analysed the effects and interaction of gender and CMV on the absolute numbers of a comprehensive set of naive and memory T- and B-cell subsets in people between 50 and 65 years of age. Enumeration and characterisation of lymphocyte subsets by flow cytometry was performed on fresh whole blood samples from 255 middle-aged persons. CMV-IgG serostatus was determined by ELISA. Gender was a major factor affecting immune cell numbers. CMV infection was mainly associated with an expansion of late-differentiated T-cell subsets. CMV+ males carried lower numbers of total CD4+, CD4+ central memory (CM) and follicular helper T-cells than females and CMV- males. Moreover, CMV+ males had significantly lower numbers of regulatory T (Treg)-cells and memory B-cells than CMV+ females. We here demonstrate an interaction between the effects of CMV infection and gender on T- and B-cells in middle-aged individuals. These differential effects on adaptive immunity between males and females may have implications for vaccination strategies at middle-age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marieke van der Heiden
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (Cib), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven 3720 BA, The Netherlands
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Menno C. van Zelm
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | | | - Lia G. H. de Rond
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (Cib), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven 3720 BA, The Netherlands
| | - Guy A. M. Berbers
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (Cib), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven 3720 BA, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke M. H. Boots
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie Buisman
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (Cib), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven 3720 BA, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ortiz AM, Carnathan DG, Yu J, Sheehan KM, Kim P, Reynaldi A, Vanderford TH, Klatt NR, Brenchley JM, Davenport MP, Silvestri G. Analysis of the In Vivo Turnover of CD4+ T-Cell Subsets in Chronically SIV-Infected Sooty Mangabeys. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156352. [PMID: 27227993 PMCID: PMC4881966 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant turnover of memory CD4+ T-cells is central to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) progression. Understanding the relationship between the turnover of CD4+ subsets and immunological homeostasis during simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection in natural hosts may provide insight into mechanisms of immune regulation that may serve as models for therapeutic intervention in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-infected persons. Sooty mangabeys (SMs) have naturally evolved with SIV to avoid AIDS progression while maintaining healthy peripheral CD4+ T-cell counts and thus represent a model by which therapeutic interventions for AIDS progression might be elucidated. To assess the relationship between the turnover of CD4+ subsets and immunological homeostasis during SIV infection in non-progressive hosts, we treated 6 SIV-uninfected and 9 SIV-infected SMs with 2’-bromo-5’-deoxyuridine (BrdU) for 14 days and longitudinally assessed CD4+ T-cell subset turnover by polychromatic flow cytometry. We observed that, in SIV-infected SMs, turnover of CD4+ T-cell naïve and central, transitional, and effector memory subsets is comparable to that in uninfected animals. Comparable turnover of CD4+ T-cell subsets irrespective of SIV-infection status likely contributes to the lack of aberrant immune activation and disease progression observed after infection in non-progressive hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M. Ortiz
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, 30322, Georgia, United States of America
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Diane G. Carnathan
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, 30322, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Joana Yu
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, 30322, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Katherine M. Sheehan
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, 30322, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Peter Kim
- Complex Systems in Biology Group, Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Arnold Reynaldi
- Complex Systems in Biology Group, Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Thomas H. Vanderford
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, 30322, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Nichole R. Klatt
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jason M. Brenchley
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Miles P. Davenport
- Complex Systems in Biology Group, Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, 30322, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Soriano-Sarabia N, Archin NM, Bateson R, Dahl NP, Crooks AM, Kuruc JD, Garrido C, Margolis DM. Peripheral Vγ9Vδ2 T Cells Are a Novel Reservoir of Latent HIV Infection. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005201. [PMID: 26473478 PMCID: PMC4608739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Eradication of HIV infection will require the identification of all cellular reservoirs that harbor latent infection. Despite low or lack of CD4 receptor expression on Vδ2 T cells, infection of these cells has previously been reported. We found that upregulation of the CD4 receptor may render primary Vδ2 cells target for HIV infection in vitro and we propose that HIV-induced immune activation may allow infection of γδ T cells in vivo. We assessed the presence of latent HIV infection by measurements of DNA and outgrowth assays within Vδ2 cells in 18 aviremic patients on long-standing antiretroviral therapy. In 14 patients we recovered latent but replication-competent HIV from highly purified Vδ2 cells demonstrating that peripheral Vδ2 T cells are a previously unrecognized reservoir in which latent HIV infection is unexpectedly frequent. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has led to a decreased HIV-related morbidity and mortality across the world. While successful ART restores health, it does not cure infection as latent HIV-1 remains integrated within different cell populations, unaffected by ART. To date resting memory CD4+ T cells are the best-characterized cellular reservoir. However, eradication of HIV-1 infection requires the description of all latent cellular reservoirs harboring replication-competent HIV-1. We describe the discovery of an unexpected cellular reservoir within γδ T lymphocytes. This novel reservoir must be considered as strategies to clear latent HIV are developed and tested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Soriano-Sarabia
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nancie M. Archin
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Rosalie Bateson
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Noelle P. Dahl
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Amanda M. Crooks
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - JoAnn D. Kuruc
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Carolina Garrido
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David M. Margolis
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Cook KD, Shpargel KB, Starmer J, Whitfield-Larry F, Conley B, Allard DE, Rager JE, Fry RC, Davenport ML, Magnuson T, Whitmire JK, Su MA. T Follicular Helper Cell-Dependent Clearance of a Persistent Virus Infection Requires T Cell Expression of the Histone Demethylase UTX. Immunity 2015; 43:703-14. [PMID: 26431949 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic changes, including histone methylation, control T cell differentiation and memory formation, though the enzymes that mediate these processes are not clear. We show that UTX, a histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27) demethylase, supports T follicular helper (Tfh) cell responses that are essential for B cell antibody generation and the resolution of chronic viral infections. Mice with a T cell-specific UTX deletion had fewer Tfh cells, reduced germinal center responses, lacked virus-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG), and were unable to resolve chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infections. UTX-deficient T cells showed decreased expression of interleukin-6 receptor-α and other Tfh cell-related genes that were associated with increased H3K27 methylation. Additionally, Turner Syndrome subjects, who are predisposed to chronic ear infections, had reduced UTX expression in immune cells and decreased circulating CD4(+) CXCR5(+) T cell frequency. Thus, we identify a critical link between UTX in T cells and immunity to infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Cook
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Karl B Shpargel
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Joshua Starmer
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Fatima Whitfield-Larry
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Bridget Conley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Denise E Allard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Julia E Rager
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Rebecca C Fry
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Marsha L Davenport
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Terry Magnuson
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jason K Whitmire
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Maureen A Su
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Cimini E, Agrati C, D’Offizi G, Vlassi C, Casetti R, Sacchi A, Lionetti R, Bordoni V, Tumino N, Scognamiglio P, Martini F. Primary and Chronic HIV Infection Differently Modulates Mucosal Vδ1 and Vδ2 T-Cells Differentiation Profile and Effector Functions. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129771. [PMID: 26086523 PMCID: PMC4472518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut-associated immune system has been identified as a major battlefield during the early phases of HIV infection. γδ T-cells, deeply affected in number and function after HIV infection, are able to act as a first line of defence against invading pathogens by producing antiviral soluble factors and by killing infected cells. Despite the relevant role in mucosal immunity, few data are available on gut-associated γδ T-cells during HIV infection. Aim of this work was to evaluate how primary (P-HIV) and chronic (C-HIV) HIV infection affects differentiation profile and functionality of circulating and gut-associated Vδ1 and Vδ2 T-cells. In particular, circulating and mucosal cells were isolated from respectively whole blood and residual gut samples from HIV-infected subjects with primary and chronic infection and from healthy donors (HD). Differentiation profile and functionality were analyzed by multiparametric flow cytometry. P-HIV and C-HIV were characterized by an increase in the frequency of effector Vδ1-T cells both in circulating and mucosal compartments. Moreover, during P-HIV mucosal Vδ1 T-cells expressed high levels of CD107a, suggesting a good effector cytotoxic capability of these cells in the early phase of infection that was lost in C-HIV. P-HIV induced an increase in circulating effector Vδ2 T-cells in comparison to C-HIV and HD. Notably, P-HIV as well as HD were characterized by the ability of mucosal Vδ2 T-cells to spontaneously produce IFN-γ that was lost in C-HIV. Altogether, our data showed for the first time a functional capability of mucosal Vδ1 and Vδ2 T-cells during P-HIV that was lost in C-HIV, suggesting exhaustion mechanisms induced by persistent stimulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Cimini
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” I.R.C.C.S., Via Portuense, 292, 00149, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Agrati
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” I.R.C.C.S., Via Portuense, 292, 00149, Rome, Italy
- Virology Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” I.R.C.C.S., Via Portuense, 292, 00149, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Gianpiero D’Offizi
- Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” I.R.C.C.S., Via Portuense, 292, 00149, Rome, Italy
| | - Chrysoula Vlassi
- Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” I.R.C.C.S., Via Portuense, 292, 00149, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Casetti
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” I.R.C.C.S., Via Portuense, 292, 00149, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Sacchi
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” I.R.C.C.S., Via Portuense, 292, 00149, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaella Lionetti
- Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” I.R.C.C.S., Via Portuense, 292, 00149, Rome, Italy
- Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” I.R.C.C.S., Via Portuense, 292, 00149, Rome, Italy
| | - Veronica Bordoni
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” I.R.C.C.S., Via Portuense, 292, 00149, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Tumino
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” I.R.C.C.S., Via Portuense, 292, 00149, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Scognamiglio
- Epidemiology Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” I.R.C.C.S., Via Portuense, 292, 00149, Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Martini
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” I.R.C.C.S., Via Portuense, 292, 00149, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Boyd A, Almeida JR, Darrah PA, Sauce D, Seder RA, Appay V, Gorochov G, Larsen M. Pathogen-Specific T Cell Polyfunctionality Is a Correlate of T Cell Efficacy and Immune Protection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128714. [PMID: 26046523 PMCID: PMC4457486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Understanding the factors that delineate the efficacy of T cell responses towards pathogens is crucial for our ability to develop potent therapies against infectious diseases. Multidimensional evaluation of T cell functionality at the single-cell level enables exhaustive analysis of combinatorial functional properties, hence polyfunctionality. We have recently invented an algorithm that quantifies polyfunctionality, the Polyfunctionality Index (Larsen et al. PLoS One 2012). Here we demonstrate that quantitative assessment of T cell polyfunctionality correlates with T cell efficacy measured as the capacity to kill target cells in vitro and control infection in vivo. Methods We employed the polyfunctionality index on two datasets selected for their unique ability to evaluate the polyfunctional imprint on T cell efficacy. 1) HIV-specific CD8+ T cells and 2) Leishmania major-specific CD4+ T cells were analysed for their capacity to secrete multiple effector molecules, kill target cells and control infection. Briefly, employing the Polyfunctionality Index algorithm we determined the parameter estimates resulting in optimal correlation between T cell polyfunctionality and T cell efficacy. Results T cell polyfunctionality is correlated with T cell efficacy measured as 1) target killing (r=0.807, P<0.0001) and 2) lesion size upon challenge with Leishmania major (r=-0.50, P=0.004). Contrary to an approach relying on the Polyfunctionality Index algorithm, quantitative evaluation of T cell polyfunctionality traditionally ignores the gradual contribution of more or less polyfunctional T cells. Indeed, comparing both approaches we show that optimal description of T cell efficacy is obtained when gradually integrating all levels of polyfunctionality in accordance with the Polyfunctionality Index. Conclusions Our study presents a generalizable methodology to objectively evaluate the impact of polyfunctionality on T cell efficacy. We show that T cell polyfunctionality is a superior correlate of T cell efficacy both in vitro and in vivo as compared with response size. Therefore, future immunotherapies should aim to increase T cell polyfunctionality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Boyd
- Inserm UMR-S1136, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Paris, France
| | - Jorge R. Almeida
- Inserm UMR-S1135, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Patricia A. Darrah
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Delphine Sauce
- Inserm UMR-S1135, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Robert A. Seder
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Victor Appay
- Inserm UMR-S1135, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Guy Gorochov
- Inserm UMR-S1135, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
- AP-HP, Groupement Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département d’Immunologie, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CR7, CIMI-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Martin Larsen
- Inserm UMR-S1135, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
- AP-HP, Groupement Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département d’Immunologie, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CR7, CIMI-Paris, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Muller GC, Gottlieb MGV, Luz Correa B, Gomes Filho I, Moresco RN, Bauer ME. The inverted CD4:CD8 ratio is associated with gender-related changes in oxidative stress during aging. Cell Immunol 2015; 296:149-54. [PMID: 26051633 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Aging has been associated with increased generation of free radicals as well as immunosenescence. Previous studies have identified older individuals with inverted T CD4:CD8 cell ratio and increased immunity to cytomegalovirus (CMV). Here, we investigated markers of oxidative stress and antioxidant defences in older individuals with inverted CD4:CD8 T-cell ratio. Sixty-one subjects were identified with inverted CD4:CD8 ratio. Older individuals with a CD4:CD8 ratio <1 had increased levels of plasma advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), but reduced levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) as compared to subjects with normal CD4:CD8 ratio. The CMV IgG serology was negatively correlated with CD4:CD8 ratio. These markers were more evident among elderly men than women. Our data suggest a close relationship between chronic CMV infection and oxidative profile in older individuals in the midst of its influence on the peripheral T-cell subsets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Cerutti Muller
- Laboratory of Immunosenescence, Institute of Biomedical Research, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Health School, University of Vale do Rio dos Sinos (UNISINOS), Sao Leopoldo, Brazil.
| | | | - Bruna Luz Correa
- Laboratory of Immunosenescence, Institute of Biomedical Research, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Irênio Gomes Filho
- Institute of Geriatrics and Gerontology (IGG), PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rafael Noal Moresco
- Health Sciences Center, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Moisés Evandro Bauer
- Laboratory of Immunosenescence, Institute of Biomedical Research, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bruner KM, Hosmane NN, Siliciano RF. Towards an HIV-1 cure: measuring the latent reservoir. Trends Microbiol 2015; 23:192-203. [PMID: 25747663 PMCID: PMC4386620 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The latent reservoir (LR) of HIV-1 in resting memory CD4(+) T cells serves as a major barrier to curing HIV-1 infection. While many PCR- and culture-based assays have been used to measure the size of the LR, correlation between results of different assays is poor and recent studies indicate that no available assay provides an accurate measurement of reservoir size. The discrepancies between assays are a hurdle to clinical trials that aim to measure the efficacy of HIV-1 eradication strategies. Here we describe the advantages and disadvantages of various approaches to measuring the LR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Bruner
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Nina N Hosmane
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Robert F Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 733 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
von Stockenstrom S, Odevall L, Lee E, Sinclair E, Bacchetti P, Killian M, Epling L, Shao W, Hoh R, Ho T, Faria NR, Lemey P, Albert J, Hunt P, Loeb L, Pilcher C, Poole L, Hatano H, Somsouk M, Douek D, Boritz E, Deeks SG, Hecht FM, Palmer S. Longitudinal Genetic Characterization Reveals That Cell Proliferation Maintains a Persistent HIV Type 1 DNA Pool During Effective HIV Therapy. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:596-607. [PMID: 25712966 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The stability of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reservoir and the contribution of cellular proliferation to the maintenance of the reservoir during treatment are uncertain. Therefore, we conducted a longitudinal analysis of HIV-1 in T-cell subsets in different tissue compartments from subjects receiving effective antiretroviral therapy (ART). METHODS Using single-proviral sequencing, we isolated intracellular HIV-1 genomes derived from defined subsets of CD4(+) T cells from peripheral blood, gut-associated lymphoid tissue and lymph node tissue specimens from 8 subjects with virologic suppression during long-term ART at 2 time points (time points 1 and 2) separated by 7-9 months. RESULTS DNA integrant frequencies were stable over time (<4-fold difference) and highest in memory T cells. Phylogenetic analyses showed that subjects treated during chronic infection contained viral populations with up to 73% identical sequence expansions, only 3 of which were observed in specimens obtained before therapy. At time points 1 and 2, such clonally expanded populations were found predominantly in effector memory T cells from peripheral blood and lymph node tissue specimens. CONCLUSIONS Memory T cells maintained a relatively constant HIV-1 DNA integrant pool that was genetically stable during long-term effective ART. These integrants appear to be maintained by cellular proliferation and longevity of infected cells, rather than by ongoing viral replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne von Stockenstrom
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lina Odevall
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet
| | - Eunok Lee
- Westmead Millennium Institute for Medical Research University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | | | - Peter Bacchetti
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California-San Francisco
| | | | | | - Wei Shao
- Leidos Biomedical Research, INC, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research
| | | | | | - Nuno R Faria
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe Lemey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Albert
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Daniel Douek
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Eli Boritz
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | - Sarah Palmer
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet Westmead Millennium Institute for Medical Research University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Choi JG, Bharaj P, Abraham S, Ma H, Yi G, Ye C, Dang Y, Manjunath N, Wu H, Shankar P. Multiplexing seven miRNA-Based shRNAs to suppress HIV replication. Mol Ther 2015; 23:310-20. [PMID: 25358251 PMCID: PMC4445613 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiplexed miRNA-based shRNAs (shRNA-miRs) could have wide potential to simultaneously suppress multiple genes. Here, we describe a simple strategy to express a large number of shRNA-miRs using minimal flanking sequences from multiple endogenous miRNAs. We found that a sequence of 30 nucleotides flanking the miRNA duplex was sufficient for efficient processing of shRNA-miRs. We inserted multiple shRNAs in tandem, each containing minimal flanking sequence from a different miRNA. Deep sequencing of transfected cells showed accurate processing of individual shRNA-miRs and that their expression did not decrease with the distance from the promoter. Moreover, each shRNA was as functionally competent as its singly expressed counterpart. We used this system to express one shRNA-miR targeting CCR5 and six shRNA-miRs targeting the HIV-1 genome. The lentiviral construct was pseudotyped with HIV-1 envelope to allow transduction of both resting and activated primary CD4 T cells. Unlike one shRNA-miR, the seven shRNA-miR transduced T cells nearly abrogated HIV-1 infection in vitro. Additionally, when PBMCs from HIV-1 seropositive individuals were transduced and transplanted into NOD/SCID/IL-2R γc(-/-) mice (Hu-PBL model) efficient suppression of endogenous HIV-1 replication with restoration of CD4 T cell counts was observed. Thus, our multiplexed shRNA appears to provide a promising gene therapeutic approach for HIV-1 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jang-Gi Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease Research, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Preeti Bharaj
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease Research, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Sojan Abraham
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease Research, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Hongming Ma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease Research, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Guohua Yi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease Research, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Chunting Ye
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease Research, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Ying Dang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease Research, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - N Manjunath
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease Research, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Haoquan Wu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease Research, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Premlata Shankar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease Research, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Blevins LK, Wren JT, Holbrook BC, Hayward SL, Swords WE, Parks GD, Alexander-Miller MA. Coinfection with Streptococcus pneumoniae negatively modulates the size and composition of the ongoing influenza-specific CD8⁺ T cell response. J Immunol 2014; 193:5076-87. [PMID: 25311807 PMCID: PMC4265766 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Infection with influenza A virus can lead to increased susceptibility to subsequent bacterial infection, often with Streptococcus pneumoniae. Given the substantial modification of the lung environment that occurs following pathogen infection, there is significant potential for modulation of immune responses. In this study, we show that infection of mice with influenza virus, followed by the noninvasive EF3030 strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae, leads to a significant decrease in the virus-specific CD8(+) T cell response in the lung. Adoptive-transfer studies suggest that this reduction contributes to disease in coinfected animals. The reduced number of lung effector cells in coinfected animals was associated with increased death, as well as a reduction in cytokine production in surviving cells. Further, cells that retained the ability to produce IFN-γ exhibited a decreased potential for coproduction of TNF-α. Reduced cytokine production was directly correlated with a decrease in the level of mRNA. Negative regulation of cells in the mediastinal lymph node was minimal compared with that present in the lung, supporting a model of selective regulation in the tissue harboring high pathogen burden. These results show that entry of a coinfecting pathogen can have profound immunoregulatory effects on an ongoing immune response. Together, these findings reveal a novel dynamic interplay between concurrently infecting pathogens and the adaptive immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lance K Blevins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
| | - John T Wren
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
| | - Beth C Holbrook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
| | - Sarah L Hayward
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
| | - W Edward Swords
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
| | - Griffith D Parks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
| | - Martha A Alexander-Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Sulik A, Oldak E, Kroten A, Lipska A, Radziwon P. Epstein-Barr virus effect on frequency of functionally distinct T cell subsets in children with infectious mononucleosis. Adv Med Sci 2014; 59:227-31. [PMID: 25051418 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Epstein-Barr virus is a common human pathogen which infects the great majority of population worldwide. A striking proliferation of CD8⁺ T cells is an immune response to EBV invasion of B lymphocytes during infectious mononucleosis. The aim of the study was to analyze frequencies of CD28⁺CD95⁻, CD28⁺CD95⁺, CD28⁻CD95⁺ T cell subsets putative naïve (T(N)), central (T(CM)) and effector memory (T(EM)) T cells in children with infectious mononucleosis. MATERIAL/METHODS Multiparameter flow cytometric analysis of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cell subsets was performed in 19 children with acute infectious mononucleosis. RESULTS The CD4⁺/CD8⁺ ratio was found to be decreased (0.53) in children with infectious mononucleosis. Median T(N), T(CM), T(EM) frequencies were estimated to be 3.7, 4.5, 15.1% of CD8⁺ and 23, 59.3, 5.5% of CD4⁺ T cells, respectively. In the present study we demonstrated negative correlations between CD8⁺CD28⁺CD95⁺ and CD8⁺CD28⁻CD95⁺ T cells and both VCA IgM antibody titers and disease duration. However, no such correlation was found when subset of CD4⁺ T cells or CD8⁺CD28⁺CD95⁻ cells was compared. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that there is a rapid decrease in the number of memory CD8⁺ T cells in early acute stage of infectious mononucleosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Artur Sulik
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Elzbieta Oldak
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Anna Kroten
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Alina Lipska
- Regional Center for Transfusion Medicine in Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Piotr Radziwon
- Regional Center for Transfusion Medicine in Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Klatt NR, Bosinger SE, Peck M, Richert-Spuhler LE, Heigele A, Gile JP, Patel N, Taaffe J, Julg B, Camerini D, Torti C, Martin JN, Deeks SG, Sinclair E, Hecht FM, Lederman MM, Paiardini M, Kirchhoff F, Brenchley JM, Hunt PW, Silvestri G. Limited HIV infection of central memory and stem cell memory CD4+ T cells is associated with lack of progression in viremic individuals. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004345. [PMID: 25167059 PMCID: PMC4148445 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A rare subset of HIV-infected individuals, designated viremic non-progressors (VNP), remain asymptomatic and maintain normal levels of CD4+ T-cells despite persistently high viremia. To identify mechanisms potentially responsible for the VNP phenotype, we compared VNPs (average >9 years of HIV infection) to HIV-infected individuals who have similar CD4+ T-cell counts and viral load, but who are likely to progress if left untreated (“putative progressors”, PP), thus avoiding the confounding effect of differences related to substantial CD4+ T cell depletion. We found that VNPs, compared to PPs, had preserved levels of CD4+ stem cell memory cells (TSCM (p<0.0001), which was associated with decreased HIV infection of these cells in VNPs (r = −0.649, p = 0.019). In addition, VNPs had decreased HIV infection in CD4+ central memory (TCM) cells (p = 0.035), and the total number of TCM cells was associated with increased proliferation of memory CD4+ T cells (r = 0.733, p = 0.01). Our results suggest that, in HIV-infected VNPs, decreased infection of CD4+ TCM and TSCM, cells are involved in preservation of CD4+ T cell homeostasis and lack of disease progression despite high viremia. Here we assessed correlates of protection from disease progression in a rare subset of HIV-infected individuals, viremic non-progressors (VNP). These individuals have high viral load for several years. In contrast to the majority of infected individuals, however, these individuals do not progress to AIDS. Here we found this lack of progression was associated with selective preservation of two critical subsets of memory CD4+ T cells, central memory (TCM) and stem-cell memory (TSCM) cells. Compared to HIV-infected putative progressors, VNPs had higher proliferation of these indispensable subsets of memory cells. In addition, the long-lived CD4+ TCM and TSCM cells in VNPs had decreased HIV infection compared to the less critical effector memory CD4+ T cells, which indicates a possible mechanism by which VNPs maintain their CD4+ T cell pool after several years of infection, and remain free from AIDS progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nichole R. Klatt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Steven E. Bosinger
- Yerkes Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Melicent Peck
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Laura E. Richert-Spuhler
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Anke Heigele
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jillian P. Gile
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Nirav Patel
- Yerkes Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jessica Taaffe
- Yerkes Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Boris Julg
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David Camerini
- Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Carlo Torti
- Institute of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Jeffrey N. Martin
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Sinclair
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Frederick M. Hecht
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Michael M. Lederman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Yerkes Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jason M. Brenchley
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter W. Hunt
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Yerkes Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Cárdenas Sierra D, Vélez Colmenares G, Orfao de Matos A, Fiorentino Gómez S, Quijano Gómez SM. Age-associated Epstein-Barr virus-specific T cell responses in seropositive healthy adults. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 177:320-32. [PMID: 24666437 PMCID: PMC4089182 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is present in 95% of the world's adult population. The immune response participates in immune vigilance and persistent infection control, and this condition is maintained by both a good quality (functionality) and quantity of specific T cells throughout life. In the present study, we evaluated EBV-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocyte responses in seropositive healthy individuals younger and older than 50 years of age. The assessment comprised the frequency, phenotype, functionality and clonotypic distribution of T lymphocytes. We found that in both age groups a similar EBV-specific T cell response was found, with overlapping numbers of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α(+) T lymphocytes (CD4(+) and CD8(+)) within the memory and effector cell compartments, in addition to monofunctional and multi-functional T cells producing interleukin (IL)-2 and/or interferon (IFN)-γ. However, individuals aged more than 50 years showed significantly higher frequencies of IL-2-producing CD4(+) T lymphocytes in association with greater production of soluble IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-6 than subjects younger than 50 years. A polyclonal T cell receptor (TCR)-variable beta region (Vβ) repertoire exists in both age groups under basal conditions and in response to EBV; the major TCR families found in TNF-α(+) /CD4(+) T lymphocytes were Vβ1, Vβ2, Vβ17 and Vβ22 in both age groups, and the major TCR family in TNF-α(+) /CD8(+) T cells was Vβ13·1 for individuals younger than 50 years and Vβ9 for individuals aged more than 50 years. Our findings suggest that the EBV-specific T cell response (using a polyclonal stimulation model) is distributed throughout several T cell differentiation compartments in an age-independent manner and includes both monofunctional and multi-functional T lymphocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Cárdenas Sierra
- Grupo de Inmunobiología y Biología Celular, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Chikere K, Webb NE, Chou T, Borm K, Sterjovski J, Gorry PR, Lee B. Distinct HIV-1 entry phenotypes are associated with transmission, subtype specificity, and resistance to broadly neutralizing antibodies. Retrovirology 2014; 11:48. [PMID: 24957778 PMCID: PMC4230403 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-11-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficiency of CD4/CCR5 mediated HIV-1 entry has important implications for pathogenesis and transmission. The HIV-1 receptor affinity profiling (Affinofile) system analyzes and quantifies the infectivity of HIV-1 envelopes (Envs) across a spectrum of CD4/CCR5 expression levels and distills these data into a set of Affinofile metrics. The Affinofile system has shed light on how differential CD4/CCR5 usage efficiencies contributes to an array of Env phenotypes associated with cellular tropism, viral pathogenesis, and CCR5 inhibitor resistance. To facilitate more rapid, convenient, and robust analysis of HIV-1 entry phenotypes, we engineered a reporter Affinofile system containing a Tat- and Rev-dependent Gaussia luciferase-eGFP-Reporter (GGR) that is compatible with the use of pseudotyped or replication competent viruses with or without a virally encoded reporter gene. This GGR Affinofile system enabled a higher throughput characterization of CD4/CCR5 usage efficiencies associated with differential Env phenotypes. RESULTS We first validated our GGR Affinofile system on isogenic JR-CSF Env mutants that differ in their affinity for CD4 and/or CCR5. We established that their GGR Affinofile metrics reflected their differential entry phenotypes on primary PBMCs and CD4+ T-cell subsets. We then applied GGR Affinofile profiling to reveal distinct entry phenotypes associated with transmission, subtype specificity, and resistance to broadly neutralizing antibodies (BNAbs). First, we profiled a panel of reference subtype B transmitted/founder (T/F) and chronic Envs (n = 12) by analyzing the infectivity of each Env across 25 distinct combinations of CD4/CCR5 expression levels. Affinofile metrics revealed that at low CCR5 levels, our panel of subtype B T/F Envs was more dependent on high levels of CD4 for HIV-1 entry compared to chronic Envs. Next, we analyzed a reference panel of 28 acute/early subtype A-D Envs, and noted that subtype C Envs could be distinguished from the other subtypes based on their infectivity profiles and relevant Affinofile metrics. Lastly, mutations known to confer resistance to VRC01 or PG6/PG19 BNAbs, when engineered into subtypes A-D Envs, resulted in significantly decreased CD4/CCR5 usage efficiency. CONCLUSIONS GGR Affinofile profiling reveals pathophysiological phenotypes associated with varying HIV-1 entry efficiencies, and highlight the fitness costs associated with resistance to some broadly neutralizing antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelechi Chikere
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Nicholas E Webb
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Tom Chou
- Department of Biomathematics, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Katharina Borm
- Center for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jasminka Sterjovski
- Center for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul R Gorry
- Center for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Benhur Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, #1124, New York, NY 10029, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Pissani F, Streeck H. Emerging concepts on T follicular helper cell dynamics in HIV infection. Trends Immunol 2014; 35:278-86. [PMID: 24703588 PMCID: PMC4264576 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Inducing cross-reactive broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb) responses to HIV through vaccination remains an insurmountable challenge. T follicular helper (TFH) cells are fundamental for the development of antigen-specific antibody responses and therefore crucial for anti-HIV vaccine design. Here, we review recent studies supporting an intricate involvement of TFH cells in HIV pathogenesis and bNAb development during HIV infection. We also examine emerging data suggesting that TFH cell responses may be traceable in peripheral blood, and discuss the implications of these findings in the context of vaccine design and future research in TFH cell immunobiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franco Pissani
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hendrik Streeck
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Wang RC, Chang ST, Hsieh YC, Huang WT, Hsu JD, Tseng CE, Wang MC, Hwang WS, Wang J, Chuang SS. Spectrum of Epstein-Barr virus-associated T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder in adolescents and young adults in Taiwan. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2014; 7:2430-2437. [PMID: 24966953 PMCID: PMC4069894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is a herpesvirus usually infecting B-cells but may occasionally infect T- or natural killer (NK)-cells. EBV-associated T- or NK-cell lymphoproliferations represent a continuous spectrum of diseases ranging from asymptomatic infection, infectious mononucleosis (IM), to clonal and malignant lymphoproliferations including systemic EBV-positive T/NK-cell lymphoproliferative disease (EBV-T/NK-LPD) of childhood and hydroa-vacciniforme-like lymphoma of the skin. The clonal diseases are more prevalent in East Asia and exhibit overlapping clinical and pathological features with chronic active EBV infection. Here we report our experience on 10 cases of EBV-associated T-cell lymphoproliferation from Taiwan including five males and five females with a median age of 18 years old (range, 15-28). The most common clinical symptoms were fever, neck mass and hepatosplenomegaly. Eight of these patients showed elevated lactate dehydrogenase level and half of the patients had cytopenia. All patients had either elevated EBV antibody titers or increased serum EBV DNA levels. Five cases were clinically IM-like with polyclonal (3 cases) or clonal (2 cases) T-cell lymphoproliferation. Two patients each had chronic active EBV infection (CAEBV) and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). One patient had both CAEBV and HLH. One of the HLH patients with marrow infiltration by intra-sinusoidal large atypical lymphocytes experienced a fulminant course. In a median follow-up time of 21.5 months, seven patients were free of disease, one was alive with disease, and two died of disease in 31 and 3 months, respectively, despite chemotherapy. We confirmed a wide clinicopathological range of EVB-associated T-cell lymphoproliferation in Taiwan. Furthermore, monomorphic LPD and the single case with fulminant course as defined by Ohshima et al (Pathol Int 2018) as categories A3 and B, respectively, died of disease despite chemotherapy. Our report, the largest series in the recent decade from Taiwan, adds to the understanding of these rare diseases with variable clinical and histopathological presentations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Ching Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taichung Veterans General HospitalTaichung, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Tsung Chang
- Department of Pathology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, and Department of Nursing, National Tainan Institute of NursingTainan, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chuan Hsieh
- Department of Pathology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, and Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Chung Hwa University of Medical TechnologyTainan, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ting Huang
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of MedicineKaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Dong Hsu
- Department of Pathology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital and School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-En Tseng
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Buddhist Dalin Tzu Chi HospitalChiayi, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi UniversityHualien, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chung Wang
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, and Chang Gung University College of MedicineKaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Shou Hwang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Shan Medical University Hospital and School of Medicine, Chung-Shan Medical UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
| | - John Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taichung Veterans General HospitalTaichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Sung Chuang
- Department of Pathology, Chi-Mei Medical CenterTainan, Taiwan
- Taipei Medical University and National Taiwan UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Emu B, Moretto WJ, Hoh R, Krone M, Martin JN, Nixon DF, Deeks SG, McCune JM. Composition and function of T cell subpopulations are slow to change despite effective antiretroviral treatment of HIV disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85613. [PMID: 24465619 PMCID: PMC3897457 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to reconstitute a normal immune system with antiretroviral therapy in the setting of HIV infection remains uncertain. This study aimed to characterize quantitative and qualitative aspects of various T cell subpopulations that do not improve despite effective ART. CD4∶CD8 ratio was evaluated in HIV-infected subjects with viral loads >10,000 copies/µl (“non-controllers”, n = 42), those with undetectable viral loads on ART (“ART-suppressed”, n = 53), and HIV-uninfected subjects (n = 22). In addition, T cell phenotype and function were examined in 25 non-controllers, 18 ART-suppressed, and 7 HIV-uninfected subjects. CD4∶CD8 ratio in non-controllers, ART-suppressed, and HIV-uninfected subjects was 0.25, 0.48, and 1.95 respectively (P<0.0001 for all comparisons). The increased ratio in ART-suppressed compared to non-controllers was driven by an increase of CD4+ T cells, with no change in the expanded CD8+ T cell population. Expansion of differentiated (CD28−CD27−CD45RA+/−CCR7−) T cell subpopulations persisted despite ART and minimal changes were noted in naïve T cell frequencies over time. Increased number of CD8+CD28− T cells and increased CD8+ CMV-specific T cell responses were associated with a decreased CD4∶CD8 ratio. Measures of T cell function demonstrated persistence of high frequencies of CD8+ T cells producing IFN–γ. Lastly, though all CD8+ subpopulations demonstrated significantly lower Ki67 expression in ART-suppressed subjects, CD4+ T cell subpopulations did not consistently show this decrease, thus demonstrating different proliferative responses in the setting of T cell depletion. In summary, this study demonstrated that CD4∶CD8 ratios remained significantly decreased and naïve T cell numbers were slow to increase despite long-term viral suppression on ART. In addition, there is a evidence of differential regulation of the CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subpopulations, suggesting independent homeostatic regulation of the two compartments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brinda Emu
- Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Walter J. Moretto
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Hoh
- Positive Health Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Melissa Krone
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey N. Martin
- Positive Health Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Douglas F. Nixon
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- Positive Health Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph M. McCune
- Positive Health Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
De Pasquale M, Kourteva Y, Allos T, D'Aquila RT. Lower HIV provirus levels are associated with more APOBEC3G protein in blood resting memory CD4+ T lymphocytes of controllers in vivo. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76002. [PMID: 24146808 PMCID: PMC3797809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunodeficiency does not progress for prolonged periods in some HLA B57- and/or B27-positive subjects with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) infection, even in the absence of antiretroviral therapy (ART). These "controllers" have fewer HIV provirus-containing peripheral blood mononuclear cells than "non-controller" subjects, but lymphocytes that harbor latent proviruses were not specifically examined in studies to date. Provirus levels in resting memory cells that can serve as latent reservoirs of HIV in blood were compared here between controllers and ART-suppressed non-controllers. APOBEC3G (A3G), a cellular factor that blocks provirus formation at multiple steps if not antagonized by HIV virion infectivity factor (Vif), was also studied. HLA-linked HIV control was associated with less provirus and more A3G protein in resting CD4+ T central memory (Tcm) and effector memory (Tem) lymphocytes (provirus: p = 0.01 for Tcm and p = 0.02 for Tem; A3G: p = 0.02 for Tcm and p = 0.02 for Tem). Resting memory T cells with the highest A3G protein levels (>0.5 RLU per unit of actin) had the lowest levels of provirus (<1,000 copies of DNA per million cells) in vivo (p = 0.03, Fisher's exact test). Using two different experimental approaches, Vif-positive viruses with more A3G were found to have decreased virion infectivity ex vivo. These results raise the hypothesis that HIV control is associated with increased cellular A3G that may be packaged into Vif-positive virions to add that mode of inhibition of provirus formation to previously described adaptive immune mechanisms for HIV control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- MariaPia De Pasquale
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Yordanka Kourteva
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Tara Allos
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Richard T. D'Aquila
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Northwestern HIV Translational Research Center, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Bacchus C, Cheret A, Avettand-Fenoël V, Nembot G, Mélard A, Blanc C, Lascoux-Combe C, Slama L, Allegre T, Allavena C, Yazdanpanah Y, Duvivier C, Katlama C, Goujard C, Seksik BCP, Leplatois A, Molina JM, Meyer L, Autran B, Rouzioux C. A single HIV-1 cluster and a skewed immune homeostasis drive the early spread of HIV among resting CD4+ cell subsets within one month post-infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64219. [PMID: 23691172 PMCID: PMC3653877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimizing therapeutic strategies for an HIV cure requires better understanding the characteristics of early HIV-1 spread among resting CD4+ cells within the first month of primary HIV-1 infection (PHI). We studied the immune distribution, diversity, and inducibility of total HIV-DNA among the following cell subsets: monocytes, peripheral blood activated and resting CD4 T cells, long-lived (naive [TN] and central-memory [TCM]) and short-lived (transitional-memory [TTM] and effector-memory cells [TEM]) resting CD4+T cells from 12 acutely-infected individuals recruited at a median 36 days from infection. Cells were sorted for total HIV-DNA quantification, phylogenetic analysis and inducibility, all studied in relation to activation status and cell signaling. One month post-infection, a single CCR5-restricted viral cluster was massively distributed in all resting CD4+ subsets from 88% subjects, while one subject showed a slight diversity. High levels of total HIV-DNA were measured among TN (median 3.4 log copies/million cells), although 10-fold less (p = 0.0005) than in equally infected TCM (4.5), TTM (4.7) and TEM (4.6) cells. CD3−CD4+ monocytes harbored a low viral burden (median 2.3 log copies/million cells), unlike equally infected resting and activated CD4+ T cells (4.5 log copies/million cells). The skewed repartition of resting CD4 subsets influenced their contribution to the pool of resting infected CD4+T cells, two thirds of which consisted of short-lived TTM and TEM subsets, whereas long-lived TN and TCM subsets contributed the balance. Each resting CD4 subset produced HIV in vitro after stimulation with anti-CD3/anti-CD28+IL-2 with kinetics and magnitude varying according to subset differentiation, while IL-7 preferentially induced virus production from long-lived resting TN cells. In conclusion, within a month of infection, a clonal HIV-1 cluster is massively distributed among resting CD4 T-cell subsets with a flexible inducibility, suggesting that subset activation and skewed immune homeostasis determine the conditions of viral dissemination and early establishment of the HIV reservoir.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charline Bacchus
- Pierre-and-Marie-Curie University Paris 06, Laboratory Immunity and Infection UMR_S 945, F-75013, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Laboratory Immunity and Infection UMR_S 945, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Cheret
- Paris-Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, EA 3620, Virology Laboratory, Necker Enfants-Malades Hospital, Paris, France
- Infectious Diseases Department, Gustave Dron Hospital, Tourcoing, France
| | - Véronique Avettand-Fenoël
- Paris-Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, EA 3620, Virology Laboratory, Necker Enfants-Malades Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Georges Nembot
- Epidemiology and Public Health Department, Inserm U1018, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Adeline Mélard
- Paris-Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, EA 3620, Virology Laboratory, Necker Enfants-Malades Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Blanc
- CyPS Flow Cytometry Platform, Pierre & Marie Curie University, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Lascoux-Combe
- Infectious Diseases Department, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Slama
- Infectious Diseases Department, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Tenon Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Allegre
- Department of Hematology, Aix-en-Provence Hospital, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | | | - Yazdan Yazdanpanah
- Infectious Diseases Department, Gustave Dron Hospital, Tourcoing, France
| | - Claudine Duvivier
- Pasteur Institute, Medical Center, Necker-Pasteur Infectious Diseases Center, Paris, France
| | - Christine Katlama
- Infectious Diseases Department, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Goujard
- Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases Department, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Bao Chau Phung Seksik
- Infectious Diseases Department, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Bichat Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Anne Leplatois
- Infectious Diseases Department, L’Archet Hospital, Nice, France
| | - Jean-Michel Molina
- Sorbonne Paris-Cité University, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U941, Infectious Diseases Unit, Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Meyer
- Epidemiology and Public Health Department, Inserm U1018, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Brigitte Autran
- Pierre-and-Marie-Curie University Paris 06, Laboratory Immunity and Infection UMR_S 945, F-75013, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Laboratory Immunity and Infection UMR_S 945, F-75013, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Christine Rouzioux
- Paris-Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, EA 3620, Virology Laboratory, Necker Enfants-Malades Hospital, Paris, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Sarhan MA, Chen AY, Michalak TI. Differential expression of candidate virus receptors in human T lymphocytes prone or resistant to infection with patient-derived hepatitis C virus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62159. [PMID: 23626783 PMCID: PMC3633843 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulated evidence implies that hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects not only the liver but also the immune system. A lymphocyte-specific CD5 molecule was recently identified as essential for infection of T cells with native, patient-derived HCV. To assess whether the proposed hepatocyte receptors may also contribute to HCV lymphotropism, expression of scavenger receptor-class B type 1 (SR-B1), claudin-1 (CLDN-1), claudin-6 (CLDN-6), occludin (OCLN), CD5 and CD81 was examined by real-time RT-PCR and the respective proteins quantified by immunoblotting in HCV-prone and resistant T cell lines, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), primary T cells and their subsets, and compared to hepatoma Huh7.5 and HepG2 cells. SR-B1 protein was found in T and hepatoma cell lines but not in PBMC or primary T lymphocytes, CLDN-1 in HCV-resistant PM1 T cell line and hepatoma cells only, while CLDN-6 equally in the cells investigated. OCLN protein occurred in HCV-susceptible Molt4 and Jurkat T cells and its traces in primary T cells, but not in PBMC. CD5 was displayed by HCV-prone T cell lines, primary T cells and PBMC, but not by non-susceptible T and hepatoma cell lines, while CD81 in all cell types except HepG2. Knocking-down OCLN in virus-prone T cell line inhibited HCV infection, while de novo infection downregulated OCLN and CD81, and upregulated CD5 without modifying SR-B1 expression. Overall, while no association between SR-B1, CLDN-1 or CLDN-6 and the susceptibility to HCV was found, CD5 and CD81 expression coincided with virus lymphotropism and that of OCLN with permissiveness of T cell lines but unlikely primary T cells. This study narrowed the range of factors potentially utilized by HCV to infect T lymphocytes amongst those uncovered using laboratory HCV and Huh7.5 cells. Together with the demonstrated role for CD5 in HCV lymphotropism, the findings indicate that virus utilizes different molecules to enter hepatocytes and lymphocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A. Sarhan
- Molecular Virology and Hepatology Research Group, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Annie Y. Chen
- Molecular Virology and Hepatology Research Group, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Tomasz I. Michalak
- Molecular Virology and Hepatology Research Group, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
|
39
|
Abstract
Transmission of HIV-1 results in the establishment of a new infection, typically starting from a single virus particle. That virion replicates to generate viremia and persistent infection in all of the lymphoid tissue in the body. HIV-1 preferentially infects T cells with high levels of CD4 and those subsets of T cells that express CCR5, particularly memory T cells. Most of the replicating virus is in the lymphoid tissue, yet most of samples studied are from blood. For the most part the tissue and blood viruses represent a well-mixed population. With the onset of immunodeficiency, the virus evolves to infect new cell types. The tropism switch involves switching from using CCR5 to CXCR4 and corresponds to an expansion of infected cells to include naïve CD4(+) T cells. Similarly, the virus evolves the ability to enter cells with low levels of CD4 on the surface and this potentiates the ability to infect macrophages, although the scope of sites where infection of macrophages occurs and the link to pathogenesis is only partly known and is clear only for infection of the central nervous system. A model linking viral evolution to these two pathways has been proposed. Finally, other disease states related to immunodeficiency may be the result of viral infection of additional tissues, although the evidence for a direct role for the virus is less strong. Advancing immunodeficiency creates an environment in which viral evolution results in viral variants that can target new cell types to generate yet another class of opportunistic infections (i.e., HIV-1 with altered tropism).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Swanstrom
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Xi Y, Day SL, Jackson RJ, Ranasinghe C. Role of novel type I interferon epsilon in viral infection and mucosal immunity. Mucosal Immunol 2012; 5:610-22. [PMID: 22617838 PMCID: PMC3481022 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2012.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Intranasal infection with vaccinia virus co-expressing interferon epsilon (VV-HIV-IFN-ε) was used to evaluate the role of IFN-ε in mucosal immunity. VV-HIV- IFN-ε infection induced a rapid VV clearance in lung that correlated with (i) an elevated lung VV-specific CD8(+)CD107a(+)IFN-γ(+) population expressing activation markers CD69/CD103, (ii) enhanced lymphocyte recruitment to lung alveoli with reduced inflammation, and (iii) an heightened functional/cytotoxic CD8(+)CD4(+) T-cell subset (CD3(hi)CCR7(hi)CD62L(lo)) in lung lymph nodes. These responses were different to that observed with intranasal VV-HA-IFN-α(4) or VV-HA-IFN-β infections. When IFN-ε was used in an intranasal/intramuscular heterologous HIV prime-boost immunization, elevated HIV-specific effector, but not memory CD8(+)T cells responses, were observed in spleen, genito-rectal nodes, and Peyer's patch. Homing marker α4β7 and CCR9 analysis indicated that unlike other type I IFNs, IFN-ε could promote migration of antigen-specific CD8(+)T cells to the gut. Our results indicate that IFN-ε has a unique role in the mucosae and most likely can be used to control local lung and/or gut infections (i.e., microbicide) such as tuberculosis, HIV-1, or sexually transmitted diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xi
- Molecular Mucosal Vaccine Immunology Group, Department of Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | | | - Ronald J Jackson
- Molecular Mucosal Vaccine Immunology Group, Department of Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Charani Ranasinghe
- Molecular Mucosal Vaccine Immunology Group, Department of Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Wiehagen KR, Corbo-Rodgers E, Li S, Staub ES, Hunter CA, Morrisey EE, Maltzman JS. Foxp4 is dispensable for T cell development, but required for robust recall responses. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42273. [PMID: 22912696 PMCID: PMC3418275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors regulate T cell fates at every stage of development and differentiation. Members of the Foxp family of forkhead transcription factors are essential for normal T lineage development; Foxp3 is required for T regulatory cell generation and function, and Foxp1 is necessary for generation and maintenance of naïve T cells. Foxp4, an additional member of the Foxp family, is highly homologous to Foxp1 and has been shown to dimerize with other Foxp proteins. We report the initial characterization of Foxp4 in T lymphocytes. Foxp4 is expressed in both thymocytes and peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. We used a CD4Cre mediated approach to evaluate the cell autonomous role for Foxp4 in murine T lymphocytes. T cell development, peripheral cellularity and cell surface phenotype are normal in the absence of Foxp4. Furthermore, Foxp3+ T regulatory cells develop normally in Foxp4 deficient animals and naïve Foxp4 deficient CD4 T cells can differentiate to inducible T regulatory cells in vitro. In wild-type T cells, expression of Foxp4 increases following activation, but deletion of Foxp4 does not affect T cell proliferative responses or in vitro effector T cell differentiation. In vivo, despite effective control of Toxoplasma gondii and acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infections, effector cytokine production during antigen specific recall responses are reduced in the absence of Foxp4. We conclude that Foxp4 is dispensable for T cell development, but necessary for normal T cell cytokine recall responses to antigen following pathogenic infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karla R. Wiehagen
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Evann Corbo-Rodgers
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Shanru Li
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth S. Staub
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Christopher A. Hunter
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Edward E. Morrisey
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jonathan S. Maltzman
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Moorman JP, Wang JM, Zhang Y, Ji XJ, Ma CJ, Wu XY, Jia ZS, Wang KS, Yao ZQ. Tim-3 pathway controls regulatory and effector T cell balance during hepatitis C virus infection. J Immunol 2012; 189:755-66. [PMID: 22706088 PMCID: PMC3392408 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is remarkable at disrupting human immunity to establish chronic infection. Upregulation of inhibitory signaling pathways (such as T cell Ig and mucin domain protein-3 [Tim-3]) and accumulation of regulatory T cells (Tregs) play pivotal roles in suppressing antiviral effector T cell (Teff) responses that are essential for viral clearance. Although the Tim-3 pathway has been shown to negatively regulate Teffs, its role in regulating Foxp3(+) Tregs is poorly explored. In this study, we investigated whether and how the Tim-3 pathway alters Foxp3(+) Treg development and function in patients with chronic HCV infection. We found that Tim-3 was upregulated, not only on IL-2-producing CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(-) Teffs, but also on CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs, which accumulate in the peripheral blood of chronically HCV-infected individuals when compared with healthy subjects. Tim-3 expression on Foxp3(+) Tregs positively correlated with expression of the proliferation marker Ki67 on Tregs, but it was inversely associated with proliferation of IL-2-producing Teffs. Moreover, Foxp3(+) Tregs were found to be more resistant to, and Foxp3(-) Teffs more sensitive to, TCR activation-induced cell apoptosis, which was reversible by blocking Tim-3 signaling. Consistent with its role in T cell proliferation and apoptosis, blockade of Tim-3 on CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells promoted expansion of Teffs more substantially than Tregs through improving STAT-5 signaling, thus correcting the imbalance of Foxp3(+) Tregs/Foxp3(-) Teffs that was induced by HCV infection. Taken together, the Tim-3 pathway appears to control Treg and Teff balance through altering cell proliferation and apoptosis during HCV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P. Moorman
- Hepatitis (HCV/HIV) Program, Department of Veterans Affairs, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of America
| | - Jia M. Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiao J. Ji
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of America
- Department of Critical Care Unit, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng J. Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of America
| | - Xiao Y. Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of America
| | - Zhan S. Jia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ke S. Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of America
| | - Zhi Q. Yao
- Hepatitis (HCV/HIV) Program, Department of Veterans Affairs, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of America
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Guillot-Delost M, Le Gouvello S, Mesel-Lemoine M, Cheraï M, Baillou C, Simon A, Levy Y, Weiss L, Louafi S, Chaput N, Berrehar F, Kerbrat S, Klatzmann D, Lemoine FM. Human CD90 identifies Th17/Tc17 T cell subsets that are depleted in HIV-infected patients. J Immunol 2012; 188:981-91. [PMID: 22184726 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
By revisiting CD90, a GPI-anchored glycoprotein, we show that CD90 is expressed by a subset of CD4(+) and CD8(+) human T cells. CD4(+)CD90(+) cells share similarities with Th17 cells because they express the Th17-specific transcription factor RORC2 and produce IL-17A. CD4(+)CD90(+) cells are activated memory T cells that express the gut mucosal markers CCR6, CD161, and the α(4) and β(7) integrins. Compared with CD90-depleted CCR6(+) memory Th17 cells, CD4(+)CD90(+) cells express higher levels of IL-22 and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α and GM-CSF), but they produce lower levels of IL-21 and no IL-9. Analyses of CD8(+)CD90(+) cells reveal that they express RORC2 and are able to produce higher levels of IL-17A, IL-22, and CCL20 compared with CD90-depleted CD8(+) cells. These data show that CD90 identifies Th17 and Tc17 cells with a peculiar cytokine profile. Studies of circulating CD90(+) cells in HIV patients show that CD90(+) cells are decreased with an imbalance of the CD4(+)CD90(+)/regulatory T cell ratio in nontreated patients compared with treated patients and healthy donors. Overall, human CD90 identifies a subset of Th17 and Tc17 cells within CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, respectively, which are depleted during HIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maude Guillot-Delost
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Université Paris 06, Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7211/INSERM 959, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Gutiérrez C, Díaz L, Vallejo A, Hernández-Novoa B, Abad M, Madrid N, Dahl V, Rubio R, Moreno AM, Dronda F, Casado JL, Navas E, Pérez-Elías MJ, Zamora J, Palmer S, Muñoz E, Muñoz-Fernández MÁ, Moreno S. Intensification of antiretroviral therapy with a CCR5 antagonist in patients with chronic HIV-1 infection: effect on T cells latently infected. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27864. [PMID: 22174752 PMCID: PMC3234247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The primary objective was to assess the effect of MVC intensification on latently infected CD4(+) T cells in chronically HIV-1-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. METHODS We performed an open-label pilot phase II clinical trial involving chronically HIV-1-infected patients receiving stable antiretroviral therapy whose regimen was intensified with 48 weeks of maraviroc therapy. We analyzed the latent reservoir, the residual viremia and episomal 2LTR DNA to examine the relationship between these measures and the HIV-1 latent reservoir, immune activation, lymphocyte subsets (including effector and central memory T cells), and markers associated with bacterial translocation. RESULTS Overall a non significant reduction in the size of the latent reservoir was found (p = 0.068). A mean reduction of 1.82 IUPM was observed in 4 patients with detectable latent reservoir at baseline after 48 weeks of intensification. No effect on plasma residual viremia was observed. Unexpectedly, all the patients had detectable 2LTR DNA circles at week 24, while none of them showed those circles at the end of the study. No changes were detected in CD4(+) or CD8(+) counts, although a significant decrease was found in the proportion of HLA-DR(+)/CD38(+) CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cells. LPS and sCD14 levels increased. CONCLUSIONS Intensification with MVC was associated with a trend to a decrease in the size of the latent HIV-1 reservoir in memory T cells. No impact on residual viremia was detected. Additional studies with larger samples are needed to confirm the results. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00795444.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Gutiérrez
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, and IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Díaz
- Inmunobiology Laboratory, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Vallejo
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, and IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Hernández-Novoa
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, and IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Abad
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, and IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nadia Madrid
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, and IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Rafael Rubio
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital General Universitario Doce de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana M. Moreno
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, and IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Dronda
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, and IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Casado
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, and IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Navas
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, and IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Jesús Pérez-Elías
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, and IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Zamora
- Biostatistics Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, and IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Eduardo Muñoz
- Immunology Department, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Santiago Moreno
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, and IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Go YY, Bailey E, Cook DG, Coleman SJ, MacLeod JN, Chen KC, Timoney PJ, Balasuriya UBR. Genome-wide association study among four horse breeds identifies a common haplotype associated with in vitro CD3+ T cell susceptibility/resistance to equine arteritis virus infection. J Virol 2011; 85:13174-84. [PMID: 21994447 PMCID: PMC3233183 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06068-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we have shown that horses could be divided into susceptible and resistant groups based on an in vitro assay using dual-color flow cytometric analysis of CD3+ T cells infected with equine arteritis virus (EAV). Here, we demonstrate that the differences in in vitro susceptibility of equine CD3+ T lymphocytes to EAV infection have a genetic basis. To investigate the possible hereditary basis for this trait, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to compare susceptible and resistant phenotypes. Testing of 267 DNA samples from four horse breeds that had a susceptible or a resistant CD3+ T lymphocyte phenotype using both Illumina Equine SNP50 BeadChip and Sequenom's MassARRAY system identified a common, genetically dominant haplotype associated with the susceptible phenotype in a region of equine chromosome 11 (ECA11), positions 49572804 to 49643932. The presence of a common haplotype indicates that the trait occurred in a common ancestor of all four breeds, suggesting that it may be segregated among other modern horse breeds. Biological pathway analysis revealed several cellular genes within this region of ECA11 encoding proteins associated with virus attachment and entry, cytoskeletal organization, and NF-κB pathways that may be associated with the trait responsible for the in vitro susceptibility/resistance of CD3+ T lymphocytes to EAV infection. The data presented in this study demonstrated a strong association of genetic markers with the trait, representing de facto proof that the trait is under genetic control. To our knowledge, this is the first GWAS of an equine infectious disease and the first GWAS of equine viral arteritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Young Go
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science
| | - Ernest Bailey
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science
| | - Deborah G. Cook
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science
| | - Stephen J. Coleman
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science
| | - James N. MacLeod
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science
| | - Kuey-Chu Chen
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546-0099
| | - Peter J. Timoney
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Torti N, Walton SM, Brocker T, Rülicke T, Oxenius A. Non-hematopoietic cells in lymph nodes drive memory CD8 T cell inflation during murine cytomegalovirus infection. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002313. [PMID: 22046127 PMCID: PMC3203160 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
During human and murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection an exceptionally large virus-specific CD8 T cell pool is maintained in the periphery lifelong. This anomalous response is only seen for specific subsets of MCMV-specific CD8 T cells which are referred to as 'inflationary T cells'. How memory CD8 T cell inflation is induced and maintained is unclear, though their activated phenotype strongly suggests an involvement of persistent antigen encounter during MCMV latency. To dissect the cellular and molecular requirements for memory CD8 T cell inflation, we have generated a transgenic mouse expressing an MHC class I-restricted T cell receptor specific for an immunodominant inflationary epitope of MCMV. Through a series of adoptive transfer experiments we found that memory inflation was completely dependent on antigen presentation by non-hematopoietic cells, which are also the predominant site of MCMV latency. In particular, non-hematopoietic cells selectively induced robust proliferation of inflationary CD8 T cells in lymph nodes, where a majority of the inflationary CD8 T cells exhibit a central-memory phenotype, but not in peripheral tissues, where terminally differentiated inflationary T cells accumulate. These results indicate that continuous restimulation of central memory CD8 T cells in the lymph nodes by infected non-hematopoietic cells ensures the maintenance of a functional effector CD8 T pool in the periphery, providing protection against viral reactivation events. Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) infect the majority of the human population and persist lifelong via latency. CMV latency is thought to be a dynamic state, characterized by stochastic viral reactivation events coupled to CMV-derived antigen presentation. In support of this hypothesis is the exceptionally large CMV-specific CD8 T cell response which constitutes an integral part of immune surveillance of CMV reactivation. Conversely, it may also contribute to immune senescence as it significantly shapes the overall CD8 T cell pool in bias of CMV-specificity. In mice, only a subset of CMV-specific CD8 T cells, also called ‘inflationary CD8 T cells’, contribute to this large response. The mechanism leading to the selective accumulation and persistence of memory CD8 T cells during MCMV latency is largely unknown. Here, we unraveled the mechanisms of memory CD8 T cell inflation using a newly generated TCR transgenic mouse with specificity for an immunodominant inflationary MCMV epitope. We show that antigen presentation on non-hematopoietic cells is essential for memory inflation and that memory inflation in peripheral tissues is fueled by lymph node-resident central memory CD8 T cells, being locally reactivated by non-hematopoietic cells, inducing their local expansion and migration to peripheral tissues where they control viral reactivation events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Torti
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Thomas Rülicke
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science and Biomodels Austria, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Annette Oxenius
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Suárez-Ramírez JE, Wu T, Lee YT, Aguila CC, Bouchard KR, Cauley LS. Division of labor between subsets of lymph node dendritic cells determines the specificity of the CD8⁺ T-cell recall response to influenza infection. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:2632-41. [PMID: 21660939 PMCID: PMC3517118 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are important targets for vaccines against a wide variety of infections that enter the body via mucosal tissues. To induce effective immunity these vaccines must include the most protective epitopes and elicit rapid recall responses at the site of infection. Although live attenuated viruses are sometimes used to induce cellular immunity against recurrent influenza infections, the mechanisms that determine the magnitude of the response to individual viral components are very poorly defined. Heterosubtypic infections in C57BL/6 mice illustrate an additional level of complexity, when the antigen specificity of the response shifts dramatically between primary and secondary challenge. This model provides a unique opportunity to identify the mechanisms that regulate memory CD8(+) T-cell reactivation in vivo and control the specificity of the recall response by pathogen-specific CTL. We show that multiple factors contribute to the changing pattern of immunodominance during secondary infection, including the location of the memory CD8(+) T cells at the time of reinfection and their ability to directly recognize migratory CD103(+) DCs as they arrive in the lung draining LN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny E Suárez-Ramírez
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032-1319, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Wang JH, Pianko MJ, Ke X, Herskovic A, Hershow R, Cotler SJ, Chen W, Chen ZW, Rong L. Characterization of antigenic variants of hepatitis C virus in immune evasion. Virol J 2011; 8:377. [PMID: 21801418 PMCID: PMC3158126 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antigenic variation is an effective way by which viruses evade host immune defense leading to viral persistence. Little is known about the inhibitory mechanisms of viral variants on CD4 T cell functions. RESULTS Using sythetic peptides of a HLA-DRB1*15-restricted CD4 epitope derived from the non-structural (NS) 3 protein of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and its antigenic variants and the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from six HLA-DRB1*15-positive patients chronically infected with HCV and 3 healthy subjects, the in vitro immune responses and the phenotypes of CD4+CD25+ cells of chronic HCV infection were investigated. The variants resulting from single or double amino acid substitutions at the center of the core region of the Th1 peptide not only induce failed T cell activation but also simultaneously up-regulate inhibitory IL-10, CD25-TGF-β+ Th3 and CD4+IL-10+ Tr1 cells. In contrast, other variants promote differentiation of CD25+TGF-β+ Th3 suppressors that attenuate T cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS Naturally occuring HCV antigenic mutants of a CD4 epitope can shift a protective peripheral Th1 immune response into an inhibitory Th3 and/or Tr1 response. The modulation of antigenic variants on CD4 response is efficient and extensive, and is likely critical in viral persistence in HCV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jane H Wang
- Section of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, the Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Matthew J Pianko
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, the Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Xiaogang Ke
- Section of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Alex Herskovic
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, the Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ronald Hershow
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Scott J Cotler
- Section of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Weijin Chen
- Changchun Institute of Biological Products, China National Biotec Group Int. Changchun, China
| | - Zheng W Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lijun Rong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Altman JD, Moss PAH, Goulder PJR, Barouch DH, McHeyzer-Williams MG, Bell JI, McMichael AJ, Davis MM. Phenotypic analysis of antigen-specific T lymphocytes. Science. 1996. 274: 94-96. J Immunol 2011; 187:7-9. [PMID: 21690331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
|
50
|
Abstract
After infection, extralymphoid tissues are enriched with effector and memory T cells of a highly activated phenotype. The capacity for rapid effector cytokine response from extralymphoid tissue-memory T cells suggests these cells may perform a ‘sentinel’ function in the tissue. While it has been demonstrated that extralymphoid CD4+ T cells can directly respond to secondary infection, little is known about how rapidly this response is initiated, and how early activation of T cells in the tissue may affect the innate response to infection. Here we use a mouse model of secondary heterosubtypic influenza infection to show that CD4+ T cells in the lung airways are reactivated within 24 hours of secondary challenge. Airway CD4+ T cells initiate an inflammatory cytokine and chemokine program that both alters the composition of the early innate response and contributes to the reduction of viral titers in the lung. These results show that, unlike a primary infection, extralymphoid tissue-memory CD4+ T cells respond alongside the innate response during secondary infection, thereby shaping the overall immune profile in the airways. These data provide new insights into the role of extralymphoid CD4+ T cells during secondary immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Chapman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Kris Lambert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - David J. Topham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|