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Havdahl A, Farmer C, Surén P, Øyen AS, Magnus P, Susser E, Lipkin WI, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Stoltenberg C, Bishop S, Thurm A. Attainment and loss of early social-communication skills across neurodevelopmental conditions in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2024; 65:610-619. [PMID: 36973172 PMCID: PMC10522798 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delays and loss of early-emerging social-communication skills are often discussed as unique to autism. However, most studies of regression have relied on retrospective recall and clinical samples. Here, we examine attainment and loss of social-communication skills in the population-based Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). METHODS Mothers rated their child's attainment of 10 early-emerging social-communication skills at ages 18 and 36 months (N = 40,613, 50.9% male). Prospectively reported loss was defined as skill presence at 18 months but absence at 36 months. At 36 months, mothers also recalled whether the child had lost social-communication skills. The Norwegian Patient Registry was used to capture diagnoses of Autism Spectrum Disorder (autism) and other neurodevelopmental disabilities (NDDs). RESULTS Delay in at least one skill was observed in 14% of the sample and loss in 5.4%. Recalled loss of social-communication skills was rare (0.86%) and showed low convergence with prospectively reported loss. Delay and especially loss were associated with elevated odds of an autism diagnosis (n = 383) versus no autism diagnosis (n = 40,230; ≥3 skills delayed: OR = 7.09[4.15,12.11]; ≥3 skills lost: OR = 30.66[17.30,54.33]). They were also associated with an increased likelihood of autism compared to some other NDDs. Delay (relative risk [RR] = 4.16[2.08, 8.33]) and loss (RR = 10.00[3.70, 25.00]) associated with increased likelihood of autism versus ADHD, and loss (RR = 4.35[1.28,14.29]), but not delay (RR = 2.00[0.78,5.26]), associated with increased likelihood of autism compared to language disability. Conversely, delay conferred decreased likelihood of autism versus intellectual disability (RR = 0.11[0.06,0.21]), and loss was not reliably associated with likelihood of autism versus intellectual disability (RR = 1.89[0.44,8.33]). CONCLUSIONS This population-based study suggests that loss of early social communication skills is more common than studies using retrospective reports have indicated and is observed across several NDD diagnoses (not just autism). Nevertheless, most children with NDD diagnoses showed no reported delay or loss in these prospectively measured skills.
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Askelund AD, Wootton RE, Torvik FA, Lawn RB, Ask H, Corfield EC, Magnus MC, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Magnus PM, Andreassen OA, Stoltenberg C, Davey Smith G, Davies NM, Havdahl A, Hannigan LJ. Assessing causal links between age at menarche and adolescent mental health: a Mendelian randomisation study. BMC Med 2024; 22:155. [PMID: 38609914 PMCID: PMC11015655 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-024-03361-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The timing of puberty may have an important impact on adolescent mental health. In particular, earlier age at menarche has been associated with elevated rates of depression in adolescents. Previous research suggests that this relationship may be causal, but replication and an investigation of whether this effect extends to other mental health domains is warranted. METHODS In this Registered Report, we triangulated evidence from different causal inference methods using a new wave of data (N = 13,398) from the Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort Study. We combined multiple regression, one- and two-sample Mendelian randomisation (MR), and negative control analyses (using pre-pubertal symptoms as outcomes) to assess the causal links between age at menarche and different domains of adolescent mental health. RESULTS Our results supported the hypothesis that earlier age at menarche is associated with elevated depressive symptoms in early adolescence based on multiple regression (β = - 0.11, 95% CI [- 0.12, - 0.09], pone-tailed < 0.01). One-sample MR analyses suggested that this relationship may be causal (β = - 0.07, 95% CI [- 0.13, 0.00], pone-tailed = 0.03), but the effect was small, corresponding to just a 0.06 standard deviation increase in depressive symptoms with each earlier year of menarche. There was also some evidence of a causal relationship with depression diagnoses during adolescence based on one-sample MR (OR = 0.74, 95% CI [0.54, 1.01], pone-tailed = 0.03), corresponding to a 29% increase in the odds of receiving a depression diagnosis with each earlier year of menarche. Negative control and two-sample MR sensitivity analyses were broadly consistent with this pattern of results. Multivariable MR analyses accounting for the genetic overlap between age at menarche and childhood body size provided some evidence of confounding. Meanwhile, we found little consistent evidence of effects on other domains of mental health after accounting for co-occurring depression and other confounding. CONCLUSIONS We found evidence that age at menarche affected diagnoses of adolescent depression, but not other domains of mental health. Our findings suggest that earlier age at menarche is linked to problems in specific domains rather than adolescent mental health in general.
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Strom NI, Gerring ZF, Galimberti M, Yu D, Halvorsen MW, Abdellaoui A, Rodriguez-Fontenla C, Sealock JM, Bigdeli T, Coleman JR, Mahjani B, Thorp JG, Bey K, Burton CL, Luykx JJ, Zai G, Alemany S, Andre C, Askland KD, Banaj N, Barlassina C, Nissen JB, Bienvenu OJ, Black D, Bloch MH, Boberg J, Børte S, Bosch R, Breen M, Brennan BP, Brentani H, Buxbaum JD, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Byrne EM, Cabana-Dominguez J, Camarena B, Camarena A, Cappi C, Carracedo A, Casas M, Cavallini MC, Ciullo V, Cook EH, Crosby J, Cullen BA, De Schipper EJ, Delorme R, Djurovic S, Elias JA, Estivill X, Falkenstein MJ, Fundin BT, Garner L, German C, Gironda C, Goes FS, Grados MA, Grove J, Guo W, Haavik J, Hagen K, Harrington K, Havdahl A, Höffler KD, Hounie AG, Hucks D, Hultman C, Janecka M, Jenike E, Karlsson EK, Kelley K, Klawohn J, Krasnow JE, Krebs K, Lange C, Lanzagorta N, Levey D, Lindblad-Toh K, Macciardi F, Maher B, Mathes B, McArthur E, McGregor N, McLaughlin NC, Meier S, Miguel EC, Mulhern M, Nestadt PS, Nurmi EL, O’Connell KS, Osiecki L, Ousdal OT, Palviainen T, Pedersen NL, Piras F, Piras F, Potluri S, Rabionet R, Ramirez A, Rauch S, Reichenberg A, Riddle MA, Ripke S, Rosário MC, Sampaio AS, Schiele MA, Skogholt AH, Sloofman LGSG, Smit J, Soler AM, Thomas LF, Tifft E, Vallada H, van Kirk N, Veenstra-VanderWeele J, Vulink NN, Walker CP, Wang Y, Wendland JR, Winsvold BS, Yao Y, Zhou H, Agrawal A, Alonso P, Berberich G, Bucholz KK, Bulik CM, Cath D, Denys D, Eapen V, Edenberg H, Falkai P, Fernandez TV, Fyer AJ, Gaziano JM, Geller DA, Grabe HJ, Greenberg BD, Hanna GL, Hickie IB, Hougaard DM, Kathmann N, Kennedy J, Lai D, Landén M, Le Hellard S, Leboyer M, Lochner C, McCracken JT, Medland SE, Mortensen PB, Neale BM, Nicolini H, Nordentoft M, Pato M, Pato C, Pauls DL, Piacentini J, Pittenger C, Posthuma D, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Rasmussen SA, Richter MA, Rosenberg DR, Ruhrmann S, Samuels JF, Sandin S, Sandor P, Spalletta G, Stein DJ, Stewart SE, Storch EA, Stranger BE, Turiel M, Werge T, Andreassen OA, Børglum AD, Walitza S, Hveem K, Hansen BK, Rück CP, Martin NG, Milani L, Mors O, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Ribasés M, Kvale G, Mataix-Cols D, Domschke K, Grünblatt E, Wagner M, Zwart JA, Breen G, Nestadt G, Kaprio J, Arnold PD, Grice DE, Knowles JA, Ask H, Verweij KJ, Davis LK, Smit DJ, Crowley JJ, Scharf JM, Stein MB, Gelernter J, Mathews CA, Derks EM, Mattheisen M. Genome-wide association study identifies 30 obsessive-compulsive disorder associated loci. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.03.13.24304161. [PMID: 38712091 PMCID: PMC11071577 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.13.24304161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) affects ~1% of the population and exhibits a high SNP-heritability, yet previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have provided limited information on the genetic etiology and underlying biological mechanisms of the disorder. We conducted a GWAS meta-analysis combining 53,660 OCD cases and 2,044,417 controls from 28 European-ancestry cohorts revealing 30 independent genome-wide significant SNPs and a SNP-based heritability of 6.7%. Separate GWAS for clinical, biobank, comorbid, and self-report sub-groups found no evidence of sample ascertainment impacting our results. Functional and positional QTL gene-based approaches identified 249 significant candidate risk genes for OCD, of which 25 were identified as putatively causal, highlighting WDR6, DALRD3, CTNND1 and genes in the MHC region. Tissue and single-cell enrichment analyses highlighted hippocampal and cortical excitatory neurons, along with D1- and D2-type dopamine receptor-containing medium spiny neurons, as playing a role in OCD risk. OCD displayed significant genetic correlations with 65 out of 112 examined phenotypes. Notably, it showed positive genetic correlations with all included psychiatric phenotypes, in particular anxiety, depression, anorexia nervosa, and Tourette syndrome, and negative correlations with a subset of the included autoimmune disorders, educational attainment, and body mass index.. This study marks a significant step toward unraveling its genetic landscape and advances understanding of OCD genetics, providing a foundation for future interventions to address this debilitating disorder.
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Tesli M, Nesvåg R, Haukvik UK, Gustavson K, Tesli N, Friestad C, Skardhamar T, Naess Ø, Czajkowski N, Kendler KS, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Ystrom E. Common genetic and environmental risk for personality disorders and psychotic-like experiences in young adult twins. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2023; 148:561-569. [PMID: 37497694 DOI: 10.1111/acps.13596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Psychotic-like experiences (PLE) have been associated with the subsequent emergence of psychotic disorders as well as several other domains of psychopathology. In this twin study, we estimated the genetic and environmental correlations between PLE and 10 personality disorders (PD). METHODS Diagnoses of 10 PDs according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) and PLE from the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) were retrieved for 2793 young adult twins from the Norwegian Twin Registry. Risk for having a PD and PLEs was modeled using item response theory. Biometric twin models were fitted to estimate the genetic and environmental correlations between PDs and PLEs. Co-twin control analysis was performed to estimate additional within-family risk for PLEs when having a PD. RESULTS Phenotypic overlap between PDs and PLEs ranged from 14% to 44% in males and from 11% to 39% in females, with the highest overlap for borderline PD in both sexes. In general, we found higher genetic correlations (r = 0.14-0.72) than environmental correlations (r = 0.06-0.28) between PDs and PLEs. The highest genetic correlations between PLE and PDs were found for borderline (r = 0.72), paranoid (r = 0.56), schizotypal (r = 0.56) and antisocial PD (r = 0.49). CONCLUSION We found that the co-occurrence between PDs and PLE is the best explained by shared genetic determinants, with minor contributions from environmental factors. Interestingly, borderline PD was highly genetically correlated with PLE, warranting molecular genetic studies of this association.
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Guintivano J, Byrne EM, Kiewa J, Yao S, Bauer AE, Aberg KA, Adams MJ, Campbell A, Campbell ML, Choi KW, Corfield EC, Havdahl A, Hucks D, Koen N, Lu Y, Mægbæk ML, Mullaert J, Peterson RE, Raffield LM, Sallis HM, Sealock JM, Walker A, Watson HJ, Xiong Y, Yang JMK, Anney RJL, Gordon-Smith K, Hubbard L, Jones LA, Mihaescu R, Nyegaard M, Pardiñas AF, Perry A, Saquib N, Shadyab AH, Viktorin A, Andreassen OA, Bigdeli TB, Davis LK, Dennis CL, Di Florio A, Dubertret C, Feng YCA, Frey BN, Grigoriadis S, Gloaguen E, Jones I, Kennedy JL, Krohn H, Kallak TK, Li Y, Martin NG, McIntosh AM, Milgrom J, Trine Munk-Olsen, Oberlander T, Olsen CM, Ramoz N, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Blackmore ER, Rubinow D, Skalkidou A, Smoller JW, Stein DJ, Stowe ZN, Taylor V, Tebeka S, Tesli M, Van Lieshout RJ, van den Oord EJCG, Vigod SN, Werge T, Westlye LT, Whiteman DC, Zar HJ, Wray N, Meltzer-Brody S, Sullivan P. Meta-Analyses of Genome-Wide Association Studies for Postpartum Depression. Am J Psychiatry 2023; 180:884-895. [PMID: 37849304 PMCID: PMC11163373 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.20230053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Postpartum depression (PPD) is a common subtype of major depressive disorder (MDD) that is more heritable, yet is understudied in psychiatric genetics. The authors conducted meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies (GWASs) to investigate the genetic architecture of PPD. METHOD Meta-analyses were conducted on 18 cohorts of European ancestry (17,339 PPD cases and 53,426 controls), one cohort of East Asian ancestry (975 cases and 3,780 controls), and one cohort of African ancestry (456 cases and 1,255 controls), totaling 18,770 PPD cases and 58,461 controls. Post-GWAS analyses included 1) single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based heritability ([Formula: see text]), 2) genetic correlations between PPD and other phenotypes, and 3) enrichment of the PPD GWAS findings in 27 human tissues and 265 cell types from the mouse central and peripheral nervous system. RESULTS No SNP achieved genome-wide significance in the European or the trans-ancestry meta-analyses. The [Formula: see text] of PPD was 0.14 (SE=0.02). Significant genetic correlations were estimated for PPD with MDD, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder, insomnia, age at menarche, and polycystic ovary syndrome. Cell-type enrichment analyses implicate inhibitory neurons in the thalamus and cholinergic neurons within septal nuclei of the hypothalamus, a pattern that differs from MDD. CONCLUSIONS While more samples are needed to reach genome-wide levels of significance, the results presented confirm PPD as a polygenic and heritable phenotype. There is also evidence that despite a high correlation with MDD, PPD may have unique genetic components. Cell enrichment results suggest GABAergic neurons, which converge on a common mechanism with the only medication approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for PPD (brexanolone).
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Havdahl A, Hughes AM, Sanderson E, Ask H, Cheesman R, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Andreassen OA, Corfield EC, Hannigan L, Magnus P, Njølstad PR, Stoltenberg C, Torvik FA, Brandlistuen R, Smith GD, Ystrom E, Davies NM. Intergenerational effects of parental educational attainment on parenting and childhood educational outcomes: Evidence from MoBa using within-family Mendelian randomization. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.02.22.23285699. [PMID: 36865116 PMCID: PMC9980223 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.22.23285699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The intergenerational transmission of educational attainment from parents to their children is one of the most important and studied relationships in social science. Longitudinal studies have found strong associations between parents' and their children's educational outcomes, which could be due to the effects of parents. Here we provide new evidence about whether parents' educational attainment affects their parenting behaviours and children's early educational outcomes using within-family Mendelian randomization and data from 40,879 genotyped parent-child trios from the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort (MoBa) study. We found evidence suggesting that parents' educational attainment affects their children's educational outcomes from age 5 to 14. More studies are needed to provide more samples of parent-child trios and assess the potential consequences of selection bias and grandparental effects.
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Bjørndal LD, Kendler KS, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Ystrom E. Stressful life events increase the risk of major depressive episodes: A population-based twin study. Psychol Med 2023; 53:5194-5202. [PMID: 35920242 PMCID: PMC10476058 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291722002227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have found that stressful life events (SLEs) are associated with an increased risk of adult depression. However, many studies are observational in nature and limited by methodological issues, such as potential confounding by genetic factors. Genetically informative research, such as the co-twin control design, can strengthen causal inference in observational studies. Discrete-time survival analysis has several benefits and multilevel survival analysis can incorporate frailty terms (random effects) to estimate the components of the biometric model. In the current study, we investigated associations between SLEs and depression risk in a population-based twin sample (N = 2299). METHODS A co-twin control design was used to investigate the influence of the occurrence of SLEs on depression risk. The co-twin control design involves comparing patterns of associations in the full sample and within dizygotic (DZ) and monozygotic twins (MZ). Associations were modelled using discrete-time survival analysis with biometric frailty terms. Data from two time points were used in the analyses. Mean age at Wave 1 was 28 years and mean age at Wave 2 was 38 years. RESULTS SLE occurrence was associated with increased depression risk. Co-twin control analyses indicated that this association was at least in part due to the causal influence of SLE exposure on depression risk for event occurrence across all SLEs and for violent SLEs. A minor proportion of the total genetic risk of depression reflected genetic effects related to SLEs. CONCLUSIONS The results support previous research in implicating SLEs as important risk factors with probable causal influence on depression risk.
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Ystrom E, Degerud E, Tesli M, Høye A, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Næss Ø. Alcohol consumption and lower risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality: the impact of accounting for familial factors in twins. Psychol Med 2023; 53:4130-4138. [PMID: 35440344 PMCID: PMC10317821 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291722000812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A moderate to high alcohol consumption is associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in comparison with low consumption. The mechanisms underlying this association are not clear and have been suggested to be caused by residual confounding. The main objective of this study was to separate the familial and individual risk for CVD mortality and all-cause mortality related to alcohol consumption. This will be done by estimating the risk for CVD mortality and all-cause mortality in twin pairs discordant for alcohol consumption. METHODS Alcohol consumption was assessed at two time points using self-report questionnaires in the Norwegian Twin Registry. Data on CVD mortality was obtained from the Norwegian Cause of Death Registry. Exposure-outcome associations for all-cause mortality and mortality due to other causes than CVD were estimated for comparison. RESULTS Coming from a family with moderate to high alcohol consumption was protective against cardiovascular death (HR = 0.54, 95% CI 0.65-0.83). Moderate and high alcohol consumption levels were associated with a slightly increased risk of CVD mortality at the individual level (HR = 1.33, 95% CI 1.02-1.73). There was no association between alcohol consumption and all-cause mortality both at the familial nor at the individual level. CONCLUSIONS The protective association of moderate to high alcohol consumption with a lower risk of CVD mortality was accounted for by familial factors in this study of twins. Early life genetic and environmental familial factors may mask an absence of health effect of moderate to high alcohol consumption on cardiovascular mortality.
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Askeland RB, Hannigan LJ, O'Connell KS, Corfield EC, Frei O, Thapar A, Smith GD, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Andreassen OA, Ask H, Havdahl A. Developmental manifestations of polygenic risk for bipolar disorder from infancy to middle childhood. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:222. [PMID: 37353490 PMCID: PMC10290060 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02522-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge on how genetic risk for bipolar disorder manifests in developmental, emotional or behavioral traits during childhood is lacking. This issue is important to address to inform early detection and intervention efforts. We investigated whether polygenic risk for bipolar disorder is associated with developmental outcomes during early to middle childhood in the general population, and if associations differ between boys and girls. Our sample consisted of 28 001 children from the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort study, a prospective pregnancy cohort with available genotype and developmental data. Mothers reported on a range of developmental outcomes in their children at 6 and 18 months, 3, 5 and 8 years. Polygenic risk scores reflecting common variant liability to bipolar disorder were calculated. Linear regression models were used in a multi-group framework to investigate associations between polygenic risk score and developmental outcomes, using sex as a grouping variable. We found robust evidence for an association between polygenic risk scores for bipolar disorder and conduct difficulties (β = 0.041, CI = 0.020-0.062) and oppositional defiant difficulties (β = 0.032, CI = 0.014-0.051) at 8 years. Associations with most other outcomes were estimated within the region of practical equivalence to zero (equivalence range D = -0.1 to 0.1), with the exceptions of negative association for activity levels (β = -0.028, CI = -0.047- -0.010) at age 5 and benevolence (β = -0.025, CI = -0.043 to -0.008) at age 8, and positive association for motor difficulties (β = 0.025, CI = 0.008-0.043) at age 3, inattention (β = 0.021, CI = 0.003-0.041) and hyperactivity (β = 0.025, CI = 0.006-0.044) at age 8. Our results suggest that genetic risk for bipolar disorder manifests as disruptive behaviors like oppositional defiant and conduct difficulties in childhood in the general population.
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Hall AM, Keil AP, Choi G, Ramos AM, Richardson DB, Olshan AF, Martin CL, Villanger GD, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Zeiner P, Øvergaard KR, Sakhi AK, Thomsen C, Aase H, Engel SM. Prenatal organophosphate ester exposure and executive function in Norwegian preschoolers. Environ Epidemiol 2023; 7:e251. [PMID: 37304339 PMCID: PMC10256412 DOI: 10.1097/ee9.0000000000000251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are ubiquitous chemicals, used as flame retardants and plasticizers. OPE usage has increased over time as a substitute for other controlled compounds. This study investigates the impact of prenatal OPE exposure on executive function (EF) in preschoolers. Methods We selected 340 preschoolers from the Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort Study. Diphenyl-phosphate (DPhP), di-n-butyl-phosphate (DnBP), bis(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (BBOEP), and bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP) were measured in maternal urine. EF was measured using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning-Preschool (BRIEF-P) and the Stanford-Binet fifth edition (SB-5). EF scores were scaled so a higher score indicated worse performance. We estimated exposure-outcome associations and evaluated modification by child sex using linear regression. Results Higher DnBP was associated with lower EF scores across multiple rater-based domains. Higher DPhP and BDCIPP were associated with lower SB-5 verbal working memory (β = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.12, 0.87; β = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.08, 1.02), and higher BBOEP was associated with lower teacher-rated inhibition (β = 0.34, 95% CI = 0.01, 0.63). DPhP was associated with lower parent-reported BRIEF-P measures in boys but not girls [inhibition: boys: 0.37 (95% CI = 0.03, 0.93); girls: -0.48 (95% CI = -1.27, 0.19); emotional control: boys: 0.44 (95% CI = -0.13, 1.26); girls: -0.83 (95% CI = -1.73, -0.00); working memory: boys: 0.49 (95% CI = 0.03, 1.08); girls: -0.40 (95% CI = -1.11, 0.36)]. Fewer sex interactions were observed for DnBP, BBOEP, and BDCIPP, with irregular patterns observed across EF domains. Conclusions We found some evidence prenatal OPE exposure may impact EF in preschoolers and variation in associations by sex.
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Che X, Roy A, Bresnahan M, Mjaaland S, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Magnus P, Stoltenberg C, Shang Y, Zhang K, Susser E, Fiehn O, Lipkin WI. Metabolomic analysis of maternal mid-gestation plasma and cord blood in autism spectrum disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:2355-2369. [PMID: 37037873 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02051-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of prenatal and neonatal molecular biomarkers has the potential to yield insights into autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and facilitate early diagnosis. We characterized metabolomic profiles in ASD using plasma samples collected in the Norwegian Autism Birth Cohort from mothers at weeks 17-21 gestation (maternal mid-gestation, MMG, n = 408) and from children on the day of birth (cord blood, CB, n = 418). We analyzed associations using sex-stratified adjusted logistic regression models with Bayesian analyses. Chemical enrichment analyses (ChemRICH) were performed to determine altered chemical clusters. We also employed machine learning algorithms to assess the utility of metabolomics as ASD biomarkers. We identified ASD associations with a variety of chemical compounds including arachidonic acid, glutamate, and glutamine, and metabolite clusters including hydroxy eicospentaenoic acids, phosphatidylcholines, and ceramides in MMG and CB plasma that are consistent with inflammation, disruption of membrane integrity, and impaired neurotransmission and neurotoxicity. Girls with ASD have disruption of ether/non-ether phospholipid balance in the MMG plasma that is similar to that found in other neurodevelopmental disorders. ASD boys in the CB analyses had the highest number of dysregulated chemical clusters. Machine learning classifiers distinguished ASD cases from controls with area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) values ranging from 0.710 to 0.853. Predictive performance was better in CB analyses than in MMG. These findings may provide new insights into the sex-specific differences in ASD and have implications for discovery of biomarkers that may enable early detection and intervention.
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Wootton RE, Lawn RB, Magnus MC, Treur JL, Corfield EC, Njølstad PR, Andreassen OA, Lawlor DA, Munafò MR, Håberg SE, Davey Smith G, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Magnus P, Havdahl A. Associations between health behaviours, fertility and reproductive outcomes: triangulation of evidence in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). BMC Med 2023; 21:125. [PMID: 37013617 PMCID: PMC10071662 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-02831-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Guidance to improve fertility includes reducing alcohol and caffeine consumption, achieving healthy weight-range and stopping smoking. Advice is informed by observational evidence, which is often biased by confounding. METHODS This study primarily used data from a pregnancy cohort, the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study. First, we conducted multivariable regression of health behaviours (alcohol and caffeine consumption, body-mass index (BMI), and smoking) on fertility outcomes (e.g. time to conception) and reproductive outcomes (e.g. age at first birth) (n = 84,075 females, 68,002 males), adjusting for birth year, education and attention-deficit and hyperactive-impulsive (ADHD) traits. Second, we used individual-level Mendelian randomisation (MR) to explore possible causal effects of health behaviours on fertility/reproductive outcomes (n = 63,376 females, 45,460 males). Finally, we performed summary-level MR for available outcomes in UK Biobank (n = 91,462-1,232,091) and controlled for education and ADHD liability using multivariable MR. RESULTS In multivariable regression analyses, higher BMI associated with fertility (longer time to conception, increased odds of infertility treatment and miscarriage), and smoking was associated with longer time to conception. In individual-level MR analyses, there was strong evidence for effects of smoking initiation and higher BMI on younger age at first birth, of higher BMI on increased time to conception, and weak evidence for effects of smoking initiation on increased time to conception. Age at first birth associations were replicated in summary-level MR analysis; however, effects attenuated using multivariable MR. CONCLUSIONS Smoking behaviour and BMI showed the most consistent associations for increased time to conception and a younger age at first birth. Given that age at first birth and time to conception are positively correlated, this suggests that the mechanisms for reproductive outcomes are distinct to the mechanisms acting on fertility outcomes. Multivariable MR suggested that effects on age at first birth might be explained by underlying liability to ADHD and education.
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Pingault JB, Barkhuizen W, Wang B, Hannigan LJ, Eilertsen EM, Corfield E, Andreassen OA, Ask H, Tesli M, Askeland RB, Davey Smith G, Stoltenberg C, Davies NM, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Ystrom E, Havdahl A. Genetic nurture versus genetic transmission of risk for ADHD traits in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:1731-1738. [PMID: 36385167 PMCID: PMC10208953 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01863-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Identifying mechanisms underlying the intergenerational transmission of risk for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) traits can inform interventions and provide insights into the role of parents in shaping their children's outcomes. We investigated whether genetic transmission and genetic nurture (environmentally mediated effects) underlie associations between polygenic scores indexing parental risk and protective factors and their offspring's ADHD traits. This birth cohort study included 19,506 genotyped mother-father-offspring trios from the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study. Polygenic scores were calculated for parental factors previously associated with ADHD, including psychopathology, substance use, neuroticism, educational attainment, and cognitive performance. Mothers reported on their 8-year-old children's ADHD traits (n = 9,454 children) using the Parent/Teacher Rating Scale for Disruptive Behaviour Disorders. We found that associations between ADHD maternal and paternal polygenic scores and child ADHD traits decreased significantly when adjusting for the child polygenic score (pΔβ = 9.95 × 10-17 for maternal and pΔβ = 1.48 × 10-14 for paternal estimates), suggesting genetic transmission of ADHD risk. Similar patterns suggesting genetic transmission of risk were observed for smoking, educational attainment, and cognition. The maternal polygenic score for neuroticism remained associated with children's ADHD ratings even after adjusting for the child polygenic score, indicating genetic nurture. There was no robust evidence of genetic nurture for other parental factors. Our findings indicate that the intergenerational transmission of risk for ADHD traits is largely explained by the transmission of genetic variants from parents to offspring rather than by genetic nurture. Observational associations between parental factors and childhood ADHD outcomes should not be interpreted as evidence for predominantly environmentally mediated effects.
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Hannigan LJ, Askeland RB, Ask H, Tesli M, Corfield E, Ayorech Z, Magnus P, Njølstad PR, Øyen AS, Stoltenberg C, Andreassen OA, Ronald A, Smith GD, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Havdahl A. Developmental milestones in early childhood and genetic liability to neurodevelopmental disorders. Psychol Med 2023; 53:1750-1758. [PMID: 37310338 PMCID: PMC10106302 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291721003330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Timing of developmental milestones, such as age at first walking, is associated with later diagnoses of neurodevelopmental disorders. However, its relationship to genetic risk for neurodevelopmental disorders in the general population is unknown. Here, we investigate associations between attainment of early-life language and motor development milestones and genetic liability to autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and schizophrenia. METHODS We use data from a genotyped sub-set (N = 25699) of children in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). We calculate polygenic scores (PGS) for autism, ADHD, and schizophrenia and predict maternal reports of children's age at first walking, first words, and first sentences, motor delays (18 months), and language delays and a generalised measure of concerns about development (3 years). We use linear and probit regression models in a multi-group framework to test for sex differences. RESULTS We found that ADHD PGS were associated with earlier walking age (β = -0.033, padj < 0.001) in both males and females. Additionally, autism PGS were associated with later walking (β = 0.039, padj = 0.006) in females only. No robust associations were observed for schizophrenia PGS or between any neurodevelopmental PGS and measures of language developmental milestone attainment. CONCLUSIONS Genetic liabilities for neurodevelopmental disorders show some specific associations with the age at which children first walk unsupported. Associations are small but robust and, in the case of autism PGS, differentiated by sex. These findings suggest that early-life motor developmental milestone attainment is associated with genetic liability to ADHD and autism in the general population.
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Pasman JA, Meijsen JJ, Haram M, Kowalec K, Harder A, Xiong Y, Nguyen TD, Jangmo A, Shorter JR, Bergstedt J, Das U, Zetterberg R, Tate A, Lichtenstein P, Larsson H, Odsbu I, Werge T, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Andreassen OA, Sullivan PF, Buil A, Tesli M, Lu Y. Epidemiological overview of major depressive disorder in Scandinavia using nationwide registers. Lancet Reg Health Eur 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2023.100621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
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Engel SM, Villanger GD, Herring A, Nethery RC, Drover S, Zoeller RT, Meltzer HM, Zeiner P, Knudsen GP, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Longnecker MP, Aase H. Gestational thyroid hormone concentrations and risk of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2023; 37:218-228. [PMID: 36482860 PMCID: PMC10038840 DOI: 10.1111/ppe.12941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal thyroid function plays an important role in foetal brain development; however, little consensus exists regarding the relationship between normal variability in thyroid hormones and common neurodevelopmental disorders, such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). OBJECTIVE We sought to examine the association between mid-pregnancy maternal thyroid function and risk of clinically diagnosed ADHD in offspring. METHODS We conducted a nested case-control study in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study. Among children born 2003 or later, we randomly sampled singleton ADHD cases obtained through linkage with the Norwegian Patient Registry (n = 298) and 554 controls. Concentrations of maternal triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), T3-Uptake, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO-Ab) were measured in maternal plasma, collected at approximately 17 weeks' gestation. Indices of free T4 (FT4i) and free T3 (FT3i) were calculated. We used multivariable adjusted logistic regression to calculate odds ratios and accounted for missing covariate data using multiple imputation. We used restricted cubic splines to assess non-linear trends and provide flexible representations. We examined effect measure modification by dietary iodine and selenium intake. In sensitivity analyses, we excluded women with clinically significant thyroid disorders (n = 73). RESULTS High maternal T3 was associated with increased risk of ADHD (5th vs 1st quintile odds ratio 2.27, 95% confidence interval 1.21, 4.26). For FT4i, both the lowest and highest quintiles were associated with an approximate 1.6-fold increase in risk of ADHD, with similar trends found for T4. The FT4i association was modified by dietary iodine intake such that the highest risk strata were confined to the low intake group. CONCLUSIONS Both high and low concentrations of maternal thyroid hormones, although within population reference ranges, increase the risk of ADHD in offspring. Increased susceptibility may be found among women with low dietary intake of iodine and selenium.
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Hall AM, Ramos AM, Drover SS, Choi G, Keil AP, Richardson DB, Martin CL, Olshan AF, Villanger GD, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Zeiner P, Øvergaard KR, Sakhi AK, Thomsen C, Aase H, Engel SM. Gestational organophosphate ester exposure and preschool attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child cohort study. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2023; 248:114078. [PMID: 36455478 PMCID: PMC9898152 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.114078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention-deficit/hyperactivity-disorder (ADHD) is a leading neurodevelopmental disorder in children worldwide; however, few modifiable risk factors have been identified. Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are ubiquitous chemical compounds that are increasingly prevalent as a replacement for other regulated chemicals. Current research has linked OPEs to neurodevelopmental deficits. The purpose of this study was to assess gestational OPE exposure on clinically-assessed ADHD in children at age 3 years. METHODS In this nested case-control study within the Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort study, we evaluated the impact of OPE exposure at 17 weeks' gestation on preschool-age ADHD. Between 2007 and 2011, 260 ADHD cases were identified using the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment and compared to a birth-year-stratified control group of 549 children. We categorized bis(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (BBOEP) and bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP) as values < limit of detection (LOD) (BBOEP N = 386, BDCIPP N = 632), ≥LOD but < limit of quantification (LOQ) (BBOEP N = 413; BDCIPP N = 75), or above LOQ (BBOEP N = 70; BDCIPP N = 102). Diphenyl phosphate (DPhP) and di-n-butyl phosphate (DnBP) were categorized as quartiles and also modeled with a log10 linear term. We estimated multivariable adjusted odds ratios (ORs) using logistic regression and examined modification by sex using an augmented product term approach. RESULTS Mothers in the 3rd DnBP quartile had 1.71 times the odds of having a child with ADHD compared to the 1st quartile (95%CI: 1.13, 2.58); a similar trend was observed for log10 DnBP and ADHD. Mothers with BDCIPP ≥ LOD but < LOQ had 1.39 times the odds of having a child with ADHD compared to those with BDCIPP < LOD (95%CI: 0.83, 2.31). Girls had lower odds of ADHD with increasing BBOEP exposure (log10 OR: 0.55 (95%CI: 0.37, 0.93), however boys had a weakly increased odds (log10 OR: 1.25 (95%CI: 0.74, 2.11) p-interaction = 0.01]. CONCLUSIONS We found modest increased odds of preschool ADHD with higher DnBP and BDCIPP exposure.
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Bakken NR, Hannigan LJ, Shadrin A, Hindley G, Ask H, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Tesli M, Andreassen OA, Havdahl A. Childhood temperamental, emotional, and behavioral characteristics associated with mood and anxiety disorders in adolescence: A prospective study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2023; 147:217-228. [PMID: 36398468 PMCID: PMC10099752 DOI: 10.1111/acps.13522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mood and anxiety disorders account for a large share of the global burden of disability. Some studies suggest that early signs may emerge already in childhood. However, there is a lack of well-powered, prospective studies investigating how and when childhood mental traits and trajectories relate to adolescent mood and anxiety disorders. METHODS We here examine cross-sectional and longitudinal association between maternally reported temperamental traits, emotional and behavioral problems in childhood (0.5-8 years) and clinical diagnosis of mood or anxiety ("emotional") disorders in adolescence (10-18 years), using the prospective Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) of 110,367 children. RESULTS Logistic regression analyses showed consistent and increasing associations between childhood negative emotionality, behavioral and emotional problems and adolescent diagnosis of emotional disorders, present from 6 months of age (negative emotionality). Latent profile analysis incorporating latent growth models identified five developmental profiles of emotional and behavioral problems. A profile of early increasing behavioral and emotional problems with combined symptoms at 8 years (1.3% of sample) was the profile most strongly associated with emotional disorders in adolescence (OR vs. reference: 5.00, 95% CI: 3.70-6.30). CONCLUSIONS We found a consistent and increasing association between negative emotionality, behavioral and emotional problems in early to middle childhood and mood and anxiety disorders in adolescence. A developmental profile coherent with early and increasing disruptive mood dysregulation across childhood was the profile strongest associated with adolescent emotional disorders. Our results highlight the importance of early emotional dysregulation and childhood as a formative period in the development of adolescent mood and anxiety disorders, supporting potential for prevention and early intervention initiatives.
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Hall AM, Thistle JE, Manley CK, Roell KR, Ramos AM, Villanger GD, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Zeiner P, Cequier E, Sakhi AK, Thomsen C, Aase H, Engel SM. Organophosphorus Pesticide Exposure at 17 Weeks' Gestation and Odds of Offspring Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Diagnosis in the Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16851. [PMID: 36554732 PMCID: PMC9778918 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are ubiquitous and have been linked to adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. However, few studies have examined prenatal OPs in relation to diagnosed attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), with only two studies exploring this relationship in a population primarily exposed through diet. In this study, we used a nested case-control study to evaluate prenatal OP exposure and ADHD diagnosis in the Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). For births that occurred between 2003 and 2008, ADHD diagnoses were obtained from linkage of MoBa participants with the Norwegian Patient Registry (N = 297), and a reference population was randomly selected from the eligible population (N = 552). Maternal urine samples were collected at 17 weeks' gestation and molar sums of diethyl phosphates (ΣDEP) and dimethyl phosphates metabolites (ΣDMP) were calculated. Multivariable adjusted logistic regression models were used to estimate the association between prenatal OP metabolite exposure and child ADHD diagnosis. Additionally, multiplicative effect measure modification (EMM) by child sex was assessed. In most cases, mothers in the second and third tertiles of ΣDMP and ΣDEP exposure had slightly lower odds of having a child with ADHD, although confidence intervals were wide and included the null. EMM by child sex was not observed for either ΣDMP or ΣDEP. In summary, we did not find evidence that OPs at 17 weeks' gestation increased the odds of ADHD in this nested case-control study of ADHD in MoBa, a population primarily experiencing dietary exposure.
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Watson HJ, Thornton LM, Yilmaz Z, Baker JH, Coleman JR, Adan RA, Alfredsson L, Andreassen OA, Ask H, Berrettini WH, Boehnke M, Boehm I, Boni C, Buehren K, Bulant J, Burghardt R, Chang X, Cichon S, Cone RD, Courtet P, Crow S, Crowley JJ, Danner UN, de Zwaan M, Dedoussis G, DeSocio JE, Dick DM, Dikeos D, Dina C, Djurovic S, Dmitrzak-Weglarz M, Docampo-Martinez E, Duriez P, Egberts K, Ehrlich S, Eriksson JG, Escaramís G, Esko T, Estivill X, Farmer A, Fernández-Aranda F, Fichter MM, Föcker M, Foretova L, Forstner AJ, Frei O, Gallinger S, Giegling I, Giuranna J, Gonidakis F, Gorwood P, Gratacòs M, Guillaume S, Guo Y, Hakonarson H, Hauser J, Havdahl A, Hebebrand J, Helder SG, Herms S, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Herzog W, Hinney A, Hübel C, Hudson JI, Imgart H, Jamain S, Janout V, Jiménez-Murcia S, Jones IR, Julià A, Kalsi G, Kaminská D, Kaprio J, Karhunen L, Kas MJ, Keel PK, Kennedy JL, Keski-Rahkonen A, Kiezebrink K, Klareskog L, Klump KL, Knudsen GPS, La Via MC, Le Hellard S, Leboyer M, Li D, Lilenfeld L, Lin B, Lissowska J, Luykx J, Magistretti P, Maj M, Marsal S, Marshall CR, Mattingsdal M, Meulenbelt I, Micali N, Mitchell KS, Monteleone AM, Monteleone P, Myers R, Navratilova M, Ntalla I, O’Toole JK, Ophoff RA, Padyukov L, Pantel J, Papežová H, Pinto D, Raevuori A, Ramoz N, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Ricca V, Ripatti S, Ripke S, Ritschel F, Roberts M, Rotondo A, Rujescu D, Rybakowski F, Scherag A, Scherer SW, Schmidt U, Scott LJ, Seitz J, Silén Y, Šlachtová L, Slagboom PE, Slof-Op ‘t Landt MC, Slopien A, Sorbi S, Świątkowska B, Tortorella A, Tozzi F, Treasure J, Tsitsika A, Tyszkiewicz-Nwafor M, Tziouvas K, van Elburg AA, van Furth EF, Walton E, Widen E, Zerwas S, Zipfel S, Bergen AW, Boden JM, Brandt H, Crawford S, Halmi KA, Horwood LJ, Johnson C, Kaplan AS, Kaye WH, Mitchell JE, Olsen CM, Pearson JF, Pedersen NL, Strober M, Werge T, Whiteman DC, Woodside DB, Gordon S, Maguire S, Larsen JT, Parker R, Petersen LV, Jordan J, Kennedy M, Wade TD, Birgegård A, Lichtenstein P, Landén M, Martin NG, Mortensen PB, Breen G, Bulik CM. Common Genetic Variation and Age of Onset of Anorexia Nervosa. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY GLOBAL OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 2:368-378. [PMID: 36324647 PMCID: PMC9616394 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genetics and biology may influence the age of onset of anorexia nervosa (AN). The aims of this study were to determine whether common genetic variation contributes to age of onset of AN and to investigate the genetic associations between age of onset of AN and age at menarche. Methods A secondary analysis of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium genome-wide association study (GWAS) of AN was performed, which included 9335 cases and 31,981 screened controls, all from European ancestries. We conducted GWASs of age of onset, early-onset AN (<13 years), and typical-onset AN, and genetic correlation, genetic risk score, and Mendelian randomization analyses. Results Two loci were genome-wide significant in the typical-onset AN GWAS. Heritability estimates (single nucleotide polymorphism-h 2) were 0.01-0.04 for age of onset, 0.16-0.25 for early-onset AN, and 0.17-0.25 for typical-onset AN. Early- and typical-onset AN showed distinct genetic correlation patterns with putative risk factors for AN. Specifically, early-onset AN was significantly genetically correlated with younger age at menarche, and typical-onset AN was significantly negatively genetically correlated with anthropometric traits. Genetic risk scores for age of onset and early-onset AN estimated from independent GWASs significantly predicted age of onset. Mendelian randomization analysis suggested a causal link between younger age at menarche and early-onset AN. Conclusions Our results provide evidence consistent with a common variant genetic basis for age of onset and implicate biological pathways regulating menarche and reproduction.
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Thistle JE, Ramos A, Roell KR, Choi G, Manley CK, Hall AM, Villanger GD, Cequier E, Sakhi AK, Thomsen C, Zeiner P, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Øvergaard KR, Herring A, Aase H, Engel SM. Prenatal organophosphorus pesticide exposure and executive function in preschool-aged children in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113555. [PMID: 35613628 PMCID: PMC9484279 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prenatal exposure to organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) has been associated with neurodevelopmental deficits in children, however evidence linking OPPs with specific cognitive mechanisms, such as executive function (EF), is limited. OBJECTIVE This study aims to evaluate the association between prenatal exposure to OPPs with multiple measures of EF in preschool-aged children, while considering the role of variant alleles in OPP metabolism genes. METHODS We included 262 children with preschool attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and 78 typically developing children, from the Preschool ADHD substudy of the Norwegian, Mother, Father, and Child Cohort Study. Participants who gave birth between 2004 and 2008 were invited to participate in an on-site clinical assessment when the child was approximately 3.5 years; measurements of EF included parent and teacher rating on Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Preschool (BRIEF-P), and three performance-based assessments. We measured OPP metabolites in maternal urines collected at ∼17 weeks' gestation to calculate total dimethyl- (ΣDMP) and diethyl phosphate (ΣDEP) metabolite concentrations. We estimated multivariable adjusted β's and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) corresponding to a change in z-score per unit increase in log-ΣDMP/DEP. We further characterized gene-OPP interactions for maternal variants in PON1 (Q192R, M55L), CYP1A2 (1548T > C), CYP1A1 (IntG > A) and CYP2A6 (-47A > C). RESULTS Prenatal OPP metabolite concentrations were associated with worse parent and teacher ratings of emotional control, inhibition, and working memory. A one log-∑DMP increase was associated with poorer teacher ratings of EF on the BRIEF-P (e.g. emotional control domain: β = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.35, 0.74), when weighted to account for sampling procedures. We found less consistent associations with performance-based EF assessments. We found some evidence of modification for PON1 Q192R and CYP2A6 -47A > C. Association with other variants were inconsistent. CONCLUSIONS Biomarkers of prenatal OPP exposure were associated with more adverse teacher and parent ratings of EF in preschool-aged children.
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Kendler KS, Czajkowski N, Reichborn-Kjennerud T. Ludvig Dahl's psychiatric genetic studies in his 1859 monograph: "Contribution to the knowledge of insanity in Norway". Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2022; 189:177-184. [PMID: 35872601 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In 1859, Ludvig Dahl, a Norwegian alienist, wrote a rarely referenced book entitled "Contribution to The Knowledge of Insanity." In it, he describes a highly innovative psychiatric genetics research project with severable notable features. First, while the vast majority of 19th century psychiatric genetic studies were based on asylum hospital records, Dahl did field work to find cases of mental illness in certain defined areas within Norway, using census data, key-informants, record reviews, and personal interviews especially of suspected affected individuals. Second, for the first time in the history of psychiatric genetics, and perhaps more broadly in medical genetics, Dahl studied and graphed extensive pedigrees covering up to seven generations demonstrating a high density of psychiatric illness. Third, he proposed and conducted the first controlled investigation of familial aggregation of insanity. A 126 member 5-generation pedigree that he studied contained 8 individuals with confirmed insanity compared to 16 cases in the remaining 2,974 individuals in the Parish, a relative risk of nearly 12. Dahl also noted the co-segregation within pedigrees of mental handicap, deaf-mutism, and insanity. He evaluated familial-environmental sources of familial aggregation and noted, among nonpsychotic family members in his pedigrees, personalities that might reflect a "disposition" to insanity.
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Havdahl A, Wootton RE, Leppert B, Riglin L, Ask H, Tesli M, Bugge Askeland R, Hannigan LJ, Corfield E, Øyen AS, Andreassen OA, Tilling K, Davey Smith G, Thapar A, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Stergiakouli E. Associations Between Pregnancy-Related Predisposing Factors for Offspring Neurodevelopmental Conditions and Parental Genetic Liability to Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Autism, and Schizophrenia: The Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). JAMA Psychiatry 2022; 79:799-810. [PMID: 35793100 PMCID: PMC9260642 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.1728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Importance Several maternal exposures during pregnancy are considered predisposing factors for offspring neurodevelopmental conditions. However, many of these exposures may be noncausal and biased by maternal genetic liability. Objective To assess whether pregnancy-related predisposing factors for offspring neurodevelopmental conditions are associated with maternal genetic liability for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism, and schizophrenia and to compare associations for maternal genetic liability with those for paternal genetic liability, which could indicate that paternal exposures are not suitable negative controls for maternal exposures. Design, Setting, and Participants The Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) is a population-based pregnancy cohort that recruited parents from June 1999 to December 2008. Polygenic scores (PGS) for ADHD, autism, and schizophrenia were derived in mothers and fathers. The associations between maternal PGS and 37 pregnancy-related measures were estimated, and these results were compared with those from paternal PGS predicting paternal measures during the mother's pregnancy. Analysis took place between March 2021 and March 2022. Exposures PGS for ADHD, autism, and schizophrenia, calculated (using discovery effect size estimates and threshold of P < .05) from the largest available genome-wide association studies. Main Outcomes and Measures Self-reported pregnancy-related measures capturing lifestyle behaviors, metabolism, infectious and autoimmune diseases, other physical health conditions, and medication use. Results Data were available for up to 14 539 mothers (mean [SD] age, 30.00 [4.45] years) and 14 897 fathers (mean [SD] age, 32.46 [5.13] years) of European ancestry. Modest but robust associations were observed between specific pregnancy-related measures and maternal PGS, including ADHD PGS with asthma (odds ratio [OR], 1.15 [95% CI, 1.06-1.25]), smoking (OR, 1.26 [95% CI, 1.19-1.33]), prepregnancy body mass index (β, 0.25 [95% CI, 0.18-0.31]), pregnancy weight gain (β, 0.20 [95% CI, 0.10-0.30]), taking folate (OR, 0.92 [95% CI, 0.88-0.96]), and not taking supplements (OR, 1.09 [95% CI, 1.04-1.14]). Schizophrenia PGS was associated with coffee consumption (OR, 1.09 [95% CI, 1.05-1.12]), smoking (OR, 1.12 [95% CI, 1.06-1.19]), prepregnancy body mass index (β, -0.18 [95% CI, -0.25 to -0.11]), and pregnancy weight gain (β, 0.17 [95% CI, 0.07-0.27]). All 3 PGSs associated with symptoms of depression/anxiety (ADHD: OR, 1.15 [95% CI, 1.09-1.22]; autism: OR, 1.13 [95% CI, 1.06-1.19]; schizophrenia: OR, 1.13 [95% CI, 1.07-1.20]). Associations were largely consistent for maternal and paternal PGS, except ADHD PGS and smoking (fathers: OR, 1.13 [95% CI, 1.09-1.17]). Conclusions and Relevance In this study, genetic liability to neurodevelopmental conditions that is passed from mothers to children was associated with several pregnancy-related factors and may therefore confound associations between these pregnancy-related factors and offspring neurodevelopment that have previously been thought to be causal. It is crucial that future study designs account for genetic confounding to obtain valid causal inferences so that accurate advice can be given to pregnant individuals.
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Jami ES, Hammerschlag AR, Ip HF, Allegrini AG, Benyamin B, Border R, Diemer EW, Jiang C, Karhunen V, Lu Y, Lu Q, Mallard TT, Mishra PP, Nolte IM, Palviainen T, Peterson RE, Sallis HM, Shabalin AA, Tate AE, Thiering E, Vilor-Tejedor N, Wang C, Zhou A, Adkins DE, Alemany S, Ask H, Chen Q, Corley RP, Ehli EA, Evans LM, Havdahl A, Hagenbeek FA, Hakulinen C, Henders AK, Hottenga JJ, Korhonen T, Mamun A, Marrington S, Neumann A, Rimfeld K, Rivadeneira F, Silberg JL, van Beijsterveldt CE, Vuoksimaa E, Whipp AM, Tong X, Andreassen OA, Boomsma DI, Brown SA, Burt SA, Copeland W, Dick DM, Harden KP, Harris KM, Hartman CA, Heinrich J, Hewitt JK, Hopfer C, Hypponen E, Jarvelin MR, Kaprio J, Keltikangas-Järvinen L, Klump KL, Krauter K, Kuja-Halkola R, Larsson H, Lehtimäki T, Lichtenstein P, Lundström S, Maes HH, Magnus P, Munafò MR, Najman JM, Njølstad PR, Oldehinkel AJ, Pennell CE, Plomin R, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Reynolds C, Rose RJ, Smolen A, Snieder H, Stallings M, Standl M, Sunyer J, Tiemeier H, Wadsworth SJ, Wall TL, Whitehouse AJO, Williams GM, Ystrøm E, Nivard MG, Bartels M, Middeldorp CM. Genome-wide Association Meta-analysis of Childhood and Adolescent Internalizing Symptoms. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2022; 61:934-945. [PMID: 35378236 PMCID: PMC10859168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2021.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the genetic architecture of internalizing symptoms in childhood and adolescence. METHOD In 22 cohorts, multiple univariate genome-wide association studies (GWASs) were performed using repeated assessments of internalizing symptoms, in a total of 64,561 children and adolescents between 3 and 18 years of age. Results were aggregated in meta-analyses that accounted for sample overlap, first using all available data, and then using subsets of measurements grouped by rater, age, and instrument. RESULTS The meta-analysis of overall internalizing symptoms (INToverall) detected no genome-wide significant hits and showed low single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) heritability (1.66%, 95% CI = 0.84-2.48%, neffective = 132,260). Stratified analyses indicated rater-based heterogeneity in genetic effects, with self-reported internalizing symptoms showing the highest heritability (5.63%, 95% CI = 3.08%-8.18%). The contribution of additive genetic effects on internalizing symptoms appeared to be stable over age, with overlapping estimates of SNP heritability from early childhood to adolescence. Genetic correlations were observed with adult anxiety, depression, and the well-being spectrum (|rg| > 0.70), as well as with insomnia, loneliness, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism, and childhood aggression (range |rg| = 0.42-0.60), whereas there were no robust associations with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, or anorexia nervosa. CONCLUSION Genetic correlations indicate that childhood and adolescent internalizing symptoms share substantial genetic vulnerabilities with adult internalizing disorders and other childhood psychiatric traits, which could partially explain both the persistence of internalizing symptoms over time and the high comorbidity among childhood psychiatric traits. Reducing phenotypic heterogeneity in childhood samples will be key in paving the way to future GWAS success.
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Askeland RB, Hannigan LJ, Ask H, Ayorech Z, Tesli M, Corfield E, Magnus P, Njølstad PR, Andreassen OA, Davey Smith G, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Havdahl A. Early manifestations of genetic risk for neurodevelopmental disorders. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2022; 63:810-819. [PMID: 34605010 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (autism) and schizophrenia are highly heritable neurodevelopmental disorders, affecting the lives of many individuals. It is important to increase our understanding of how the polygenic risk for neurodevelopmental disorders manifests during childhood in boys and girls. METHODS Polygenic risk scores (PRS) for ADHD, autism and schizophrenia were calculated in a subsample of 15 205 children from the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). Mother-reported traits of repetitive behavior, social communication, language and motor difficulties, hyperactivity and inattention were measured in children at 6 and 18 months, 3, 5 and 8 years. Linear regression models in a multigroup framework were used to investigate associations between the three PRS and dimensional trait measures in MoBa, using sex as a grouping variable. RESULTS Before the age of 2, the ADHD PRS was robustly associated with hyperactivity and inattention, with increasing strength up to 8 years, and with language difficulties at age 5 and 8. The autism PRS was robustly associated with language difficulties at 18 months, motor difficulties at 36 months, and hyperactivity and inattention at 8 years. We did not identify robust associations for the schizophrenia PRS. In general, the PRS associations were similar in boys and girls. The association between ADHD PRS and hyperactivity at 18 months was, however, stronger in boys. CONCLUSIONS Polygenic risk for autism and ADHD in the general population manifests early in childhood and broadly across behavioral measures of neurodevelopmental traits.
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