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Notaguchi M, Kurotani KI, Sato Y, Tabata R, Kawakatsu Y, Okayasu K, Sawai Y, Okada R, Asahina M, Ichihashi Y, Shirasu K, Suzuki T, Niwa M, Higashiyama T. Cell-cell adhesion in plant grafting is facilitated by β-1,4-glucanases. Science 2020; 369:698-702. [PMID: 32764072 DOI: 10.1126/science.abc3710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant grafting is conducted for fruit and vegetable propagation, whereby a piece of living tissue is attached to another through cell-cell adhesion. However, graft compatibility limits combinations to closely related species, and the mechanism is poorly understood. We found that Nicotiana is capable of graft adhesion with a diverse range of angiosperms. Comparative transcriptomic analyses on graft combinations indicated that a subclade of β-1,4-glucanases secreted into the extracellular region facilitates cell wall reconstruction near the graft interface. Grafting was promoted by overexpression of the β-1,4-glucanase. Using Nicotiana stem as an interscion, we produced tomato fruits on rootstocks from other plant families. These findings demonstrate that the process of cell-cell adhesion is a potential target to enhance plant grafting techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michitaka Notaguchi
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- GRA&GREEN Inc., Incubation Facility, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Kurotani
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Sato
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Ryo Tabata
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yaichi Kawakatsu
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Koji Okayasu
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yu Sawai
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- GRA&GREEN Inc., Incubation Facility, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Ryo Okada
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Masashi Asahina
- Department of Biosciences, Teikyo University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 320-8551, Japan
| | - Yasunori Ichihashi
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - Ken Shirasu
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Takamasa Suzuki
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan
| | - Masaki Niwa
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- GRA&GREEN Inc., Incubation Facility, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Higashiyama
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Yadav SK, Das J, Kumar R, Jha G. Calcium regulates the mycophagous ability of Burkholderia gladioli strain NGJ1 in a type III secretion system-dependent manner. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:216. [PMID: 32689944 PMCID: PMC7372643 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01897-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A rice associated bacterium Burkholderia gladioli strain NGJ1 demonstrates mycophagy, a phenomenon wherein bacteria feed on fungi. Previously, we have reported that NGJ1 utilizes type III secretion system (T3SS) to deliver a prophage tail-like protein (Bg_9562) into fungal cells to establish mycophagy. RESULTS In this study, we report that calcium ion concentration influences the mycophagous ability of NGJ1 on Rhizoctonia solani, an important fungal pathogen. The calcium limiting condition promotes mycophagy while high calcium environment prevents it. The expression of various T3SS apparatus encoding genes of NGJ1 was induced and secretion of several potential T3SS effector proteins (including Bg_9562) into extracellular milieu was triggered under calcium limiting condition. Using LC-MS/MS proteome analysis, we identified several calcium regulated T3SS effector proteins of NGJ1. The expression of genes encoding some of these effector proteins was upregulated during mycophagous interaction of NGJ1 with R. solani. Further, mutation of one of these genes (endo-β-1, 3- glucanase) rendered the mutant NGJ1 bacterium defective in mycophagy while complementation with full length copy of the gene restored its mycophagous activity. CONCLUSION Our study provides evidence that low calcium environment triggers secretion of various T3SS effectors proteins into the extracellular milieu and suggests the importance of cocktail of these proteins in promoting mycophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar Yadav
- Plant Microbe Interactions Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Joyati Das
- Plant Microbe Interactions Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Plant Microbe Interactions Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Gopaljee Jha
- Plant Microbe Interactions Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Zou S, Sun S, Zhang X, Li J, Guo J, Hong J, Ma Y, Zhang M. Repetitive δ-integration of a cellulase-encoding gene into the chromosome of an industrial Angel Yeast-derived strain by URA3 recycling. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2020; 68:953-963. [PMID: 32658331 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Genetic modification of industrial yeast strains often faces more difficulties than that of laboratory strains. Thus, new approaches are still required. In this research, the Angel Yeast-derived haploid strain Kα was genetically modified by multiple rounds of δ-integration, which was achieved via URA3 recycling. Three δ-integrative plasmids, pGδRU, pGδRU-BGL, and pGδRU-EG, were first constructed with two 167 bp δ sequences and a repeat-URA3-repeat fragment. Then, the δ-integrative strains containing the bgl1 or egl2 gene were successfully obtained by one-time transformation of the linearized pGδRU-BGL or pGδRU-EG fragment, respectively. Their counterparts in which the URA3 gene was looped out were also easily isolated by selection for growth on 5´-fluoroorotic acid plates, although the ratio of colonies lacking URA3 to the total number of colonies decreased with increasing copy number of the corresponding integrated cellulase-encoding gene. Similar results were observed during the second round of δ-integration, in which the δ-integration strain Kα(δ::bgl1-repeat) obtained from the first round was transformed with a linearized pGδRU-EG fragment. After 10 rounds of cell growth and transfer to fresh medium, the doubling times and enzyme activities of Kα(δ::bgl1-repeat), Kα(δ::egl2-repeat), and Kα(δ::bgl1-repeat)(δ::egl2-repeat) showed no significant change and were stable. Further, their maximum ethanol concentrations during simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of pretreated corncob over a 7-day period were 46.35, 33.13, and 51.77 g/L, respectively, which were all substantially higher than the parent Kα strain. Thus, repetitive δ-integration with URA3 recycling can be a feasible and valuable method for genetic engineering of Angel Yeast. These results also provide clues about some important issues related to δ-integration, such as the structural stability of δ-integrated genes and the effects of individual integration-site locations on gene expression. Further be elucidation of these issues should help to fully realize the potential of δ-integration-based methods in industrial yeast breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaolan Zou
- Tianjin R&D Center for Petrochemical Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Sifan Sun
- Tianjin R&D Center for Petrochemical Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomao Zhang
- Tianjin R&D Center for Petrochemical Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaman Li
- Tianjin R&D Center for Petrochemical Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinghan Guo
- Tianjin R&D Center for Petrochemical Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiefang Hong
- Tianjin R&D Center for Petrochemical Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Ma
- Tianjin R&D Center for Petrochemical Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Minhua Zhang
- Tianjin R&D Center for Petrochemical Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, R&D Center for Petrochemical Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Engine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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Jain L, Kurmi AK, Kumar A, Narani A, Bhaskar T, Agrawal D. Exploring the flexibility of cellulase cocktail obtained from mutant UV-8 of Talaromyces verruculosus IIPC 324 in depolymerising multiple agro-industrial lignocellulosic feedstocks. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 154:538-544. [PMID: 32194122 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Effective management and the valorization of agro-industrial lignocellulosic feedstocks can only be realized if a versatile cellulase cocktail is developed that can release glucose at affordable cost irrespective of biomass type. In the present study the flexibility of using cellulase cocktail obtained from mutant UV-8 of Talaromyces verruculosus IIPC 324 in depolymerizing multiple agro-industrial lignocellulosic feedstocks was explored. Five different dilute acid pretreated biomasses were evaluated and cellulase loading was done at 25 mg protein/g cellulose content. After 72 h of hydrolysis at 55 °C and pH 4.5, corn cob and rice straw emerged as the easiest and toughest substrates with saccharification yield of 83.9 ± 1.17 and 35.5 ± 1.16% respectively from their cellulose fraction. Addition of PEG 6000 could retain >65% of all mono-component enzymes present in cellulase cocktail. Structural elucidation of biomasses gave an insight about key features responsible for variable recalcitrance in the different agro-industrial feedstock. Cellulose hydrolysis showed a significant negative correlation in the order of Cr I > S/G ratio > ash content. The chemical composition of lignin had a major impact on enzyme-lignin interactions. Higher H lignin content and lower S/G ratio promoted enzyme desorption, thereby increasing the likelihood of their recycling and reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavika Jain
- Materials Resource Efficiency Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Petroleum, Mohkampur, Dehradun 248005, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Akhilesh Kumar Kurmi
- Materials Resource Efficiency Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Petroleum, Mohkampur, Dehradun 248005, India
| | - Avnish Kumar
- Materials Resource Efficiency Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Petroleum, Mohkampur, Dehradun 248005, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Anand Narani
- Materials Resource Efficiency Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Petroleum, Mohkampur, Dehradun 248005, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Thallada Bhaskar
- Materials Resource Efficiency Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Petroleum, Mohkampur, Dehradun 248005, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Deepti Agrawal
- Materials Resource Efficiency Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Petroleum, Mohkampur, Dehradun 248005, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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Abstract
The study provides data on antibiotic resistance as well as the virulence characteristics of Aeromonas caviae isolated from raw and treated wastewater. The isolates were identified as A. caviae by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. In the analyzed strains, high frequency for the following genes was observed: aac(6')-Ib-cr, qnrB, and qnrD. The presence of qnrA and ogxB genes was not found in any strain. The higher frequency of the investigated genes was observed in strains from raw wastewater (RW). The strains of A. caviae showed multiple antibiotic resistance evaluated by the disk diffusion method. Multiple antibiotic resistance indices ranged from 0.36 to 0.69. Susceptibility to six heavy metals (Cd+2, Zn+2, Cu+2, Co+2, Mn+2, and Ni+2) was recorded for all the isolates. The order of metal resistance of A. caviae was Co > Cu > Zn > Cd > Ni > Mn. All the strains of A. caviae showed β-hemolytic activity. Enzymes of amylase, cellulase, and lipase were produced by all isolates. Only the strains from RW had the ability to form biofilms and showed motility. The obtained results indicate that wastewater is a potential source and/or reservoir of virulent and multidrug-resistant A. caviae as "high-risk isolates."
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Nowrotek
- Environmental Microbiology Unit, Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas, Katowice, Poland
| | - Łukasz Jałowiecki
- Environmental Microbiology Unit, Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas, Katowice, Poland
| | - Grażyna Płaza
- Environmental Microbiology Unit, Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas, Katowice, Poland
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Wang S, Lin R, Ren Y, Zhang T, Lu H, Wang L, Fan D. Non-chromatographic purification of thermostable endoglucanase from Thermotoga maritima by fusion with a hydrophobic elastin-like polypeptide. Protein Expr Purif 2020; 173:105634. [PMID: 32325232 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2020.105634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Endoglucanase EG12B from Thermotoga maritima is a thermophilic cellulase that has great potential for industrial applications. Here, to enable the selective purification of EG12B in a simple and efficient manner, an elastin-like polypeptide (ELP), which acts as a thermally responsive polypeptide, was fused with EG12B to enable its inverse phase transition cycling (ITC). A small gene library comprising ELPs from ELP5 to ELP50 was constructed using recursive directional ligation by plasmid reconstruction. ELP50 was added to the C-terminus of EG12B as a fusion tag to obtain the expression vector pET28-EG12B-ELP50, which was transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) to enable the expression of fusion protein via IPTG induction. Gray scanning analysis revealed that the EG12B-ELP50 expression level was up to about 35% of the total cellular proteins. After three rounds of ITC, 8.14 mg of EG12B-ELP50 was obtained from 500-mL lysogeny broth culture medium. The recovery rate and purification fold of EG12B-ELP50 purified by ITC reached 78.1% and 11.8, respectively. The cellulase activity assay showed that EG12B-ELP50 had a better thermostability, higher optimal temperature, and longer half-life than those of free EG12B. Overall, our results suggested that ELP50 could be used as a favorable fusion tag, providing a rapid, simple, and inexpensive strategy for non-chromatographic target-protein purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wang
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, 723001, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, 710069, China.
| | - Rui Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University, General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Yanyan Ren
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, 723001, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, 723001, China
| | - Hongzhao Lu
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, 723001, China
| | - Ling Wang
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, 723001, China
| | - Daidi Fan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, 710069, China.
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Fang H, Wright T, Jinn JR, Guo W, Zhang N, Wang X, Wang YJ, Xu J. Engineering hydroxyproline-O-glycosylated biopolymers to reconstruct the plant cell wall for improved biomass processability. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:945-958. [PMID: 31930479 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Reconstructing the chemical and structural characteristics of the plant cell wall represents a promising solution to overcoming lignocellulosic biomass recalcitrance to biochemical deconstruction. This study aims to leverage hydroxyproline (Hyp)-O-glycosylation, a process unique to plant cell wall glycoproteins, as an innovative technology for de novo design and engineering in planta of Hyp-O-glycosylated biopolymers (HypGP) that facilitate plant cell wall reconstruction. HypGP consisting of 18 tandem repeats of "Ser-Hyp-Hyp-Hyp-Hyp" motif or (SP4)18 was designed and engineered into tobacco plants as a fusion peptide with either a reporter protein enhanced green fluorescence protein or the catalytic domain of a thermophilic E1 endoglucanase (E1cd) from Acidothermus cellulolyticus. The engineered (SP4)18 module was extensively Hyp-O-glycosylated with arabino-oligosaccharides, which facilitated the deposition of the fused protein/enzyme in the cell wall matrix and improved the accumulation of the protein/enzyme in planta by 1.5-11-fold. The enzyme activity of the recombinant E1cd was not affected by the fused (SP4)18 module, showing an optimal temperature of 80°C and optimal pH between 5 and 8. The plant biomass engineered with the (SP4)18 -tagged protein/enzyme increased the biomass saccharification efficiency by up to 3.5-fold without having adverse impact on the plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Fang
- Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas
- College of Agriculture, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas
| | - Tristen Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas
| | - Jia-Rong Jinn
- Department of Food Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Wenzheng Guo
- Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas
| | - Ningning Zhang
- Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas
| | - Xiaoting Wang
- Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas
| | - Ya-Jane Wang
- Department of Food Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas
- College of Agriculture, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas
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Vita N, Borne R, Fierobe HP. Cell-surface exposure of a hybrid 3-cohesin scaffoldin allowing the functionalization of Escherichia coli envelope. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:626-636. [PMID: 31814100 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cellulosomes are large plant cell wall degrading complexes secreted by some anaerobic bacteria. They are typically composed of a major scaffolding protein containing multiple receptors called cohesins, which tightly anchor a small complementary module termed dockerin harbored by the cellulosomal enzymes. In the present study, we have successfully cell surface exposed in Escherichia coli a hybrid scaffoldin, Scaf6, fused to the curli protein CsgA, the latter is known to polymerize at the surface of E. coli to form extracellular fibers under stressful environmental conditions. The C-terminal part of the chimera encompasses the hybrid scaffoldin composed of three cohesins from different bacterial origins and a carbohydrate-binding module targeting insoluble cellulose. Using three cellulases hosting the complementary dockerin modules and labeled with different fluorophores, we have shown that the hybrid scaffoldin merged to CsgA is massively exposed at the cell surface of E. coli and that each cohesin module is fully operational. Altogether these data open a new route for a series of biotechnological applications exploiting the cell-surface exposure of CsgA-Scaf6 in various industrial sectors such as vaccines, biocatalysts or bioremediation, simply by grafting the small dockerin module to the desired proteins before incubation with the engineered E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Vita
- Aix-Marseille université, CNRS, LCB, Marseille, France
| | - Romain Borne
- Aix-Marseille université, CNRS, LCB, Marseille, France
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Yu E, Yamaji N, Ma JF. Altered Root Structure Affects Both Expression and Cellular Localization of Transporters for Mineral Element Uptake in Rice. Plant Cell Physiol 2020; 61:481-491. [PMID: 31747007 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
One of the most important roles of plant roots is to take up mineral elements for their growth. Although several genes involved in root growth have been identified, the association between root structure and mineral element uptake is less investigated. In this study, we isolated a rice mutant (dice1, defective in cell elongation 1) with short-root phenotype. This mutant was characterized by partial defect in the formation of root outer cell layers. Mapping of the responsible gene revealed that the short-root phenotype in the mutant was caused by a single-nucleotide substitution of a gene encoding a membrane-anchored endo-1,4-beta-glucanase (OsGlu3). The growth of both the roots and shoots was partially recovered with increasing strength of nutrient solution and glucose in the mutant. The mutant showed a decreased uptake (normalized by root dry weight) for Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, As and Ge but increased uptake for K and Ca. The expression level of some transporter genes including OsLsi1 and OsLsi2 for Si uptake and OsNramp5 for Mn uptake was significantly decreased in the mutant compared with the wild-type (WT) rice. Furthermore, the cellular localization of OsLsi1 was altered; OsLsi1 localized at the root exodermis of the WT rice was changed to be localized to other cell layers of the mutant roots. However, this localization became normal in the presence of exogenous glucose in the mutant. Our results indicate that a normal root structure is required for maintaining the expression and localization of transporters involved in the mineral element uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- En Yu
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Chuo 2-20-1, Kurashiki, 710-0046 Japan
| | - Naoki Yamaji
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Chuo 2-20-1, Kurashiki, 710-0046 Japan
| | - Jian Feng Ma
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Chuo 2-20-1, Kurashiki, 710-0046 Japan
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Ega SL, Drendel G, Petrovski S, Egidi E, Franks AE, Muddada S. Comparative Analysis of Structural Variations Due to Genome Shuffling of Bacillus Subtilis VS15 for Improved Cellulase Production. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041299. [PMID: 32075107 PMCID: PMC7072954 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose is one of the most abundant and renewable biomass products used for the production of bioethanol. Cellulose can be efficiently hydrolyzed by Bacillus subtilis VS15, a strain isolate obtained from decomposing logs. A genome shuffling approach was implemented to improve the cellulase activity of Bacillus subtilis VS15. Mutant strains were created using ethyl methyl sulfonate (EMS), N-Methyl-N′ nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NTG), and ultraviolet light (UV) followed by recursive protoplast fusion. After two rounds of shuffling, the mutants Gb2, Gc8, and Gd7 were produced that had an increase in cellulase activity of 128%, 148%, and 167%, respectively, in comparison to the wild type VS15. The genetic diversity of the shuffled strain Gd7 and wild type VS15 was compared at whole genome level. Genomic-level comparisons identified a set of eight genes, consisting of cellulase and regulatory genes, of interest for further analyses. Various genes were identified with insertions and deletions that may be involved in improved celluase production in Gd7. Strain Gd7 maintained the capability of hydrolyzing wheatbran to glucose and converting glucose to ethanol by fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae of the wild type VS17. This ability was further confirmed by the acidified potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) method.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gene Drendel
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia; (G.D.); (S.P.); (E.E.); (A.E.F.)
| | - Steve Petrovski
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia; (G.D.); (S.P.); (E.E.); (A.E.F.)
| | - Eleonora Egidi
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia; (G.D.); (S.P.); (E.E.); (A.E.F.)
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2750, Australia
| | - Ashley E. Franks
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia; (G.D.); (S.P.); (E.E.); (A.E.F.)
- Centre for Future Landscapes, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VI 3086, Australia
| | - Sudhamani Muddada
- Department of Biotechnology, K L E F University, Guntur 522 502, India;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-970-3470-598
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Anandharaj M, Lin YJ, Rani RP, Nadendla EK, Ho MC, Huang CC, Cheng JF, Chang JJ, Li WH. Constructing a yeast to express the largest cellulosome complex on the cell surface. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:2385-2394. [PMID: 31953261 PMCID: PMC7007581 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1916529117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellulosomes, which are multienzyme complexes from anaerobic bacteria, are considered nature's finest cellulolytic machinery. Thus, constructing a cellulosome in an industrial yeast has long been a goal pursued by scientists. However, it remains highly challenging due to the size and complexity of cellulosomal genes. Here, we overcame the difficulties by synthesizing the Clostridium thermocellum scaffoldin gene (CipA) and the anchoring protein gene (OlpB) using advanced synthetic biology techniques. The engineered Kluyveromyces marxianus, a probiotic yeast, secreted a mixture of dockerin-fused fungal cellulases, including an endoglucanase (TrEgIII), exoglucanase (CBHII), β-glucosidase (NpaBGS), and cellulase boosters (TaLPMO and MtCDH). The confocal microscopy results confirmed the cell-surface display of OlpB-ScGPI and fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis results revealed that almost 81% of yeast cells displayed OlpB-ScGPI. We have also demonstrated the cellulosome complex formation using purified and crude cellulosomal proteins. Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometric analysis further confirmed the cellulosome complex formation. Our engineered cellulosome can accommodate up to 63 enzymes, whereas the largest engineered cellulosome reported thus far could accommodate only 12 enzymes and was expressed by a plasmid instead of chromosomal integration. Interestingly, CipA 2B9C (with two cellulose binding modules, CBM) released significantly higher quantities of reducing sugars compared with other CipA variants, thus confirming the importance of cohesin numbers and CBM domain on cellulosome complex. The engineered yeast host efficiently degraded cellulosic substrates and released 3.09 g/L and 8.61 g/L of ethanol from avicel and phosphoric acid-swollen cellulose, respectively, which is higher than any previously constructed yeast cellulosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marimuthu Anandharaj
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, 11529 Taipei, Taiwan
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, National Chung Hsing University and Academia Sinica, 11529 Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, 40227 Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ju Lin
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, 11529 Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Meng-Chiao Ho
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 11529 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Chen Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, 40227 Taichung, Taiwan
- Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture, National Chung Hsing University, 40227 Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jan-Fang Cheng
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Walnut Creek, CA 94598
| | - Jui-Jen Chang
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, 402 Taichung, Taiwan;
| | - Wen-Hsiung Li
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, 11529 Taipei, Taiwan;
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, National Chung Hsing University and Academia Sinica, 11529 Taipei, Taiwan
- Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, 40227 Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
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Nagashima Y, Ma Z, Liu X, Qian X, Zhang X, von Schaewen A, Koiwa H. Multiple Quality Control Mechanisms in the ER and TGN Determine Subcellular Dynamics and Salt-Stress Tolerance Function of KORRIGAN1. Plant Cell 2020; 32:470-485. [PMID: 31852774 PMCID: PMC7008481 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Among many glycoproteins within the plant secretory system, KORRIGAN1 (KOR1), a membrane-anchored endo-β-1,4-glucanase involved in cellulose biosynthesis, provides a link between N-glycosylation, cell wall biosynthesis, and abiotic stress tolerance. After insertion into the endoplasmic reticulum, KOR1 cycles between the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and the plasma membrane (PM). From the TGN, the protein is targeted to growing cell plates during cell division. These processes are governed by multiple sequence motifs and also host genotypes. Here, we investigated the interaction and hierarchy of known and newly identified sorting signals in KOR1 and how they affect KOR1 transport at various stages in the secretory pathway. Conventional steady-state localization showed that structurally compromised KOR1 variants were directed to tonoplasts. In addition, a tandem fluorescent timer technology allowed for differential visualization of young versus aged KOR1 proteins, enabling the analysis of single-pass transport through the secretory pathway. Observations suggest the presence of multiple checkpoints/branches during KOR1 trafficking, where the destination is determined based on KOR1's sequence motifs and folding status. Moreover, growth analyses of dominant PM-confined KOR1-L48L49→A48A49 variants revealed the importance of active removal of KOR1 from the PM during salt stress, which otherwise interfered with stress acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Nagashima
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center and Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Zeyang Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Xueting Liu
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Xiaoning Qian
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Xiuren Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
- Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Antje von Schaewen
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hisashi Koiwa
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center and Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
- Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
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63
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Fumagalli M, Gerace D, Faè M, Iadarola P, Leelavathi S, Reddy VS, Cella R. Molecular, biochemical, and proteomic analyses of transplastomic tobacco plants expressing an endoglucanase support chloroplast-based molecular farming for industrial scale production of enzymes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:9479-9491. [PMID: 31701198 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10186-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The successful production of recombinant enzymes by tobacco transplastomic plants must maintain compatibility of the heterologous enzyme with chloroplast metabolism and its long-time enzyme stability. Based on previous reports, it has been taken for granted that following biolistic-transformation, homoplasticity could be obtained from the initially heteroplastic state following successive rounds of selection in the presence of the selection agent. However, several studies indicated that this procedure does not always ensure the complete elimination of unmodified wild-type plastomes. The present study demonstrates that CelK1 transplastomic plants, which were photosyntetically as active as untransformed ones, remain heteroplastomic even after repeated selection steps and that this state does not impair the relatively high-level production of the recombinant enzyme. In fact, even in the heteroplastomic state, the recombinant protein represented about 6% of the total soluble proteins (TSP). Moreover, our data also show that, while the recombinant endoglucanase undergoes phosphorylation, this post-translation modification does not have any significant impact on the enzymatic activity. Biomass storage might be required whenever the enzyme extraction process could not be performed immediately following the harvest of tobacco mature plants. In this respect, we have observed that enzyme activity in the detached leaves stored at 4 °C is maintained up to 20 weeks without significant loss of activity. These findings may have major implications in the future of chloroplast genetic engineering-based molecular farming to produce industrial enzymes in transplastomic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fumagalli
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - D Gerace
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - M Faè
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - P Iadarola
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - S Leelavathi
- Plant Transformation Group, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - V S Reddy
- Plant Transformation Group, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Rino Cella
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
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64
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Zhang J, Chen Y, Wu C, Liu P, Wang W, Wei D. The transcription factor ACE3 controls cellulase activities and lactose metabolism via two additional regulators in the fungus Trichoderma reesei. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:18435-18450. [PMID: 31501242 PMCID: PMC6885621 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi of the genus Trichoderma are a rich source of enzymes, such as cellulases and hemicellulases, that can degrade lignocellulosic biomass and are therefore of interest for biotechnological approaches seeking to optimize biofuel production. The essential transcription factor ACE3 is involved in cellulase production in Trichoderma reesei; however, the mechanism by which ACE3 regulates cellulase activities is unknown. Here, we discovered that the nominal ace3 sequence in the T. reesei genome available through the Joint Genome Institute is erroneously annotated. Moreover, we identified the complete ace3 sequence, the ACE3 Zn(II)2Cys6 domain, and the ACE3 DNA-binding sites containing a 5'-CGGAN(T/A)3-3' consensus. We found that in addition to its essential role in cellulase production, ace3 is required for lactose assimilation and metabolism in T. reesei Transcriptional profiling with RNA-Seq revealed that ace3 deletion down-regulates not only the bulk of the major cellulase, hemicellulase, and related transcription factor genes, but also reduces the expression of lactose metabolism-related genes. Additionally, we demonstrate that ACE3 binds the promoters of many cellulase genes, the cellulose response transporter gene crt1, and transcription factor-encoding genes, including xyr1 We also observed that XYR1 dimerizes to facilitate cellulase production and that ACE3 interacts with XYR1. Together, these findings uncover how two essential transcriptional activators mediate cellulase gene expression in T. reesei On the basis of these observations, we propose a model of how the interactions between ACE3, Crt1, and XYR1 control cellulase expression and lactose metabolism in T. reesei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yumeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Chuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Pei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Dongzhi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
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Lin L, Wang S, Li X, He Q, Benz JP, Tian C. STK-12 acts as a transcriptional brake to control the expression of cellulase-encoding genes in Neurospora crassa. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008510. [PMID: 31765390 PMCID: PMC6901240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulolytic fungi have evolved a complex regulatory network to maintain the precise balance of nutrients required for growth and hydrolytic enzyme production. When fungi are exposed to cellulose, the transcript levels of cellulase genes rapidly increase and then decline. However, the mechanisms underlying this bell-shaped expression pattern are unclear. We systematically screened a protein kinase deletion set in the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa to search for mutants exhibiting aberrant expression patterns of cellulase genes. We observed that the loss of stk-12 (NCU07378) caused a dramatic increase in cellulase production and an extended period of high transcript abundance of major cellulase genes. These results suggested that stk-12 plays a critical role as a brake to turn down the transcription of cellulase genes to repress the overexpression of hydrolytic enzymes and prevent energy wastage. Transcriptional profiling analyses revealed that cellulase gene expression levels were maintained at high levels for 56 h in the Δstk-12 mutant, compared to only 8 h in the wild-type (WT) strain. After growth on cellulose for 3 days, the transcript levels of cellulase genes in the Δstk-12 mutant were 3.3-fold over WT, and clr-2 (encoding a transcriptional activator) was up-regulated in Δstk-12 while res-1 and rca-1 (encoding two cellulase repressors) were down-regulated. Consequently, total cellulase production in the Δstk-12 mutant was 7-fold higher than in the WT. These results strongly suggest that stk-12 deletion results in dysregulation of the cellulase expression machinery. Further analyses showed that STK-12 directly targets IGO-1 to regulate cellulase production. The TORC1 pathway promoted cellulase production, at least partly, by inhibiting STK-12 function, and STK-12 and CRE-1 functioned in parallel pathways to repress cellulase gene expression. Our results clarify how cellulase genes are repressed at the transcriptional level during cellulose induction, and highlight a new strategy to improve industrial fungal strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangcai Lin
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qun He
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - J. Philipp Benz
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz, Freising, Germany
- Technical University of Munich, Institute for Advanced Study, Lichtenbergstr, Garching, Germany
| | - Chaoguang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- * E-mail:
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66
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Xu X, Fan C, Song L, Li J, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Liu B, Zhang W. A Novel CreA-Mediated Regulation Mechanism of Cellulase Expression in the Thermophilic Fungus Humicola insolens. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153693. [PMID: 31357701 PMCID: PMC6696435 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The thermophilic fungus Humicola insolens produces cellulolytic enzymes that are of great scientific and commercial interest; however, few reports have focused on its cellulase expression regulation mechanism. In this study, we constructed a creA gene (carbon catabolite repressor gene) disruption mutant strain of H. insolens that exhibited a reduced radial growth rate and stouter hyphae compared to the wild-type (WT) strain. The creA disruption mutant also expressed elevated pNPCase (cellobiohydrolase activities), pNPGase (β-glucosidase activities), and xylanase levels in non-inducing fermentation with glucose. Unlike other fungi, the H. insolenscreA disruption mutant displayed lower FPase (filter paper activity), CMCase (carboxymethyl cellulose activity), pNPCase, and pNPGase activity than observed in the WT strain when fermentation was induced using Avicel, whereas its xylanase activity was higher than that of the parental strain. These results indicate that CreA acts as a crucial regulator of hyphal growth and is part of a unique cellulase expression regulation mechanism in H. insolens. These findings provide a new perspective to improve the understanding of carbon catabolite repression regulation mechanisms in cellulase expression, and enrich the knowledge of metabolism diversity and molecular regulation of carbon metabolism in thermophilic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Xu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.12 Zhongguancun South St., Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chao Fan
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.12 Zhongguancun South St., Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Liya Song
- Beijing Key Lab of Plant Resource Research and Development, Beijing Technology and Business University, No.11 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jinyang Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.12 Zhongguancun South St., Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.12 Zhongguancun South St., Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuhong Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.12 Zhongguancun South St., Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.12 Zhongguancun South St., Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.12 Zhongguancun South St., Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China.
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Abstract
Here we reported a new strategy to construct synthetic metabolons using dCas9-guided assembly. Three orthogonal dCas9 proteins were exploited to guide the independent and site-specific assembly of their fusion partners onto a single DNA scaffold. This new platform was applied towards the construction of a two-component cellulosome. Because of the superior binding affinity, the resulting structures exhibited both improved assembly and reducing sugar production. Conditional enzyme assembly was made possible by utilizing toehold-gated sgRNA (thgRNA), which blocks cellulosome formation until the spacer region is unblocked by a RNA trigger. This platform is highly modular owing to the ease of target synthesis, combinations of possible Cas9-fusion arrangements, and expansion to other metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Berckman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA. and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Wilfred Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
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68
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Schmidt JA, McGrath JM, Hanson MR, Long SP, Ahner BA. Field-grown tobacco plants maintain robust growth while accumulating large quantities of a bacterial cellulase in chloroplasts. Nat Plants 2019; 5:715-721. [PMID: 31285558 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-019-0467-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
High accumulation of heterologous proteins expressed from the plastid genome has sometimes been reported to result in compromised plant phenotypes. Comparisons of transplastomic plants to wild-type (WT) are typically made in environmentally controlled chambers with relatively low light; little is known about the performance of such plants under field conditions. Here, we report on two plastid-engineered tobacco lines expressing the bacterial cellulase Cel6A. Field-grown plants producing Cel6A at ~20% of total soluble protein exhibit no loss in biomass or Rubisco content and only minor reductions in photosynthesis compared to WT. These experiments demonstrate that, when grown in the field, tobacco possesses sufficient metabolic flexibility to accommodate high levels of recombinant protein by increasing total protein synthesis and accumulation and/or by reallocating unneeded endogenous proteins. Based on current tobacco cultivation practices and readily achievable recombinant protein yields, we estimate that specific proteins could be obtained from field-grown transgenic tobacco plants at costs three orders of magnitude less than current cell culture methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Schmidt
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Justin M McGrath
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Maureen R Hanson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Stephen P Long
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Beth A Ahner
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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69
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Onuma H, Hara K, Sugita K, Kano A, Fukuta Y, Shirasaka N. Purification and characterization of a glycoside hydrolase family 5 endoglucanase from Tricholoma matsutake grown on barley based solid-state medium. J Biosci Bioeng 2019; 128:669-676. [PMID: 31257006 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An endoglucanase was isolated from solid-state culture of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Tricholoma matsutake (TmEgl5A) grown on rolled barley and vermiculite. The enzyme was purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation, ion-exchange, hydrophobic, and gel filtration. TmEgl5A showed a molecular mass of approximately 40 kDa as determined by SDS-PAGE. The single band of the protein was analyzed by peptide-mass-finger-printing using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and the trypsin-digested peptide sequences were matched to a putative endoglucanase sequence (protein ID1465229) in the JGI T. matsutake 945 v3.0 genome database. Based on the sequence information, the gene encoding TmEgl was cloned and expressed in Pichia pastoris KM71H. The deduced amino acid sequence was similar to GH5 family endoglucanases from Basidiomycetes. The enzyme acts on barley β-glucan, lichenan, and CMC-Na. The hydrolyzation products from these substrates were detected by thin-layer chromatography as oligosaccharides with minimal disaccharides. These results suggested that T. matsutake produces a typical endoglucanase in solid-state culture, and the fungus has the potential to degrade β-linkage polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Onuma
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, 3327-204 Naka-machi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
| | - Kento Hara
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, 3327-204 Naka-machi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
| | - Kayo Sugita
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, 3327-204 Naka-machi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
| | - Akiko Kano
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, 3327-204 Naka-machi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Fukuta
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, 3327-204 Naka-machi, Nara 631-8505, Japan.
| | - Norifumi Shirasaka
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, 3327-204 Naka-machi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
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70
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Nath P, Dhillon A, Kumar K, Sharma K, Jamaldheen SB, Moholkar VS, Goyal A. Development of bi-functional chimeric enzyme (CtGH1-L1-CtGH5-F194A) from endoglucanase (CtGH5) mutant F194A and β-1,4-glucosidase (CtGH1) from Clostridium thermocellum with enhanced activity and structural integrity. Bioresour Technol 2019; 282:494-501. [PMID: 30897487 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Site-directed mutagenesis of β-1,4-endoglucanase from family 5 glycoside hydrolase (CtGH5) from Clostridium thermocellum was performed to develop a mutant CtGH5-F194A that gave 40 U/mg specific activity against carboxymethyl cellulose, resulting 2-fold higher activity than wild-type CtGH5. CtGH5-F194A was fused with a β-1,4-glucosidase, CtGH1 from Clostridium thermocellum to develop a chimeric enzyme. The chimera (CtGH1-L1-CtGH5-F194A) expressed as a soluble protein using E. coli BL-21cells displaying 3- to 5-fold higher catalytic efficiency for endoglucanase and β-glucosidase activities. TLC analysis of hydrolysed product of CMC by chimera 1 revealed glucose as final product confirming both β-1,4-endoglucanase and β-1,4-glucosidase activities, while the products of CtGH5-F194A were cellobiose and cello-oligosaccharides. Protein melting studies of CtGH5-F194A showed melting temperature (Tm), 68 °C and of CtGH1, 79 °C, whereas, chimera showed 78 °C. The improved structural integrity, thermostability and enhanced bi-functional enzyme activities of chimera makes it potentially useful for industrial application in converting biomass to glucose and thus bioethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Nath
- Carbohydrate Enzyme Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India; DBT PAN-IIT Center for Bioenergy, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India
| | - Arun Dhillon
- Carbohydrate Enzyme Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Krishan Kumar
- Carbohydrate Enzyme Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Kedar Sharma
- Carbohydrate Enzyme Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Sumitha Banu Jamaldheen
- Carbohydrate Enzyme Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India; Centre for Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Vijayanand Suryakant Moholkar
- Centre for Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India; Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Arun Goyal
- Carbohydrate Enzyme Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India; DBT PAN-IIT Center for Bioenergy, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India; Centre for Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.
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Liu P, Lin A, Zhang G, Zhang J, Chen Y, Shen T, Zhao J, Wei D, Wang W. Enhancement of cellulase production in Trichoderma reesei RUT-C30 by comparative genomic screening. Microb Cell Fact 2019; 18:81. [PMID: 31077201 PMCID: PMC6509817 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1131-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellulolytic enzymes produced by the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei are commonly used in biomass conversion. The high cost of cellulase is still a significant challenge to commercial biofuel production. Improving cellulase production in T. reesei for application in the cellulosic biorefinery setting is an urgent priority. RESULTS Trichoderma reesei hyper-cellulolytic mutant SS-II derived from the T. reesei NG14 strain exhibited faster growth rate and more efficient lignocellulosic biomass degradation than those of RUT-C30, another hyper-cellulolytic strain derived from NG14. To identify any genetic changes that occurred in SS-II, we sequenced its genome using Illumina MiSeq. In total, 184 single nucleotide polymorphisms and 40 insertions and deletions were identified. SS-II sequencing revealed 107 novel mutations and a full-length wild-type carbon catabolite repressor 1 gene (cre1). To combine the mutations of RUT-C30 and SS-II, the sequence of one confirmed beneficial mutation in RUT-C30, cre196, was introduced in SS-II to replace full-length cre1, forming the mutant SS-II-cre196. The total cellulase production of SS-II-cre196 was decreased owing to the limited growth of SS-II-cre196. In contrast, 57 genes mutated only in SS-II were selected and knocked out in RUT-C30. Of these, 31 were involved in T. reesei growth or cellulase production. Cellulase activity was significantly increased in five deletion strains compared with that in two starter strains, RUT-C30 and SS-II. Cellulase production of T. reesei Δ108642 and Δ56839 was significantly increased by 83.7% and 70.1%, respectively, compared with that of RUT-C30. The amount of glucose released from pretreated corn stover hydrolyzed by the crude enzyme from Δ108642 increased by 11.9%. CONCLUSIONS The positive attribute confirmed in one cellulase hyper-producing strain does not always work efficiently in another cellulase hyper-producing strain, owing to the differences in genetic background. Genome re-sequencing revealed novel mutations that might affect cellulase production and other pathways indirectly related to cellulase formation. Our strategy of combining the mutations of two strains successfully identified a number of interesting phenotypes associated with cellulase production. These findings will contribute to the creation of a gene library that can be used to investigate the involvement of various genes in the regulation of cellulase production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Liu
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, P.O.B. 311, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237 China
| | - Aibo Lin
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, P.O.B. 311, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237 China
| | - Guoxiu Zhang
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, P.O.B. 311, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237 China
| | - Jiajia Zhang
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, P.O.B. 311, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237 China
| | - Yumeng Chen
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, P.O.B. 311, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237 China
| | - Tao Shen
- Sunson Industry Group Co, Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, P.O.B. 311, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237 China
| | - Dongzhi Wei
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, P.O.B. 311, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237 China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, P.O.B. 311, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237 China
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Hwang IS, Oh EJ, Lee HB, Oh CS. Functional Characterization of Two Cellulase Genes in the Gram-Positive Pathogenic Bacterium Clavibacter michiganensis for Wilting in Tomato. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2019; 32:491-501. [PMID: 30345870 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-08-18-0227-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Diverse plant pathogens secrete cellulases to degrade plant cell walls. Previously, the plasmid-borne cellulase gene celA was shown to be important for the virulence of the gram-positive bacterium Clavibacter michiganensis in tomato. However, details of the contribution of cellulases to the development of wilting in tomato have not been well-determined. To better understand the contribution of cellulases to the virulence of C. michiganensis in tomato, a mutant lacking cellulase activity was generated and complemented with truncated forms of certain cellulase genes, and virulence of those strain was examined. A celA mutant of the C. michiganensis type strain LMG7333 lost its cellulase activity and almost all its ability to cause wilting in tomato. The cellulase catalytic domain and cellulose-binding domain of CelA together were sufficient for both cellulase activity and the development of wilting in tomato. However, the expansin domain did not affect virulence or cellulase activity. The celA ortholog of Clavibacter sepedonicus restored the full virulence of the celA mutant of C. michiganensis. Another cellulase gene, celB, located in the chromosome, carries a single-base deletion in most C. michiganensis strains but does not carry a functional signal peptide in its N terminus. Nevertheless, an experimentally modified CelB protein with a CelA signal peptide was secreted and able to cause wilting in tomato. These results indicate that cellulases are major virulence factors of C. michiganensis that causes wilting in tomato. Furthermore, there are natural variations among cellulase genes directly affecting their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Sun Hwang
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Eom-Ji Oh
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Han Beoyl Lee
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Chang-Sik Oh
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
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Houfani AA, Větrovský T, Navarrete OU, Štursová M, Tláskal V, Beiko RG, Boucherba N, Baldrian P, Benallaoua S, Jorquera MA. Cellulase-Hemicellulase Activities and Bacterial Community Composition of Different Soils from Algerian Ecosystems. Microb Ecol 2019; 77:713-725. [PMID: 30209585 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-018-1251-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Soil microorganisms are important mediators of carbon cycling in nature. Although cellulose- and hemicellulose-degrading bacteria have been isolated from Algerian ecosystems, the information on the composition of soil bacterial communities and thus the potential of their members to decompose plant residues is still limited. The objective of the present study was to describe and compare the bacterial community composition in Algerian soils (crop, forest, garden, and desert) and the activity of cellulose- and hemicellulose-degrading enzymes. Bacterial communities were characterized by high-throughput 16S amplicon sequencing followed by the in silico prediction of their functional potential. The highest lignocellulolytic activity was recorded in forest and garden soils whereas activities in the agricultural and desert soils were typically low. The bacterial phyla Proteobacteria (in particular classes α-proteobacteria, δ-proteobacteria, and γ-proteobacteria), Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria dominated in all soils. Forest and garden soils exhibited higher diversity than agricultural and desert soils. Endocellulase activity was elevated in forest and garden soils. In silico analysis predicted higher share of genes assigned to general metabolism in forest and garden soils compared with agricultural and arid soils, particularly in carbohydrate metabolism. The highest potential of lignocellulose decomposition was predicted for forest soils, which is in agreement with the highest activity of corresponding enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aicha Asma Houfani
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Appliquée (LMA), Département de Microbiologie, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université de Bejaia, 06000, Bejaia, Algérie
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Větrovský
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Oscar U Navarrete
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana Aplicada, Departmento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Ave. Franciosco Salazar, 01145, Temuco, Chile
- Scientific and Biotechnological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Ave. Franciosco Salazar, 01145, Temuco, Chile
| | - Martina Štursová
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Tláskal
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Robert G Beiko
- Faculty of Computer Science, Dalhousie University, 6050 University Avenue, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Nawel Boucherba
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Appliquée (LMA), Département de Microbiologie, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université de Bejaia, 06000, Bejaia, Algérie
| | - Petr Baldrian
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Said Benallaoua
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Appliquée (LMA), Département de Microbiologie, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université de Bejaia, 06000, Bejaia, Algérie
| | - Milko A Jorquera
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana Aplicada, Departmento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Ave. Franciosco Salazar, 01145, Temuco, Chile.
- Scientific and Biotechnological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Ave. Franciosco Salazar, 01145, Temuco, Chile.
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Bashirova A, Pramanik S, Volkov P, Rozhkova A, Nemashkalov V, Zorov I, Gusakov A, Sinitsyn A, Schwaneberg U, Davari MD. Disulfide Bond Engineering of an Endoglucanase from Penicillium verruculosum to Improve Its Thermostability. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1602. [PMID: 30935060 PMCID: PMC6479618 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoglucanases (EGLs) are important components of multienzyme cocktails used in the production of a wide variety of fine and bulk chemicals from lignocellulosic feedstocks. However, a low thermostability and the loss of catalytic performance of EGLs at industrially required temperatures limit their commercial applications. A structure-based disulfide bond (DSB) engineering was carried out in order to improve the thermostability of EGLII from Penicillium verruculosum. Based on in silico prediction, two improved enzyme variants, S127C-A165C (DSB2) and Y171C-L201C (DSB3), were obtained. Both engineered enzymes displayed a 15⁻21% increase in specific activity against carboxymethylcellulose and β-glucan compared to the wild-type EGLII (EGLII-wt). After incubation at 70 °C for 2 h, they retained 52⁻58% of their activity, while EGLII-wt retained only 38% of its activity. At 80 °C, the enzyme-engineered forms retained 15⁻22% of their activity after 2 h, whereas EGLII-wt was completely inactivated after the same incubation time. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the introduced DSB rigidified a global structure of DSB2 and DSB3 variants, thus enhancing their thermostability. In conclusion, this work provides an insight into DSB protein engineering as a potential rational design strategy that might be applicable for improving the stability of other enzymes for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bashirova
- Federal Research Centre «Fundamentals of Biotechnology» of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia.
| | - Subrata Pramanik
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Worringerweg 3, Germany.
| | - Pavel Volkov
- Federal Research Centre «Fundamentals of Biotechnology» of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia.
| | - Aleksandra Rozhkova
- Federal Research Centre «Fundamentals of Biotechnology» of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia.
| | - Vitaly Nemashkalov
- G.K.Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142292, Moscow region, Russia.
| | - Ivan Zorov
- Federal Research Centre «Fundamentals of Biotechnology» of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia.
- Department of Chemistry, M.V.Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Alexander Gusakov
- Department of Chemistry, M.V.Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Arkady Sinitsyn
- Federal Research Centre «Fundamentals of Biotechnology» of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia.
- Department of Chemistry, M.V.Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Worringerweg 3, Germany.
- DWI-Leibniz Institut für Interaktive Materialien, Forckenbeckstrasse 50, Aachen 52056, Germany.
| | - Mehdi D Davari
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Worringerweg 3, Germany.
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Benedetti M, Vecchi V, Betterle N, Natali A, Bassi R, Dall'Osto L. Design of a highly thermostable hemicellulose-degrading blend from Thermotoga neapolitana for the treatment of lignocellulosic biomass. J Biotechnol 2019; 296:42-52. [PMID: 30885654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The biological conversion of lignocellulose into fermentable sugars is a key process for the sustainable production of biofuels from plant biomass. Polysaccharides in plant feedstock can be valorized using thermostable mixtures of enzymes that degrade the cell walls, thus avoiding harmful and expensive pre-treatments. (Hyper)thermophilic bacteria of the phylum Thermotogae provide a rich source of enzymes for such industrial applications. Here we selected T. neapolitana as a source of hyperthermophilic hemicellulases for the degradation of lignocellulosic biomass. Two genes encoding putative hemicellulases were cloned from T. neapolitana genomic DNA and expressed in Escherichia coli. Further characterization revealed that the genes encoded an endo-1,4-β-galactanase and an α-l-arabinofuranosidase with optimal temperatures of ˜90 °C and high turnover numbers during catalysis (kcat values of ˜177 and ˜133 s-1, respectively, on soluble substrates). These enzymes were combined with three additional T. neapolitana hyperthermophilic hemicellulases - endo-1,4-β-xylanase (XynA), endo-1,4-β-mannanase (ManB/Man5A) and β-glucosidase (GghA) - to form a highly thermostable hemicellulolytic blend. The treatment of barley straw and corn bran with this enzymatic cocktail resulted in the solubilization of multiple hemicelluloses and boosted the yield of fermentable sugars by up to 65% when the complex substrates were further degraded by cellulases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Benedetti
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Valeria Vecchi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Nico Betterle
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy.
| | - Alberto Natali
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy.
| | - Roberto Bassi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Luca Dall'Osto
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy.
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76
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Pothula R, Shirley D, Perera OP, Klingeman WE, Oppert C, Abdelgaffar HMY, Johnson BR, Jurat-Fuentes JL. The digestive system in Zygentoma as an insect model for high cellulase activity. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212505. [PMID: 30817757 PMCID: PMC6394914 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The digestive system of selected phytophagous insects has been examined as a potential prospecting resource for identification of novel cellulolytic enzymes with potential industrial applications. In contrast to other model species, however, limited detailed information is available that characterizes cellulolytic activity and systems in basal hexapod groups. As part of a screening effort to identify insects with highly active cellulolytic systems, we have for the first time, identified species of Zygentoma that displayed the highest relative cellulase activity levels when compared to all other tested insect groups under the experimental conditions, including model species for cellulolytic systems such as termite and cockroach species in Rhinotermitidae (formerly Isoptera) and Cryptocercidae (formerly Blattodea). The goal of the present study was to provide a morphohistological characterization of cellulose digestion and to identify highly active cellulase enzymes present in digestive fluids of Zygentoma species. Morphohistological characterization supported no relevant differences in the digestive system of firebrat (Thermobia domestica) and the gray silverfish (Ctenolepisma longicaudata). Quantitative and qualitative cellulase assays identified the foregut as the region with the highest levels of cellulase activity in both T. domestica and C. longicaudata. However, T. domestica was found to have higher endoglucanase, xylanase and pectinase activities compared to C. longicaudata. Using nano liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (nanoLC/MS/MS) and a custom gut transcriptome we identified cellulolytic enzymes from digestive fluids of T. domestica. Among the identified enzymes we report putative endoglucanases matching to insect or arthropod enzymes and glucan endo-1,6-β-glucosidases matching bacterial enzymes. These findings support combined activities of endogenous and symbiont-derived plant cell wall degrading enzymes in lignocellulose digestion in Zygentoma and advance our understanding of cellulose digestion in a primitive insect group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratnasri Pothula
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Derek Shirley
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - O. P. Perera
- USDA-ARS Southern Insect Management Research Unit, Stoneville, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - William E. Klingeman
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Cris Oppert
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Heba M. Y. Abdelgaffar
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Brian R. Johnson
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Juan Luis Jurat-Fuentes
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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77
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Liu G, Su H, Sun H, Lu G, Tang J. Competitive control of endoglucanase gene engXCA expression in the plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris by the global transcriptional regulators HpaR1 and Clp. Mol Plant Pathol 2019; 20:51-68. [PMID: 30091270 PMCID: PMC6430473 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional regulators are key players in pathways that allow bacteria to alter gene expression in response to environmental conditions. However, work to understand how such transcriptional regulatory networks interact in bacterial plant pathogens is limited. Here, in the phytopathogen Xanthomonas campestris, we demonstrate that the global transcriptional regulator HpaR1 influences many of the same genes as another global regulator Clp, including the engXCA gene that encodes extracellular endoglucanase. We demonstrate that HpaR1 facilitates the binding of RNA polymerase to the engXCA promoter. In addition, we show that HpaR1 binds directly to the engXCA promoter. Furthermore, our in vitro tests characterize two binding sites for Clp within the engXCA promoter. Interestingly, one of these sites overlaps with the HpaR1 binding site. Mobility shift assays reveal that HpaR1 has greater affinity for binding to the engXCA promoter. This observation is supported by promoter activity assays, which show that the engXCA expression level is lower when both HpaR1 and Clp are present together, rather than alone. The data also reveal that HpaR1 and Clp activate engXCA gene expression by binding directly to its promoter. This transcriptional activation is modulated as both regulators compete to bind to overlapping sites on the engXCA promoter. Bioinformatics analysis suggests that this mechanism may be used broadly in Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) and is probably widespread in Xanthomonads and, potentially, other bacteria. Taken together, these data support a novel mechanism of competitive activation by two global regulators of virulence gene expression in Xcc which is probably widespread in Xanthomonads and, potentially, other bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo‐Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐bioresources, College of Life Science and TechnologyGuangxi University100 Daxue RoadNanningGuangxi530004China
| | - Hui‐Zhao Su
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐bioresources, College of Life Science and TechnologyGuangxi University100 Daxue RoadNanningGuangxi530004China
| | - Han‐Yang Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐bioresources, College of Life Science and TechnologyGuangxi University100 Daxue RoadNanningGuangxi530004China
| | - Guang‐Tao Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐bioresources, College of Life Science and TechnologyGuangxi University100 Daxue RoadNanningGuangxi530004China
| | - Ji‐Liang Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐bioresources, College of Life Science and TechnologyGuangxi University100 Daxue RoadNanningGuangxi530004China
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Sirohi R, Singh A, Tarafdar A, Shahi NC. Application of genetic algorithm in modelling and optimization of cellulase production. Bioresour Technol 2018; 270:751-754. [PMID: 30270051 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.09.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the application of genetic algorithm (GA) in modelling and optimization of cellulose production by Trichoderma reesei from pea hull. Enzyme activity of cellulase was determined using Filter Paper Activity (FPA) assay. Optimization of process parameters was performed using mathematical (MO) and genetic optimizers to obtain combination of variables for highest possible enzyme activity. GA generated a higher value of cellulase activity (0.353 U/mL) as compared to MO (0.302 U/mL). The values of independent variables in set (GA, MO) were: agitation speed (127, 120 rpm), %H2O2 concentration (10.36, 5.0), cultivation time (112, 91 h). The investigation highlights that GA could be used as a potential optimizer for processes involving waste utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjna Sirohi
- Department of Postharvest Process and Food Engineering, College of Technology, G.B. Pant, University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 263 145, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Anupama Singh
- Department of Postharvest Process and Food Engineering, College of Technology, G.B. Pant, University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 263 145, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ayon Tarafdar
- Department of Postharvest Process and Food Engineering, College of Technology, G.B. Pant, University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 263 145, Uttarakhand, India
| | - N C Shahi
- Department of Postharvest Process and Food Engineering, College of Technology, G.B. Pant, University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 263 145, Uttarakhand, India
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79
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Tsuji A, Yuasa K, Asada C. Cellulose-binding activity of a 21-kDa endo-ß-1,4-glucanase lacking cellulose-binding domain and its synergy with other cellulases in the digestive fluid of Aplysia kurodai. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205915. [PMID: 30412581 PMCID: PMC6226162 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Endo-ß-1,4-glucanase AkEG21 belonging to glycosyl hydrolase family 45 (GHF45) is the most abundant cellulase in the digestive fluid of sea hare (Aplysia kurodai). The specific activity of this 21-kDa enzyme is considerably lower than those of other endo ß-1,4-glucanases in the digestive fluid of A. kurodai, therefore its role in whole cellulose hydrolysis by sea hare is still uncertain. Although AkEG21 has a catalytic domain without a cellulose binding domain, it demonstrated stable binding to cellulose fibers, similar to that of fungal cellobiohydrolase (CBH) 1 and CBH 2, which is strongly inhibited by cellohexaose, suggesting the involvement of the catalytic site in cellulose binding. Cellulose-bound AkEG21 hydrolyzed cellulose to cellobiose, cellotriose and cellotetraose, but could not digest an external substrate, azo-carboxymethyl cellulose. Cellulose hydrolysis was considerably stimulated by the synergistic action of cellulose-bound AkEG21 and AkEG45, another ß-1,4-endoglucanase present in the digestive fluid of sea hare; however no synergy in carboxymethylcellulose hydrolysis was observed. When AkEG21 was removed from the digestive fluid by immunoprecipitation, the cellulose hydrolyzing activity of the fluid was significantly reduced, indicating a critical role of AkEG21 in cellulose hydrolysis by A. kurodai. These findings suggest that AkEG21 is a processive endoglucanase functionally equivalent to the CBH, which provides a CBH-independent mechanism for the mollusk to digest seaweed cellulose to glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Tsuji
- Department of Biomolecular Function and Technology, Graduate School of Bioscience & Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Minamijosanjima, Tokushima, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Keizo Yuasa
- Department of Biomolecular Function and Technology, Graduate School of Bioscience & Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Minamijosanjima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Chikako Asada
- Department of Bioresource Chemistry and Technology, Graduate School of Bioscience & Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Minamijosanjima, Tokushima, Japan
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80
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Kiran T, Asad W, Ajaz M, Hanif M, Rasool SA. Industrially relevant cellulase production by indigenous thermophilic Bacillus licheniformis TLW-3 strain: Isolation-molecular identification and enzyme yield optimization. Pak J Pharm Sci 2018; 31:2333-2340. [PMID: 30473501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cellulases are the third largest single industrial bio-robots. These enzymes are employed in industries like pharmaceutical, textile, food processing, paper recycling and detergent manufacturing. In order to produce broadly diversified cellulases, microbes (both bacteria and fungi) have been exploited. Different ecological niches have already been explored for the isolation of cellulolytic microbes. However, there have been no remarkable reports viz a viz to the hot oven ash (for cellulolytic bacterial flora). In this regard, a Bacillus strainTLW-3 was isolated and selected for CMCase production and optimization. The strain was identified as B. licheniformis TLW-3 through 16S rDNA sequencing that was submitted to Gen Bank with accession numberKY440432. The isolate growth and CMCase production conditions were optimized to get the maximum CMCase yield. The highest growth and maximum CMCase production by B. licheniformis TLW-3 were recorded at pH 7 and 50ºC, after the incubation period of 72 (hour) at 150rpm. Studies on the various nitrogen and carbon sources on CMCase production showed that the medium having 1% peptone, 0.5% yeast extract and 1% CMC can significantly enhance the enzymatic yield as compared to other (studied) sources. EDTA, Tween-20 and Tween-80 acted as inhibitors for the enzyme production. The present study holds the conviction that the (reported) organism could directly be applied to produce industrial thermophilic CMCase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabbassum Kiran
- Department of Microbiology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Wajeeha Asad
- Department of Microbiology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Munazza Ajaz
- Department of Microbiology, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science & Technology, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Hanif
- Karachi Institute of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (KIRAN), Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Shiekh Ajaz Rasool
- Department of Microbiology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan / Department of Microbiology, Jinnah University for Women, Karachi, Pakistan
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81
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Gan HM, Austin C, Linton S. Transcriptome-Guided Identification of Carbohydrate Active Enzymes (CAZy) from the Christmas Island Red Crab, Gecarcoidea natalis and a Vote for the Inclusion of Transcriptome-Derived Crustacean CAZys in Comparative Studies. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 2018; 20:654-665. [PMID: 29995174 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-018-9836-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Christmas Island red crab, Gecarcoidea natalis, is an herbivorous land crab that consumes mostly fallen leaf litter. In order to subsist, G. natalis would need to have developed specialised digestive enzymes capable of supplying significant amounts of metabolisable sugars from this diet. To gain insights into the carbohydrate metabolism of G. natalis, a transcriptome assembly was performed, with a specific focus on identifying transcripts coding for carbohydrate active enzyme (CAZy) using in silico approaches. Transcriptome sequencing of the midgut gland identified 70 CAZy-coding transcripts with varying expression values. At least three newly discovered putative GH9 endo-β-1,4-glucanase ("classic cellulase") transcripts were highly expressed in the midgut gland in addition to the previously characterised GH9 and GH16 (β-1,3-glucanase) transcripts, and underscoring the utility of whole transcriptome in uncovering new CAZy-coding transcripts. A highly expressed transcript coding for GH5_10 previously missed by conventional screening of cellulase activity was inferred to be a novel endo-β-1,4-mannase in G. natalis with in silico support from homology modelling and amino acid alignment with other functionally validated GH5_10 proteins. Maximum likelihood tree reconstruction of the GH5_10 proteins demonstrates the phylogenetic affiliation of the G. natalis GH5_10 transcript to that of other decapods, supporting endogenous expression. Surprisingly, crustacean-derived GH5_10 transcripts were near absent in the current CAZy database and yet mining of the transcriptome shotgun assembly (TSA) recovered more than 100 crustacean GH5_10s in addition to several other biotechnological relevant CAZys, underscoring the unappreciated potential of the TSA database as a valuable resource for crustacean CAZys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Ming Gan
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
- Genomics Facility, Tropical and Medicine Biology Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Christopher Austin
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
- Genomics Facility, Tropical and Medicine Biology Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Stuart Linton
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia.
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82
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Behar H, Graham SW, Brumer H. Comprehensive cross-genome survey and phylogeny of glycoside hydrolase family 16 members reveals the evolutionary origin of EG16 and XTH proteins in plant lineages. Plant J 2018; 95:1114-1128. [PMID: 29932263 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) are central to the biosynthesis and modification of the plant cell wall. An ancient clade of bifunctional plant endo-glucanases (EG16 members) was recently revealed and proposed to represent a transitional group uniting plant xyloglucan endo-transglycosylase/hydrolase (XTH) gene products and bacterial mixed-linkage endo-glucanases in the phylogeny of glycoside hydrolase family 16 (GH16). To gain broader insights into the distribution and frequency of EG16 and other GH16 members in plants, the PHYTOZOME, PLAZA, NCBI and 1000 PLANTS databases were mined to build a comprehensive census among 1289 species, spanning the broad phylogenetic diversity of multiple algae through recent plant lineages. EG16, newly identified EG16-2 and XTH members appeared first in the green algae. Extant EG16 members represent the early adoption of the β-jellyroll protein scaffold from a bacterial or early-lineage eukaryotic GH16 gene, which is characterized by loop deletion and extension of the N terminus (in EG16-2 members) or C terminus (in XTH members). Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analysis of EG16 and EG16-2 sequences are directly concordant with contemporary estimates of plant evolution. The lack of expansion of EG16 members into multi-gene families across green plants may point to a core metabolic role under tight control, in contrast to XTH genes that have undergone the extensive duplications typical of cell-wall CAZymes. The present census will underpin future studies to elucidate the physiological role of EG16 members across plant species, and serve as roadmap for delineating the closely related EG16 and XTH gene products in bioinformatic analyses of emerging genomes and transcriptomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hila Behar
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, BC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Life Sciences Centre, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, BC, Canada
| | - Sean W Graham
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 3200-6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, V6H 1Z4, BC, Canada
| | - Harry Brumer
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, BC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Life Sciences Centre, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, BC, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 3200-6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, V6H 1Z4, BC, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, BC, Canada
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83
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Lee KT, Toushik SH, Baek JY, Kim JE, Lee JS, Kim KS. Metagenomic Mining and Functional Characterization of a Novel KG51 Bifunctional Cellulase/Hemicellulase from Black Goat Rumen. J Agric Food Chem 2018; 66:9034-9041. [PMID: 30085665 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel KG51 gene was isolated from a metagenomic library of Korean black goat rumen and its recombinant protein was characterized as a bifunctional enzyme (cellulase/hemicellulase). In silico sequence and domain analyses revealed that the KG51 gene encodes a novel carbohydrate-active enzyme that possesses a salad-bowl-like shaped glycosyl hydrolase family 5 (GH5) catalytic domain but, at best, 41% sequence identity with other homologous GH5 proteins. Enzymatic profiles (optimum pH values and temperatures, as well as pH and thermal stabilities) of the recombinant KG51 bifunctional enzyme were also determined. On the basis of the substrate specificity data, the KG51 enzyme exhibited relatively strong cellulase (endo-β-1,4-glucanase [EC 3.2.1.4]) and hemicellulase (mannan endo-β-1,4-mannosidase [EC 3.2.1.78] and endo-β-1,4-xylanase [EC 3.2.1.8]) activities, but no exo-β-1,4-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.74), exo-β-1,4-glucan cellobiohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.91), and exo-1,4-β-xylosidase (EC 3.2.1.37) activities. Finally, the potential industrial applicability of the KG51 enzyme was tested in the preparation of prebiotic konjac glucomannan hydrolysates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Tai Lee
- Animal Genomics and Bioinformatics Division , National Institute of Animal Science , Rural Development Administration, Wanju 565-851 , South Korea
| | - Sazzad Hossen Toushik
- Department of Food Science and Technology , Chung-Ang University , Ansung 456-756 , South Korea
| | - Jin-Young Baek
- Department of Food Science and Technology , Chung-Ang University , Ansung 456-756 , South Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology , Chung-Ang University , Ansung 456-756 , South Korea
| | - Jin-Sung Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences , Kyonggi University , Suwon 442-760 , South Korea
| | - Keun-Sung Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology , Chung-Ang University , Ansung 456-756 , South Korea
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84
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Urresti S, Cartmell A, Liu F, Walton PH, Davies GJ. Structural studies of the unusual metal-ion site of the GH124 endoglucanase from Ruminiclostridium thermocellum. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2018; 74:496-505. [PMID: 30084399 PMCID: PMC6096483 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x18006842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent discovery of `lytic' polysaccharide monooxygenases, copper-dependent enzymes for biomass degradation, has provided new impetus for the analysis of unusual metal-ion sites in carbohydrate-active enzymes. In this context, the CAZY family GH124 endoglucanase from Ruminiclostridium thermocellum contains an unusual metal-ion site, which was originally modelled as a Ca2+ site but features aspartic acid, asparagine and two histidine imidazoles as coordinating residues, which are more consistent with a transition-metal binding environment. It was sought to analyse whether the GH124 metal-ion site might accommodate other metals. It is demonstrated through thermal unfolding experiments that this metal-ion site can accommodate a range of transition metals (Fe2+, Cu2+, Mn2+ and Ni2+), whilst the three-dimensional structure and mass spectrometry show that one of the histidines is partially covalently modified and is present as a 2-oxohistidine residue; a feature that is rarely observed but that is believed to be involved in an `off-switch' to transition-metal binding. Atomic resolution (<1.1 Å) complexes define the metal-ion site and also reveal the binding of an unusual fructosylated oligosaccharide, which was presumably present as a contaminant in the cellohexaose used for crystallization. Although it has not been possible to detect a biological role for the unusual metal-ion site, this work highlights the need to study some of the many metal-ion sites in carbohydrate-active enzymes that have long been overlooked or previously mis-assigned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saioa Urresti
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, England
| | - Alan Cartmell
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, England
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Paul H. Walton
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, England
| | - Gideon J. Davies
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, England
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85
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Sharma V, Salwan R, Shanmugam V. Molecular characterization of β-endoglucanase from antagonistic Trichoderma saturnisporum isolate GITX-Panog (C) induced under mycoparasitic conditions. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2018; 149:73-80. [PMID: 30033019 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The endoglucanase belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 61 are little studied. In present study, a β-endoglucanase of ~37 kDa induced on autoclaved mycelium of Fusarium oxysporum was cloned and characterized. The molecular characterization of β-endoglucanase encoding gene revealed presence of a single intron and an open reading frame of 1044-bp which encoded a protein of 347 amino acid residues. The phylogenetic analysis of Eglu revealed its similarity to endo-β-glucanases of other Trichoderma spp. The catalytic site of β-endoglucanase contained Asp, Asn, His and Tyr residues. The cDNA encoding β-glucanase was cloned into E. coli and Pichia pastoris using pQUA-30 and pPIC9K vector system, respectively. The comparison of structure revealed that most similar structure to Eglu is Hypocrea jecorina template 5o2w.1.A of glycoside hydrolase family 61.The biochemical characterization of β-endoglucanase purified from T. saturnisporum isolate and the recombinant protein expressed in E. coli and P. pastoris was active under acidic conditions with a pH optima of 5 and temperature optima of 60 °C. The purified and expressed enzyme preparation was able to inhibit growth of F.oxysporum at 1 × 105 spores/mL which clearly revealed its significance in plant pathogen suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Sharma
- University Centre for Research Development, Chandigarh University Gharuan, 140 413, India.
| | - Richa Salwan
- University Centre for Research Development, Chandigarh University Gharuan, 140 413, India
| | - V Shanmugam
- Division of Plant Pathology, IARI, New Delhi, India
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86
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Guerriero G, Sergeant K, Legay S, Hausman JF, Cauchie HM, Ahmad I, Siddiqui KS. Novel Insights from Comparative In Silico Analysis of Green Microalgal Cellulases. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1782. [PMID: 29914107 PMCID: PMC6032398 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The assumption that cellulose degradation and assimilation can only be carried out by heterotrophic organisms was shattered in 2012 when it was discovered that the unicellular green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Cr), can utilize cellulose for growth under CO₂-limiting conditions. Publications of genomes/transcriptomes of the colonial microalgae, Gonium pectorale (Gp) and Volvox carteri (Vc), between 2010⁻2016 prompted us to look for cellulase genes in these algae and to compare them to cellulases from bacteria, fungi, lower/higher plants, and invertebrate metazoans. Interestingly, algal catalytic domains (CDs), belonging to the family GH9, clustered separately and showed the highest (33⁻42%) and lowest (17⁻36%) sequence identity with respect to cellulases from invertebrate metazoans and bacteria, respectively, whereas the identity with cellulases from plants was only 27⁻33%. Based on comparative multiple alignments and homology models, the domain arrangement and active-site architecture of algal cellulases are described in detail. It was found that all algal cellulases are modular, consisting of putative novel cysteine-rich carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) and proline/serine-(PS) rich linkers. Two genes were found to encode a protein with a putative Ig-like domain and a cellulase with an unknown domain, respectively. A feature observed in one cellulase homolog from Gp and shared by a spinach cellulase is the existence of two CDs separated by linkers and with a C-terminal CBM. Dockerin and Fn-3-like domains, typically found in bacterial cellulases, are absent in algal enzymes. The targeted gene expression analysis shows that two Gp cellulases consisting, respectively, of a single and two CDs were upregulated upon filter paper addition to the medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gea Guerriero
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Kjell Sergeant
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Sylvain Legay
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Jean-Francois Hausman
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Henry-Michel Cauchie
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Irshad Ahmad
- Life Sciences Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Khawar Sohail Siddiqui
- Life Sciences Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia.
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87
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Zhang P, Yuan X, Du Y, Li JJ. Heterologous expression and biochemical characterization of a GHF9 endoglucanase from the termite Reticulitermes speratus in Pichia pastoris. BMC Biotechnol 2018; 18:35. [PMID: 29859082 PMCID: PMC5984754 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-018-0432-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellulases are of great significance for full utilization of lignocellulosic biomass. Termites have an efficient ability to degrade cellulose. Heterologous production of the termite-origin cellulases is the first step to realize their industrial applications. The use of P. pastoris for the expression of recombinant proteins has become popular. The endoglucanase from Reticulitermes speratus (RsEG), belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 9 (GHF9), has not been produced in P. pastoris yet. RESULTS A mutant RsEGm (G91A/Y97W/K429A) was successfully overexpressed in P. pastoris. RsEGm, with optimum pH 5.0, was active over the pH range of 4.0 to 9.0, and exhibited superior pH stability over between pH 4.0 and pH 11.0. It displayed the highest activity and good stability at 40 °C, but lost activity quickly at 50 °C. The apparent kinetic parameters of RsEGm against Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) were determined, with K m and V max of 7.6 mg/ml and 5.4 μmol/min•mg respectively. Co2+, Mn2+ and Fe2+ enhanced the activity of RsEGm by 32.0, 19.5 and 11.2% respectively, while Pb2+ and Cu2+ decreased its activity by 19.6 and 12.7% separately. CONCLUSIONS RsEGm could be overexpressed in P. pastoris. It was stable between pH 4.0 and pH 11.0, and exhibited higher stability at temperatures ≤ 40 °C. This endoglucanase may have potential to be used in the field of laundry, textile and lignocellulose-based biofuels and chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zhang
- Sichuan Normal University, College of Life Science, Chengdu, 610101 China
| | - Xianghua Yuan
- Sichuan Normal University, College of Life Science, Chengdu, 610101 China
| | - Yuguang Du
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology (Beijing), Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 North 2nd Street, Beijing, 100190 China
| | - Jian-Jun Li
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology (Beijing), Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 North 2nd Street, Beijing, 100190 China
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88
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Schultz C, Lian J, Zhao H. Metabolic Engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Using a Trifunctional CRISPR/Cas System for Simultaneous Gene Activation, Interference, and Deletion. Methods Enzymol 2018; 608:265-276. [PMID: 30173764 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Design and construction of an optimal microbial cell factory typically requires overexpression, knockdown, and knockout of multiple gene targets. In this chapter, we describe a combinatorial metabolic engineering strategy utilizing an orthogonal trifunctional CRISPR system that combines transcriptional activation, transcriptional interference, and gene deletion (CRISPR-AID) in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This strategy enables multiplexed perturbation of the metabolic and regulatory networks in a modular, parallel, and high-throughput manner. To implement this system, three orthogonal Cas proteins were utilized: dLbCpf1 fused to a transcriptional activator, dSpCas9 fused to a transcriptional repressor, and SaCas9 for gene deletion. Deletion was accomplished by the introduction of a 28bp frame-shift mutation using a homology donor on the guide RNA expression vector. This approach enables the application of metabolic engineering to systematically optimize phenotypes of interest through a combination of gain-, reduction-, and loss-of-function mutations. Finally, we describe the construction of the CRISPR-AID system and its application toward engineering an example phenotype, surface display of recombinant Trichoderma reesei endoglucanase II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Schultz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Jiazhang Lian
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huimin Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.
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89
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Liu C, Niu G, Zhang H, Sun Y, Sun S, Yu F, Lu S, Yang Y, Li J, Hong Z. Trimming of N-Glycans by the Golgi-Localized α-1,2-Mannosidases, MNS1 and MNS2, Is Crucial for Maintaining RSW2 Protein Abundance during Salt Stress in Arabidopsis. Mol Plant 2018; 11:678-690. [PMID: 29409894 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Asparagine (Asn/N)-linked glycans are important for protein folding, trafficking, and endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation in eukaryotes. The maturation of glycoproteins involves the trimming of mannosyl residues by mannosidases and addition of other sugar molecules to three-branched N-glycans in the Golgi. However, the biological importance of Golgi-mediated mannose trimming is not fully understood. Here, we show that abolishment of two functionally redundant mannosidases, MNS1 and MNS2, responsible for α-1,2-mannose trimming on the A and C branches of plant N-glycans lead to severe root growth inhibition under salt stress conditions in Arabidopsis. In contrast, mutants with defects in the biosynthesis of the oligosaccharide precursor displayed enhanced salt tolerance in the absence of mannose trimming. However, mutation in EBS3, which is required for the formation of the branched N-glycan precursor, suppressed the salt-sensitive phenotype of mns1 mns2 double mutant. Interestingly, we observed that cellulose biosynthesis was compromised in mns1 mns2 roots under high salinity. Consistently, abundance of a membrane anchored endo-β-1,4-endoglucanase (RSW2/KOR) that plays a key role in cellulose biosynthesis and its mutant variant rsw2-1 were modulated by α-1,2-mannose trimming under salt stress. Overexpression of RSW2 could partially rescue the salt-sensitive phenotype of mns1 mns2. Taken together, these results suggest that MNS1/2-mediated mannose trimming of N-glycans is crucial in modulating glycoprotein abundance to withstand salt stress in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanfa Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Guanting Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Huchen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yafei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shubin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fugen Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yonghua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jianming Li
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China.
| | - Zhi Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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90
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Yu L, Li Q, Zhu Y, Afzal MS, Li L. An auxin-induced β-type endo-1,4-β-glucanase in poplar is involved in cell expansion and lateral root formation. Planta 2018; 247:1149-1161. [PMID: 29387930 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2851-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
PtrGH9A7, a poplar β-type endo-1,4-β-glucanase gene induced by auxin, promotes both plant growth and lateral root development by enhancing cell expansion. Endo-1,4-β-glucanase (EGase) family genes function in multiple aspects of plant growth and development. Our previous study found that PtrCel9A6, a poplar EGase gene of the β subfamily, is specifically expressed in xylem tissue and is involved in the cellulose biosynthesis required for secondary cell wall formation (Yu et al. in Mol Plant 6:1904-1917, 2013). To further explore the functions and regulatory mechanism of β-subfamily EGases, we cloned and characterized another poplar β-type EGase gene PtrGH9A7, a close homolog of PtrCel9A6. In contrast to PtrCel9A6, PtrGH9A7 is predominantly expressed in parenchyma tissues of the above-ground part; in roots, PtrGH9A7 expression is specifically restricted to lateral root primordia at all stages from initiation to emergence and is strongly induced by auxin application. Heterologous overexpression of PtrGH9A7 promotes plant growth by enhancing cell expansion, suggesting a conserved role for β-type EGases in 1,4-β-glucan chains remodeling, which is required for cell wall loosening. Moreover, the overexpression of PtrGH9A7 significantly increases lateral root number, which might result from improved lateral root primordium development due to enhanced cell expansion. Taken together, these results demonstrate that this β-type EGase induced by auxin signaling has a novel role in promoting lateral root formation as well as in enhancing plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Yu
- Shanghai Key Lab of Bio-energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
| | - Qiong Li
- Shanghai Key Lab of Bio-energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yingying Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Muhammad Saddique Afzal
- Shanghai Key Lab of Bio-energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Laigeng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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91
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Stern J, Moraïs S, Ben-David Y, Salama R, Shamshoum M, Lamed R, Shoham Y, Bayer EA, Mizrahi I. Assembly of Synthetic Functional Cellulosomal Structures onto the Cell Surface of Lactobacillus plantarum, a Potent Member of the Gut Microbiome. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:e00282-18. [PMID: 29453253 PMCID: PMC5881048 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00282-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterologous display of enzymes on microbial cell surfaces is an extremely desirable approach, since it enables the engineered microbe to interact directly with the plant wall extracellular polysaccharide matrix. In recent years, attempts have been made to endow noncellulolytic microbes with genetically engineered cellulolytic capabilities for improved hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass and for advanced probiotics. Thus far, however, owing to the hurdles encountered in secreting and assembling large, intricate complexes on the bacterial cell wall, only free cellulases or relatively simple cellulosome assemblies have been introduced into live bacteria. Here, we employed the "adaptor scaffoldin" strategy to compensate for the low levels of protein displayed on the bacterial cell surface. That strategy mimics natural elaborated cellulosome architectures, thus exploiting the exponential features of their Lego-like combinatorics. Using this approach, we produced several bacterial consortia of Lactobacillus plantarum, a potent gut microbe which provides a very robust genetic framework for lignocellulosic degradation. We successfully engineered surface display of large, fully active self-assembling cellulosomal complexes containing an unprecedented number of catalytic subunits all produced in vivo by the cell consortia. Our results demonstrate that the enzyme stability and performance of the cellulosomal machinery, which are superior to those seen with the equivalent secreted free enzyme system, and the high cellulase-to-xylanase ratios proved beneficial for efficient degradation of wheat straw.IMPORTANCE The multiple benefits of lactic acid bacteria are well established in health and industry. Here we present an approach designed to extensively increase the cell surface display of proteins via successive assembly of interactive components. Our findings present a stepping stone toward proficient engineering of Lactobacillus plantarum, a widespread, environmentally important bacterium and potent microbiome member, for improved degradation of lignocellulosic biomass and advanced probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Stern
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sarah Moraïs
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Yonit Ben-David
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rachel Salama
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, The Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Melina Shamshoum
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Raphael Lamed
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Yuval Shoham
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, The Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Edward A Bayer
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Itzhak Mizrahi
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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92
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Wei Y, Zhou D, Wang Z, Tu S, Shao X, Peng J, Pan L, Tu K. Hot air treatment reduces postharvest decay and delays softening of cherry tomato by regulating gene expression and activities of cell wall-degrading enzymes. J Sci Food Agric 2018; 98:2105-2112. [PMID: 28944957 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fruit softening facilitates pathogen infection and postharvest decay, leading to the reduction of shelf-life. Hot air (HA) treatment at 38 °C for 12 h is effective in reducing postharvest disease and chilling injury of tomato fruit. To explore the effect and mechanism of HA treatment on reducing postharvest decay and softening of cherry tomato, fruit at the mature green stage were treated with HA and then stored at 20 °C for 15 days. Changes in natural decay incidence, firmness, cell wall compositions, activities and gene expression of cell wall-degrading enzymes of cherry tomatoes were assessed. RESULTS HA treatment reduced natural decay incidence, postponed the firmness decline, inhibited the respiration rate and ethylene production, and retarded pectin solubilisation and cellulose degradation of cherry tomatoes. Enzymatic activities and gene expression of pectin methylesterase, polygalacturonase, cellulase and β-galactosidase were inhibited by HA treatment. In addition, the gene expression of LeEXP1 was reduced, while LeEXT was up-regulated after HA treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggested that HA treatment could inhibit cell wall degradation and postpone softening of cherry tomatoes by regulating gene expression and activities of cell wall-degrading enzymes, resulting in the reduction of postharvest decay. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Wei
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Dandan Zhou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenjie Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sicong Tu
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Xingfeng Shao
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jing Peng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Leiqing Pan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kang Tu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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93
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Abstract
The inverting glycoside hydrolase Trichoderma reesei (Hypocrea jecorina) Cel6A is a promising candidate for protein engineering for more economical production of biofuels. Until recently, its catalytic mechanism had been uncertain: The best candidate residue to serve as a catalytic base, Asp-175, is farther from the glycosidic cleavage site than in other glycoside hydrolase enzymes. Recent unbiased transition path sampling simulations revealed the hydrolytic mechanism for this more distant base, employing a water wire; however, it is not clear why the enzyme employs a more distant catalytic base, a highly conserved feature among homologs across different kingdoms. In this work, we describe molecular dynamics simulations designed to uncover how a base with a longer side chain, as in a D175E mutant, affects procession and active site alignment in the Michaelis complex. We show that the hydrogen bond network is tuned to the shorter aspartate side chain, and that a longer glutamate side chain inhibits procession as well as being less likely to adopt a catalytically productive conformation. Furthermore, we draw comparisons between the active site in Trichoderma reesei Cel6A and another inverting, processive cellulase to deduce the contribution of the water wire to the overall enzyme function, revealing that the more distant catalytic base enhances product release. Our results can inform efforts in the study and design of enzymes by demonstrating how counterintuitive sacrifices in chemical reactivity can have worthwhile benefits for other steps in the catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tucker Burgin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
| | - Jerry Ståhlberg
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Heather B Mayes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109.
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94
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Tan H, Miao R, Liu T, Yang L, Yang Y, Chen C, Lei J, Li Y, He J, Sun Q, Peng W, Gan B, Huang Z. A bifunctional cellulase-xylanase of a new Chryseobacterium strain isolated from the dung of a straw-fed cattle. Microb Biotechnol 2018; 11:381-398. [PMID: 29205864 PMCID: PMC5812240 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A new cellulolytic strain of Chryseobacterium genus was screened from the dung of a cattle fed with cereal straw. A putative cellulase gene (cbGH5) belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 5 subfamily 46 (GH5_46) was identified and cloned by degenerate PCR plus genome walking. The CbGH5 protein was overexpressed in Pichia pastoris, purified and characterized. It is the first bifunctional cellulase-xylanase reported in GH5_46 as well as in Chryseobacterium genus. The enzyme showed an endoglucanase activity on carboxymethylcellulose of 3237 μmol min-1 mg-1 at pH 9, 90 °C and a xylanase activity on birchwood xylan of 1793 μmol min-1 mg-1 at pH 8, 90 °C. The activity level and thermophilicity are in the front rank of all the known cellulases and xylanases. Core hydrophobicity had a positive effect on the thermophilicity of this enzyme. When similar quantity of enzymatic activity units was applied on the straws of wheat, rice, corn and oilseed rape, CbGH5 could obtain 3.5-5.0× glucose and 1.2-1.8× xylose than a mixed commercial cellulase plus xylanase of Novozymes. When applied on spent mushroom substrates made from the four straws, CbGH5 could obtain 9.2-15.7× glucose and 3.5-4.3× xylose than the mixed Novozymes cellulase+xylanase. The results suggest that CbGH5 could be a promising candidate for industrial lignocellulosic biomass conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Tan
- National‐local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Breeding and Cultivation of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Soil and Fertilizer InstituteSichuan Academy of Agricultural SciencesChengduChina
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Agro‐microbial Resource and Utilization in Southwest ChinaMinistry of AgricultureChengduChina
| | - Renyun Miao
- National‐local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Breeding and Cultivation of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Soil and Fertilizer InstituteSichuan Academy of Agricultural SciencesChengduChina
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Agro‐microbial Resource and Utilization in Southwest ChinaMinistry of AgricultureChengduChina
| | - Tianhai Liu
- National‐local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Breeding and Cultivation of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Soil and Fertilizer InstituteSichuan Academy of Agricultural SciencesChengduChina
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Agro‐microbial Resource and Utilization in Southwest ChinaMinistry of AgricultureChengduChina
| | - Lufang Yang
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Agro‐microbial Resource and Utilization in Southwest ChinaMinistry of AgricultureChengduChina
| | - Yumin Yang
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Agro‐microbial Resource and Utilization in Southwest ChinaMinistry of AgricultureChengduChina
| | - Chunxiu Chen
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Agro‐microbial Resource and Utilization in Southwest ChinaMinistry of AgricultureChengduChina
| | - Jianrong Lei
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Agro‐microbial Resource and Utilization in Southwest ChinaMinistry of AgricultureChengduChina
| | - Yuhui Li
- National‐local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Breeding and Cultivation of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Soil and Fertilizer InstituteSichuan Academy of Agricultural SciencesChengduChina
- College of Life SciencesSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Jiabei He
- National‐local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Breeding and Cultivation of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Soil and Fertilizer InstituteSichuan Academy of Agricultural SciencesChengduChina
- College of Life SciencesSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Qun Sun
- College of Life SciencesSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Weihong Peng
- National‐local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Breeding and Cultivation of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Soil and Fertilizer InstituteSichuan Academy of Agricultural SciencesChengduChina
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Agro‐microbial Resource and Utilization in Southwest ChinaMinistry of AgricultureChengduChina
| | - Bingcheng Gan
- National‐local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Breeding and Cultivation of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Soil and Fertilizer InstituteSichuan Academy of Agricultural SciencesChengduChina
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Agro‐microbial Resource and Utilization in Southwest ChinaMinistry of AgricultureChengduChina
| | - Zhongqian Huang
- National‐local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Breeding and Cultivation of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Soil and Fertilizer InstituteSichuan Academy of Agricultural SciencesChengduChina
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Agro‐microbial Resource and Utilization in Southwest ChinaMinistry of AgricultureChengduChina
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95
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Kim D, Ku S. Bacillus Cellulase Molecular Cloning, Expression, and Surface Display on the Outer Membrane of Escherichia coli. Molecules 2018; 23:E503. [PMID: 29495265 PMCID: PMC6017809 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the main challenges of using recombinant enzymes is that they are derived from genetically-modified microorganisms commonly located in the intracellular region. The use of these recombinant enzymes for commercial purposes requires the additional processes of cell disruption and purification, which may result in enzyme loss, denaturation, and increased total production cost. In this study, the cellulase gene of Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 14580 was cloned, over-expressed, and surface displayed in recombinant Escherichia coli using an ice-nucleation protein (INP). INP, an outer membrane-bound protein from Pseudomonas syringae, was utilized as an anchor linker, which was cloned with a foreign cellulase gene into the pET21a vector to develop a surface display system on the outer membrane of E. coli. The resulting strain successfully revealed cellulase on the host cell surface. The over-expressed INP-cellulase fusion protein was confirmed via staining assay for determining the extracellular cellulase and Western blotting method for the molecular weight (MW) of cellulase, which was estimated to be around 61.7 kDa. Cell fractionation and localization tests demonstrated that the INP-cellulase fusion protein was mostly present in the supernatant (47.5%) and outer membrane (19.4%), while the wild-type strain intracellularly retained enzymes within cytosol (>61%), indicating that the INP gene directed the cellulase expression on the bacteria cell surface. Further studies of the optimal enzyme activity were observed at 60 °C and pH 7.0, and at least 75% of maximal enzyme activity was preserved at 70 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daehwan Kim
- Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Seockmo Ku
- Fermentation Science Program, School of Agribusiness and Agriscience, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA.
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96
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Dagar SS, Kumar S, Mudgil P, Puniya AK. Comparative evaluation of lignocellulolytic activities of filamentous cultures of monocentric and polycentric anaerobic fungi. Anaerobe 2018; 50:76-79. [PMID: 29454109 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Sixteen strains of monocentric and polycentric anaerobic fungi were evaluated for cellulase, xylanase and esterase activities. Though strain level variations were observed among all genera, Neocallimastix and Orpinomyces strains exhibited the highest lignocellulolytic activities. The esterase activities of monocentric group of anaerobic fungi were better than the polycentric group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Singh Dagar
- Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Priti Mudgil
- Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Anil Kumar Puniya
- Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India.
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97
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Sun X, Xue X, Li M, Gao F, Hao Z, Huang H, Luo H, Qin L, Yao B, Su X. Efficient Coproduction of Mannanase and Cellulase by the Transformation of a Codon-Optimized Endomannanase Gene from Aspergillus niger into Trichoderma reesei. J Agric Food Chem 2017; 65:11046-11053. [PMID: 29199828 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Cellulase and mannanase are both important enzyme additives in animal feeds. Expressing the two enzymes simultaneously within one microbial host could potentially lead to cost reductions in the feeding of animals. For this purpose, we codon-optimized the Aspergillus niger Man5A gene to the codon-usage bias of Trichoderma reesei. By comparing the free energies and the local structures of the nucleotide sequences, one optimized sequence was finally selected and transformed into the T. reesei pyridine-auxotrophic strain TU-6. The codon-optimized gene was expressed to a higher level than the original one. Further expressing the codon-optimized gene in a mutated T. reesei strain through fed-batch cultivation resulted in coproduction of cellulase and mannanase up to 1376 U·mL-1 and 1204 U·mL-1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhua Sun
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xianli Xue
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100081, China
| | - Mengzhu Li
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100081, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhenzhen Hao
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100081, China
| | - Huoqing Huang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100081, China
| | - Huiying Luo
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lina Qin
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology and Fermentation Technology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University , Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Bin Yao
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoyun Su
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100081, China
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98
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Song EG, Ryu KH. A pepper mottle virus-based vector enables systemic expression of endoglucanase D in non-transgenic plants. Arch Virol 2017; 162:3717-3726. [PMID: 28864903 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3539-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Plant-virus-based expression vectors have been used as an alternative to the creation of transgenic plants. Using a virus-based vector, we investigated the feasibility of producing the endoglucanase D (EngD) from Clostridium cellulovorans in Nicotiana benthamiana. This protein has endoglucanase, xylanase, and exoglucanase activities and may be of value for cellulose digestion in the generation of biofuels from plant biomass. The EngD gene was cloned between the nuclear inclusion b (NIb)- and coat protein (CP)-encoding sequences of pSP6PepMoV-Vb1. In vitro transcripts derived from the clone (pSP6PepMoV-Vb1/EngD) were infectious in N. benthamiana but caused milder symptoms than wild-type PepMoV-Vb1. RT-PCR amplification of total RNA from non-inoculated upper leaves infected with PepMoV-Vb1/EngD produced the target band for the CP, partial NIb and EngD-CP regions of PepMoV-V1/EngD, in addition to nonspecific bands. Western blot analysis showed the CP target bands of PepMoV-Vb1/EngD as well as non-target bands. EngD enzymatic activity in infected plants was detected using a glucose assay. The plant leaves showed increased senescence compared with healthy and PepMoV-Vb1-infected plants. Our study suggests the feasibility of using a viral vector for systemic infection of plants for expression of heterologous engD for the purpose of digesting a cellulose substrate in plant cells for biomass production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Gyeong Song
- Plant Virus GenBank, Department of Horticulture, Biotechnology and Landscape Architecture, Seoul Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hyun Ryu
- Plant Virus GenBank, Department of Horticulture, Biotechnology and Landscape Architecture, Seoul Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Paccanaro MC, Sella L, Castiglioni C, Giacomello F, Martínez-Rocha AL, D'Ovidio R, Schäfer W, Favaron F. Synergistic Effect of Different Plant Cell Wall-Degrading Enzymes Is Important for Virulence of Fusarium graminearum. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2017; 30:886-895. [PMID: 28800710 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-17-0179-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Endo-polygalacturonases (PGs) and xylanases have been shown to play an important role during pathogenesis of some fungal pathogens of dicot plants, while their role in monocot pathogens is less defined. Pg1 and xyr1 genes of the wheat pathogen Fusarium graminearum encode the main PG and the major regulator of xylanase production, respectively. Single- and double-disrupted mutants for these genes were obtained to assess their contribution to fungal infection. Compared with wild-type strain, the ∆pg mutant showed a nearly abolished PG activity, slight reduced virulence on soybean seedlings, but no significant difference in disease symptoms on wheat spikes; the ∆xyr mutant was strongly reduced in xylanase activity and moderately reduced in cellulase activity but was as virulent as wild type on both soybean and wheat plants. Consequently, the ΔpgΔxyr double mutant was impaired in xylanase, PG, and cellulase activities but, differently from single mutants, was significantly reduced in virulence on both plants. These findings demonstrate that the concurrent presence of PG, xylanase, and cellulase activities is necessary for full virulence. The observation that the uronides released from wheat cell wall after a F. graminearum PG treatment were largely increased by the fungal xylanases suggests that these enzymes act synergistically in deconstructing the plant cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Paccanaro
- 1 Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali (TESAF), Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16-35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
- 2 Biocenter Klein Flottbek, Molecular Phytopathology and Genetics, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18-22609, Hamburg, Germany; and
| | - Luca Sella
- 1 Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali (TESAF), Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16-35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Carla Castiglioni
- 1 Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali (TESAF), Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16-35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Francesca Giacomello
- 1 Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali (TESAF), Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16-35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Ana Lilia Martínez-Rocha
- 2 Biocenter Klein Flottbek, Molecular Phytopathology and Genetics, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18-22609, Hamburg, Germany; and
| | - Renato D'Ovidio
- 3 Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali (DAFNE), Università della Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Wilhelm Schäfer
- 2 Biocenter Klein Flottbek, Molecular Phytopathology and Genetics, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18-22609, Hamburg, Germany; and
| | - Francesco Favaron
- 1 Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali (TESAF), Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16-35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
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Setter-Lamed E, Moraïs S, Stern J, Lamed R, Bayer EA. Modular Organization of the Thermobifida fusca Exoglucanase Cel6B Impacts Cellulose Hydrolysis and Designer Cellulosome Efficiency. Biotechnol J 2017; 12. [PMID: 28901714 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose deconstruction can be achieved by three distinct enzymatic paradigms: free enzymes, multifunctional enzymes, and self-assembled, multi-enzyme complexes (cellulosomes). To study their comparative efficiency, the simple and efficient cellulolytic system of the aerobic bacterium, Thermobifida fusca, is developed as an enzymatic model. In previous studies, most of its cellulases are successfully converted to the cellulosomal mode and exhibited high cellulolytic activities, except for Cel6B, a key exoglucanase of the T. fusca enzymatic system. Here, the impact of the modular organization of Cel6B on enzymatic activity is investigated. The position of the cellulose-binding module (CBM), its family and linker segment are shown to affect activity. Surprisingly, exchange of the native family-2 CBM to family-3 generates an increase in Cel6B activity on cellulosic substrates. Conversion of Cel6B to the cellulosomal mode by fusing a cohesin to the catalytic module enables formation of divalent enzyme complexes with dockerin-bearing enzymes. The resultant pseudo-cellulosomes, containing Cel6B combined with endoglucanase Cel5A, exhibits enhanced enzymatic activity, compared to mixtures of wild-type enzymes or bifunctional enzymes, unlike similar pseudo-cellulosomes containing endoglucanase Cel6A or proccessive endoglucanase Cel9A. Insight into the different enzymatic paradigms benefits ongoing development of efficient cellulolytic systems for conversion of plant-derived biomass into valuable sugars. NOVELTY STATEMENT The protein engineering of the modular arrangement of a key exoglucanase from a highly cellulolytic bacterium, Thermobifida fusca, served to explore and compare three major enzymatic paradigms for cellulose degradation. This approach revealed highly active chimaeric forms of the exoglucanase that act in synergy together with a potent endoglucanase in bifunctional enzymes or divalent pseudo-cellulosome-like complexes. Such engineered enzymes could be further integrated into larger enzymatic complexes, thereby providing a significant step forward towards conversion of the entire T. fusca free cellulolytic system into the cellulosomal modex and the enhanced conversion of cellulosic biomass into soluble sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Setter-Lamed
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Sarah Moraïs
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Johanna Stern
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Raphael Lamed
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Edward A Bayer
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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