51
|
Htwe YM, Wang H, Belvitch P, Meliton L, Bandela M, Letsiou E, Dudek SM. Group V Phospholipase A 2 Mediates Endothelial Dysfunction and Acute Lung Injury Caused by Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus. Cells 2021; 10:1731. [PMID: 34359901 PMCID: PMC8304832 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung endothelial dysfunction is a key feature of acute lung injury (ALI) and clinical acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Previous studies have identified the lipid-generating enzyme, group V phospholipase A2 (gVPLA2), as a mediator of lung endothelial barrier disruption and inflammation. The current study aimed to determine the role of gVPLA2 in mediating lung endothelial responses to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA, USA300 strain), a major cause of ALI/ARDS. In vitro studies assessed the effects of gVPLA2 inhibition on lung endothelial cell (EC) permeability after exposure to heat-killed (HK) MRSA. In vivo studies assessed the effects of intratracheal live or HK-MRSA on multiple indices of ALI in wild-type (WT) and gVPLA2-deficient (KO) mice. In vitro, HK-MRSA increased gVPLA2 expression and permeability in human lung EC. Inhibition of gVPLA2 with either the PLA2 inhibitor, LY311727, or with a specific monoclonal antibody, attenuated the barrier disruption caused by HK-MRSA. LY311727 also reduced HK-MRSA-induced permeability in mouse lung EC isolated from WT but not gVPLA2-KO mice. In vivo, live MRSA caused significantly less ALI in gVPLA2 KO mice compared to WT, findings confirmed by intravital microscopy assessment in HK-MRSA-treated mice. After targeted delivery of gVPLA2 plasmid to lung endothelium using ACE antibody-conjugated liposomes, MRSA-induced ALI was significantly increased in gVPLA2-KO mice, indicating that lung endothelial expression of gVPLA2 is critical in vivo. In summary, these results demonstrate an important role for gVPLA2 in mediating MRSA-induced lung EC permeability and ALI. Thus, gVPLA2 may represent a novel therapeutic target in ALI/ARDS caused by bacterial infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Steven M. Dudek
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (Y.M.H.); (H.W.); (P.B.); (L.M.); (M.B.); (E.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Vieira SAPB, Dos Santos BM, Santos Júnior CD, de Paula VF, Gomes MSR, Ferreira GM, Gonçalves RL, Hirata MH, da Silva RA, Brandeburgo MIH, Mendes MM. Isohemigossypolone: Antiophidic properties of a naphthoquinone isolated from Pachira aquatica Aubl. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 245:109028. [PMID: 33676005 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the antiophidic properties of isohemigossypolone (ISO), a naphthoquinone isolated from the outer bark of the Pachira aquatic Aubl. The inhibition of phospholipase A2, coagulant, fibrinogenolytic, hemorrhagic and myotoxic activities induced by Bothrops pauloensis venom (Pb) was investigated. For this, we use samples resulting from the incubation of Pb with ISO in different concentrations (1:1, 1:5 and 1:10 w/w), we also evaluated the condition of treatment using ISO after 15 min of venom inoculation. The activities of phospholipase A2, coagulant, fibrinogenolytic, hemorrhagic and myotoxic induced by the B. pauloensis venom were significantly inhibited when the ISO was pre-incubated with the crude venom. For in vivo neutralization tests, the results were observed even when the ISO was applied after 15 min of inoculation of the venom or metalloprotease (BthMP). Also, to identify the inhibition mechanism, we performed in silico assays, across simulations of molecular coupling and molecular dynamics, it was possible to identify the modes of interaction between ISO and bothropic toxins BmooMPα-I, Jararacussin-I and BNSP-7. The present study shows that naphthoquinone isohemigossypolone isolated from the P. aquatica plant inhibited part of the local and systemic damage caused by venom proteins, demonstrating the pharmacological potential of this compound in neutralizing the harmful effects caused by snakebites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Benedito Matheus Dos Santos
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Célio Dias Santos Júnior
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Vanderlúcia Fonseca de Paula
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Department of Sciences and Technology, State University of Bahia Southwest (UESB), Jequié, BA, Brazil
| | - Mario Sergio Rocha Gomes
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Glaucio Monteiro Ferreira
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Mario Hiroyuki Hirata
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Mirian Machado Mendes
- Special Academic Unit of Biosciences, Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Jataí, GO, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Costa TR, Francisco AF, Cardoso FF, Moreira-Dill LS, Fernandes CAH, Gomes AAS, Guimarães CLS, Marcussi S, Pereira PS, Oliveira HC, Fontes MRM, Silva SL, Zuliani JP, Soares AM. Gallic acid anti-myotoxic activity and mechanism of action, a snake venom phospholipase A 2 toxin inhibitor, isolated from the medicinal plant Anacardium humile. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 185:494-512. [PMID: 34197854 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Snakebite envenoming is the cause of an ongoing health crisis in several regions of the world, particularly in tropical and neotropical countries. This scenario creates an urgent necessity for new practical solutions to address the limitations of current therapies. The current study investigated the isolation, phytochemical characterization, and myotoxicity inhibition mechanism of gallic acid (GA), a myotoxin inhibitor obtained from Anacardium humile. The identification and isolation of GA was achieved by employing analytical chromatographic separation, which exhibited a compound with retention time and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra compatible with GA's commercial standard and data from the literature. GA alone was able to inhibit the myotoxic activity induced by the crude venom of Bothrops jararacussu and its two main myotoxins, BthTX-I and BthTX-II. Circular dichroism (CD), fluorescence spectroscopy (FS), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and interaction studies by molecular docking suggested that GA forms a complex with BthTX-I and II. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) kinetics assays showed that GA has a high affinity for BthTX-I with a KD of 9.146 × 10-7 M. Taken together, the two-state reaction mode of GA binding to BthTX-I, and CD, FS and DLS assays, suggest that GA is able to induce oligomerization and secondary structure changes for BthTX-I and -II. GA and other tannins have been shown to be effective inhibitors of snake venoms' toxic effects, and herein we demonstrated GA's ability to bind to and inhibit a snake venom PLA2, thus proposing a new mechanism of PLA2 inhibition, and presenting more evidence of GA's potential as an antivenom compound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tássia R Costa
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Aleff F Francisco
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil; Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos, LABIOPROT, Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Fábio F Cardoso
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Leandro S Moreira-Dill
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos, LABIOPROT, Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Carlos A H Fernandes
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Antoniel A S Gomes
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - César L S Guimarães
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos, LABIOPROT, Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis, IBAMA, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Silvana Marcussi
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Lavras, UFLA, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Hamine C Oliveira
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos R M Fontes
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Saulo L Silva
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Cuenca, Cuenca, Azuay, Ecuador; LAQV/Requimte, Faculty of Sciences University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Juliana P Zuliani
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos, LABIOPROT, Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Andreimar M Soares
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos, LABIOPROT, Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Centro Universitário São Lucas, UniSL, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental (INCT-EpiAmO), Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Vecchi L, Araújo TG, Azevedo FVPDV, Mota STS, Ávila VDMR, Ribeiro MA, Goulart LR. Phospholipase A 2 Drives Tumorigenesis and Cancer Aggressiveness through Its Interaction with Annexin A1. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061472. [PMID: 34208346 PMCID: PMC8231270 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipids are suggested to drive tumorigenesis through their essential role in inflammation. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is a phospholipid metabolizing enzyme that releases free fatty acids, mostly arachidonic acid, and lysophospholipids, which contribute to the development of the tumor microenvironment (TME), promoting immune evasion, angiogenesis, tumor growth, and invasiveness. The mechanisms mediated by PLA2 are not fully understood, especially because an important inhibitory molecule, Annexin A1, is present in the TME but does not exert its action. Here, we will discuss how Annexin A1 in cancer does not inhibit PLA2 leading to both pro-inflammatory and pro-tumoral signaling pathways. Moreover, Annexin A1 promotes the release of cancer-derived exosomes, which also lead to the enrichment of PLA2 and COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes, contributing to TME formation. In this review, we aim to describe the role of PLA2 in the establishment of TME, focusing on cancer-derived exosomes, and modulatory activities of Annexin A1. Unraveling how these proteins interact in the cancer context can reveal new strategies for the treatment of different tumors. We will also describe the possible strategies to inhibit PLA2 and the approaches that could be used in order to resume the anti-PLA2 function of Annexin A1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lara Vecchi
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia 38400-902, MG, Brazil; (L.V.); (T.G.A.); (F.V.P.d.V.A.); (S.T.S.M.)
| | - Thaise Gonçalves Araújo
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia 38400-902, MG, Brazil; (L.V.); (T.G.A.); (F.V.P.d.V.A.); (S.T.S.M.)
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Patos de Minas 387400-128, MG, Brazil;
| | | | - Sara Teixeria Soares Mota
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia 38400-902, MG, Brazil; (L.V.); (T.G.A.); (F.V.P.d.V.A.); (S.T.S.M.)
| | - Veridiana de Melo Rodrigues Ávila
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia 38400-902, MG, Brazil;
| | - Matheus Alves Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Patos de Minas 387400-128, MG, Brazil;
| | - Luiz Ricardo Goulart
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia 38400-902, MG, Brazil; (L.V.); (T.G.A.); (F.V.P.d.V.A.); (S.T.S.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-3432258440
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Hatakeyama DM, Jorge Tasima L, da Costa Galizio N, Serino-Silva C, Fabri Bittencourt Rodrigues C, Rodrigues Stuginski D, Stefanini Sant’Anna S, Fernandes Grego K, Tashima AK, Nishiduka ES, de Morais-Zani K, Tanaka-Azevedo AM. From birth to adulthood: An analysis of the Brazilian lancehead (Bothrops moojeni) venom at different life stages. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253050. [PMID: 34111213 PMCID: PMC8191990 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Brazilian lancehead (Bothrops moojeni) has a wide distribution in Brazil and represents a serious public health hazard. Previous works reported that the symptoms of snakebites caused by B. moojeni juveniles’ bites were mainly related to coagulation, while those caused by adults’ bites had a more prominent local damage. In this work, we analyzed the venoms of B. moojeni at different life stages to better understand the ontogeny shift in this species. Snakes were grouped by age and sex, and venom pools were formed accordingly. Compositional analyses by one-dimensional electrophoresis (1-DE), chromatography, and mass spectrometry revealed that ontogenetic changes might be mostly related to phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and metalloproteases. Regarding the venoms functional aspect, proteolytic, L-amino acid oxidase, PLA2, and coagulant in vitro activities were assayed, but only the first and the last ones showed age-related changes, with the venom of snakes up to 1 year-old displaying lower proteolytic and higher coagulant activities, while those from 2 years-old onward presented the opposite relation. The venoms of 3 years-old snakes were exceptions to the compositional and functional pattern of adults as both venoms presented profiles similar to neonates. Sex-related differences were observed in specific groups and were not age-related. In vivo experiments (median lethal dose and hemorrhagic activity) were statistically similar between neonates and adults, however we verified that the adult venom killed mice faster comparing to the neonates. All venoms were mostly recognized by the antibothropic serum and displayed similar profiles to 1-DE in western blotting. In conclusion, the Brazilian lancehead venom showed ontogenetic shift in its composition and activities. Furthermore, this change occurred in snakes from 1 to 2 years-old, and interestingly the venom pools from 3 years-old snakes had particular characteristics, which highlights the importance of comprehensive studies to better understand venom variability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Miki Hatakeyama
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lídia Jorge Tasima
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nathália da Costa Galizio
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caroline Serino-Silva
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caroline Fabri Bittencourt Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Karen de Morais-Zani
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anita Mitico Tanaka-Azevedo
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Boyd JT, LoCoco PM, Furr AR, Bendele MR, Tram M, Li Q, Chang FM, Colley ME, Samenuk GM, Arris DA, Locke EE, Bach SBH, Tobon A, Ruparel SB, Hargreaves KM. Elevated dietary ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids induce reversible peripheral nerve dysfunction that exacerbates comorbid pain conditions. Nat Metab 2021; 3:762-773. [PMID: 34140694 PMCID: PMC8287645 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-021-00410-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pain is the leading cause of disability worldwide1 and is commonly associated with comorbid disorders2. However, the role of diet in chronic pain is poorly understood. Of particular interest is the Western-style diet, enriched with ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) that accumulate in membrane phospholipids and oxidise into pronociceptive oxylipins3,4. Here we report that mice administered an ω-6 PUFA-enriched diet develop persistent nociceptive hypersensitivities, spontaneously active and hyper-responsive glabrous afferent fibres and histologic markers of peripheral nerve damage reminiscent of a peripheral neuropathy. Linoleic and arachidonic acids accumulate in lumbar dorsal root ganglia, with increased liberation via elevated phospholipase (PLA)2 activity. Pharmacological and molecular inhibition of PLA2G7 or diet reversal with high levels of ω-3 PUFAs attenuate nociceptive behaviours, neurophysiologic abnormalities and afferent histopathology induced by high ω-6 intake. Additionally, ω-6 PUFA accumulation exacerbates allodynia observed in preclinical inflammatory and neuropathic pain models and is strongly correlated with multiple pain indices of clinical diabetic neuropathy. Collectively, these data reveal dietary enrichment with ω-6 PUFAs as a new aetiology of peripheral neuropathy and risk factor for chronic pain and implicate multiple therapeutic considerations for clinical pain management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Boyd
- Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Peter M LoCoco
- Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ashley R Furr
- Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Michelle R Bendele
- Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Meilinn Tram
- Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Qun Li
- Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Fang-Mei Chang
- Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Madeline E Colley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Grace M Samenuk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Dominic A Arris
- Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Erin E Locke
- Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Stephan B H Bach
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Alejandro Tobon
- Department of Neurology, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Shivani B Ruparel
- Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Kenneth M Hargreaves
- Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Santos IA, Shimizu JF, de Oliveira DM, Martins DOS, Cardoso-Sousa L, Cintra ACO, Aquino VH, Sampaio SV, Nicolau-Junior N, Sabino-Silva R, Merits A, Harris M, Jardim ACG. Chikungunya virus entry is strongly inhibited by phospholipase A2 isolated from the venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8717. [PMID: 33888774 PMCID: PMC8062466 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88039-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is the etiologic agent of Chikungunya fever, a globally spreading mosquito-borne disease. There is no approved antiviral or vaccine against CHIKV, highlighting an urgent need for novel therapies. In this context, snake venom proteins have demonstrated antiviral activity against several viruses, including arboviruses which are relevant to public health. In particular, the phospholipase A2CB (PLA2CB), a protein isolated from the venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus was previously shown to possess anti-inflammatory, antiparasitic, antibacterial and antiviral activities. In this study, we investigated the multiple effects of PLA2CB on the CHIKV replicative cycle in BHK-21 cells using CHIKV-nanoluc, a marker virus carrying nanoluciferase reporter. The results demonstrated that PLA2CB possess a strong anti-CHIKV activity with a selectivity index of 128. We identified that PLA2CB treatment protected cells against CHIKV infection, strongly impairing virus entry by reducing adsorption and post-attachment stages. Moreover, PLA2CB presented a modest yet significant activity towards post-entry stages of CHIKV replicative cycle. Molecular docking calculations indicated that PLA2CB may interact with CHIKV glycoproteins, mainly with E1 through hydrophobic interactions. In addition, infrared spectroscopy measurements indicated interactions of PLA2CB and CHIKV glycoproteins, corroborating with data from in silico analyses. Collectively, this data demonstrated the multiple antiviral effects of PLA2CB on the CHIKV replicative cycle, and suggest that PLA2CB interacts with CHIKV glycoproteins and that this interaction blocks binding of CHIKV virions to the host cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Andrade Santos
- Institute of Biomedical Science (ICBIM), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Avenida Amazonas, 4C- Room 216, Umuarama, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, CEP: 38405-302, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline Farinha Shimizu
- Institute of Biomedical Science (ICBIM), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Avenida Amazonas, 4C- Room 216, Umuarama, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, CEP: 38405-302, Brazil
- Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences (Ibilce), São Paulo State University (Unesp), Campus São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Débora Moraes de Oliveira
- Institute of Biomedical Science (ICBIM), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Avenida Amazonas, 4C- Room 216, Umuarama, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, CEP: 38405-302, Brazil
| | - Daniel Oliveira Silva Martins
- Institute of Biomedical Science (ICBIM), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Avenida Amazonas, 4C- Room 216, Umuarama, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, CEP: 38405-302, Brazil
- Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences (Ibilce), São Paulo State University (Unesp), Campus São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Léia Cardoso-Sousa
- Institute of Biomedical Science (ICBIM), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Avenida Amazonas, 4C- Room 216, Umuarama, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, CEP: 38405-302, Brazil
| | - Adélia Cristina Oliveira Cintra
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Victor Hugo Aquino
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Suely Vilela Sampaio
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Nilson Nicolau-Junior
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Robinson Sabino-Silva
- Institute of Biomedical Science (ICBIM), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Avenida Amazonas, 4C- Room 216, Umuarama, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, CEP: 38405-302, Brazil
| | - Andres Merits
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Mark Harris
- Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
| | - Ana Carolina Gomes Jardim
- Institute of Biomedical Science (ICBIM), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Avenida Amazonas, 4C- Room 216, Umuarama, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, CEP: 38405-302, Brazil.
- Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences (Ibilce), São Paulo State University (Unesp), Campus São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Mollah MMI, Ahmed S, Kim Y. Immune mediation of HMG-like DSP1 via Toll-Spätzle pathway and its specific inhibition by salicylic acid analogs. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009467. [PMID: 33765093 PMCID: PMC8023496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenorhabdus hominickii, an entomopathogenic bacterium, inhibits eicosanoid biosynthesis of target insects to suppress their immune responses by inhibiting phospholipase A2 (PLA2) through binding to a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule called dorsal switch protein 1 (DSP1) from Spodoptera exigua, a lepidopteran insect. However, the signalling pathway between DSP1 and PLA2 remains unknown. The objective of this study was to determine whether DSP1 could activate Toll immune signalling pathway to activate PLA2 activation and whether X. hominickii metabolites could inhibit DSP1 to shutdown eicosanoid biosynthesis. Toll-Spätzle (Spz) signalling pathway includes two Spz (SeSpz1 and SeSpz2) and 10 Toll receptors (SeToll1-10) in S. exigua. Loss-of-function approach using RNA interference showed that SeSpz1 and SeToll9 played crucial roles in connecting DSP1 mediation to activate PLA2. Furthermore, a deletion mutant against SeToll9 using CRISPR/Cas9 abolished DSP1 mediation and induced significant immunosuppression. Organic extracts of X. hominickii culture broth could bind to DSP1 at a low micromolar range. Subsequent sequential fractionations along with binding assays led to the identification of seven potent compounds including 3-ethoxy-4-methoxyphenol (EMP). EMP could bind to DSP1 and prevent its translocation to plasma in response to bacterial challenge and suppress the up-regulation of PLA2 activity. These results suggest that X. hominickii inhibits DSP1 and prevents its DAMP role in activating Toll immune signalling pathway including PLA2 activation, leading to significant immunosuppression of target insects. Immune responses of insects are highly effective in defending various entomopathogens. Xenorhabdus hominickii is an entomopathogenic bacterium that uses a pathogenic strategy of suppressing host insect immunity by inhibiting phospholipase A2 (PLA2) which catalyzes the committed step for eicosanoid biosynthesis. Eicosanoids mediate both cellular and humoral immune responses in insects. This study discovers an upstream signalling pathway to activate PLA2 in response to bacterial challenge. Se-DSP1 is an insect homolog of vertebrate HMGB1 that acts as a damage-associated molecular pattern. Upon bacterial infection, Se-DSP1 is released to the circulatory system to activate Spätzle, an insect cytokine that can bind to Toll receptor. Toll immune signalling pathway can activate antimicrobial peptide gene expression and PLA2. A deletion mutant against a Toll gene abolished immune responses mediated by Se-DSP1. Indeed, X. hominickii can produce and secrete secondary metabolites including salicylic acid analogs that can strongly bind to Se-DSP1. These bacterial metabolites prevented the release of Se-DSP1, which impaired the activation of PLA2 and resulted in a significant immunosuppression of target insects against bacterial infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md. Mahi Imam Mollah
- Department of Plant Medicals, College of Life Sciences, Andong National University, Andong, Korea
| | - Shabbir Ahmed
- Department of Plant Medicals, College of Life Sciences, Andong National University, Andong, Korea
| | - Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Plant Medicals, College of Life Sciences, Andong National University, Andong, Korea
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Daverey A, Agrawal SK. Regulation of Prdx6 by Nrf2 Mediated Through aiPLA2 in White Matter Reperfusion Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:1275-1289. [PMID: 33159299 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02182-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia and reperfusion produces overproduction of ROS (reactive oxygen species), which may lead to mitochondrial dysfunction leading to cell death and apoptosis. Here, we explore the hypothesis that Prdx6 protects the spinal cord white matter from hypoxia-reperfusion injury and elucidate the possible mechanism by which Prdx6 elicits its protective effects. Briefly, rats were deeply anesthetized with isoflurane. A 30-mm section of the spinal cord was rapidly removed and placed in cold Ringer's solution (2-4 °C). The dissected dorsal column was exposed to hypoxia with 95% N2 and 5% CO2 and reperfusion with 95% O2 and 5% CO2. The expression of Prdx6 significantly upregulated in white matter after hypoxia compared to the sham group, whereas reperfusion caused a gradual decrease in Prdx6 expression after reperfusion injury. For the first time, our study revealed the novel expression and localized expression of Prdx6 in astrocytes after hypoxia, and possible communication of astrocytes and axons through Prdx6. The gradual increase in Nrf2 expression suggests a negative regulation of Prdx6 through Nrf2 signaling. Furthermore, inhibition of aiPLA2 activity of Prdx6 by MJ33 shows that the regulation of Prdx6 by Nrf2 is mediated through aiPLA2 activity. The present study uncovers a differential distribution of Prdx6 in axons and astrocytes and regulation of Prdx6 in hypoxia-reperfusion injury. The low levels of Prdx6 in reperfusion injury lead to increased inflammation and apoptosis in the white matter; therefore, the results of this study suggest that Prdx6 has a protective role in spinal hypoxia-reperfusion injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amita Daverey
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-7690, USA.
| | - Sandeep K Agrawal
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-7690, USA
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Choi GM, Lee B, Hong R, Park SY, Cho DE, Yeom M, Park HJ, Bae H, Hahm DH. Bee venom phospholipase A2 alleviates collagen-induced polyarthritis by inducing Foxp3 + regulatory T cell polarization in mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3511. [PMID: 33568685 PMCID: PMC7876016 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82298-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism underlying bee venom (BV) therapy is still controversial, with opinions ranging from constituent-based pharmacological action to homeopathic-like activity. The purpose of this study was to examine whether BV phospholipase A2 (bvPLA2), an enzymatic component of BV, is a novel anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic mediator capable of stimulating CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cell (Treg) polarization in a mouse model of human rheumatoid arthritis (RA). An experimental model of RA was established in male DBA/1 mouse by 2-week-interval injections of 100 μg type II collagen emulsified in complete (first injection) or incomplete Freund's adjuvant (second injection) at the base of the tail. During arthritis development, bvPLA2 (0.1, 0.5, 1.0 mg/kg) and/or Treg inhibitors such as anti-CD25 antibodies and peptide 60 (P60) were injected intraperitoneally for 5 weeks. Arthritic symptoms and the expansion of Tregs were then assessed by behavioral assessments, histological and micro-CT imaging, and flow cytometry. bvPLA2 injections significantly alleviated arthritic behaviors such as squeaking and joint swelling, consistent with changes seen on both histological and micro-CT images. The anti-arthritic effects of bvPLA2 were blocked by intraperitoneal injections of 0.25 mg/kg anti-CD25 antibody and 10 μg/kg P60, as determined by behavioral assessments. Flow cytometric analysis of dendritic cells, B cells, and major T cell subsets from spleens revealed a significant depletion of Tregs following anti-CD25 antibody, but not P60, treatment. bvPLA2 treatment exerted significant anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activities in a mouse model of RA via the induction of Tregs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gwang-Muk Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Bombi Lee
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Riwon Hong
- Department of Korean Medical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Young Park
- Department of Korean Medical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Eun Cho
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Mijung Yeom
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hi-Joon Park
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Korean Medical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsu Bae
- Department of Korean Medical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dae-Hyun Hahm
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
- BioNanocomposite Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Oleaga A, Soriano B, Llorens C, Pérez-Sánchez R. Sialotranscriptomics of the argasid tick Ornithodoros moubata along the trophogonic cycle. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009105. [PMID: 33544727 PMCID: PMC7891743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The argasid tick Ornithodoros moubata is the main vector of human relapsing fever (HRF) and African swine fever (ASF) in Africa. Salivary proteins are part of the host-tick interface and play vital roles in the tick feeding process and the host infection by tick-borne pathogens; they represent interesting targets for immune interventions aimed at tick control. The present work describes the transcriptome profile of salivary glands of O. moubata and assesses the gene expression dynamics along the trophogonic cycle using Illumina sequencing. De novo transcriptome assembling resulted in 71,194 transcript clusters and 41,011 annotated transcripts, which represent 57.6% of the annotation success. Most salivary gene expression takes place during the first 7 days after feeding (6,287 upregulated transcripts), while a minority of genes (203 upregulated transcripts) are differentially expressed between 7 and 14 days after feeding. The functional protein groups more abundantly overrepresented after blood feeding were lipocalins, proteases (especially metalloproteases), protease inhibitors including the Kunitz/BPTI-family, proteins with phospholipase A2 activity, acid tail proteins, basic tail proteins, vitellogenins, the 7DB family and proteins involved in tick immunity and defence. The complexity and functional redundancy observed in the sialotranscriptome of O. moubata are comparable to those of the sialomes of other argasid and ixodid ticks. This transcriptome provides a valuable reference database for ongoing proteomics studies of the salivary glands and saliva of O. moubata aimed at confirming and expanding previous data on the O. moubata sialoproteome. The soft tick Ornithodoros moubata constitutes an important medical and veterinary problem in Africa because, in addition to being the vector of African swine fever, it transmits human relapsing fever (HRF), a hyper-endemic and lethal, but still neglected, tick-borne disease. Effective control of HRF requires eradicating its vector tick from domestic environments. As chemical acaricide application is ineffective against this tick, development of anti-tick vaccines seems the most promising method for tick control. Salivary proteins play essential functions for tick feeding and survival, which convert them in potential antigen targets for the development of tick vaccines. To know which these proteins are, we obtained the salivary transcriptome of O. moubata females and established, for the first time in a soft tick, the salivary gene transcription dynamics along its trophogonic cycle. Thereby, we have identified numerous genes encoding bioactive proteins essential for tick feeding. This information is essential to drive the selection of candidate antigens for anti-tick vaccine development and evaluate its protective potential in animal immunization trials. These data significantly enlarge the current repertory of known protein-coding sequences from soft tick salivary glands and establish a valuable reference database to improve our knowledge of the O. moubata salivary proteome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Oleaga
- Parasitology Laboratory, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology (IRNASA, CSIC), Cordel de Merinas, Salamanca, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Beatriz Soriano
- Biotechvana, Scientific Park, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Llorens
- Biotechvana, Scientific Park, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ricardo Pérez-Sánchez
- Parasitology Laboratory, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology (IRNASA, CSIC), Cordel de Merinas, Salamanca, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Aslan M, Elpek Ö, Akkaya B, Balaban HT, Afşar E. Organ function, sphingolipid levels and inflammation in tunicamycin induced endoplasmic reticulum stress in male rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2021; 40:259-273. [PMID: 33527851 DOI: 10.1177/0960327120949619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Disorders of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lead to cellular damage but can cause cell death if ER dysfunction is prolonged. We aimed to examine liver/kidney functions, neutral sphingomyelinase (N-SMase) activity, sphingolipid levels, cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein expression in rats under ER stress. ER stress was induced by tunicamycin (TM) and the ER stress inhibitor taurodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) was injected before induction of ER stress. ER stress was confirmed by increased tissue levels of GRP78. Hematological and biochemical profiles were measured by autoanalyzers while hepatic and renal injury was evaluated via microscopy and histopathological scoring. Tissue levels of C16-C24 sphingomyelins (SM), C16-C24 ceramides (CERs) and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) were determined by LC-MS/MS. Tissue cPLA2 and COX-2 were measured by western blot and activity assays. Tunicamycin treatment caused kidney and liver function test abnormalities, increased hematocrit and hemoglobin levels but decreased white blood cell counts. Histopathological findings showed hepatic necroinflammation and renal tubular damage in rats treated with TM. TUDCA administration attenuated WBC abnormalities and TM- induced hepatic/renal functional impairment in ER stress, as evident by significantly restored serum ALT, AST, creatinine, and total bilirubin levels. A significant increase was observed in N-SMase activity, tissue levels of C16-C24 CERs, cPLA2 and COX-2 expression in liver and kidney tissue under ER stress. TUDCA administration decreased tissue CER levels, cPLA2 and COX-2 expression as well as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) formation. These results signify that ER stress causes hepatic and renal toxicity as well as CER-induced PGE2 formation in liver and kidney.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mutay Aslan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, 64032Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Özlem Elpek
- Department of Pathology, 64032Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Bahar Akkaya
- Department of Pathology, 64032Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Hazal Tuzcu Balaban
- Department of Pathology, 64032Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ebru Afşar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, 64032Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Prunonosa Cervera I, Gabriel BM, Aldiss P, Morton NM. The phospholipase A2 family's role in metabolic diseases: Focus on skeletal muscle. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14662. [PMID: 33433056 PMCID: PMC7802192 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes has increased substantially in recent years creating a global health burden. In obesity, skeletal muscle, the main tissue responsible for insulin-mediated glucose uptake, exhibits dysregulation of insulin signaling, glucose uptake, lipid metabolism, and mitochondrial function, thus, promoting type 2 diabetes. The phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzyme family mediates lipid signaling and membrane remodeling and may play an important role in metabolic disorders such as obesity, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and fatty liver disease. The PLA2 family consists of 16 members clustered in four groups. PLA2s hydrolyze the sn-2 ester bond of phospholipids generating free fatty acids and lysophospholipids. Differential tissue and subcellular PLA2 expression patterns and the abundance of distinct fatty acyl groups in the target phospholipid determine the impact of individual family members on metabolic functions and, potentially, diseases. Here, we update the current knowledge of the role of the PLA2 family in skeletal muscle, with a view to their potential for therapeutic targeting in metabolic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iris Prunonosa Cervera
- Molecular Metabolism GroupCentre for Cardiovascular SciencesQueens Medical Research InstituteUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Brendan M. Gabriel
- Molecular Metabolism GroupCentre for Cardiovascular SciencesQueens Medical Research InstituteUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyIntegrative PhysiologyKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
- Aberdeen Cardiovascular & Diabetes CentreThe Rowett InstituteUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | - Peter Aldiss
- Molecular Metabolism GroupCentre for Cardiovascular SciencesQueens Medical Research InstituteUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Nicholas M. Morton
- Molecular Metabolism GroupCentre for Cardiovascular SciencesQueens Medical Research InstituteUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Joshua PE, Anosike CJ, Asomadu RO, Ekpo DE, Uhuo EN, Nwodo OFC. Bioassay-guided fractionation, phospholipase A 2-inhibitory activity and structure elucidation of compounds from leaves of Schumanniophyton magnificum. Pharm Biol 2020; 58:1069-1076. [PMID: 33164620 PMCID: PMC7655048 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2020.1839510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Schumanniophyton magnificum Harms (Rubiaceae) is used traditionally in Nigeria for the treatment of snake bites. Snake venom contains phospholipase A2 (PLA2) which plays a key role in causing inflammation and pain. OBJECTIVE To assess the anti-inflammatory effect of the methanol extract of Schumanniophyton magnificum (MESM) leaves through the inhibition of PLA2 and investigate the compounds responsible for the effect. MATERIALS AND METHODS PLA2-inhibitory activity of MESM was assessed at concentrations of 0.1-0.8 mg/mL using human red blood cells as substrate. Prednisolone was used as the standard control. MESM was subsequently partitioned using n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and aqueous-methanol (90:10 v/v), after which PLA2-inhibitory activity of the partitions was determined. The best partition was subjected to chromatographic techniques and the fractions obtained were assessed for PLA2 inhibition at 0.4 mg/mL. Compounds in the most active fraction were determined using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). RESULTS MESM significantly inhibited PLA2 activity at 0.8 mg/mL (44.253%) compared to prednisolone (35.207%). n-Hexane partition (SMP1) proved more active with inhibition of 55.870% observed at 0.1 mg/mL. Fraction 1 (SMF1) showed the highest PLA2-inhibitory activity of 58.117%. FTIR studies revealed the presence of some functional groups in SMF1, and GC-MS confirmed the presence of 9 compounds which are first reported in this plant. Hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester was identified as the major compound (24.906%). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The PLA2-inhibitory activity of MESM suggests that its compounds may be explored further in monitoring anti-inflammatory genes affected by the venoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parker Elijah Joshua
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Chizoba Joy Anosike
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Rita Onyekachukwu Asomadu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Daniel Emmanuel Ekpo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel Nnaemeka Uhuo
- Department of Biochemistry, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria
| | - Okwesili Fred Chiletugo Nwodo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, University of Mkar, Mkar, Benue State, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Mollah MMI, Kim Y. Virulent secondary metabolites of entomopathogenic bacteria genera, Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus, inhibit phospholipase A 2 to suppress host insect immunity. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:359. [PMID: 33228536 PMCID: PMC7684946 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-02042-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus are entomopathogenic bacteria that cause septicemia and toxemia in insects. They produce secondary metabolites to induce host immunosuppression. Their metabolite compositions vary among bacterial species. Little is known about the relationship between metabolite compositions and the bacterial pathogenicity. The objective of this study was to compare pathogenicity and production of secondary metabolites of 14 bacterial isolates (species or strains) of Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus. RESULTS All bacterial isolates exhibited insecticidal activities after hemocoelic injection to Spodoptera exigua (a lepidopteran insect) larvae, with median lethal doses ranging from 168.8 to 641.3 CFU per larva. Bacterial infection also led to immunosuppression by inhibiting eicosanoid biosynthesis. Bacterial culture broth was fractionated into four different organic extracts. All four organic extracts of each bacterial species exhibited insecticidal activities and resulted in immunosuppression. These organic extracts were subjected to GC-MS analysis which predicted 182 compounds, showing differential compositions for 14 bacteria isolates. There were positive correlations between total number of secondary metabolites produced by each bacterial culture broth and its bacterial pathogenicity based on immunosuppression and insecticidal activity. From these correlation results, 70 virulent compounds were selected from secondary metabolites of high virulent bacterial isolates by deducting those of low virulent bacterial isolates. These selected virulent compounds exhibited significant immunosuppressive activities by inhibiting eicosanoid biosynthesis. They also exhibited relatively high insecticidal activities. CONCLUSION Virulence variation between Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus is determined by their different compositions of secondary metabolites, of which PLA2 inhibitors play a crucial role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Mahi Imam Mollah
- Department of Plant Medicals, College of Life Sciences, Andong National University, Andong, 36729, South Korea
| | - Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Plant Medicals, College of Life Sciences, Andong National University, Andong, 36729, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Alangode A, Reick M, Reick M. Sodium oleate, arachidonate, and linoleate enhance fibrinogenolysis by Russell's viper venom proteinases and inhibit FXIIIa; a role for phospholipase A 2 in venom induced consumption coagulopathy. Toxicon 2020; 186:83-93. [PMID: 32755649 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Life-threatening symptoms produced by Russell's viper (RV, Daboia russelii) envenomation result largely from venom induced consumption coagulopathy (VICC). VICC is thought to be mediated to a large degree by venom serine and metalloproteinases, as well as by snake venom phospholipase A2 (svPLA2), the most abundant constituent of RV venom (RVV). The observation that the phenolic lipid anacardic acid markedly enhances proteolytic degradation of fibrinogen by RVV proteinases led us to characterize the chemical basis of this phenomenon with results indicating that svPLA2 products may be major contributors to VICC. RESULTS: Of the chemical analogs tested, the anionic detergents sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium deoxycholate, N-lauryl sodium sarcosine, and the sodium salts of the fatty acids arachidonic, oleic and to a lesser extend linoleic acid were able to enhance fibrinogenolysis by RVV proteinases. Enhanced Fibrinogenolysis (EF) was observed with various venom size exclusion fractions containing different proteinases, and also with trypsin, indicating that conformational changes of the substrate and increased accessibility of otherwise cryptic cleavage sites are likely to be responsible for EF. In addition to enhancing fibrinogenolysis, sodium arachidonate and oleate were found to partially inhibit thrombin induced, factor XIIIa (FXIIIa) mediated ligation of fibrin chains. In clotting experiments with fresh blood RVV was found to disrupt normal coagulation, leading to small, partial clot formation, whereas RVV pretreated with the PLA2 inhibitor Varespladib induced rapid and complete clot formation (after 5 min) compared to blood alone. CONCLUSION: The observations that fatty acid anions and anionic detergents induce conformational changes that render fibrin(ogen) more susceptible to proteolysis by RVV proteinases and that RVV-PLA2 activity (which produces FFA) is required to render blood incoagulable in clotting experiments with RVV indicate a mechanism by which the activity of highly abundant RVV-PLA2 promotes degradation and depletion of fibrin(ogen) resulting in incoagulable blood seen following RVV envenomation (VICC).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aswathy Alangode
- School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Clappana P.O., Kollam, 690 525, Kerala, India
| | - Margaret Reick
- School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Clappana P.O., Kollam, 690 525, Kerala, India
| | - Martin Reick
- School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Clappana P.O., Kollam, 690 525, Kerala, India.
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Barletta ABF, Alves e Silva TL, Talyuli OAC, Luna-Gomes T, Sim S, Angleró-Rodríguez Y, Dimopoulos G, Bandeira-Melo C, Sorgine MHF. Prostaglandins regulate humoral immune responses in Aedes aegypti. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008706. [PMID: 33095767 PMCID: PMC7584201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandins (PGs) are immuno-active lipids that mediate the immune response in invertebrates and vertebrates. In insects, PGs play a role on different physiological processes such as reproduction, ion transport and regulation of cellular immunity. However, it is unclear whether PGs play a role in invertebrate's humoral immunity, and, if so, which immune signaling pathways would be modulated by PGs. Here, we show that Aedes aegypti gut microbiota and Gram-negative bacteria challenge induces prostaglandin production sensitive to an irreversible inhibitor of the vertebrate cyclooxygenase, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). ASA treatment reduced PG synthesis and is associated with decreased expression of components of the Toll and IMD immune pathways, thereby rendering mosquitoes more susceptible to both bacterial and viral infections. We also shown that a cytosolic phospholipase (PLAc), one of the upstream regulators of PG synthesis, is induced by the microbiota in the midgut after blood feeding. The knockdown of the PLAc decreased prostaglandin production and enhanced the replication of Dengue in the midgut. We conclude that in Ae. aegypti, PGs control the amplitude of the immune response to guarantee an efficient pathogen clearance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Beatriz Ferreira Barletta
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Artrópodes Hematófagos, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo De Meis, Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Brasil
| | - Thiago Luiz Alves e Silva
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Artrópodes Hematófagos, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo De Meis, Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Brasil
| | - Octavio A. C. Talyuli
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Artrópodes Hematófagos, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo De Meis, Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Tatiana Luna-Gomes
- Departamento de Ciências da Natureza, Instituto de Aplicação Fernando Rodrigues da Silveira (CAp-UERJ), Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Shuzhen Sim
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yesseinia Angleró-Rodríguez
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - George Dimopoulos
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christianne Bandeira-Melo
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Marcos H. Ferreira Sorgine
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Artrópodes Hematófagos, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo De Meis, Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Youngman NJ, Walker A, Naude A, Coster K, Sundman E, Fry BG. Varespladib (LY315920) neutralises phospholipase A 2 mediated prothrombinase-inhibition induced by Bitis snake venoms. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 236:108818. [PMID: 32512199 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Anticoagulant toxicity is a common function of venoms produced by species within the Bitis genus. Potent inhibition of the prothrombinase complex is an identified mechanism of action for the dwarf species B. cornuta and B. xeropaga, along with some localities of B. atropos and B. caudalis. Snake venom phospholipase A2 toxins that inhibit the prothrombinase complex have been identified in snake venom, including an isolated phospholipase A2 toxin from B. caudalis. Current research is investigating the ability of the drug varespladib to inhibit snake venom phospholipase A2 toxins and reduce their toxicity. In particular, varespladib is being investigated as a treatment that could be administered prior to hospital referral which is a major necessity for species such as those from the genus Bitis, due to envenomations often occurring in remote regions of Africa where antivenom is unavailable. Using previously validated coagulation assays, this study aimed to determine if the toxins responsible for inhibition of the prothrombinase complex in the venom of four Bitis species are phospholipase A2 toxins, and if varespladib is able to neutralise this anticoagulant activity. Our results demonstrate that varespladib strongly neutralises the prothrombinase-inhibiting effects of all venoms tested in this study, and that this prothrombinase-inhibiting mechanism of anticoagulant activity is driven by phospholipase A2 class toxins in these four species. This study extends previous reports demonstrating varespladib has broad efficacy for treatment of phospholipase A2 rich snake venoms, indicating it also inhibits their anticoagulant effects mediated by prothrombinase-inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Youngman
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Andrew Walker
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Arno Naude
- Snakebite Assist, Pretoria ZA-0001, South Africa
| | | | - Eric Sundman
- Universeum, Södra Vägen 50, 412 54 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bryan G Fry
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Lee† HJ, Cho† A, Hwang Y, Park JB, Kim SK. Engineering of a Microbial Cell Factory for the Extracellular Production of Catalytically Active Phospholipase A 2 of Streptomyces violaceoruber. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 30:1244-1251. [PMID: 32160693 PMCID: PMC9728194 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2001.01052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) from Streptomyces violaceoruber is a lipolytic enzyme used in a wide range of industrial applications including production of lysolecithins and enzymatic degumming of edible oils. We have therefore investigated expression and secretion of PLA2 in two workhorse microbes, Pichia pastoris and Escherichia coli. The PLA2 was produced to an activity of 0.517 ± 0.012 U/ml in the culture broth of the recombinant P. pastoris. On the other hand, recombinant E. coli BL21 star (DE3), overexpressing the authentic PLA2 (P-PLA2), showed activity of 17.0 ± 1.3 U/ml in the intracellular fraction and 21.7 ± 0.7 U/ml in the culture broth. The extracellular PLA2 activity obtained with the recombinant E. coli system was 3.2-fold higher than the corresponding value reached in a previous study, which employed recombinant E. coli BL21 (DE3) overexpressing codon-optimized PLA2. Finally, we observed that the extracellular PLA2 from the recombinant E. coli P-PLA2 culture was able to hydrolyze 31.1 g/l of crude soybean lecithin, an industrial substrate, to a conversion yield of approximately 95%. The newly developed E. coli-based PLA2 expression system led to extracellular production of PLA2 to a productivity of 678 U/l·h, corresponding to 157-fold higher than that obtained with the P. pastoris-based system. This study will contribute to the extracellular production of a catalytically active PLA2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jae Lee†
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Ara Cho†
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeji Hwang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Byung Park
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Ki Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi 17546, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Pharaoh G, Brown JL, Sataranatarajan K, Kneis P, Bian J, Ranjit R, Hadad N, Georgescu C, Rabinovitch P, Ran Q, Wren JD, Freeman W, Kinter M, Richardson A, Van Remmen H. Targeting cPLA 2 derived lipid hydroperoxides as a potential intervention for sarcopenia. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13968. [PMID: 32811851 PMCID: PMC7435184 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70792-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects in neuromuscular innervation contribute significantly to the age-related decline in muscle mass and function (sarcopenia). Our previous studies demonstrated that denervation induces muscle mitochondrial hydroperoxide production (H2O2 and lipid hydroperoxides (LOOHs)). Here we define the relative contribution of mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) derived H2O2 versus cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) derived LOOHs in neurogenic muscle atrophy. We show that denervation increases muscle cPLA2 protein content, activity, and metabolites downstream of cPLA2 including LOOHs. Increased scavenging of mitochondrial H2O2 does not protect against denervation atrophy, suggesting ETC generated H2O2 is not a critical player. In contrast, inhibition of cPLA2 in vivo mitigates LOOH production and muscle atrophy and maintains individual muscle fiber size while decreasing oxidative damage. Overall, we show that loss of innervation in several muscle atrophy models including aging induces generation of LOOHs produced by arachidonic acid metabolism in the cPLA2 pathway contributing to loss of muscle mass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Pharaoh
- Physiology Department, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Jacob L Brown
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | | | - Parker Kneis
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Jan Bian
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Rojina Ranjit
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Niran Hadad
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Constantin Georgescu
- Genes and Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | | | - Qitao Ran
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan D Wren
- Genes and Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Willard Freeman
- Physiology Department, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Genes and Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Michael Kinter
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Arlan Richardson
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Holly Van Remmen
- Physiology Department, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
- Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
- Oklahoma City VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Hsu MC, Huang YS, Ouyang WC. Beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in schizophrenia: possible mechanisms. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:159. [PMID: 32620164 PMCID: PMC7333328 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-01337-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is a serious long-term psychotic disorder marked by positive and negative symptoms, severe behavioral problems and cognitive function deficits. The cause of this disorder is not completely clear, but is suggested to be multifactorial, involving both inherited and environmental factors. Since human brain regulates all behaviour, studies have focused on identifying changes in neurobiology and biochemistry of brain in schizophrenia. Brain is the most lipid rich organ (approximately 50% of brain dry weight). Total brain lipids is constituted of more than 60% of phospholipids, in which docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) is the most abundant (more than 40%) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in brain membrane phospholipids. Results from numerous studies have shown significant decreases of PUFAs, in particular, DHA in peripheral blood (plasma and erythrocyte membranes) as well as brain of schizophrenia patients at different developmental phases of the disorder. PUFA deficiency has been associated to psychotic symptoms and cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. These findings have led to a number of clinical trials examining whether dietary omega-3 fatty acid supplementation could improve the course of illness in patients with schizophrenia. Results are inconsistent. Some report beneficial whereas others show not effective. The discrepancy can be attributed to the heterogeneity of patient population. METHODS In this review, results from recent experimental and clinical studies, which focus on illustrating the role of PUFAs in the development of schizophrenia were examined. The rationale why omega-3 supplementation was beneficial on symptoms (presented by subscales of the positive and negative symptom scale (PANSS), and cognitive functions in certain patients but not others was reviewed. The potential mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects were discussed. RESULTS Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation reduced the conversion rate to psychosis and improved both positive and negative symptoms and global functions in adolescents at ultra-high risk for psychosis. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation could also improve negative symptoms and global functions in the first-episode patients with schizophrenia, but improve mainly total or general PANSS subscales in chronic patients. Patients with low PUFA (particularly DHA) baseline in blood were more responsive to the omega-3 fatty acid intervention. CONCLUSION Omega-3 supplementation is more effective in reducing psychotic symptom severity in young adults or adolescents in the prodromal phase of schizophrenia who have low omega-3 baseline. Omega-3 supplementation was more effective in patients with low PUFA baseline. It suggests that patients with predefined lipid levels might benefit from lipid treatments, but more controlled clinical trials are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Chi Hsu
- Department of Nursing, I-Shou University, No.8, Yida Road, Jiaosu Village Yanchao District, Kaohsiung, 82445 Taiwan
| | - Yung-Sheng Huang
- College of Medicine, I-Shou University, No.8, Yida Road, Jiaosu Village Yanchao District, Kaohsiung, 82445 Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chen Ouyang
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Jianan Psychiatric Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, No.539, Yuzhong Rd., Rende Dist., Tainan City, 71742 Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, No.452, Huanqiu Rd. Luzhu Dist, Kaohsiung, 82144 Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Shin-Chuan 1st Road, Sanmin Dist., Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Koundouros N, Karali E, Tripp A, Valle A, Inglese P, Perry NJS, Magee DJ, Anjomani Virmouni S, Elder GA, Tyson AL, Dória ML, van Weverwijk A, Soares RF, Isacke CM, Nicholson JK, Glen RC, Takats Z, Poulogiannis G. Metabolic Fingerprinting Links Oncogenic PIK3CA with Enhanced Arachidonic Acid-Derived Eicosanoids. Cell 2020; 181:1596-1611.e27. [PMID: 32559461 PMCID: PMC7339148 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Oncogenic transformation is associated with profound changes in cellular metabolism, but whether tracking these can improve disease stratification or influence therapy decision-making is largely unknown. Using the iKnife to sample the aerosol of cauterized specimens, we demonstrate a new mode of real-time diagnosis, coupling metabolic phenotype to mutant PIK3CA genotype. Oncogenic PIK3CA results in an increase in arachidonic acid and a concomitant overproduction of eicosanoids, acting to promote cell proliferation beyond a cell-autonomous manner. Mechanistically, mutant PIK3CA drives a multimodal signaling network involving mTORC2-PKCζ-mediated activation of the calcium-dependent phospholipase A2 (cPLA2). Notably, inhibiting cPLA2 synergizes with fatty acid-free diet to restore immunogenicity and selectively reduce mutant PIK3CA-induced tumorigenicity. Besides highlighting the potential for metabolic phenotyping in stratified medicine, this study reveals an important role for activated PI3K signaling in regulating arachidonic acid metabolism, uncovering a targetable metabolic vulnerability that largely depends on dietary fat restriction. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikos Koundouros
- Signalling and Cancer Metabolism Team, Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK; Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Evdoxia Karali
- Signalling and Cancer Metabolism Team, Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Aurelien Tripp
- Signalling and Cancer Metabolism Team, Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Adamo Valle
- Signalling and Cancer Metabolism Team, Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK; Energy Metabolism and Nutrition, Research Institute of Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), University of Balearic Islands, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center for Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn CB06/03/0043), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paolo Inglese
- Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Nicholas J S Perry
- Signalling and Cancer Metabolism Team, Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - David J Magee
- Signalling and Cancer Metabolism Team, Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK; Pain Medicine Department, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - Sara Anjomani Virmouni
- Signalling and Cancer Metabolism Team, Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK; Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK
| | - George A Elder
- Signalling and Cancer Metabolism Team, Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK; School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Adam L Tyson
- Flow Cytometry and Light Microscopy Core Facility, Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK; Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University College London, 25 Howland Street, London W1T 4JG, UK
| | - Maria Luisa Dória
- Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Antoinette van Weverwijk
- Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK; Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Renata F Soares
- Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Clare M Isacke
- Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Jeremy K Nicholson
- Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; The Australian National Phenome Centre, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth WA6150, WA, Australia
| | - Robert C Glen
- Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Zoltan Takats
- Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - George Poulogiannis
- Signalling and Cancer Metabolism Team, Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK; Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Modahl CM, Roointan A, Rogers J, Currier K, Mackessy SP. Interspecific and intraspecific venom enzymatic variation among cobras (Naja sp. and Ophiophagus hannah). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 232:108743. [PMID: 32194156 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The genera Ophiophagus and Naja comprise part of a clade of snakes referred to as cobras, dangerously venomous front-fanged snakes in the family Elapidae responsible for significant human mortality and morbidity throughout Asia and Africa. We evaluated venom enzyme variation for eleven cobra species and three N. kaouthia populations using SDS-PAGE venom fingerprinting and numerous enzyme assays. Acetylcholinesterase and PLA2 activities were the most variable between species, and PLA2 activity was significantly different between Malaysian and Thailand N. kaouthia populations. Venom metalloproteinase activity was low and significantly different among most species, but levels were identical for N. kaouthia populations; minor variation in venom L-amino acid oxidase and phosphodiesterase activities were seen between cobra species. Naja siamensis venom lacked the α-fibrinogenolytic activity common to other cobra venoms. In addition, venom from N. siamensis had no detectable metalloproteinase activity and exhibited an SDS-PAGE profile with reduced abundance of higher mass proteins. Venom profiles from spitting cobras (N. siamensis, N. pallida, and N. mossambica) exhibited similar reductions in higher mass proteins, suggesting the evolution of venoms of reduced complexity and decreased enzymatic activity among spitting cobras. Generally, the venom proteomes of cobras show highly abundant three-finger toxin diversity, followed by large quantities of PLA2s. However, PLA2 bands and activity were very reduced for N. haje, N. annulifera and N. nivea. Venom compositionalenzy analysis provides insight into the evolution, diversification and distribution of different venom phenotypes that complements venomic data, and this information is critical for the development of effective antivenoms and snakebite treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra M Modahl
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, 501 20th St., Greeley, CO 80639-0017, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore
| | - Amir Roointan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore; Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Jessica Rogers
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, 501 20th St., Greeley, CO 80639-0017, USA
| | - Katelyn Currier
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, 501 20th St., Greeley, CO 80639-0017, USA
| | - Stephen P Mackessy
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, 501 20th St., Greeley, CO 80639-0017, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Zinenko O, Tovstukha I, Korniyenko Y. PLA 2 Inhibitor Varespladib as an Alternative to the Antivenom Treatment for Bites from Nikolsky's Viper Vipera berus nikolskii. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12060356. [PMID: 32485836 PMCID: PMC7354479 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12060356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Although envenoming by a small East European species of viper is rarely severe, and only exceptionally fatal, lack of specific antivenom stocks in a few areas within this region and possible severe side effects of antivenom application leave most bites to be treated only with antihistamines and supportive therapy. Varespladib is an effective inhibitor of snake phospholipase, and, as such, it could be considered as first-line therapy. The Nikolsky’s viper venom contains an extremely high concentration of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), responsible for the toxic effects of the venom, as well as minor amounts of other toxins. If Varespladib can successfully inhibit PLA2 activity, the Nikolsky’s viper could be one of the first venomous snakes having an antitoxin-specific treatment regimen. To assess that, Varespladib was administered alone subcutaneously to adult male CD-1 mice (8 mg/kg) and compared to mice exposed to Vipera berus nikolskii crude venom (8 mg/kg = 10 LD50) or a combination of Varespladib and the same amount of the venom. Experimental animals were monitored for the presence of envenoming symptoms and mortality for 48 h after injection. Eighty percent of mice receiving both Varespladib and venom survived, while 100% of the control group receiving venom alone died within 4 h. Experimental results are consistent with Varespladib acting as an effective antitoxin in the mouse model against Nikolsky’s viper venom. Further studies are needed under experimental conditions that more closely resemble natural envenoming (i.e., delayed administration).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Zinenko
- V. N. Karazin Kharkiv University, 61058 Kharkiv, Ukraine;
- Correspondence:
| | - Igor Tovstukha
- Ukrainian Independent Ecology Institute, 61001 Kharkiv, Ukraine;
| | | |
Collapse
|
75
|
R S, Gurunathan J. Metabolites from the citrus extracts inhibit the activity of selected proteins in Indian Cobra (Naja naja) venom. J Ethnopharmacol 2020; 252:112575. [PMID: 31953201 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Snakebite is a severe problem in many parts of the world, specifically in tropical and subtropical regions. A range of medicinal plant extracts are administered for treating snake bite. Of the many common plants, extracts of Citrus species have been documented to be used for treating snake bite and have been shown to decrease the snake venom toxicity. AIM The aim of the current work is to evaluate the utility of citrus peel extracts (Citrus aurantium L. and Citrus reticulate Blanco) in the management of Indian cobra envenomation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Peels of citrus species were evaluated for their phospholipase A2, protease and haemolytic inhibition properties. The phytochemicals present in the extract were inferred using GC-MS. In-vivo studies, using mice model, were done to confirm the inhibitory effect of the extracts. Molecular docking was used to understand the possible binding modes of selected phytochemicals to snake venom phospholipase. RESULTS Citrus peel extracts are rich in polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins. The methanolic extract of Citrus aurantium L. and Citrus reticulate Blanco inhibits phospholipase (75%), protease (71%) and hemolysis (80%) activity of the venom. GC-MS analyses indicate the presence of β-sitosterol, n-hexadecanoic acid, eicosanoic acid, and flavone in both the extracts. In addition, C. reticulate extract contains α-tocopherol and squalene. Molecular docking revealed that α-tocopherol, spiro [androst-5-ene-17,1'-cyclobutan]-2'-one,3-hydroxy-(3β,17β)- and β-sitosterol acetate bind with moderate affinity to the catalytic site of phospholipase A2. CONCLUSION The present study provides new molecular insight and scientific evidence on the utility of the methanolic extracts of citrus peels to neutralize the venom toxins of Naja naja.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srimathi R
- School of Biosciences and Technology (SBST), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, India.
| | - Jayaraman Gurunathan
- School of Biosciences and Technology (SBST), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, India.
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Ma S, Yeom J, Lim YH. Exogenous NAD + Stimulates MUC2 Expression in LS 174T Goblet Cells via the PLC-Delta/PTGES/PKC-Delta/ERK/CREB Signaling Pathway. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E580. [PMID: 32283838 PMCID: PMC7226023 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MUC2, a major component of the mucus layer in the intestine, is associated with antimicrobial activity and gut immune system function. Currently, mucin is mainly known for its critical function in defense against toxic molecules and pathogens. In this study, we investigated the stimulatory effects of exogenous nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) on the expression of MUC2 in LS 174T goblet cells. METHODS Genes related to MUC2 synthesis were measured by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). To analyze the gene expression profiles of NAD+-treated LS 174T goblet cells, RNA sequencing was performed. MUC2 expression in the cells and secreted MUC2 were measured by immunocytochemistry (ICC) and ELISA, respectively. RESULTS NAD+ significantly stimulated MUC2 expression at mRNA and protein levels and increased the secretion of MUC2. Through RNA sequencing, we found that the expression of genes involved in arachidonic acid metabolism increased in NAD+-treated cells compared with the negative control cells. NAD+ treatment increased phospholipase C (PLC)-δ and prostaglandin E synthase (PTGES) expression, which was inhibited by the appropriate inhibitors. Among the protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes, PKC-δ was involved in the increase in MUC2 expression. In addition, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and cyclic AMP (cAMP) response element-binding protein (CREB) transcript levels were higher in NAD+-treated cells than in the negative control cells, and the enhanced levels of phosphorylated CREB augmented MUC2 expression. CONCLUSIONS Exogenous NAD+ increases MUC2 expression by stimulating the PLC-δ/PTGES/PKC-δ/ERK/CREB signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seongho Ma
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (S.M.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jiah Yeom
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (S.M.); (J.Y.)
| | - Young-Hee Lim
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (S.M.); (J.Y.)
- Department of Public Health Science (Brain Korea 21 PLUS program), Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Sledz KM, Moore SF, Vijayaragavan V, Mallah S, Goudswaard LJ, Williams CM, Hunter RW, Hers I. Redundant role of ASK1-mediated p38MAPK activation in human platelet function. Cell Signal 2020; 68:109528. [PMID: 31917191 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) is a member of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAP3K) family, which recently has been implicated in the regulation of p38 MAPK/PLA2/thromboxane (TxA2) generation, as well as P2Y12 signalling in murine platelets. ASK1 has therefore been proposed as a potential target for anti-thrombotic therapy. At present it is unknown whether ASK1 also contributes to TxA2 formation and platelet function in human. In this study we therefore examined the role of ASK1 using the ASK1 inhibitor selonsertib (GS-4997). We established that ASK1 is responsible for p38 phosphorylation and TxA2 formation in murine platelets, with both GS4997 and p38 inhibitors reducing TxA2 formation. Similar to murine platelets, activation of human platelets resulted in the rapid and transient phosphorylation of ASK1 and the MAP2Ks MMK3/4/6. In contrast, phosphorylation of p38 and its substrate; MAPKAP-kinase2 (MAPKAPK2) was much more sustained. In keeping with these findings, inhibition of ASK1 blocked early, but not later p38/MAPKAPK2 phosphorylation. The latter was dependent on non-canonical autophosphorylation as it was blocked by the p38 inhibitor; SB203580 and the SYK inhibitor; R406. Furthermore, ASK1 and p38 inhibitors had no effect on PLA2 phosphorylation, TxA2 formation and platelet aggregation, demonstrating that this pathway is redundant in human platelets. Together, these results demonstrate that ASK1 contributes to TxA2 formation in murine, but not human platelets and highlight the importance of confirming findings from genetic murine models in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamila M Sledz
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha F Moore
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Vijayasameerah Vijayaragavan
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Shahida Mallah
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy J Goudswaard
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher M Williams
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Roger W Hunter
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Ingeborg Hers
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Chinnasamy S, Selvaraj G, Selvaraj C, Kaushik AC, Kaliamurthi S, Khan A, Singh SK, Wei DQ. Combining in silico and in vitro approaches to identification of potent inhibitor against phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 144:53-66. [PMID: 31838071 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is the main constituent of snake venom. PLA2 enzymes catalyze the Ca2+ dependent hydrolysis of 2-acyl ester bonds of 3-sn-phospholipids, releasing fatty acids and lysophospholipids. Inside the body of the victim, PLA2 from snake venom induces either direct or indirect pathophysiological effects, including anticoagulant, inflammatory, neurotoxic, cardiotoxic, edematogenic, and myotoxic activities. Therefore, there is a need to find the potential inhibitors against PLA2 responsible for snakebite. In this study, we employed in silico and in vitro methods to identify the potential inhibitor against PLA2. Virtual screening and molecular docking studies were performed to find potent inhibitor against PLA2 using Traditional Chinese Medicine Database (TCM). Based on these studies, Scutellarin (TCM3290) was selected and calculated by density functional theory calculation at B3LYP/6-31G**++ level to explore the stereo-electronic features of the molecule. Further, molecular docking and DFT of Minocycline was carried out. Quantum polarized ligand docking was performed to optimize the geometry of the protein-ligand complexes. The protein-ligand complexes were subjected to molecular dynamics simulation and binding free energy calculations. The residence time of a protein-ligand complex is a critical parameter affecting natural influences in vitro. It is nonetheless a challenging errand to expect, regardless of the accessibility of incredible PC assets and a large variety of computing procedures. In this metadynamics situation, we used the conformational flooding technique to deal with rank inhibitors constructions. The systematic free energy perturbation (FEP) protocol and calculate the energy of both complexes. Finally, the selected compound of TCM3290 was studied in vitro analysis such as inhibition of PLA2 activity, hyaluronidase activity and fibrinogenolytic activity. The TCM3290 had a more binding affinity compare to Minocycline, and interacted with the key residues of TYR63 and GLY31. DFT represented the highest HOMO and LUMO energy of 0.15146 eV. MD simulation with 100 ns proved that an inhibitor binding mode is more stable inside the binding site of PLA2. In vitro analysis shows that TCM3290 significantly neutralized by PLA2. The above observations confirmed that Scutellarin (TCM3290) had a potent snake venom neutralizing capacity and could hypothetically be used for therapeutic drives of snakebite envenomation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sathishkumar Chinnasamy
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biological Statistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Gurudeeban Selvaraj
- Center of Interdisciplinary Science-Computational Life Sciences, College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou High-tech Industrial Development Zone, 100 Lianhua Street, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environment, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou High-tech Industrial Development Zone, 100 Lianhua Street, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Chandrabose Selvaraj
- Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikkudi, 630004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Aman Chandra Kaushik
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biological Statistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, PR China
| | - Satyavani Kaliamurthi
- Center of Interdisciplinary Science-Computational Life Sciences, College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou High-tech Industrial Development Zone, 100 Lianhua Street, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environment, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou High-tech Industrial Development Zone, 100 Lianhua Street, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Abbas Khan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biological Statistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Singh
- Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikkudi, 630004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dong-Qing Wei
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biological Statistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Center of Interdisciplinary Science-Computational Life Sciences, College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou High-tech Industrial Development Zone, 100 Lianhua Street, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China; Peng Cheng Laboratory, Vanke Cloud City Phase I Building 8, Xili Street, Nashan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, PR China; Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation in Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Ministry of Education, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Cardoso FF, Gomes AAS, Dreyer TR, Cavalcante WLG, Dal Pai M, Gallacci M, Fontes MRM. Neutralization of a bothropic PLA 2-like protein by caftaric acid, a novel potent inhibitor of ophidian myotoxicity. Biochimie 2020; 170:163-172. [PMID: 31978419 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Envenoming by snakebite is an important global health issue that has received little attention, leading the World Health Organization to naming it as neglected tropical disease. Several snakebites present serious local symptoms manifested on victims that may not be efficiently neutralized by serum therapy. Phospholipase A2-like (PLA2-like) toxins are present in Viperidae venoms and are responsible for local myotoxic activity. Herein, we investigated the association between BthTX-I toxin and caftaric acid (CFT), a molecule present in plants. CFT neutralized neuromuscular blocking and muscle-damaging activities promoted by BthTX-I. Calorimetric and light-scattering assays demonstrated that CFT inhibitor interacted with dimeric BthTX-I. Bioinformatics simulations indicated that CFT inhibitor binds to the toxin's hydrophobic channel (HCh). According to the current myotoxic mechanism, three different regions of PLA2-like toxins have specific tasks: protein allosteric activation (HCh), membrane dockage (MDoS), and membrane rupture (MDiS). We propose CFT inhibitor interferes with the allosteric activation, which is related to the conformation change leading to the exposure/alignment of MDoS/MDiS region. This is the first report of a PLA2-like toxin fully inhibited by a compound that interacts only with its HCh region. Thus, CFT is a novel candidate to complement serum therapy and improve the treatment of snakebite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fábio F Cardoso
- Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Antoniel A S Gomes
- Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago R Dreyer
- Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Walter L G Cavalcante
- Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil; Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Maeli Dal Pai
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Márcia Gallacci
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos R M Fontes
- Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Wang T, Cong PX, Cui J, Jiang S, Xu J, Xue CH, Huang QR, Zhang TT, Wang YM. Digestion, Absorption, and Metabolism Characteristics of EPA-Enriched Phosphoethanolamine Plasmalogens Based on Gastrointestinal Functions in Healthy Mice. J Agric Food Chem 2019; 67:12786-12795. [PMID: 31657926 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
EPA-enriched phosphoethanolamine plasmalogens (EPA-pPE), widely present in marine creatures, is a unique glycerophospholipid with EPA at the sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone. EPA-pPE has been reported to exhibit numerous distinctive bioactivities. However, the digestion, absorption, and metabolism characteristics of EPA-pPE in vivo are not clear, which restrict the molecular mechanism analysis related to its distinctive activities. The aim of the present study was to illustrate the digestion, absorption, and metabolism characteristics of EPA-pPE by lipid analysis in serum, intestinal wall, and content after oral administration of EPA-pPE emulsion. Results showed the EPA percentage of total fatty acids in serum was increasing over time, with two peaks at 5 and 10 h by 1.89 ± 0.2 and 2.58 ± 0.27, respectively, and then fell from 1.89 ± 0.17 at 10 h to 1.35 ± 0.16 at 16 h. In small intestinal content, EPA-pPE was hydrolyzed to lyso-phospholipids and EPA by phospholipases A2 and the vinyl ether bond was retained at the sn-1 position. The released EPA could be quickly taken up into the enterocytes and enter circulation. The comparison of simulated digestion in vitro showed that the distinct digestion and absorption process of EPA-pPE was a unique phenomenon. EPA could be retained in serum at a high level for a substantial period of time, which suggested that EPA-pPE was not just a short-lived circulating molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teng Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , No. 5 Yushan Road , Qingdao , Shandong 266003 , People's Republic of China
| | - Pei-Xu Cong
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , No. 5 Yushan Road , Qingdao , Shandong 266003 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Cui
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , No. 5 Yushan Road , Qingdao , Shandong 266003 , People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , No. 5 Yushan Road , Qingdao , Shandong 266003 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , No. 5 Yushan Road , Qingdao , Shandong 266003 , People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Hu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , No. 5 Yushan Road , Qingdao , Shandong 266003 , People's Republic of China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts , Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Qingdao , Shandong 266237 , People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Rong Huang
- Rutgers State University , Department of Food Science , 65 Dudley Road , New Brunswick , New Jersey 08901 , United States
| | - Tian-Tian Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , No. 5 Yushan Road , Qingdao , Shandong 266003 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ming Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , No. 5 Yushan Road , Qingdao , Shandong 266003 , People's Republic of China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts , Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Qingdao , Shandong 266237 , People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Huancahuire-Vega S, Hollanda LM, Gomes-Heleno M, Newball-Noriega EE, Marangoni S. ACP-TX-I and ACP-TX-II, Two Novel Phospholipases A 2 Isolated from Trans-Pecos Copperhead Agkistrodon contortrix pictigaster Venom: Biochemical and Functional Characterization. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11110661. [PMID: 31739403 PMCID: PMC6891687 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This work reports the purification and biochemical and functional characterization of ACP-TX-I and ACP-TX-II, two phospholipases A2 (PLA2) from Agkistrodon contortrix pictigaster venom. Both PLA2s were highly purified by a single chromatographic step on a C18 reverse phase HPLC column. Various peptide sequences from these two toxins showed similarity to those of other PLA2 toxins from viperid snake venoms. ACP-TX-I belongs to the catalytically inactive K49 PLA2 class, while ACP-TX-II is a D49 PLA2, and is enzymatically active. ACP-TX-I PLA2 is monomeric, which results in markedly diminished myotoxic and inflammatory activities when compared with dimeric K49 PLA2s, confirming the hypothesis that dimeric structure contributes heavily to the profound myotoxicity of the most active viperid K49 PLA2s. ACP-TX-II exhibits the main pharmacological actions reported for this protein family, including in vivo local myotoxicity, edema-forming activity, and in vitro cytotoxicity. ACP-TX-I PLA2 is cytotoxic to A549 lung carcinoma cells, indicating that cytotoxicity to these tumor cells does not require enzymatic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salomón Huancahuire-Vega
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina Humana, Universidad Peruana Unión (UPeU), Lima 15, Peru;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +51-9-9757-4011
| | - Luciana M. Hollanda
- Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa, Universidade Tiradentes (UNIT), Aracaju 49032-490, SE, Brazil;
| | - Mauricio Gomes-Heleno
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil; (M.G.-H.); (S.M.)
| | - Edda E. Newball-Noriega
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina Humana, Universidad Peruana Unión (UPeU), Lima 15, Peru;
| | - Sergio Marangoni
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil; (M.G.-H.); (S.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Stremmel W, Staffer S, Fricker G, Weiskirchen R. The Bile Acid-Phospholipid Conjugate Ursodeoxycholyl-Lysophosphatidylethanolamide (UDCA-LPE) Disintegrates the Lipid Backbone of Raft Plasma Membrane Domains by the Removal of the Membrane Phospholipase A2. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225631. [PMID: 31717968 PMCID: PMC6888454 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The bile acid-phospholipid conjugate ursodeoxycholyl-lysophosphatidylethanolamide (UDCA-LPE) was shown to have anti-inflammatory, antisteatotic, and antifibrotic properties, rendering it as a drug targeting non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). On a molecular level, it disrupted the heterotetrameric fatty acid uptake complex localized in detergent-resistant membrane domains of the plasma membrane (DRM-PM). However, its mode of action was unclear. Methodologically, UDCA-LPE was incubated with the liver tumor cell line HepG2 as well as their isolated DRM-PM and all other cellular membranes (non-DRM). The membrane cholesterol and phospholipids were quantified as well as the DRM-PM protein composition by Western blotting. The results show a loss of DRM-PM by UDCA-LPE (50 µM) with a 63.13 ± 7.14% reduction of phospholipids and an 81.94 ± 8.30% reduction of cholesterol in relation to mg total protein. The ratio of phospholipids to cholesterol changed from 2:1 to 4:1, resembling those of non-DRM fractions. Among the members of the fatty acid uptake complex, the calcium-independent membrane phospholipase A2 (iPLA2β) abandoned DRM-PM most rapidly. As a consequence, the other members of this transport system disappeared as well as the DRM-PM anchored fibrosis regulating proteins integrin β-1 and lysophospholipid receptor 1 (LPAR-1). It is concluded that UDCA-LPE executes its action by iPLA2β removal from DRM-PM and consequent dissolution of the raft lipid platform.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Stremmel
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-152-34349907
| | - Simone Staffer
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Gert Fricker
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Zaworra M, Nauen R. New approaches to old problems: Removal of phospholipase A 2 results in highly active microsomal membranes from the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2019; 161:68-76. [PMID: 31685199 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Over the last 50 years numerous studies were published by insect toxicologists using native microsomal membrane preparations in order to investigate in vitro cytochrome P450-(P450) mediated oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics, including insecticides. Whereas the preparation of active microsomal membranes from many pest insect species is straightforward, their isolation from honey bees, Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) remained difficult, if not impossible, due to the presence of a yet unidentified endogenous inhibitory factor released during abdominal gut membrane isolation. Thus hampering in vitro toxicological studies on microsomal oxidative phase 1 metabolism of xenobiotics, including compounds of ecotoxicological concern. The use of microsomal membranes rather than individually expressed P450s offers advantages and allows to develop a better understanding of phase 1 driven metabolic fate of foreign compounds. Here we biochemically investigated the problems associated with the isolation of active honey bee microsomes and developed a method resulting in highly active native microsomal preparations from adult female worker abdomens. This was achieved by removal of the abdominal venom gland sting complex prior to microsomal membrane preparation. Molecular sieve chromatography of the venom sac content leads to the identification of phospholipase A2 as the enzyme responsible for the immediate inhibition of cytochrome P450 activity in microsomal preparations. The substrate specificity of functional honey bee microsomes was investigated with different fluorogenic substrates, and revealed a strong preference for coumarin over resorufin derivatives. Furthermore we were able to demonstrate the metabolism of insecticides by honey bee microsomes using an approach coupled to LC-MS/MS analysis of hydroxylated metabolites. Our work provides access to a new and simple in vitro tool to study honey bee phase 1 metabolism of xenobiotics utilising the entire range of microsomal cytochrome P450s.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Zaworra
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, R&D, Alfred Nobel Str. 50, D-40789 Monheim, Germany; University of Bonn, INRES, Molecular Phytomedicine, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Str. 13, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ralf Nauen
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, R&D, Alfred Nobel Str. 50, D-40789 Monheim, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Wihastuti TA, Aini FN, Tjahjono CT, Sulfia YH, Sholichah Z, Heriansyah T. Lp-PLA 2 Selective Inhibitor (Darapladib) Effect In Lowering The Expression Level Of IL-1B And IL-6 In The Renal At Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2019; 15:503-508. [PMID: 31802883 PMCID: PMC6830380 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s217904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study is to prove that type 2 diabetes mellitus can induce increasing inflammation marker in renal and that the provision of darapladib as Lp-LA2 Inhibitor agents can inhibit inflammation that were measured from the expression of IL-1B and IL-6- type cytokine in renal. This study also discusses the correlation between IL-1B and IL-6- type cytokine expression in renal. METHODS Thirty Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into three main groups; those are negative control group (NC), Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus group (T2DM) given high fat diet (HFD) with streptozotocin intraperitoneal injection (35mg/kg BW) and diabetes mellitus + darapladib group (DM + DP). Each group was treated within two serial treatment time: 8 weeks and 16 weeks. Expressions of IL-1B and IL-6- type cytokine in renal were the markers that we measured by immunofluorosense method. RESULTS The administration of darapladib can significantly decrease the expression of IL-1B- type cytokine (p ANOVA = 0.029, p < 0.005) measured in rats' renal both at weeks 8 and 16 in the T2DM group. The Expression of IL-6- type cytokine also showed a significant difference after treated with darapladib both at weeks 8 and 16 in T2DM group with p-value of ANOVA = 0.033, p < 0.005. The Pearson correlation showed a strong correlation (linear regression value was r2 = 0.743). CONCLUSION Our results show that atherosclerosis caused by inflammation in renal T2DM SD rats could be inhibited by the administration of darapladib.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Titin Andri Wihastuti
- Department of Basic Science in Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Fitria Nugraha Aini
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Islam Malang, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
- Master Programme of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Cholid Tri Tjahjono
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Yuni Hendrati Sulfia
- Master Programme of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Zuhrotus Sholichah
- Master Programme of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Teuku Heriansyah
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Kaur M, Dubey A, Khatri M, Sehrawat S. Secretory PLA2 specific single domain antibody neutralizes Russell viper venom induced cellular and organismal toxicity. Toxicon 2019; 172:15-18. [PMID: 31689425 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.10.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite continued destruction of human lives by snakebites, appreciable improvements in immunotherapies have not been made. We selected and characterized venom-specific single domain antibodies (sdAbs) from a constructed phage display library of camelid variable region of heavy chain of the heavy chain antibodies (VHHs). Secretory phospholipase A2-specific sdAbs neutralized venom-induced toxicity in vitro and in vivo. Such monoclonal sdAbs could serve as an alternative to help manage snakebites to save lives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manpreet Kaur
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81 SAS Nagar Knowledge City, PO Manauli, 140306, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Abhishek Dubey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81 SAS Nagar Knowledge City, PO Manauli, 140306, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Madhu Khatri
- University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panjab University Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Sharvan Sehrawat
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81 SAS Nagar Knowledge City, PO Manauli, 140306, Mohali, Punjab, India.
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Zhang P, Villanueva V, Kalkowski J, Liu C, Pham T, Perez-Salas U, Bu W, Lin B, Liu Y. Polyunsaturated Phospholipid Modified Membrane Degradation Catalyzed by a Secreted Phospholipase A2. Langmuir 2019; 35:11643-11650. [PMID: 31401834 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To optimize the compositions of the lipid-based nanomedicine and to advance understanding of the roles of polyunsaturated phospholipids in biological membranes, this study examined the effects of polyunsaturated phospholipids on the degradation of giant unilamellar vesicles catalyzed by a secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) using fluorescence microscopy. Molecular interfacial packing, interaction, and degradation of the films containing various mixing ratios of saturated and polyunsaturated phospholipids were quantified using a Langmuir trough integrated with synchrotron X-ray surface scattering techniques. It was found that a high molar fraction (0.63 and above) of polyunsaturated phospholipids not only enhanced the rate of sPLA2-catalyzed vesicle degradation but also changed the vesicle deformation process and degradation product morphology. Hydrolysis of the saturated phospholipids generated highly ordered liquid crystal domains, which was reduced or prohibited by the presence of the polyunsaturated phospholipids in the reactant film.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Wei Bu
- NSF's ChemMatCARS , University of Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , United States
| | - Binhua Lin
- NSF's ChemMatCARS , University of Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
87
|
Hernández-Elizárraga VH, Olguín-López N, Hernández-Matehuala R, Ocharán-Mercado A, Cruz-Hernández A, Guevara-González RG, Caballero-Pérez J, Ibarra-Alvarado C, Sánchez-Rodríguez J, Rojas-Molina A. Comparative Analysis of the Soluble Proteome and the Cytolytic Activity of Unbleached and Bleached Millepora complanata ("Fire Coral") from the Mexican Caribbean. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17070393. [PMID: 31277227 PMCID: PMC6669453 DOI: 10.3390/md17070393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Coral bleaching caused by global warming has resulted in massive damage to coral reefs worldwide. Studies addressing the consequences of elevated temperature have focused on organisms of the class Anthozoa, and up to now, there is little information regarding the mechanisms by which reef forming Hydrozoans face thermal stress. In this study, we carried out a comparative analysis of the soluble proteome and the cytolytic activity of unbleached and bleached Millepora complanata ("fire coral") that inhabited reef colonies exposed to the 2015-2016 El Niño-Southern Oscillation in the Mexican Caribbean. A differential proteomic response involving proteins implicated in key cellular processes, such as glycolysis, DNA repair, stress response, calcium homeostasis, exocytosis, and cytoskeleton organization was found in bleached hydrocorals. Four of the proteins, whose levels increased in bleached specimens, displayed sequence similarity to a phospholipase A2, an astacin-like metalloprotease, and two pore forming toxins. However, a protein, which displayed sequence similarity to a calcium-independent phospholipase A2, showed lower levels in bleached cnidarians. Accordingly, the hemolytic effect of the soluble proteome of bleached hydrocorals was significantly higher, whereas the phospholipase A2 activity was significantly reduced. Our results suggest that bleached M. complanata is capable of increasing its toxins production in order to balance the lack of nutrients supplied by its symbionts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Hugo Hernández-Elizárraga
- Posgrado en Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas S/N, C.P. 76010 Querétaro, Querétaro, México
| | - Norma Olguín-López
- Posgrado en Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas S/N, C.P. 76010 Querétaro, Querétaro, México
| | - Rosalina Hernández-Matehuala
- Posgrado en Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas S/N, C.P. 76010 Querétaro, Querétaro, México
| | - Andrea Ocharán-Mercado
- Laboratorio de Investigación Química y Farmacológica de Productos Naturales, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas S/N, C.P. 76010 Querétaro, Querétaro, México
| | - Andrés Cruz-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular. Escuela de Agronomía, Universidad de La Salle Bajío, Av. Universidad 15 602, Colonia Lomas del Campestre, C.P. 37150 León, Guanajuato, México
| | - Ramón Gerardo Guevara-González
- C.A Ingeniería de Biosistemas, Facultad de Ingeniería-Campus Amazcala, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Carr. Chichimequillas-Amazcala Km. 1, S/N, C.P. 76265 Amazcala, El Marqués, Querétaro, México
| | - Juan Caballero-Pérez
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas S/N, C.P. 76010 Querétaro, Querétaro, México
| | - César Ibarra-Alvarado
- Laboratorio de Investigación Química y Farmacológica de Productos Naturales, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas S/N, C.P. 76010 Querétaro, Querétaro, México
| | - Judith Sánchez-Rodríguez
- Unidad Académica de Sistemas Arrecifales Puerto Morelos, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Prolongación Niños Héroes S/N, Puerto Morelos, C.P. 77580 Quintana Roo, México
| | - Alejandra Rojas-Molina
- Laboratorio de Investigación Química y Farmacológica de Productos Naturales, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas S/N, C.P. 76010 Querétaro, Querétaro, México.
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Sajjadian SM, Vatanparast M, Kim Y. Toll/IMD signal pathways mediate cellular immune responses via induction of intracellular PLA 2 expression. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 2019; 101:e21559. [PMID: 31062425 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2 ) hydrolyzes fatty acids from phospholipids at the sn-2 position. Two intracellular PLA2 s, iPLA2 A and iPLA2 B, have been found in Spodoptera exigua. Both are calcium-independent cellular PLA2 . Their orthologs have been found in other insects. These two iPLA2 s are different in ankyrin motif of N terminal region. The objective of this study was to determine whether Toll/immune deficiency (IMD) signal pathways could mediate cellular immune responses via induction of iPLA2 expression. Both iPLA 2 s were expressed in all developmental stages of S. exigua, showing the highest expression in the adult stage. During larval stage, hemocyte is the main tissue showing expression of these iPLA2 s. Both iPLA2 s exhibited similar expression patterns after immune challenge with different microbial pathogens such as virus, bacteria, and fungi. Promoter component analysis of orthologs encoded in S. frugiperda indicated nuclear factor-κB- and Relish-responsible elements on their promoters, suggesting their expression in S. exigua under Toll/IMD immune signaling pathways. RNA interference (RNAi) of MyD88 or Pelle under Toll pathway suppressed inducible expression levels of both iPLA2 s in response to Gram-positive bacteria containing Lys-type peptidoglycan or fungal infection. In contrast, RNAi against Relish under IMD pathway suppressed both iPLA2 s in response to infection with Gram-negative bacteria. Under RNAi conditions, hemocytes significantly lost cellular immune response measured by nodule formation. However, addition of arachidonic acid (a catalytic product of PLA2 ) rescued such immunosuppression. These results suggest that Toll/IMD signal pathways can mediate cellular immune responses via eicosanoid signaling by inducing iPLA2 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyede Minoo Sajjadian
- Department of Plant Medicals, College of Life Sciences, Andong National University, Andong, Korea
| | - Mohammad Vatanparast
- Department of Plant Medicals, College of Life Sciences, Andong National University, Andong, Korea
| | - Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Plant Medicals, College of Life Sciences, Andong National University, Andong, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Nikolaou A, Kokotou MG, Vasilakaki S, Kokotos G. Small-molecule inhibitors as potential therapeutics and as tools to understand the role of phospholipases A 2. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:941-956. [PMID: 30905350 PMCID: PMC7106526 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes are involved in various inflammatory pathological conditions including arthritis, cardiovascular and autoimmune diseases. The regulation of their catalytic activity is of high importance and a great effort has been devoted in developing synthetic inhibitors. We summarize the most important small-molecule synthetic PLA2 inhibitors developed to target each one of the four major types of human PLA2 (cytosolic cPLA2, calcium-independent iPLA2, secreted sPLA2, and lipoprotein-associated LpPLA2). We discuss recent applications of inhibitors to understand the role of each PLA2 type and their therapeutic potential. Potent and selective PLA2 inhibitors have been developed. Although some of them have been evaluated in clinical trials, none reached the market yet. Apart from their importance as potential medicinal agents, PLA2 inhibitors are excellent tools to unveil the role that each PLA2 type plays in cells and in vivo. Modern medicinal chemistry approaches are expected to generate improved PLA2 inhibitors as new agents to treat inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Nikolaou
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Maroula G Kokotou
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Sofia Vasilakaki
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - George Kokotos
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Sukocheva O, Menschikowski M, Hagelgans A, Yarla NS, Siegert G, Reddanna P, Bishayee A. Current insights into functions of phospholipase A2 receptor in normal and cancer cells: More questions than answers. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 56:116-127. [PMID: 29104026 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Lipid signaling network was proposed as a potential target for cancer prevention and treatment. Several recent studies revealed that phospholipid metabolising enzyme, phospholipase A2 (PLA2), is a critical regulator of cancer accelerating pathologies and apoptosis in several types of cancers. In addition to functioning as an enzyme, PLA2 can activate a phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R1) in plasma membrane. While the list of PLA2 targets extends to glucose homeostasis, intracellular energy balance, adipocyte development, and hepatic lipogenesis, the PLA2R1 downstream effectors are few and scarcely investigated. Among the most addressed PLA2R1 effects are regulation of pro-inflammatory signaling, autoimmunity, apoptosis, and senescence. Localized in glomeruli podocytes, the receptor can be identified by circulating anti-PLA2R1 autoantibodies leading to development of membranous nephropathy, a strong autoimmune inflammatory cascade. PLA2R1 was shown to induce activation of Janus-kinase 2 (JAK2) and estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα)-controlled mitochondrial proteins, as well as increasing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, thus leading to apoptosis and senescence. These findings indicate the potential role of PLA2R1 as tumor suppressor. Epigenetic investigations addressed the role of DNA methylation, histone modifications, and specific microRNAs in the regulation of PLA2R1 expression. However, involvement of PLA2R1 in suppression of malignant growth and metastasis remains controversial. In this review, we summarize the recent findings that highlight the role of PLA2R1 in the regulation of carcinogenesis-related intracellular signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Sukocheva
- School of Health Sciences, Flinders University of South Australia, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia.
| | - Mario Menschikowski
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Technical University of Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Albert Hagelgans
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Technical University of Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Nagendra Sastry Yarla
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, Telangana, India
| | - Gabriele Siegert
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Technical University of Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Pallu Reddanna
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, Telangana, India
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Vatanparast M, Ahmed S, Sajjadian SM, Kim Y. A prophylactic role of a secretory PLA 2 of Spodoptera exigua against entomopathogens. Dev Comp Immunol 2019; 95:108-117. [PMID: 30776421 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) hydrolyses phospholipids at sn-2 position to release free fatty acids and lysophospholipids. Secretory type of PLA2 (sPLA2) has been found in many different animals including insects. Insect sPLA2s have been divided into venomous and nonvenomous PLA2s. A non-venomous sPLA2 (Se-sPLA2) has been identified in beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua. Its high enzyme activity is detected in hemolymph of naïve larvae. However, the physiological role of high sPLA2 activity in hemolymph remains unclear. To determine the physiological role of sPLA2 in hemolymph, a recombinant Se-sPLA2 (rSe-sPLA2) was expressed in a bacterial expression system and purified to test antimicrobial activity against various microbes. Purified rSe-sPLA2 exhibited typical enzyme kinetic properties, including becoming saturated at high substrate concentrations, exhibiting optimal activity at pH 7-9, and being inactivated at high temperatures. However, a reducing agent (dithiothreitol) or calcium chelator treatment inhibited the catalytic activity. A specific inhibitor to sPLA2 also inhibited the enzyme activity of rSe-sPLA2 while other type PLA2 inhibitors did not. Furthermore, eight bacterial metabolites of Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus known to be inhibitory against insect PLA2 significantly inhibited the enzyme activity of rSe-sPLA2. High concentrations of rSe-sPLA2 (above 0.5 mM) showed significant cytotoxicity to hemocytes of S. exigua. At concentrations without showing cytotoxicity, rSe-sPLA2 possessed significant antimicrobial activities against entomopathogenic bacteria (Serratia marscens and Entercoccus mondtii) and fungi (Beauveria bassiana and Metarhyzium rileyi). Hemolymph obtained from larvae treated with RNA interference specific to Se-sPLA2 significantly lost such antimicrobial activities. However, the addition of rSe-sPLA2 to the hemolymph significantly rescued such antimicrobial activities. These results indicate that Se-sPLA2 possesses antimicrobial activity, suggesting that it might act as a prophylactic agent against microbial pathogens in the hemolymph of S. exigua.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Vatanparast
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, 36729, South Korea
| | - Shabbir Ahmed
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, 36729, South Korea
| | | | - Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, 36729, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Lin H, Jun I, Woo JH, Lee MG, Kim SJ, Nam JH. Temperature-dependent increase in the calcium sensitivity and acceleration of activation of ANO6 chloride channel variants. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6706. [PMID: 31040335 PMCID: PMC6491614 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43162-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Anoctamin-6 (ANO6) belongs to a family of calcium (Ca2+)-activated chloride channels (CaCCs), with three splicing variants (V1, V2, and V5) showing plasma membrane expression. Unlike other CaCCs, ANO6 requires a non-physiological intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i > 1 μM) and several minutes for full activation under a whole-cell patch clamp. Therefore, its physiological role as an ion channel is uncertain and it is more commonly considered a Ca2+-dependent phospholipid scramblase. Here, we demonstrate that physiological temperature (37 °C) increases ANO6 Ca2+ sensitivity under a whole-cell patch clamp; V1 was activated by 1 μM [Ca2+]i, whereas V2 and V5 were activated by 300 nM [Ca2+]i. Increasing the temperature to 42 °C led to activation of all ANO6 variants by 100 nM [Ca2+]i. The delay time for activation of the three variants was significantly shortened at 37 °C. Notably, the temperature-dependent Ca2+-sensitisation of ANO6 became insignificant under inside-out patch clamp, suggesting critical roles of unknown cytosolic factors. Unlike channel activity, 27 °C but not 37 °C (physiological temperature) induced the scramblase activity of ANO6 at submicromolar [Ca2+]i (300 nM), irrespective of variant type. Our results reveal a physiological ion conducting property of ANO6 at 37 °C and suggest that ANO6 channel function acts separately from its scramblase activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyue Lin
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Ikhyun Jun
- The Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Han Woo
- Department of Physiology, Dongguk University College of Medicine, 123 Dongdae-ro, Gyeongju, 38066, Republic of Korea
- Channelopathy Research Center (CRC), Dongguk University College of Medicine, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsan Dong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Goo Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Joon Kim
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
| | - Joo Hyun Nam
- Department of Physiology, Dongguk University College of Medicine, 123 Dongdae-ro, Gyeongju, 38066, Republic of Korea.
- Channelopathy Research Center (CRC), Dongguk University College of Medicine, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsan Dong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Dabral D, Coorssen JR. Combined targeted Omic and Functional Assays Identify Phospholipases A₂ that Regulate Docking/Priming in Calcium-Triggered Exocytosis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8040303. [PMID: 30986994 PMCID: PMC6523306 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The fundamental molecular mechanism underlying the membrane merger steps of regulated exocytosis is highly conserved across cell types. Although involvement of Phospholipase A₂ (PLA₂) in regulated exocytosis has long been suggested, its function or that of its metabolites-a lyso-phospholipid and a free fatty acid-remain somewhat speculative. Here, using a combined bioinformatics and top-down discovery proteomics approach, coupled with lipidomic analyses, PLA₂ were found to be associated with release-ready cortical secretory vesicles (CV) that possess the minimal molecular machinery for docking, Ca2+ sensing and membrane fusion. Tightly coupling the molecular analyses with well-established quantitative fusion assays, we show for the first time that inhibition of a CV surface calcium independent intracellular PLA₂ and a luminal secretory PLA₂ significantly reduce docking/priming in the late steps of regulated exocytosis, indicating key regulatory roles in the critical step(s) preceding membrane merger.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Dabral
- Molecular Physiology and Molecular Medicine Research Group, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown Campus, NSW 2560, Australia.
| | - Jens R Coorssen
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences and Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Mathematics & Science, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Law SH, Chan ML, Marathe GK, Parveen F, Chen CH, Ke LY. An Updated Review of Lysophosphatidylcholine Metabolism in Human Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051149. [PMID: 30845751 PMCID: PMC6429061 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) is increasingly recognized as a key marker/factor positively associated with cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. However, findings from recent clinical lipidomic studies of LPC have been controversial. A key issue is the complexity of the enzymatic cascade involved in LPC metabolism. Here, we address the coordination of these enzymes and the derangement that may disrupt LPC homeostasis, leading to metabolic disorders. LPC is mainly derived from the turnover of phosphatidylcholine (PC) in the circulation by phospholipase A2 (PLA2). In the presence of Acyl-CoA, lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase (LPCAT) converts LPC to PC, which rapidly gets recycled by the Lands cycle. However, overexpression or enhanced activity of PLA2 increases the LPC content in modified low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and oxidized LDL, which play significant roles in the development of atherosclerotic plaques and endothelial dysfunction. The intracellular enzyme LPCAT cannot directly remove LPC from circulation. Hydrolysis of LPC by autotaxin, an enzyme with lysophospholipase D activity, generates lysophosphatidic acid, which is highly associated with cancers. Although enzymes with lysophospholipase A1 activity could theoretically degrade LPC into harmless metabolites, they have not been found in the circulation. In conclusion, understanding enzyme kinetics and LPC metabolism may help identify novel therapeutic targets in LPC-associated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Hui Law
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
| | - Mei-Lin Chan
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital, MacKay Medical College, Taipei 10449, Taiwan.
| | - Gopal K Marathe
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, Manasagangothri, University of Mysore, Mysore-570006, India.
| | - Farzana Parveen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
| | - Chu-Huang Chen
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Liang-Yin Ke
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Dutta S, Sinha A, Dasgupta S, Mukherjee AK. Binding of a Naja naja venom acidic phospholipase A 2 cognate complex to membrane-bound vimentin of rat L6 cells: Implications in cobra venom-induced cytotoxicity. Biochim Biophys Acta Biomembr 2019; 1861:958-977. [PMID: 30776333 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
An acidic phospholipase A2 enzyme (NnPLA2-I) interacts with three finger toxins (cytotoxin and neurotoxin) from Naja naja venom to form cognate complexes to enhance its cytotoxicity towards rat L6 myogenic cells. The cytotoxicity was further enhanced in presence of trace quantity of venom nerve growth factor. The purified rat myoblast cell membrane protein showing interaction with NnPLA2-I was identified as vimentin by LC-MS/MS analysis. The ELISA, immunoblot and spectrofluorometric analyses showed greater binding of NnPLA2-I cognate complex to vimentin as compared to the binding of individual NnPLA2-I. The immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy studies evidenced the internalization of NnPLA2-I to partially differentiated myoblasts post binding with vimentin in a time-dependent manner. Pre-incubation of polyvalent antivenom with NnPLA2-I cognate complex demonstrated better neutralization of cytotoxicity towards L6 cells as compared to exogenous addition of polyvalent antivenom 60-240 min post treatment of L6 cells with cognate complex suggesting clinical advantage of early antivenom treatment to prevent cobra venom-induced cytotoxicity. The in silico analysis showed that 19-22 residues, inclusive of Asp48 residue, of NnPLA2-I preferentially binds with the rod domain (99-189 and 261-335 regions) of vimentin with a predicted free binding energy (ΔG) and dissociation constant (KD) values of -12.86 kcal/mol and 3.67 × 10-10 M, respectively; however, NnPLA2-I cognate complex showed greater binding with the same regions of vimentin indicating the pathophysiological significance of cognate complex in cobra venom-induced cytotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumita Dutta
- Microbial Biotechnology and Protein Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India
| | - Archana Sinha
- Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India
| | - Suman Dasgupta
- Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India
| | - Ashis K Mukherjee
- Microbial Biotechnology and Protein Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India.
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Perez-Riverol A, Lasa AM, Dos Santos-Pinto JRA, Palma MS. Insect venom phospholipases A1 and A2: Roles in the envenoming process and allergy. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 105:10-24. [PMID: 30582958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Insect venom phospholipases have been identified in nearly all clinically relevant social Hymenoptera, including bees, wasps and ants. Among other biological roles, during the envenoming process these enzymes cause the disruption of cellular membranes and induce hypersensitive reactions, including life threatening anaphylaxis. While phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is a predominant component of bee venoms, phospholipase A1 (PLA1) is highly abundant in wasps and ants. The pronounced prevalence of IgE-mediated reactivity to these allergens in sensitized patients emphasizes their important role as major elicitors of Hymenoptera venom allergy (HVA). PLA1 and -A2 represent valuable marker allergens for differentiation of genuine sensitizations to bee and/or wasp venoms from cross-reactivity. Moreover, in massive attacks, insect venom phospholipases often cause several pathologies that can lead to fatalities. This review summarizes the available data related to structure, model of enzymatic activity and pathophysiological roles during envenoming process of insect venom phospholipases A1 and -A2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amilcar Perez-Riverol
- Center of the Study of Social Insects, Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Rio Claro, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, SP, 13500, Brazil
| | - Alexis Musacchio Lasa
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Biomedical Research Division, Department of System Biology, Ave. 31, e/158 and 190, P.O. Box 6162, Cubanacan, Playa, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - José Roberto Aparecido Dos Santos-Pinto
- Center of the Study of Social Insects, Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Rio Claro, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, SP, 13500, Brazil
| | - Mario Sergio Palma
- Center of the Study of Social Insects, Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Rio Claro, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, SP, 13500, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Strauch MA, Tomaz MA, Monteiro-Machado M, Cons BL, Patrão-Neto FC, Teixeira-Cruz JDM, Tavares-Henriques MDS, Nogueira-Souza PD, Gomes SLS, Costa PRR, Schaeffer E, da Silva AJM, Melo PA. Lapachol and synthetic derivatives: in vitro and in vivo activities against Bothrops snake venoms. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211229. [PMID: 30689661 PMCID: PMC6349327 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background It is known that local tissue injuries incurred by snakebites are quickly instilled causing extensive, irreversible, tissue destruction that may include loss of limb function or even amputation. Such injuries are not completely neutralized by the available antivenins, which in general are focused on halting systemic effects. Therefore it is prudent to investigate the potential antiophidic effects of natural and synthetic compounds, perhaps combining them with serum therapy, to potentially attenuate or eliminate the adverse local and systemic effects of snake venom. This study assessed a group of quinones that are widely distributed in nature and constitute an important class of natural products that exhibit a range of biological activities. Of these quinones, lapachol is one of the most important compounds, having been first isolated in 1882 from the bark of Tabebuia avellanedae. Methodology/Principal findings It was investigated the ability of lapachol and some new potential active analogues based on the 2-hydroxi-naphthoquinone scaffold to antagonize important activities of Bothrops venoms (Bothrops atrox and Bothrops jararaca) under different experimental protocols in vitro and in vivo. The bioassays used to test the compounds were: procoagulant, phospholipase A2, collagenase and proteolytic activities in vitro, venom-induced hemorrhage, edematogenic, and myotoxic effects in mice. Proteolytic and collagenase activities of Bothrops atrox venom were shown to be inhibited by lapachol and its analogues 3a, 3b, 3c, 3e. The inhibition of these enzymatic activities might help to explain the effects of the analogue 3a in vivo, which decreased skin hemorrhage induced by Bothrops venom. Lapachol and the synthetic analogues 3a and 3b did not inhibit the myotoxic activity induced by Bothrops atrox venom. The negative protective effect of these compounds against the myotoxicity can be partially explained by their lack of ability to effectively inhibit phospholipase A2 venom activity. Bothrops atrox venom also induced edema, which was significantly reduced by the analogue 3a. Conclusions This research using a natural quinone and some related synthetic quinone compounds has shown that they exhibit antivenom activity; especially the compound 3a. The data from 3a showed a decrease in inflammatory venom effects, presumably those that are metalloproteinase-derived. Its ability to counteract such snake venom activities contributes to the search for improving the management of venomous snakebites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo A. Strauch
- Laboratório de Farmacologia das Toxinas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas—Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
- Instituto Vital Brazil, Niterói-RJ, Brazil
- * E-mail: (MAS); (MAT); (PAM)
| | - Marcelo Amorim Tomaz
- Laboratório de Farmacologia das Toxinas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas—Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
- * E-mail: (MAS); (MAT); (PAM)
| | - Marcos Monteiro-Machado
- Laboratório de Farmacologia das Toxinas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas—Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - Bruno Lemos Cons
- Laboratório de Farmacologia das Toxinas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas—Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernando Chagas Patrão-Neto
- Laboratório de Farmacologia das Toxinas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas—Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - Jhonatha da Mota Teixeira-Cruz
- Laboratório de Farmacologia das Toxinas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas—Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - Matheus da Silva Tavares-Henriques
- Laboratório de Farmacologia das Toxinas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas—Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - Pâmella Dourila Nogueira-Souza
- Laboratório de Farmacologia das Toxinas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas—Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - Sara L. S. Gomes
- Laboratório de Química Bioorgânica, Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais Walter Mors-Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
- Laboratório de Catálise Orgânica, Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais Walter Mors-Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - Paulo R. R. Costa
- Laboratório de Catálise Orgânica, Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais Walter Mors-Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - Edgar Schaeffer
- Laboratório de Química Bioorgânica, Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais Walter Mors-Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - Alcides J. M. da Silva
- Laboratório de Química Bioorgânica, Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais Walter Mors-Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - Paulo A. Melo
- Laboratório de Farmacologia das Toxinas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas—Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
- * E-mail: (MAS); (MAT); (PAM)
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Shin YS, Jeong J, Nguyen THT, Kim JYH, Jin E, Sim SJ. Targeted knockout of phospholipase A 2 to increase lipid productivity in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii for biodiesel production. Bioresour Technol 2019; 271:368-374. [PMID: 30293032 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.09.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Biofuel derived from microalgae have several advantages over other oleaginous crops, however, still needs to be improved with its cost aspect and can be achieved by developing of a strain with improved lipid productivity. In this study, the CRISPR-Cas9 system was incorporated to carry out a target-specific knockout of the phospholipase A2 gene in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The targeted gene encodes a key enzyme in the Lands cycle. As a result, the mutants showed a characteristic of increased diacylglycerol pool, followed by a higher accumulation of triacylglycerol without being significantly compensated with the cell growth. As a result, the overall lipid productivities of phospholipase A2 knockout mutants have increased by up to 64.25% (to 80.92 g L-1 d-1). This study can provide crucial information for the biodiesel industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Sol Shin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seoungbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jooyeon Jeong
- Department of Life Science and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Thu Ha Thi Nguyen
- Department of Life Science and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaoon Young Hwan Kim
- Convergence Research Division, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Jangsan-ro 101beon-gil 75, Janghang-eup, Seocheon-gun, Chungcheongnam-do 33662, Republic of Korea
| | - EonSeon Jin
- Department of Life Science and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Jun Sim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seoungbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
99
|
Torres-Bonilla KA, Andrade-Silva D, Serrano SMT, Hyslop S. Biochemical characterization of venom from Pseudoboa neuwiedii (Neuwied's false boa; Xenodontinae; Pseudoboini). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 213:27-38. [PMID: 29966733 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we examined the proteolytic and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activities of venom from the opisthoglyphous colubrid Pseudoboa neuwiedii. Proteolytic activity (3 and 10 μg of venom) was comparable to that of Bothrops neuwiedii venom but less than Bothrops atrox. This activity was inhibited by EDTA and 1,10-phenanthroline but only slightly affected (≤30% inhibition) by PMSF and AEBSF, indicating it was mediated by snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs). The pH and temperature optima for proteolytic activity were 8.0 and 37 °C, respectively. The venom had no esterase activity, whereas PLA2 activity was similar to B. atrox, greater than B. neuwiedii but less than B. jararacussu. SDS-PAGE revealed venom proteins >100 kDa, 45-70 kDa, 21-24 kDa and ~15 kDa, and mass spectrometry of protein bands revealed SVMPs, cysteine-rich secretory proteins (CRISPs) and PLA2, but no serine proteinases. In gelatin zymography, the most active bands occurred at 65-68 kDa (seen with 0.05-0.25 μg of venom). Caseinolytic activity occurred at 50-66 kDa and was generally weaker than gelatinolytic activity. RP-HPLC of venom yielded 15 peaks, five of which showed gelatinolytic activity; peak 7 was the most active and apparently contained a P-III class SVMP. The venom showed α-fibrinogenase activity, without affecting the β and γ chains; this activity was inhibited by EDTA and 1,10-phenanthroline. The venom did not clot rat citrated plasma but reduced the rate and extent of coagulation after plasma recalcification. In conclusion, P. neuwiedii venom is highly proteolytic and could potentially affect coagulation in vivo by degrading fibrinogen via SVMPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristian A Torres-Bonilla
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, 13083-887 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Débora Andrade-Silva
- Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, Avenida Brazil 1500, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Solange M T Serrano
- Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, Avenida Brazil 1500, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Stephen Hyslop
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, 13083-887 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Xiong Y, Li B, Huang D, He Q, Yu X. Anti-Deinagkistrodon acutus venom properties of ethanolic root extract from Cynanchum paniculatum (Bunge) kitag and its GC-MS analysis. J Ethnopharmacol 2018; 225:189-197. [PMID: 30033377 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cynanchum paniculatum (Bunge) Kitag known as a popular Chinese herbal medicine has been used for a long time to treat a wide variety of diseases including snakebites. However, there is scarce information on the antiophidian potential of this plant. AIM OF THE STUDY The purpose of this work was to evaluate the inhibition effects of the ethanol extract of C. paniculatum on the enzymatic and biological activities induced by Deinagkistrodon acutus venom (DAV). The phytochemical components in the extract were also determined for understanding the mechanism of antivenom activities. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fresh root of C. paniculatum was shed-dried and smashed into powder. The powder was then extracted in 75% ethanol by refluxing method. Inhibition of proteolytic, phospholipase A2, fibrinogenolytic and hyaluronidase activities of DAV by the extract were determined in vitro. Neutralization of lethal, hemorrhagic, myotoxic and edematogenic activities induced by the venom were also performed in vivo. Phytochemical constituents of the extract were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). RESULTS The ethanolic root extract of C. paniculatum (CPER) was able to completely (100%) inhibit protease and hyaluronidase activities induced by DAV when preincubated at a ratio of 1:100 and 1:50 (venom/extract, W/W), respectively. PLA2 and fibrinogenolytic enzyme activities were actually neutralized at the concentration tested. In-vivo studies the inhibition of venom hemorrhagic and myotoxic action reached 100% when the venom was previously incubated with the extract (1:100) before injection. The edematogenic effect was also inhibited in a dose-response manner. CPER completely inhibited DAV-induced lethality in mice when the venom was preincubated with the extract at a ratio of 1:100. GC-MS analysis indicated that a total of 58 compounds were discovered in CPER. Among them, 5 bioactive constituents including 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, n-hexadecanoic acid, cis-vaccenic acid, γ-sitosterol and stigmasterol exhibit antivenom activity according to previous reports. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained in this work validate for the first time CPER as a traditional antiophidic herb, especially inhibitory effect on local damage induced by DAV, suggesting it could be used as a potential source of bioactive components against snakebites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xiong
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Bioactive Substance, Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Active Substance and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Bo Li
- School of Education, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Dachun Huang
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Bioactive Substance, Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Active Substance and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Qiyi He
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Bioactive Substance, Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Active Substance and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China.
| | - Xiaodong Yu
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Bioactive Substance, Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Active Substance and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China.
| |
Collapse
|