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Spychalowicz A, Wilk G, Śliwa T, Ludew D, Guzik TJ. Novel therapeutic approaches in limiting oxidative stress and inflammation. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2012; 13:2456-2466. [PMID: 22280420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease, cancer and other diseases. Thus, antioxidant strategies may be important in immune regulation and in limiting inflammation. Surprisingly, large clinical trials have shown that ROS scavenging by antioxidant vitamins is ineffective or even harmful in spite of the fact that reactive oxygen species themselves are pro-inflammatory, regulate immune system and enhance atherosclerosis. Therefore, there is a need of novel, more specific antioxidant and anti-inflammatory approaches aimed on prevention of ROS formation, by targeting specific molecular pathways involved in ROS generation and their activation of pro-inflammatory cascades. Potential targets include the NADPH oxidases (Nox enzymes), xanthine oxidase, endothelial nitric oxide synthase and mitochondrial oxidases. Nox enzymes play central role, as they can stimulate other enzymatic sources of ROS. The interplay between inflammation and oxidative stress is discussed in the context of adipose tissue, perivascular inflammation and role of the central nervous system in immune regulation. All of the above participate in "brain-vessel axis" critical in the pathogenesis of numerous pathologies. Role of cytokines such as TNF-alpha, IL-17 or IL-6 and their links to superoxide and hydrogen peroxide production are discussed. Statins, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists, block upstream signaling of Nox activation, including MAP kinase signaling or G protein activation, which contribute to their clinical effectiveness. Here, we discuss novel possibilities that drugs directly inhibiting Nox activation could successfully inhibit oxidative stress and inflammation related to cardiovascular disease. Moreover, we describe potential gene therapy approaches in limiting oxidative stress in the vasculature. These approaches can become also useful in cancer immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Spychalowicz
- Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum, Skarbowa 1, 31-121 Krakow, Poland
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Abstract
The second messengers cAMP and cGMP exist in multiple discrete compartments and regulate a variety of biological processes in the heart. The cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, by catalyzing the hydrolysis of cAMP and cGMP, play crucial roles in controlling the amplitude, duration, and compartmentalization of cyclic nucleotide signaling. Over 60 phosphodiesterase isoforms, grouped into 11 families, have been discovered to date. In the heart, both cAMP- and cGMP-hydrolyzing phosphodiesterases play important roles in physiology and pathology. At least 7 of the 11 phosphodiesterase family members appear to be expressed in the myocardium, and evidence supports phosphodiesterase involvement in regulation of many processes important for normal cardiac function including pacemaking and contractility, as well as many pathological processes including remodeling and myocyte apoptosis. Pharmacological inhibitors for a number of phosphodiesterase families have also been used clinically or preclinically to treat several types of cardiovascular disease. In addition, phosphodiesterase inhibitors are also being considered for treatment of many forms of disease outside the cardiovascular system, raising the possibility of cardiovascular side effects of such agents. This review will discuss the roles of phosphodiesterases in the heart, in terms of expression patterns, regulation, and involvement in physiological and pathological functions. Additionally, the cardiac effects of various phosphodiesterase inhibitors, both potentially beneficial and detrimental, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. E. Knight
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - C. Yan
- Department of Medicine, Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
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104
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral conversion of androgens to oestrogens via aromatase is the primary source of oestrogen in postmenopausal women and may play a role in cardiovascular health. DESIGN Prospective. PARTICIPANTS, MEASUREMENTS: The association of an index of aromatase activity (AROM), the serum oestrone-to-androstenedione ratio, with 25-year cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality was examined in 819 postmenopausal non-oestrogen using women (mean age at baseline = 72). RESULTS Overall, 247 deaths were attributed to CVD. The median AROM value was 60 (95% range 17-129). AROM was positively correlated with age (r = 0·28) and body mass index (BMI) (r = 0·22) (P < 0·001). The age-adjusted risk for CVD mortality was significantly elevated for women in the lowest (HR = 2·01, 95% CI 1·31-3·12) and highest (HR = 1·51, 95%CI 1·02-2·22) quintiles of AROM, compared with the middle quintile. This U-shaped association persisted after additional adjustment for BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, exercise, smoking, alcohol use and traditional CVD risk factor covariates. There was a significant interaction of AROM and BMI (P = 0·001), such that high AROM was associated with a 63% reduction in risk of CVD death for women with low BMI (<22 kg/m(2) ), but with 2·1- to 2·5-fold increased risk in women with mid-range (22-<25 kg/m(2) ) and high (≥25 kg/m(2) ) BMI. Oestradiol did not influence AROM associations and was not independently related to CVD death. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that aromatase is a novel endocrine factor predictive of CVD mortality among postmenopausal women. If confirmed, additional studies are needed to determine whether extremes of aromatase reflect genetic influences or underlying disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail A Laughlin
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Vedantham S, Ananthakrishnan R, Schmidt AM, Ramasamy R. Aldose reductase, oxidative stress and diabetic cardiovascular complications. Cardiovasc Hematol Agents Med Chem 2012; 10:234-40. [PMID: 22632267 PMCID: PMC3629910 DOI: 10.2174/187152512802651097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease represents the major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus. Studies by us and others have implicated increased flux via aldose reductase (AR) as a key player in mediating diabetic complications, including cardiovascular complications. Data suggest that increased flux via AR in diabetics perpetuates increased injury after myocardial infarction, accelerates atherosclerotic lesion formation, and promotes restenosis via multiple mechanisms. Most importantly, studies have shown that increased generation of reactive oxygen species due to flux via AR has been a common feature in animal models of diabetic cardiovascular disease. Taken together, these considerations place AR in the center of biochemical and molecular stresses that characterize the cardiovascular complications of diabetes. Stopping AR-dependent signaling may hold the key to interrupting cycles of cellular perturbation and tissue damage in diabetic cardiovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ravichandran Ramasamy
- Address correspondence to this author at the Diabetes Research Program, New York University Langone Medical Center, Smilow Research Building Room 901, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA; Tel: 212-263-9475; Fax: 212-263-9497;
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DiSilvestro RA, Joseph EL, Zhang W, Raimo AE, Kim YM. A randomized trial of copper supplementation effects on blood copper enzyme activities and parameters related to cardiovascular health. Metabolism 2012; 61:1242-6. [PMID: 22444781 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Marginal copper deficiency, which may affect cardiovascular disease risk, is proposed to occur in many adults in Western industrialized countries. The present study tested the hypothesis that in a group of USA adults, increased copper intake would alter readings for blood copper enzymes and markers relevant to cardiovascular disease risk. Healthy middle aged adults with moderately high cholesterol, were given either placebo or copper supplementation (2 mg copper/day as copper glycinate) for 8 weeks. Blood samples were taken before and after the 8 weeks. Copper, but not placebo, raised activities for two copper enzymes, erythrocyte superoxide dismutase 1 and plasma ceruloplasmin. In contrast, five cardiovascular health related plasma parameters were not changed significantly by copper: C-reactive protein, homocysteine, and cholesterol (total, LDL and HDL). However, changes in erythrocyte superoxide dismutase 1 correlated positively with changes in plasma HDL and negatively with plasma homocysteine. Also, copper lowered mean oxidized LDL values, a result that was statistically significant, but inconsistent. In this test population, increased copper intake raised copper enzyme activities, but did not consistently improve the cardiovascular health measures studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A DiSilvestro
- Department of Human Nutrition, College of Education and Human Ecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1295, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Klingler
- Boston Biomedical Research Institute, 64 Grove Street, Watertown, MA 02472, USA
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108
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Abstract
Although an atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype has been well recognized as an important predictor of cardiovascular disease, recent studies have demonstrated a number of additional lipid-related markers as emerging biomarkers to identify patients at risk for future coronary heart disease. Among them, lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) (Lp-PLA(2)), seems to be a promising candidate that might be added to the clinical armamentarium for improved prediction of cardiovascular disease in the future. Of particular note, Lp-PLA(2) is the only enzyme that cleaves oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) in the subendothelial space, with further generation of proinflammatory mediators such as lysophosphatidylcholine (LysoPC) and oxidized fatty acid (oxFA), thereby probably linking two important features of atherogenesis, namely oxidation of LDL and local inflammatory processes within the atherosclerotic plaque. This overview aims to summarize our current knowledge based on observations from recent experimental and clinical studies. Emphasis has been put on potential pathophysiological mechanisms of action and on the clinical relevance of Lp-PLA(2) in a wide variety of clinical settings, including apparently healthy individuals, patients with stable angina or acute coronary syndromes, after myocardial infarction, and with subclinical disease. Although a growing body of evidence from epidemiological and clinical studies suggests that Lp-PLA(2) may represent an independent and clinically relevant long-term risk marker for coronary heart disease and, probably, also for stroke, the role of this enzyme in the setting of the acute coronary syndrome remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Khuseyinova
- Department of Internal Medicine II - Cardiology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
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Zill P, Baghai TC, Schüle C, Born C, Früstück C, Büttner A, Eisenmenger W, Varallo-Bedarida G, Rupprecht R, Möller HJ, Bondy B. DNA methylation analysis of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene in major depression. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40479. [PMID: 22808171 PMCID: PMC3396656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) has been repeatedly discussed as susceptibility factor for major depression (MD) and the bi-directional relation between MD and cardiovascular disorders (CVD). In this context, functional polymorphisms of the ACE gene have been linked to depression, to antidepressant treatment response, to ACE serum concentrations, as well as to hypertension, myocardial infarction and CVD risk markers. The mostly investigated ACE Ins/Del polymorphism accounts for ~40%-50% of the ACE serum concentration variance, the remaining half is probably determined by other genetic, environmental or epigenetic factors, but these are poorly understood. MATERIALS AND METHODS The main aim of the present study was the analysis of the DNA methylation pattern in the regulatory region of the ACE gene in peripheral leukocytes of 81 MD patients and 81 healthy controls. RESULTS We detected intensive DNA methylation within a recently described, functional important region of the ACE gene promoter including hypermethylation in depressed patients (p = 0.008) and a significant inverse correlation between the ACE serum concentration and ACE promoter methylation frequency in the total sample (p = 0.02). Furthermore, a significant inverse correlation between the concentrations of the inflammatory CVD risk markers ICAM-1, E-selectin and P-selectin and the degree of ACE promoter methylation in MD patients could be demonstrated (p = 0.01 - 0.04). CONCLUSION The results of the present study suggest that aberrations in ACE promoter DNA methylation may be an underlying cause of MD and probably a common pathogenic factor for the bi-directional relationship between MD and cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Zill
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Gavrilovic L, Mandusic V, Stojiljkovic V, Kasapovic J, Stojiljkovic S, Pajovic SB, Dronjak S. Effect of chronic forced running on gene expression of catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes in stellate ganglia of rats. J BIOL REG HOMEOS AG 2012; 26:367-377. [PMID: 23034256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The sympathoneural system has a profound influence on the heart function. Sympathetic neurons are the major contributors to the huge rise of circulating noradrenaline (NA) level in response to stressful stimuli. Treadmill training in rats is forced exercise which has the propensity to induce both psychological and physical stress. The aim of this study is to examine how chronic forced running (CFR) affects the expression of catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes (tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT)) and cAMP response element-binding (CREB) in stellate ganglia, as well as the concentrations of catecholamines, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone (CORT) in the plasma of rats. Also, we investigated how the additional acute immobilization stress changes the mentioned parameters. The rat training program consisted of 12 weeks running on a treadmill (20 m/min, 20 min/day). We found that CFR increases TH and DBH mRNA and protein levels in stellate ganglia, which is followed by increased NA concentration in the plasma. CFR reduces the level of PNMT mRNA, while the level of PNMT protein remains unchanged in stellate ganglia. The increased expression of TH and DBH genes positively correlates with the expression of CREB in stellate ganglia and with plasma ACTH level, while reduced level of PNMT mRNA in stellate ganglia correlates with reduced plasma CORT level. The additional acute immobilization stress increased gene expression of catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes in stellate ganglia, as well as catecholamines, ACTH and CORT levels in the plasma. The results presented here suggest that the continuous increase of the noradrenaline biosynthetic enzyme expression in stellate ganglia due to CFR may play a role in growing risk of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gavrilovic
- Institute of Nuclear Sciences Vinca, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
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111
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Gregson J, Stirnadel-Farrant HA, Doobaree IU, Koro C. Variation of lipoprotein associated phospholipase A2 across demographic characteristics and cardiovascular risk factors: a systematic review of the literature. Atherosclerosis 2012; 225:11-21. [PMID: 22784637 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipoprotein association phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA(2)), an enzyme which has been found in atherosclerotic plaque is currently under investigation in large Phase III clinical trials of vascular disease prevention. We assessed in a variety of different population settings variation of Lp-PLA(2) mass and activity across gender, ethnicity, diabetes, kidney disease and metabolic syndrome. We also assessed correlations with measures of circulating lipids, systemic inflammation and adiposity. METHODS Systematic review of studies measuring Lp-PLA(2) and at least one of the relevant characteristics in >50 participants. RESULTS We identified a total of 77 studies involving 102,499 participants meeting the inclusion criteria. Lp-PLA(2) mass and activity were consistently approximately 10% higher in males than females and 15% higher in Caucasians than African Americans or Hispanics. There were no clear associations of Lp-PLA(2) mass or activity with type II diabetes, markers of systemic inflammation (C-reactive protein, fibrinogen) or with body mass index. Correlations of Lp-PLA(2) mass or activity with low density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein B were moderate and positive, whilst correlations with high density lipoprotein cholesterol were negative and moderate to weak. There was no clear differences in associations with any of the above characteristics in groups defined based upon prevalent cardiovascular disease or its risk factors. CONCLUSIONS Despite considerable variability in absolute levels of Lp-PLA(2) across studies, the variability of Lp-PLA(2) across gender, ethnicity, and levels of circulating lipids and markers of systemic inflammation are more consistent and appear not to vary importantly across categories defined by CVD or its risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Gregson
- Department of Public Healthy and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, United Kingdom.
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112
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review the aberrations of insulin signaling to atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) in muscle and liver that generate cardiovascular risk factors, including obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, insulin resistance and glucose intolerance in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and obesity-associated metabolic syndrome (MetSyn). RECENT FINDINGS aPKC and Akt mediate the insulin effects on glucose transport in muscle and synthesis of lipids, cytokines and glucose in liver. In T2DM, whereas Akt and aPKC activation are diminished in muscle, and hepatic Akt activation is diminished, hepatic aPKC activation is conserved. Imbalance between muscle and hepatic aPKC activation (and expression of PKC-ι in humans) by insulin results from differential downregulation of insulin receptor substrates that control phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase. Conserved activation of hepatic aPKC in hyperinsulinemic states of T2DM, obesity and MetSyn is problematic, as excessive activation of aPKC-dependent lipogenic, gluconeogenic and proinflammatory pathways increases the cardiovascular risk factors. Indeed, selective inhibition of hepatic aPKC by adenoviral-mediated expression of kinase-inactive aPKC, or newly developed small-molecule biochemicals, dramatically improves abdominal obesity, hepatosteatosis, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, insulin resistance and glucose intolerance in murine models of obesity and T2DM. SUMMARY Hepatic aPKC is a unifying target for treating multiple clinical abnormalities that increase the cardiovascular risk in insulin-resistant states of obesity, MetSyn and T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert V Farese
- Medical and Research Services, James A. Haley Veterans Medical Center Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa Metabolism Division, Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida, USA
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Zajc Petranović M, Skarić-Jurić T, Smolej Narančić N, Tomas Z, Krajačić P, Miličić J, Barbalić M, Tomek-Roksandić S. Angiotensin-converting enzyme deletion allele is beneficial for the longevity of Europeans. Age (Dordr) 2012; 34:583-595. [PMID: 21614448 PMCID: PMC3337925 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-011-9270-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The human angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene is one of the most investigated candidate genes for cardiovascular diseases (CVD), but the understanding of its role among the elderly is vague. Therefore, this study focuses at: (a) testing the association of ACE polymorphism with CVD risk factors among the elderly, and (b) detecting the possible unequal distribution of ACE genotypes between senescent and younger segments of the European populations. The association of ACE I/D polymorphism with CVD health status [hypertension (HT), obesity, dislypidemia] in 301 very old subjects (88.2 ± 5 years; F/M = 221/80) was tested by means of logistic regression analysis. The meta-analysis of D allele frequency in general vs. elderly (80+ years) groups was conducted using all publicly available data for European populations comprising both age cohorts. Multiple multinomial logistic regression revealed that within this elderly sample, age (younger olds, 80-90 years), female sex (OR = 3.13, 95% CI = 1.59-6.19), and elevated triglycerides (OR = 2.53, 95% CI = 1.29-4.95) were positively associated with HT, while ACE polymorphism was not. It was also established that the DD genotype was twice as high in 80+ cohort compared to general population of Croatia (p < 0.00001). This trend was confirmed by the meta-analysis that showed higher D allele frequencies in olds from nine of ten considered European populations (OR = 1.19, 95% CI = 1.08-1.31). The data in elderly cohort do not confirm previously reported role of ACE DD genotype to the development of HT. Moreover, meta-analysis indicated that ACE D allele has some selective advantage that contributes to longevity in majority of European populations.
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114
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The phospholipase A2 (PLA2) family of proteins includes lipolytic enzymes that liberate the sn-2 fatty acyl chains from phospholipids to yield nonesterified fatty acids and lysophospholipids. The purpose of this review is to discuss recent findings showing distinct roles of several of these PLA2 enzymes in inflammatory metabolic diseases such as diabetes and atherosclerosis. RECENT FINDINGS The group 1B PLA2 digestion of phospholipids in the intestinal lumen facilitates postprandial lysophospholipid absorption, which suppresses hepatic fatty acid oxidation leading to increased VLDL synthesis, decreased glucose tolerance, and promotion of tissue lipid deposition to accentuate diet-induced hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and obesity. Other secretory PLA2s promote inflammatory metabolic diseases by generating bioactive lipid metabolites to induce inflammatory cytokine production, whereas the major intracellular PLA2s, cPLA2α, and iPLA2, generate arachidonic acid and lysophosphatic acid in response to extracellular stimuli to activate leukocyte chemotactic response. SUMMARY Each member of the PLA2 family of enzymes serves a distinct role in generating active lipid metabolites that promote inflammatory metabolic diseases including atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and diabetes. The development of specific drugs that target one or more of these PLA2 enzymes may be novel strategies for treatment of these chronic inflammatory metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Y Hui
- Department of Pathology, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Siller-Matula JM, Delle-Karth G, Lang IM, Neunteufl T, Kozinski M, Kubica J, Maurer G, Linkowska K, Grzybowski T, Huber K, Jilma B. Phenotyping vs. genotyping for prediction of clopidogrel efficacy and safety: the PEGASUS-PCI study. J Thromb Haemost 2012; 10:529-42. [PMID: 22260716 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2012.04639.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prognostic values of genotyping and phenotyping for assessment of clopidogrel responsiveness have been shown in independent studies. OBJECTIVES To compare different assays for prediction of events during long-term follow-up. METHODS In this prospective cohort study polymorphisms of CYP2C19*2 and CYP2C19*17 alleles, vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein phosphorylation (VASP) assay, multiple electrode aggregometry (MEA), cone and platelet analyser (CPA) and platelet function analyser (PFA-100) were performed in 416 patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. The rates of events were recorded during a 12-month follow-up. RESULTS Platelet aggregation by MEA predicted stent thrombosis (2.4%) better (c-index = 0.90; P < 0.001; sensitivity = 90%; specificity = 83%) than the VASP assay, CPA or PFA-100 (c-index < 0.70; P > 0.05; sensitivity < 70%; specificity < 70% for all) or even the CYP2C19*2 polymorphism (c-index < 0.56; P > 0.05; sensitivity = 30%; specificity = 71%). Survival analysis indicated that patients classified as poor responders by MEA had a substantially higher risk of developing stent thrombosis or MACE than clopidogrel responders (12.5% vs. 0.3%, P < 0.001, and 18.5% vs. 11.3%, P = 0.022, respectively), whereas poor metabolizers (CYP2C19*1/*2 or *2/*2 carriers) were not at increased risks (stent thrombosis, 2.7% vs. 2.5%, P > 0.05; MACE, 13.5% vs. 12.1%, P = 0.556). The incidence of major bleedings (2.6%) was numerically higher in patients with an enhanced vs. poor response to clopidogrel assessed by MEA (4% vs. 0%) or in ultra-metabolizers vs. regular metabolizers (CYP2C19*17/*17 vs. CYP2C19*1/*1; 9.5% vs. 2%). The classification tree analysis demonstrated that acute coronary syndrome at hospitalization and diabetes mellitus were the best discriminators for clopidogrel responder status. CONCLUSIONS Phenotyping of platelet response to clopidogrel was a better predictor of stent thrombosis than genotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Siller-Matula
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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116
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Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), the smallest signalling molecule known, is produced by three isoforms of NO synthase (NOS; EC 1.14.13.39). They all utilize l-arginine and molecular oxygen as substrates and require the cofactors reduced nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), flavin mononucleotide (FMN), and (6R-)5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin (BH(4)). All NOS bind calmodulin and contain haem. Neuronal NOS (nNOS, NOS I) is constitutively expressed in central and peripheral neurons and some other cell types. Its functions include synaptic plasticity in the central nervous system (CNS), central regulation of blood pressure, smooth muscle relaxation, and vasodilatation via peripheral nitrergic nerves. Nitrergic nerves are of particular importance in the relaxation of corpus cavernosum and penile erection. Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (sildenafil, vardenafil, and tadalafil) require at least a residual nNOS activity for their action. Inducible NOS (NOS II) can be expressed in many cell types in response to lipopolysaccharide, cytokines, or other agents. Inducible NOS generates large amounts of NO that have cytostatic effects on parasitic target cells. Inducible NOS contributes to the pathophysiology of inflammatory diseases and septic shock. Endothelial NOS (eNOS, NOS III) is mostly expressed in endothelial cells. It keeps blood vessels dilated, controls blood pressure, and has numerous other vasoprotective and anti-atherosclerotic effects. Many cardiovascular risk factors lead to oxidative stress, eNOS uncoupling, and endothelial dysfunction in the vasculature. Pharmacologically, vascular oxidative stress can be reduced and eNOS functionality restored with renin- and angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibitors, with angiotensin receptor blockers, and with statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Förstermann
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, 55101 Mainz, Germany.
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117
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Woo J, Tang NLS, Leung J, Kwok T. The Alu polymorphism of angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) and atherosclerosis, incident chronic diseases and mortality in an elderly Chinese population. J Nutr Health Aging 2012; 16:262-8. [PMID: 22456784 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-011-0123-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined the contribution of ACE I/D polymorphism in a large Chinese population to four year change in ankle-brachial index (ABI), development of cardiovascular diseases and mortality in a prospective study adjusting for many confounding factors. METHOD Data are drawn from a longitudinal study of 4000 community-living men and women aged 65 years and over, for which detailed information regarding lifestyle, chronic diseases, body mass index (BMI), ABI measurements and ACE polymorphisms were documented at baseline. During the fifth year of follow up, incident cardiovascular diseases, ABI, and mortality were documented, and related to ACE genotype adjusting for age, smoking, alcohol, dietary intake, physical activity, body mass index, and use of ACE inhibitors. RESULTS Women with the D/D genotype had the greatest reduction in mean ABI after adjusting for confounding factors. D/D genotype was also more common among women who developed hypertension or myocardial infarction. However D/D genotype was associated with mortality only in men. CONCLUSION In a Chinese elderly population, ACE polymorphism may be considered "deleterious" to longevity, the D/D genotype being associated with mortality, the atherosclerotic process, hypertension and myocardial infarction. There are gender differences in the relationship between D/D genotype and cardiovascular diseases and mortality may not be mediated by the atherosclerotic process alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Woo
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong.
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118
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Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is commonly accompanied by an elevated cardiovascular risk with high morbidity and mortality. The alterations of the arterial vasculature begin with endothelial dysfunction and lead to micro- and macrovascular complications. The remodeling of the endothelial basal membrane, that promotes erosion and thrombosis, has a multifactorial pathogenesis that includes leukocyte activation, increased oxidative stress and also an altered matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) expression. MMPs are endopeptidases which degrade extracellular matrix proteins, such as collagen, gelatins, fibronectin and laminin. They can be secreted by several cells within the vascular wall, but macrophages are determinant in the atherosclerotic plaques. Their activity is regulated by tissue inhibitors of MMP (TIMPs) and also by other molecules, such as plasmin. MMPs could be implicated in plaque instability predisposing to vascular complications. It has been demonstrated that an impaired MMP or TIMP expression is associated with higher risk of all-cause mortality. A large number of studies evaluated MMPs pattern in obesity, diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension and dyslipidemia, all of which define metabolic syndrome according to several Consensus Statement (i.e. IDF, ATP III, AHA). However, few research have been carried out on subjects with metabolic syndrome. The evidences of an improvement in MMP/TIMP ratio with diet, exercise and medical therapy should encourage further investigations with the intent to contrast the atherosclerotic process and to reduce morbidity and mortality of this kind of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Hopps
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular and Nefrological Disease, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
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Drogan D, Sheldrick AJ, Schütze M, Knüppel S, Andersohn F, di Giuseppe R, Herrmann B, Willich SN, Garbe E, Bergmann MM, Boeing H, Weikert C. Alcohol consumption, genetic variants in alcohol deydrogenases, and risk of cardiovascular diseases: a prospective study and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32176. [PMID: 22363810 PMCID: PMC3283737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective First, to investigate and compare associations between alcohol consumption and variants in alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) genes with incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in a large German cohort. Second, to quantitatively summarize available evidence of prospective studies on polymorphisms in ADH1B and ADH1C and CVD-risk. Methods We conducted a case-cohort study nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam cohort including a randomly drawn subcohort (n = 2175) and incident cases of myocardial infarction (MI; n = 230) or stroke (n = 208). Mean follow-up time was 8.2±2.2 years. The association between alcohol consumption, ADH1B or ADH1C genotypes, and CVD-risk was assessed using Cox proportional hazards regression. Additionally, we report results on associations of variants in ADH1B and ADH1C with ischemic heart disease and stroke in the context of a meta-analysis of previously published prospective studies published up to November 2011. Results Compared to individuals who drank >0 to 6 g alcohol/d, we observed a reduced risk of MI among females consuming >12 g alcohol/d (HR = 0.31; 95% CI: 0.10–0.97) and among males consuming >24 to 60 g/d (HR = 0.57; 95% CI: 0.33–0.98) or >60 g alcohol/d (HR = 0.30; 95% CI: 0.12–0.78). Stroke risk was not significantly related to alcohol consumption >6 g/d, but we observed an increased risk of stroke in men reporting no alcohol consumption. Individuals with the slow-coding ADH1B*1/1 genotype reported higher median alcohol consumption. Yet, polymorphisms in ADH1B or ADH1C were not significantly associated with risk of CVD in our data and after pooling results of eligible prospective studies [ADH1B*1/1: RR = 1.35 (95% CI: 0.98–1.88; p for heterogeneity: 0.364); ADH1C*2/2: RR = 1.07 (95% CI: 0.90–1.27; p for heterogeneity: 0.098)]. Conclusion The well described association between alcohol consumption and CVD-risk is not reflected by ADH polymorphisms, which modify the rate of ethanol oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Drogan
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
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Tsymbaliuk OV, Kosterin SO. [Na+, K(+)-ATPase, endogenous cardiotonic steroids and their transducing role]. Ukr Biokhim Zh (1999) 2012; 84:5-17. [PMID: 22679753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Na+, K(+)-ATPase--a protein complex of plasmatic membrane, which performs the dual function: firstly, it supports the Na+ and K+ homeostasis, and also transmembrane potential gradient, secondly, it serves as the transducer of signals and as the regulator of the expression of many key genes. Endogenous cardiotonic steroids, which are synthesized in the adrenal glands and hypothalamus, serve as the signal molecules. New concepts about the mechanisms of the realization of the Na+, K(+)-ATPase signal function and their connection with cellular functions, apoptosis, and with pathologies of cardiovascular system and water-salt homeostasis are described in the survey.
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Kumawat M, Sharma TK, Singh N, Ghalaut VS, Vardey SK, Sinha M, Kaushik GG. Study of changes in antioxidant enzymes status in diabetic post menopausal group of women suffering from cardiovascular complications. Clin Lab 2012; 58:203-207. [PMID: 22582492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In type 2 diabetic patients, persistence of hyperglycemia has been reported as a cause of increased production of oxygen free radicals (FR), which leads to oxidative stress (OS) and becomes the main factor for predisposition to the cardiovascular complications in diabetes. Diabetic postmenopausal women are prone to cardiovascular disease due to reduced production of estrogen which is a potent antioxidant and prevents oxidative stress (OS) in body. The study is being aimed to find out the status of antioxidant enzymes (AOEs) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in post-menopausal diabetic women. METHODS The study was conducted with a total of 70 cases, which included 35 Type 2 diabetic post-menopausal females (45 - 60 years) with diabetic CVD complication as the study group and 35 age matched type 2 diabetic postmenopausal females without CVD complication. RESULTS All diabetic post menopausal females with CVD had significantly higher levels of fasting plasma glucose (FPG), postprandial plasma glucose (PPPG), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), catalase (CAT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) and significantly lower levels of HDL-C, reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) as compared to the levels of control subjects. CONCLUSIONS During menopause, reduced production of estrogen causes hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, and hyperlipoproteinemia whose oxidation causes the accumulation of FR in the cell, which precipitates OS. Also, type 2 diabetic subjects with CVD poor glycemic control and impaired AOEs result in increased oxidative injury by failure of protective mechanisms, which further leads to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjulata Kumawat
- Department of Biochemistry, Pt. B.D. Sharma, University of Health Sciences, P.G.I.M.S., Rohtak (Haryana) 124001, India
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Abstract
Cardiac excitability and electrical activity are determined by the sum of individual ion channels, gap junctions and exchanger activities. Electrophysiological remodeling during heart disease involves changes in membrane properties of cardiomyocytes and is related to higher prevalence of arrhythmia-associated morbidity and mortality. Pharmacological and genetic manipulation of cardiac cells as well as animal models of cardiovascular diseases are used to identity changes in electrophysiological properties and the molecular mechanisms associated with the disease. Protein kinase C (PKC) and several other kinases play a pivotal role in cardiac electrophysiological remodeling. Therefore, identifying specific therapies that regulate these kinases is the main focus of current research. PKC, a family of serine/threonine kinases, has been implicated as potential signaling nodes associated with biochemical and biophysical stress in cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we describe the role of PKC isozymes that are involved in cardiac excitability and discuss both genetic and pharmacological tools that were used, their attributes and limitations. Selective and effective pharmacological interventions to normalize cardiac electrical activities and correct cardiac arrhythmias will be of great clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Cesar Batista Ferreira
- Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford CA
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Mohamed Boutjdir
- VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center and New York University School of Medicine, NY, NY
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Chisalita SI, Dahlström U, Arnqvist HJ, Alehagen U. Increased IGF1 levels in relation to heart failure and cardiovascular mortality in an elderly population: impact of ACE inhibitors. Eur J Endocrinol 2011; 165:891-8. [PMID: 21976623 DOI: 10.1530/eje-11-0584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There are conflicting results regarding the association of circulating IGF1 with cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality. We assessed the relationship between IGF1 levels and heart failure (HF), ischemic heart disease (IHD), and CV mortality in an elderly population taking into account the possible impact of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 851 persons aged 66-81 years, in a rural Swedish municipality, were subjected to medical history, clinical examination, electrocardiography, echocardiography, and fasting plasma samples. They were then followed for 8 years. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Patients on ACE inhibitors had higher IGF1 levels compared with those without ACE inhibitors. In patients on ACE inhibitors, higher IGF1 values were found in patients with an ejection fraction (EF) <40% compared with EF ≥40%, in patients with higher proBNP levels in quartile 4 vs 1, and in patients with IHD when compared to those without ACE inhibitors (P<0.001). In patients without ACE inhibitors, no relationship was found between IGF1 levels and HF or IHD. In multivariate regression, only ACE inhibitors, ECG changes characteristic for IHD, and gender had a significant impact on IGF1. Patients with higher IGF1 levels in quintiles 4 and 5 compared to quintiles 1 and 2 had a 50% higher risk for CV death (P=0.03). This was significant after adjustment for well-known CV risk factors and ACE inhibitors (P=0.03). CONCLUSIONS Our results show that treatment with ACE inhibitors in an elderly population is associated with increased IGF1 levels, especially in patients with impaired cardiac function or IHD. High IGF1 levels tend to be associated with an increased risk for CV mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona I Chisalita
- Department of Acute Healthcare, County Council of Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden.
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Rezende TM, Sponton CHG, Malagrino PA, Bezerra MAC, Penteado CFF, Zanesco A. Effect of exercise training on the cardiovascular and biochemical parameters in women with eNOS gene polymorphism. Arch Physiol Biochem 2011; 117:265-9. [PMID: 21801125 DOI: 10.3109/13813455.2011.596548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Presence of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene polymorphism has been associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) whereas exercise training (EX) promotes beneficial effects on CVD which is related to increased nitric oxide levels (NO). OBJECTIVE To evaluate if women with eNOS gene polymorphism at position-G894T would be less responsive to EX than those who did not carry T allele. METHODS Women were trained 3 days/week, 40 minutes session during 6 months. Cardio-biochemical parameters and genetic analysis were performed in a double-blind fashion. RESULTS Plasma NOx- levels were similar in both groups at baseline (GG genotype: 18.44±3.28 μM) and (GT+TT genotype: 17.19±2.43 μM) and after EX (GG: 29.20±4.33 and GT+TT: 27.38±3.12 μM). A decrease in blood pressure was also observed in both groups. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The presence of eNOS polymorphism does not affect the beneficial effects of EX in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago M Rezende
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research and Physical Activity, Institute of Bioscience, University of São Paulo State (UNESP), Rio Claro (SP), Brazil
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Holley AK, Bakthavatchalu V, Velez-Roman JM, St. Clair DK. Manganese superoxide dismutase: guardian of the powerhouse. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:7114-62. [PMID: 22072939 PMCID: PMC3211030 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12107114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrion is vital for many metabolic pathways in the cell, contributing all or important constituent enzymes for diverse functions such as β-oxidation of fatty acids, the urea cycle, the citric acid cycle, and ATP synthesis. The mitochondrion is also a major site of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the cell. Aberrant production of mitochondrial ROS can have dramatic effects on cellular function, in part, due to oxidative modification of key metabolic proteins localized in the mitochondrion. The cell is equipped with myriad antioxidant enzyme systems to combat deleterious ROS production in mitochondria, with the mitochondrial antioxidant enzyme manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) acting as the chief ROS scavenging enzyme in the cell. Factors that affect the expression and/or the activity of MnSOD, resulting in diminished antioxidant capacity of the cell, can have extraordinary consequences on the overall health of the cell by altering mitochondrial metabolic function, leading to the development and progression of numerous diseases. A better understanding of the mechanisms by which MnSOD protects cells from the harmful effects of overproduction of ROS, in particular, the effects of ROS on mitochondrial metabolic enzymes, may contribute to the development of novel treatments for various diseases in which ROS are an important component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron K. Holley
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, 454 HSRB, 1095 VA Drive, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; E-Mails: (A.K.H.); (V.B.); (J.M.V.-R.)
| | - Vasudevan Bakthavatchalu
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, 454 HSRB, 1095 VA Drive, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; E-Mails: (A.K.H.); (V.B.); (J.M.V.-R.)
| | - Joyce M. Velez-Roman
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, 454 HSRB, 1095 VA Drive, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; E-Mails: (A.K.H.); (V.B.); (J.M.V.-R.)
| | - Daret K. St. Clair
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, 454 HSRB, 1095 VA Drive, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; E-Mails: (A.K.H.); (V.B.); (J.M.V.-R.)
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Tanner RM, Lynch AI, Brophy VH, Eckfeldt JH, Davis BR, Ford CE, Boerwinkle E, Arnett DK. Pharmacogenetic associations of MMP9 and MMP12 variants with cardiovascular disease in patients with hypertension. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23609. [PMID: 21887284 PMCID: PMC3160956 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives MMP-9 and -12 function in tissue remodeling and may play roles in cardiovascular disease (CVD). We assessed associations of four MMP polymorphisms and three antihypertensive drugs with cardiovascular outcomes. Methods Hypertensives (n = 42,418) from a double-blind, randomized, clinical trial were randomized to chlorthalidone, amlodipine, lisinopril, or doxazosin treatment (mean follow up, 4.9 years). The primary outcome was coronary heart disease (CHD). Secondary outcomes included combined CHD, all CVD outcomes combined, stroke, heart failure (HF), and mortality. Genotype-treatment interactions were tested. Results There were 38,698 participants genotyped for at least one of the polymorphisms included here. For MMP9 R668Q (rs2274756), lower hazard ratios (HRs) were found for AA subjects for most outcomes when treated with chlorthalidone versus amlodipine (eg., CCHD: GG = 1.00, GA = 1.01, AA = 0.64; P = 0.038). For MMP9 R279Q (rs17576), modest pharmacogenetic findings were observed for combined CHD and the composite CVD outcome. For MMP12 N122S (rs652438), lower HRs were observed for CHD in subjects carrying at least one G allele and being treated with chlorthalidone versus lisinopril (CHD: AA = 1.07, AG = 0.80, GG = 0.49; P = 0.005). In the lisinopril-amlodipine comparison, higher HRs were observed for participants having at least one G allele at the MMP12 N122S locus (CHD: AA = 0.94, AG = 1.19, GG = 1.93; P = 0.041). For MMP12 −82A>G (rs2276109), no pharmacogenetic effect was found for the primary outcome, although lower HRs were observed for AA homozygotes in the chlorthalidone-amlodipine comparison for HF (P = 0.015). Conclusions We observed interactions between antihypertensive drugs and MMP9 and MMP12 for CHD and composite CVD. The data suggest that these genes may provide useful clinical information with respect to treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikki M. Tanner
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Amy I. Lynch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Victoria H. Brophy
- Department of Human Genetics, Roche Molecular Systems, Pleasanton, California, United States of America
| | - John H. Eckfeldt
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Barry R. Davis
- School of Public Health, University of Texas at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Charles E. Ford
- School of Public Health, University of Texas at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Donna K. Arnett
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Breitling LP, Koenig W, Fischer M, Mallat Z, Hengstenberg C, Rothenbacher D, Brenner H. Type II secretory phospholipase A2 and prognosis in patients with stable coronary heart disease: mendelian randomization study. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22318. [PMID: 21799821 PMCID: PMC3142130 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Serum type II secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2-IIa) has been found to be predictive of adverse outcomes in patients with stable coronary heart disease. Compounds targeting sPLA2-IIa are already under development. This study investigated if an association of sPLA2-IIa with secondary cardiovascular disease (CVD) events may be of causal nature or mainly a matter of confounding by correlated cardiovascular risk markers. Methodology/Principal Findings Eight-year follow-up data of a prospective cohort study (KAROLA) of patients who underwent in-patient rehabilitation after an acute cardiovascular event were analysed. Associations of polymorphisms (SNP) in the sPLA2-IIa-coding gene PLA2G2A with serum sPLA2-IIa and secondary fatal or non-fatal CVD events were examined by multiple regression. Hazard ratios (HR) were compared with those expected if the association between sPLA2-IIa and CVD were causal. The strongest determinants of sPLA2-IIa (rs4744 and rs10732279) were associated with an increase of serum concentrations by 81% and 73% per variant allele. HRs (95% confidence intervals) estimating the associations of the SNPs with secondary CVD events were increased, but not statistically significant (1.16 [0.89–1.51] and 1.18 [0.91–1.52] per variant allele, respectively). However, these estimates were very similar to those expected when assuming causality (1.18 and 1.17), based on an association of natural log-transformed sPLA2-IIa concentration with secondary events with HR = 1.33 per unit. Conclusion The present findings regarding genetic polymorphisms, determination of serum sPLA2-IIa, and prognosis in CVD patients are consistent with a genuine causal relationship and thus might point to a valid drug target for prevention of secondary CVD events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz P Breitling
- Division C070 Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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Vezzoli G, Arcidiacono T, Rainone F, Terranegra A, Aloia A, Dogliotti E, Mingione A, Soldati L, Spotti D. [Hyperparathyroidism as a cardiovascular risk factor in chronic kidney disease: an update from a biological-cellular perspective]. G Ital Nefrol 2011; 28:383-392. [PMID: 21809307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular complications are the main cause of death in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Among these complications, calcific arteriosclerosis and myocardial hypertrophy are the main predictors of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Epidemiological studies have shown their association with hyperparathyroidism, which has therefore been included among the non-traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Studies in laboratory animals have shown that PTH administration may induce calcific arteriosclerosis and myocardial hypertrophy. The former develops independently of hyperphosphatemia, but its mechanisms remain unknown. The latter is characterized by increased thickness of the myocardial fibers and especially the fibrous interstitium; its development is influenced by protein kinase C activation and the subsequent increase in cytosolic calcium as well as activation of intracellular signaling pathways inducing protein synthesis and proliferation. Different from these findings, in other studies PTH infusion was able to produce vasodilatation and to favor myocardial cell contraction and regeneration. These effects depend on protein kinase A activation. PTH may produce different and sometimes contradictory functional effects in the arteries and myocardium that are probably related to different experimental or clinical conditions. In patients with CKD and hyperparathyroidism, PTH may be considered a uremic toxin exerting its effects mainly by increasing cellular calcium. Thus, hyperparathyroidism is confirmed to be a target for the conservative therapy of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Vezzoli
- Unita' di Nefrologia e Dialisi, Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Universita Vita Salute, Milano, Italy.
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Mochizuki K, Misaki Y, Miyauchi R, Takabe S, Shimada M, Miyoshi N, Ichikawa Y, Goda T. Circulating interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 concentrations are closely associated with γ-glutamyltranspeptidase activity in middle-aged Japanese men without obvious cardiovascular diseases. Metabolism 2011; 60:914-22. [PMID: 20934730 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2010.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Revised: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 expressions are known to be induced by oxidant stress. In the present study, we examined the relationships between these interleukins and the activity of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (γ-GTP), which was recently reported as a source of oxidant stress production, in the circulating blood of middle-aged Japanese men without obvious cardiovascular diseases. We conducted a cross-sectional study of 317 Japanese men without obvious cardiovascular diseases aged 40 to 69 years (mean ± SD, 58.6 ± 7.6 years) who participated in health checkups in Japan. We analyzed their clinical parameters in serum, lifestyle factors, and plasma IL-1β and IL-6 concentrations. We compared the relationships between these interleukin concentrations and the clinical parameters and lifestyle factors by Spearman correlation coefficients. Stepwise multiple linear regression analyses for interleukins based on the other parameters and γ-GTP, which were classified into 3 groups according to the concentrations, were performed. Interleukin-1β and IL-6 concentrations were closely associated with γ-GTP activity but less associated with alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities by Spearman correlation coefficients. Stepwise multiple linear regression analyses showed that γ-GTP activity was the explanatory variable for elevated IL-1β and IL-6 concentrations. As natural logarithms, the IL-1β and IL-6 concentrations were estimated to be 1.734- and 1.157-fold higher, respectively, in subjects with high γ-GTP activity ranges than in subjects with a low γ-GTP activity range. The present results show that circulating IL-1β and IL-6 concentrations are strongly and independently associated with γ-GTP activity in middle-aged Japanese men without obvious cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Mochizuki
- Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology and Global COE Program, Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
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García-Bermúdez M, González-Juanatey C, Rodríguez-Rodríguez L, Miranda-Filloy JA, Perez-Esteban S, Vazquez-Rodriguez TR, Castañeda S, Balsa A, Fernández-Gutierrez B, Llorca J, González-Alvaro I, Martín J, González-Gay MA. Lack of association of NAMPT rs9770242 and rs59744560 polymorphisms with disease susceptibility and cardiovascular risk in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2011; 29:681-688. [PMID: 21906432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Visfatin is an adipokine encoded by the NAMPT (PBEF1) gene. In this study we assessed the potential association of two NAMPT gene polymorphisms with disease susceptibility and cardiovascular (CV) risk in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS A total of 1,395 patients fulfilling the 1987 ACR classification criteria for RA and 1,230 matched controls, were genotyped for the NAMPT rs9770242 and rs59744560 gene polymorphisms, located within the proximal promoter, using predesigned TaqMan single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping assay. Also, HLA-DRB1 genotyping was performed using molecular based methods. In a second step, 1,196 patients in whom full information was available were assessed to determine the influence of NAMPT rs9770242 and rs59744560 polymorphisms in the development of CV events. Also, the potential influence of these polymorphisms in the development of subclinical atherosclerosis was assessed in a subgroup of patients with no history of CV events by brachial artery reactivity to determine flow-mediated endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent vasodilatation (n=125) and by B-mode ultrasonography to determine the carotid artery intima-media thickness (n=105). RESULTS No statistically significant differences in the allele or genotype frequencies for the NAMPT gene polymorphisms between RA patients and controls were found. A modest non significant lower frequency of the minor allele G of rs9770242 polymorphism was observed among patients with CV disease (20.62%) compared to those without CV disease (22.83%) (p=0.39). Also, a slight nonsignificant lower frequency of the minor allele T of rs59744560 polymorphism in patients with CV events (9.81%) compared with those RA patients who did not experience CV disease (13.07%) (p=0.11) was observed. Likewise, no significant association between the NAMPT polymorphisms with surrogate markers of subclinical atherosclerosis was found in patients with RA. CONCLUSIONS NAMPT rs9770242 and rs59744560 polymorphisms are not markers of disease susceptibility and CV disease in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M García-Bermúdez
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, C.S.I.C., Granada, Spain
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Hsia J, MacFadyen JG, Monyak J, Ridker PM. Cardiovascular event reduction and adverse events among subjects attaining low-density lipoprotein cholesterol <50 mg/dl with rosuvastatin. The JUPITER trial (Justification for the Use of Statins in Prevention: an Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin). J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 57:1666-75. [PMID: 21492764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.09.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to assess the impact on cardiovascular and adverse events of attaining low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels <50 mg/dl with rosuvastatin in apparently healthy adults in the JUPITER (Justification for the Use of Statins in Prevention: an Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin) trial. BACKGROUND The safety and magnitude of cardiovascular risk reduction conferred by treatment to LDL-C levels below current recommended targets remain uncertain. METHODS A cohort of 17,802 apparently healthy men and women with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ≥2 mg/l and LDL-C <130 mg/dl were randomly allocated to rosuvastatin 20 mg daily or placebo, and followed up for all-cause mortality, major cardiovascular events, and adverse events. In a post-hoc analysis, participants allocated to rosuvastatin were categorized as to whether or not they had a follow-up LDL-C level <50 mg/dl. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 2 years (range up to 5 years), rates of the primary trial endpoint were 1.18, 0.86, and 0.44 per 100 person-years in the placebo group (n = 8,150) and rosuvastatin groups without LDL-C <50 mg/dl (n = 4,000) or with LDL-C <50 mg/dl (n = 4,154), respectively (fully-adjusted hazard ratio: 0.76; 95% confidence interval: 0.57 to 1.00 for subjects with no LDL-C <50 mg/dl vs. placebo and 0.35, 95% confidence interval: 0.25 to 0.49 for subjects attaining LDL-C <50 mg/dl; p for trend <0.0001). For all-cause mortality, corresponding event rates were 0.67, 0.65, and 0.39 (p for trend = 0.004). Rates of myalgia, muscle weakness, neuropsychiatric conditions, cancer, and diabetes mellitus were not significantly different among rosuvastatin-allocated participants with and without LDL-C <50 mg/dl. CONCLUSIONS Among adults with LDL-C <130 mg/dl and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ≥2 mg/l, rosuvastatin-allocated participants attaining LDL-C <50 mg/dl had a lower risk of cardiovascular events without a systematic increase in reported adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Hsia
- AstraZeneca LP, 1800 Concord Pike, Wilmington, DE 19850-5437, USA.
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133
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Zhang M, Kass DA. Phosphodiesterases and cardiac cGMP: evolving roles and controversies. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2011; 32:360-5. [PMID: 21477871 PMCID: PMC3106121 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2011.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Revised: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
cGMP and its primary target kinase, protein kinase G (PKG), are well recognized modulators of cardiac function and the chronic stress response. Their enhancement appears to serve as a myocardial brake, reducing maladaptive hypertrophy, improving cell survival, signaling and mitochondrial function, protecting against ischemia/reperfusion injury, and blunting the stimulatory effects of catecholamines. Translation of these effects into a chronic treatment for patients with heart failure based on increasing the generation of cGMP has been difficult, however, with tolerance and hypotension effects occurring with nitrates and neutral responses to natriuretic peptides (at least B-type). Inhibition of cGMP-targeted phosphodiesterases (PDEs) such as PDE5A is an alternative approach that appears to have more potent effects. Recent studies in experimental models and patients are revealing benefits in heart failure syndromes, and ongoing multicenter trials are testing the efficacy of PDE5A inhibition. In this review we discuss recent research findings and controversies regarding the PDE/cGMP/PKG signaling pathway, and suggest directions for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manling Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
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134
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Ikonomidis I, Michalakeas CA, Lekakis J, Parissis J, Anastasiou-Nana M. The role of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA₂) in cardiovascular disease. Rev Recent Clin Trials 2011; 6:108-113. [PMID: 21241231 DOI: 10.2174/157488711795177903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 09/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Lipoprotein-associated Phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA(2)) is an enzyme that belongs to the A2 Phospholipase superfamily and is produced by inflammatory cells that are involved in the process of atherogenesis. Even though there is controversy in current bibliography whether Lp-PLA(2) exerts proatherogenic or anti-atherogenic properties, the weight of evidence suggests a pro-atherogenic role for this protein. Lp-PLA(2) is detected in human atherosclerotic lesions and elevated Lp-PLA(2) levels are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events and adverse events in patients with coronary artery disease independently of traditional risk factors and other markers of inflammation. It has been recently shown that direct pharmacological inhibition of Lp-PLA(2) activity exerts beneficiary effects on the atherosclerotic process. This finding is most interesting since it could offer a novel target for therapeutic intervention in patients suffering from cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this review article is to report on the role of Lp-PLA(2) in cardiovascular diseases and to enlighten the putative pathophysiologic mechanisms by which this protein exerts its effect on cardiovascular function. Additionally, the pharmacological interventions that influence Lp-PLA(2) activity and may offer a new approach for the treatment of atherosclerosis will be analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignatios Ikonomidis
- 2nd Cardiology Department, University of Athens, Attikon Hospital, Athens, Greece.
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135
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Meotti FC, Jameson GNL, Turner R, Harwood DT, Stockwell S, Rees MD, Thomas SR, Kettle AJ. Urate as a physiological substrate for myeloperoxidase: implications for hyperuricemia and inflammation. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:12901-11. [PMID: 21266577 PMCID: PMC3075637 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.172460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Urate and myeloperoxidase (MPO) are associated with adverse outcomes in cardiovascular disease. In this study, we assessed whether urate is a likely physiological substrate for MPO and if the products of their interaction have the potential to exacerbate inflammation. Urate was readily oxidized by MPO and hydrogen peroxide to 5-hydroxyisourate, which decayed to predominantly allantoin. The redox intermediates of MPO were reduced by urate with rate constants of 4.6 × 10(5) M(-1) s(-1) for compound I and 1.7 × 10(4) M(-1) s(-1) for compound II. Urate competed with chloride for oxidation by MPO and at hyperuricemic levels is expected to be a substantive substrate for the enzyme. Oxidation of urate promoted super-stoichiometric consumption of glutathione, which indicates that it is converted to a free radical intermediate. In combination with superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, MPO oxidized urate to a reactive hydroperoxide. This would form by addition of superoxide to the urate radical. Urate also enhanced MPO-dependent consumption of nitric oxide. In human plasma, stimulated neutrophils produced allantoin in a reaction dependent on the NADPH oxidase, MPO and superoxide. We propose that urate is a physiological substrate for MPO that is oxidized to the urate radical. The reactions of this radical with superoxide and nitric oxide provide a plausible link between urate and MPO in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia C. Meotti
- From the Free Radical Research Group, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, P. O. Box 4345, 8140 Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Guy N. L. Jameson
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand, and
| | - Rufus Turner
- From the Free Radical Research Group, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, P. O. Box 4345, 8140 Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - D. Tim Harwood
- From the Free Radical Research Group, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, P. O. Box 4345, 8140 Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Samantha Stockwell
- From the Free Radical Research Group, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, P. O. Box 4345, 8140 Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Martin D. Rees
- the Centre for Vascular Research, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Shane R. Thomas
- the Centre for Vascular Research, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Anthony J. Kettle
- From the Free Radical Research Group, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, P. O. Box 4345, 8140 Christchurch, New Zealand
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136
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Groblewska M, Tycińska A, Mroczko B, Musiał W, Szmitkowski M. [The role of matrix metalloproteinases in cardiovascular diseases]. Pol Merkur Lekarski 2011; 30:235-240. [PMID: 21595165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) belong to a large family of multidomain zinc endopeptidases. They are one of the most important proteolytic enzymes which digest components of the extracellular matrix and take part in many physiological processes, such as apoptosis or angiogenesis. It was shown that MMPs are also involved in the pathogenesis of many diseases such as malignant tumors and cardiovascular diseases. The discovery of the mechanisms of MMPs' action can have significant influence on therapeutic strategy, especially in cardiovascular diseases.
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137
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Nelson TL, Kamineni A, Psaty B, Cushman M, Jenny NS, Hokanson J, Furberg C, Mukamal KJ. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) and future risk of subclinical disease and cardiovascular events in individuals with type 2 diabetes: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Diabetologia 2011; 54:329-33. [PMID: 21103980 PMCID: PMC3489174 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-010-1969-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Type 2 diabetes is an established risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). This increased risk may be due in part to the increased levels of inflammatory factors associated with diabetes. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) (Lp-PLA(2)) is a risk marker for CVD and has pro-inflammatory effects in atherosclerotic plaques. We therefore sought to determine whether Lp-PLA(2) levels partially explain the greater prevalence of subclinical CVD and greater incidence of CVD outcomes associated with type 2 diabetes in the Cardiovascular Health Study. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional and prospective study of 4,062 men and women without previous CVD from the Cardiovascular Health Study (1989 to 2007). Lp-PLA(2) mass and activity were measured in baseline plasma. Subclinical disease was determined at baseline and incident CVD was ascertained annually. We used logistic regression for cross-sectional analyses and Cox proportional hazards models for incident analyses. RESULTS At baseline, Lp-PLA(2) mass did not differ significantly by type 2 diabetes status; however, Lp-PLA(2) activity was significantly higher among type 2 diabetic individuals. Baseline subclinical disease was significantly associated with baseline diabetes and this association was similar in models unadjusted or adjusted for Lp-PLA(2) (OR 1.68 [95% CI 1.31-2.15] vs OR 1.67 [95% CI 1.30-2.13]). Baseline type 2 diabetes was also significantly associated with incident CVD events, including fatal CHD, fatal myocardial infarction (MI) and non-fatal MI in multivariable analyses. There were no differences in these estimates after further adjustment for Lp-PLA(2) activity. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION In this older cohort, differences in Lp-PLA(2) activity did not explain any of the excess risk for subclinical disease or CVD outcomes related to diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Nelson
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, 223 Moby, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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138
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Rendu F, Peoc’h K, Berlin I, Thomas D, Launay JM. Smoking related diseases: the central role of monoamine oxidase. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2011; 8:136-47. [PMID: 21318020 PMCID: PMC3037066 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph8010136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Revised: 12/24/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Smoking is a major risk factor of morbidity and mortality. It is well established that monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity is decreased in smokers. Serotonin (5-HT), a major substrate for MAO that circulates as a reserve pool stored in platelets, is a marker of platelet activation. We recently reported that smoking durably modifies the platelet 5-HT/MAO system by inducing a demethylation of the MAO gene promoter resulting in high MAO protein concentration persisting more than ten years after quitting smoking. The present data enlarges the results to another MAO substrate, norepinephrine (NE), further confirming the central role of MAO in tobacco use-induced diseases. Thus, MAO could be a readily accessible and helpful marker in the risk evaluation of smoking-related diseases, from cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases to depression, anxiety and cancer. The present review implements the new finding of epigenetic regulation of MAO and suggests that smoking-induced MAO demethylation can be considered as a hallmark of smoking-related cancers similarly to other aberrant DNA methylations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine Rendu
- UMRS 956 (Génétique, Pharmacologie et Physiopathologie des maladies cardiovasculaires), Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpétrière, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 91 Bd de l’hôpital, 75634 Paris cedex 13, France
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +33-(0)140-779-907; Fax: +33-(0)140-779-645
| | - Katell Peoc’h
- Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), and Biologie cellulaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Descartes, Hôpital Lariboisière 2 rue Ambroise Paré, 75475 Paris cedex 10, France; E-Mails: (K.P.); (J.-M.L.)
| | - Ivan Berlin
- Pharmacologie clinique du tabagisme; Inserm U894, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpétrière, Université Pierre et Marie Curie and Service de pharmacologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpétrière, 47 Bd de l'Hôpital, 75651 Paris cedex13, France; E-Mail:
| | - Daniel Thomas
- Institut de Cardiologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpétrière, 47 Bd de l'Hôpital, 75651 Paris cedex13, France; E-Mail:
| | - Jean-Marie Launay
- Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), and Biologie cellulaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Descartes, Hôpital Lariboisière 2 rue Ambroise Paré, 75475 Paris cedex 10, France; E-Mails: (K.P.); (J.-M.L.)
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Liu B, Hewinson J, Xu H, Montero F, Sunico CR, Portillo F, Paton JFR, Moreno-López B, Kasparov S. NOS antagonism using viral vectors as an experimental strategy: implications for in vivo studies of cardiovascular control and peripheral neuropathies. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 704:197-223. [PMID: 21161639 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61737-964-2_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide, a free gaseous signalling molecule, has attracted the attention of numerous biologists and has been implicated in the regulation of the cardiovascular, nervous and immune system. However, the cellular mechanisms mediating nitric oxide modulation remain unclear. Upregulation by gene over-expression or down-regulation by gene inactivation of nitric oxide synthase has generated quantitative changes in abundance thereby permitting functional insights. We have tested and proved that genetic nitric oxide synthase antagonism using viral vectors, particularly with dominant negative mutants and microRNA 30-based short hairpin RNA, is an efficient and effective experimental approach to manipulate nitric oxide synthase expression both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beihui Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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140
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Shuttleworth SJ, Silva FA, Cecil ARL, Tomassi CD, Hill TJ, Raynaud FI, Clarke PA, Workman P. Progress in the preclinical discovery and clinical development of class I and dual class I/IV phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors. Curr Med Chem 2011; 18:2686-714. [PMID: 21649578 PMCID: PMC3228236 DOI: 10.2174/092986711796011229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) constitute an important family of lipid kinase enzymes that control a range of cellular processes through their regulation of a network of signal transduction pathways, and have emerged as important therapeutic targets in the context of cancer, inflammation and cardiovascular diseases. Since the mid-late 1990s, considerable progress has been made in the discovery and development of small molecule ATP-competitive PI3K inhibitors, a number of which have entered early phase human trials over recent years from which key clinical results are now being disclosed. This review summarizes progress made to date, primarily on the discovery and characterization of class I and dual class I/IV subtype inhibitors, together with advances that have been made in translational and clinical research, notably in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Shuttleworth
- Karus Therapeutics Ltd., Southampton Science Park, Southampton, SO16 7NP, UK.
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141
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142
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Wei SJ, Wang BL, Chen YG. [Research progress of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 in cardiac diseases]. Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi 2011; 39:91-93. [PMID: 21418809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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143
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Doronin BM, Iashnikov MV. [Risk factors for stroke: data of register of a big industrial city in the West Siberia]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2011; 111:48-50. [PMID: 23120778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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Abstract
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) functions as a cofactor in several important enzyme systems. Substantial evidence implicates BH4 as a key regulator of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in the setting of endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. Investigators have now taken early steps in addressing the potential of BH4 as a therapeutic strategy. However, it has become more apparent that the role of BH4 in other enzymatic pathways, including other NOS isoforms and the aromatic amino acid hydroxylases, may have a bearing on important aspects of cardiovascular homeostasis. Together with eNOS, these enzymes may play key roles in diverse cardiovascular disease states such as ischaemia-reperfusion injury, cardiac hypertrophy, cardiac autonomic function and pulmonary hypertension. This review provides an overview of the role of BH4 in cardiovascular pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Cunnington
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
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145
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Arnold C, Markovic M, Blossey K, Wallukat G, Fischer R, Dechend R, Konkel A, von Schacky C, Luft FC, Muller DN, Rothe M, Schunck WH. Arachidonic acid-metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes are targets of {omega}-3 fatty acids. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:32720-32733. [PMID: 20732876 PMCID: PMC2963419 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.118406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) protect against cardiovascular disease by largely unknown mechanisms. We tested the hypothesis that EPA and DHA may compete with arachidonic acid (AA) for the conversion by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, resulting in the formation of alternative, physiologically active, metabolites. Renal and hepatic microsomes, as well as various CYP isoforms, displayed equal or elevated activities when metabolizing EPA or DHA instead of AA. CYP2C/2J isoforms converting AA to epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) preferentially epoxidized the ω-3 double bond and thereby produced 17,18-epoxyeicosatetraenoic (17,18-EEQ) and 19,20-epoxydocosapentaenoic acid (19,20-EDP) from EPA and DHA. We found that these ω-3 epoxides are highly active as antiarrhythmic agents, suppressing the Ca(2+)-induced increased rate of spontaneous beating of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes, at low nanomolar concentrations. CYP4A/4F isoforms ω-hydroxylating AA were less regioselective toward EPA and DHA, catalyzing predominantly ω- and ω minus 1 hydroxylation. Rats given dietary EPA/DHA supplementation exhibited substantial replacement of AA by EPA and DHA in membrane phospholipids in plasma, heart, kidney, liver, lung, and pancreas, with less pronounced changes in the brain. The changes in fatty acids were accompanied by concomitant changes in endogenous CYP metabolite profiles (e.g. altering the EET/EEQ/EDP ratio from 87:0:13 to 27:18:55 in the heart). These results demonstrate that CYP enzymes efficiently convert EPA and DHA to novel epoxy and hydroxy metabolites that could mediate some of the beneficial cardiovascular effects of dietary ω-3 fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosima Arnold
- From the Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marija Markovic
- From the Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Gerd Wallukat
- From the Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Fischer
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité Medical Faculty, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Dechend
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité Medical Faculty, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Konkel
- From the Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Friedrich C Luft
- From the Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité Medical Faculty, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominik N Muller
- From the Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Wolf-Hagen Schunck
- From the Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
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Marrades MP, González-Muniesa P, Martínez JA, Moreno-Aliaga MJ. A dysregulation in CES1, APOE and other lipid metabolism-related genes is associated to cardiovascular risk factors linked to obesity. Obes Facts 2010; 3:312-8. [PMID: 20975297 PMCID: PMC6452131 DOI: 10.1159/000321451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the differential expression of genes related to lipid metabolism in subcutaneous adipose tissue and metabolic syndrome features in lean and obese subjects with habitual high fat intake. METHODS Microarray and RT-PCR analysis were used to analyze and validate differential gene expression in subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue samples from lean and obese phenotype subjects. RESULTS Several genes and transcripts involved in lipolysis were down-regulated, such as AKAP1, PRKAR2B, Gi and CIDEA, whereas NPY1R and CES1 were up-regulated, when comparing obese to lean subjects. Similarly, transcripts associated with cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism showed a differential expression, with APOE and ABCA being decreased and VLDLR being increased in obese versus lean subjects. In addition, positive correlations were found between different markers of the metabolic syndrome and CES1 and NPY1R mRNA expressions, while APOE showed an inverse association with some of them. CONCLUSION Different expression patterns in transcripts encoding for proteins involved in lipolysis and lipoprotein metabolism were found between lean and obese subjects. Moreover, the dysregulation of genes such as CES1 and APOE seems to be associated with some physiopathological markers of insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk factors in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - María J. Moreno-Aliaga
- *Dr. María J. Moreno-Aliaga, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences, Physiology and Toxicology., University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain, Tel. +34 948 4256–00, Fax -49,
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147
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Poh R, Muniandy S. Paraoxonase 1 activity as a predictor of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2010; 41:1231-1246. [PMID: 21073045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The role of paraoxonase 1 in cardiovascular disease complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus is not fully understood. We studied paraoxonase activity towards paraoxon in 188 non-diabetic and 140 diabetic subjects using general linear models and univariate analysis. Adjusting for age revealed a reduction in activity towards paraoxon was associated with a significant increase in risk (p = 0.023) for cardiovascular disease complications in diabetic patients. Multivariate analysis of two plasma measures of paraoxonase activity using paraoxon and diazoxon also showed reduced paraoxonase activity towards paraoxon was associated with a significant increase in risk (p = 0.045) for cardiovascular disease complications in diabetic patients. These analyses showed that a reduced paraoxonase activity towards paraoxon was associated with ethnicity. Based on multivariate analysis, subjects of Malay ethnic origin have significantly higher than expected activity (p = 0.008, compared to Indians), towards paraoxon than subjects of Chinese origin who in turn had higher than expected paraoxonase activity (p = 0.028, compared to Indians) Indian subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozaida Poh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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148
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Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to several aspects of vascular diseases including ischemia-reperfusion injury, scavenging of nitric oxide, or stimulation of inflammation and hypertrophy. NADPH oxidases of the Nox family are differentially expressed in the cardiovascular system, induced or activated by cardiovascular risk factors and importantly contribute to the oxidative burden of vascular diseases. Moreover, NADPH oxidase-derived ROS are important signaling molecules under physiological conditions. In this article, the current knowledge on NADPH oxidase expression, activation, and signaling in the cardiovascular system as well as the impact of risk factors on the function of these proteins will be reviewed. Finally, the contribution of NADPH oxidases to the predominant cardiovascular diseases will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf P Brandes
- Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Physiologie, Fachbereich Medizin der Goethe-Universität, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Titov VN. [Diagnostic value of determination of the levels of phospholipase A2 in plasma lipoproteins and functional relations with C-reactive protein]. Klin Lab Diagn 2010:3-16. [PMID: 20891039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Laser correlation spectroscopy has indicated that plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) is present as a monomer and a pentamer (pentraxin); the latter is similar in physicochemical properties to apolipoproteins, the proteins that transfer fatty acids as nonpolar triglycerides to the cells in the intercellular medium. Concurrently, sepharose column chromatography revealed an association of the bulk of plasma CRP with very low-density lipoproteins. In parallel with CRP, the content of secretory phospholipase A, as a component of lipoproteins is on the rise; the enzyme hydrolyzes phosphatidylcholine in the surface monolayer of lipoproteins to form lysophosphatidylcholine that the CRP-pentamere displays a high affinity binding to. Two different immunochemical assays for CRP suggest that the CRP-monomere and the CRP-pentamere show different functional activity: the CRP-monomere is a humoral immunomodulator while the CRP-pentamere also activates interstitial tissue cells, but differently, by enhancing their energy provision with substrates, namely with saturated and unsaturated fatty acids as triglycerides as components of very low-density lipoproteins via CRP/apoB-100-receptor endocytosis. The vector ligand redirects the flow offatty acids towards the cells that directly show a biological inflammatory response. For this, lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A, hydrolyzes phosphatidylcholine to produce lysophosphatidylcholine that the CRP-pentamere binds to; it superimposes a physiological apoE/B-100-ligand, becomes itself a pathophysiological CRP/B-100-ligand, and directs a flow of the energy substrates towards the interstitial cells that exhibit pathophysiological CRB/B-100-receptors on the membrane. In the arterial intima, the functionally triglyceride-overloaded resident macrophages form lipid spots that form in each systemic inflammatory response or with the elevated plasma levels of a CRP-pentamere and phospholipase A, and are directly unrelated to atheromatosis. It seems likely that we have identified a monomer with the low plasma values of CRP and its bulk (this is a pentamere) with its high plasma values.
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Brennan ML, Reddy A, Tang WHW, Wu Y, Brennan DM, Hsu A, Mann SA, Hammer PL, Hazen SL. Comprehensive peroxidase-based hematologic profiling for the prediction of 1-year myocardial infarction and death. Circulation 2010; 122:70-9. [PMID: 20566956 PMCID: PMC3014582 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.109.881581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recognition of biological patterns holds promise for improved identification of patients at risk for myocardial infarction (MI) and death. We hypothesized that identifying high- and low-risk patterns from a broad spectrum of hematologic phenotypic data related to leukocyte peroxidase-, erythrocyte- and platelet-related parameters may better predict future cardiovascular risk in stable cardiac patients than traditional risk factors alone. METHODS AND RESULTS Stable patients (n=7369) undergoing elective cardiac evaluation at a tertiary care center were enrolled. A model (PEROX) that predicts incident 1-year death and MI was derived from standard clinical data combined with information captured by a high-throughput peroxidase-based hematology analyzer during performance of a complete blood count with differential. The PEROX model was developed using a random sampling of subjects in a derivation cohort (n=5895) and then independently validated in a nonoverlapping validation cohort (n=1474). Twenty-three high-risk (observed in > or =10% of subjects with events) and 24 low-risk (observed in > or =10% of subjects without events) patterns were identified in the derivation cohort. Erythrocyte- and leukocyte (peroxidase)-derived parameters dominated the variables predicting risk of death, whereas variables in MI risk patterns included traditional cardiac risk factors and elements from all blood cell lineages. Within the validation cohort, the PEROX model demonstrated superior prognostic accuracy (78%) for 1-year risk of death or MI compared with traditional risk factors alone (67%). Furthermore, the PEROX model reclassified 23.5% (P<0.001) of patients to different risk categories for death/MI when added to traditional risk factors. CONCLUSIONS Comprehensive pattern recognition of high- and low-risk clusters of clinical, biochemical, and hematologic parameters provided incremental prognostic value in stable patients having elective diagnostic cardiac catheterization for 1-year risks of death and MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Luise Brennan
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Prevention, Cleveland Clinic, Ohio, USA
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