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Osborne MT, Abohashem S, Zureigat H, Abbasi TA, Tawakol A. Multimodality molecular imaging: Gaining insights into the mechanisms linking chronic stress to cardiovascular disease. J Nucl Cardiol 2021; 28:955-966. [PMID: 33205328 PMCID: PMC8126581 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-020-02424-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging can yield unique mechanistic insights into the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG), a radiolabeled glucose analog, is retained by cells in proportion to their glycolytic activity. While 18F-FDG accumulates within several cell types in the arterial wall, its retention correlates with macrophage content, providing an index of arterial inflammation (ArtI) which predicts subsequent cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. Furthermore, 18F-FDG-PET imaging allows the simultaneous assessment of metabolic activity in several tissues (e.g., brain, bone marrow) and is performed in conjunction with cross-sectional imaging that enables multi-organ structural assessments. Accordingly, 18F-FDG-PET/computed tomography (CT) imaging facilitates evaluation of disease pathways that span multiple organ systems. Within this paradigm, 18F-FDG-PET/CT imaging has been implemented to study the mechanism linking chronic stress to CVD. To evaluate this, stress-associated neural activity can be quantified (as metabolic activity of the amygdala (AmygA)), while leukopoietic activity, ArtI, and coronary plaque burden are assessed concurrently. Such simultaneous quantification of tissue structures and activities enables the evaluation of multi-organ pathways with the aid of mediation analysis. Using this approach, multi-system 18F-FDG-PET/CT imaging studies have demonstrated that chronically heightened stress-associated neurobiological activity promotes leukopoietic activity and systemic inflammation. This in turn fuels more ArtI and greater non-calcified coronary plaque burden, which result in more CVD events. Subsequent studies have revealed that common stressors, such as chronic noise exposure and income disparities, drive the front end of this pathway to increase CVD risk. Hence, multi-tissue multimodality imaging serves as a powerful tool to uncover complex disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Osborne
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St, Yawkey 5E, Boston, MA, 02114-2750, USA
- Cardiovascular Imaging Research Center, Cardiology Division and Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shady Abohashem
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St, Yawkey 5E, Boston, MA, 02114-2750, USA
- Cardiovascular Imaging Research Center, Cardiology Division and Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hadil Zureigat
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St, Yawkey 5E, Boston, MA, 02114-2750, USA
- Cardiovascular Imaging Research Center, Cardiology Division and Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Taimur A Abbasi
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St, Yawkey 5E, Boston, MA, 02114-2750, USA
- Cardiovascular Imaging Research Center, Cardiology Division and Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ahmed Tawakol
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St, Yawkey 5E, Boston, MA, 02114-2750, USA.
- Cardiovascular Imaging Research Center, Cardiology Division and Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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152
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Ferrario CM, Groban L, Wang H, Cheng CP, VonCannon JL, Wright KN, Sun X, Ahmad S. The Angiotensin-(1-12)/Chymase axis as an alternate component of the tissue renin angiotensin system. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 529:111119. [PMID: 33309638 PMCID: PMC8127338 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The identification of an alternate extended form of angiotensin I composed of the first twelve amino acids at the N-terminal of angiotensinogen has generated new knowledge of the importance of noncanonical mechanisms for renin independent generation of angiotensins. The human sequence of the dodecapeptide angiotensin-(1-12) [N-Asp1-Arg2-Val3-Tyr4-Ile5-His6-Pro7-Phe8-His9-Leu10-Val1-Ile12-COOH] is an endogenous substrate that in the rat has been documented to be present in multiple organs including the heart, brain, kidney, gut, adrenal gland, and the bone marrow. Newer studies have confirmed the existence of Ang-(1-12) as an Ang II-forming substrate in the blood and heart of normal and diseased patients. Studies to-date document that angiotensin II generation from angiotensin-(1-12) does not require renin participation while chymase rather than angiotensin converting enzyme shows high catalytic activity in converting this tissue substrate into angiotensin II directly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Ferrario
- Department of Surgery and Physiology-Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA.
| | - Leanne Groban
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Che Ping Cheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Jessica L VonCannon
- Department of Surgery and Physiology-Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Kendra N Wright
- Department of Surgery and Physiology-Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Xuming Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Sarfaraz Ahmad
- Department of Surgery and Physiology-Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
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153
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Emathinger JM, Nelson JW, Gurley SB. Advances in use of mouse models to study the renin-angiotensin system. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 529:111255. [PMID: 33789143 PMCID: PMC9119406 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a highly complex hormonal cascade that spans multiple organs and cell types to regulate solute and fluid balance along with cardiovascular function. Much of our current understanding of the functions of the RAS has emerged from a series of key studies in genetically-modified animals. Here, we review key findings from ground-breaking transgenic models, spanning decades of research into the RAS, with a focus on their use in studying blood pressure. We review the physiological importance of this regulatory system as evident through the examination of mouse models for several major RAS components: angiotensinogen, renin, ACE, ACE2, and the type 1 A angiotensin receptor. Both whole-animal and cell-specific knockout models have permitted critical RAS functions to be defined and demonstrate how redundancy and multiplicity within the RAS allow for compensatory adjustments to maintain homeostasis. Moreover, these models present exciting opportunities for continued discovery surrounding the role of the RAS in disease pathogenesis and treatment for cardiovascular disease and beyond.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/deficiency
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/genetics
- Angiotensinogen/deficiency
- Angiotensinogen/genetics
- Animals
- Blood Pressure/genetics
- Cardiovascular Diseases/genetics
- Cardiovascular Diseases/metabolism
- Cardiovascular Diseases/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Kidney/cytology
- Kidney/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/deficiency
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/deficiency
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/genetics
- Renin/deficiency
- Renin/genetics
- Renin-Angiotensin System/genetics
- Signal Transduction
- Water-Electrolyte Balance/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Emathinger
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Jonathan W Nelson
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Susan B Gurley
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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154
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Crawford AA, Bankier S, Altmaier E, Barnes CLK, Clark DW, Ermel R, Friedrich N, van der Harst P, Joshi PK, Karhunen V, Lahti J, Mahajan A, Mangino M, Nethander M, Neumann A, Pietzner M, Sukhavasi K, Wang CA, Bakker SJL, Bjorkegren JLM, Campbell H, Eriksson J, Gieger C, Hayward C, Jarvelin MR, McLachlan S, Morris AP, Ohlsson C, Pennell CE, Price J, Rudan I, Ruusalepp A, Spector T, Tiemeier H, Völzke H, Wilson JF, Michoel T, Timpson NJ, Smith GD, Walker BR. Variation in the SERPINA6/SERPINA1 locus alters morning plasma cortisol, hepatic corticosteroid binding globulin expression, gene expression in peripheral tissues, and risk of cardiovascular disease. J Hum Genet 2021; 66:625-636. [PMID: 33469137 PMCID: PMC8144017 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-020-00895-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The stress hormone cortisol modulates fuel metabolism, cardiovascular homoeostasis, mood, inflammation and cognition. The CORtisol NETwork (CORNET) consortium previously identified a single locus associated with morning plasma cortisol. Identifying additional genetic variants that explain more of the variance in cortisol could provide new insights into cortisol biology and provide statistical power to test the causative role of cortisol in common diseases. The CORNET consortium extended its genome-wide association meta-analysis for morning plasma cortisol from 12,597 to 25,314 subjects and from ~2.2 M to ~7 M SNPs, in 17 population-based cohorts of European ancestries. We confirmed the genetic association with SERPINA6/SERPINA1. This locus contains genes encoding corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG) and α1-antitrypsin. Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analyses undertaken in the STARNET cohort of 600 individuals showed that specific genetic variants within the SERPINA6/SERPINA1 locus influence expression of SERPINA6 rather than SERPINA1 in the liver. Moreover, trans-eQTL analysis demonstrated effects on adipose tissue gene expression, suggesting that variations in CBG levels have an effect on delivery of cortisol to peripheral tissues. Two-sample Mendelian randomisation analyses provided evidence that each genetically-determined standard deviation (SD) increase in morning plasma cortisol was associated with increased odds of chronic ischaemic heart disease (0.32, 95% CI 0.06-0.59) and myocardial infarction (0.21, 95% CI 0.00-0.43) in UK Biobank and similarly in CARDIoGRAMplusC4D. These findings reveal a causative pathway for CBG in determining cortisol action in peripheral tissues and thereby contributing to the aetiology of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A Crawford
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Sean Bankier
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Elisabeth Altmaier
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Catriona L K Barnes
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - David W Clark
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - Raili Ermel
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Nele Friedrich
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Disease (DZHK e.V.), partner site Greifswald, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Pim van der Harst
- Division of Heart and Lungs, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, PO box 30.001, 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Peter K Joshi
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - Ville Karhunen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Medical Research Council-Public Health England Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Centre for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jari Lahti
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Turku Institute of Advanced Studies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College, Lambeth Palace Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Maria Nethander
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alexander Neumann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Maik Pietzner
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Disease (DZHK e.V.), partner site Greifswald, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Carol A Wang
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Stephan J L Bakker
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan L M Bjorkegren
- Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, Huddinge, Sweden
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Clinical Gene Networks AB, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - Johan Eriksson
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Helsinki, Singapore
| | - Christian Gieger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, Scotland
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Medical Research Council-Public Health England Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Centre for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Unit of Primary Health Care and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Stela McLachlan
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - Andrew P Morris
- Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Drug Treatment, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Craig E Pennell
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Jackie Price
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - Igor Rudan
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Arno Ruusalepp
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
- Clinical Gene Networks AB, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tim Spector
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Social and Behavioural Science, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Walther-Rathenau-Str. 48, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - James F Wilson
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, Scotland
| | - Tom Michoel
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
- Computational Biology Unit, Department of Informatics, University of Bergen, PO Box 7803, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Nicolas J Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Brian R Walker
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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155
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Sarkar RR, Hatamipour A, Panjwani N, Courtney PT, Cherry DR, Salans MA, Yip AT, Rose BS, Simpson DR, Banegas MP, Murphy JD. Impact of Radiation on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Older Resectable Esophageal Cancer Patients With Medicare. Am J Clin Oncol 2021; 44:275-282. [PMID: 33782335 PMCID: PMC8141011 DOI: 10.1097/coc.0000000000000815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Preoperative radiotherapy improves outcomes for operable esophageal cancer patients, though the proximity of the heart to the esophagus puts patients at risk of radiation-induced cardiovascular disease. This study characterizes the impact of radiotherapy and different radiation techniques on cardiovascular morbidity among a cohort of esophageal cancer patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS We identified 1125 patients aged 65 and older diagnosed between 2000 and 2011 with esophageal cancer who received surgery alone, or surgery preceded by either preoperative chemotherapy or preoperative chemoradiation from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER)-Medicare database. We used Medicare claims to identify severe perioperative and late cardiovascular events. Multivariable logistic regression and Fine-Gray models were used to determine the effect of presurgery treatment on the risk of perioperative and late cardiovascular disease. RESULTS Preoperative chemotherapy or chemoradiation did not significantly increase the risk of perioperative cardiovascular complications compared with surgery alone. Patients treated with preoperative chemoradiation had a 36% increased risk of having a late cardiovascular event compared with patients treated with surgery alone (subdistribution hazard ratio [SDHR]: 1.36; P=0.035). There was no significant increase in late cardiovascular events among patients treated with preoperative chemotherapy (SDHR: 1.18; P=0.40). Among patients treated with preoperative chemoradiation, those receiving intensity modulated radiotherapy had a 68% decreased risk of having a late cardiovascular event compared with patients receiving conventional radiation (SDHR: 0.32; P=0.007). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates an increased risk of cardiovascular complications among operative esophageal cancer patients treated with preoperative chemoradiation, though these risks might be reduced with more cardioprotective radiation techniques such as intensity modulated radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reith R Sarkar
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Ahmadreza Hatamipour
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Neil Panjwani
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - P Travis Courtney
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Daniel R Cherry
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Mia A Salans
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Anthony T Yip
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Brent S Rose
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Daniel R Simpson
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Matthew P Banegas
- Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, OR
| | - James D Murphy
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
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156
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García-Marín LM, Campos AI, Kho PF, Martin NG, Cuéllar-Partida G, Rentería ME. Phenome-wide screening of GWAS data reveals the complex causal architecture of obesity. Hum Genet 2021; 140:1253-1265. [PMID: 34057592 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-021-02298-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the present study, we sought to identify causal relationships between obesity and other complex traits and conditions using a data-driven hypothesis-free approach that uses genetic data to infer causal associations. METHODS We leveraged available summary-based genetic data from genome-wide association studies on 1498 phenotypes and applied the latent causal variable method (LCV) between obesity and all traits. RESULTS We identified 110 traits causally associated with obesity. Of those, 109 were causal outcomes of obesity, while only leg pain in calves was a causal determinant of obesity. Causal outcomes of obesity included 26 phenotypes associated with cardiovascular diseases, 22 anthropometric measurements, nine with the musculoskeletal system, nine with behavioural or lifestyle factors including loneliness or isolation, six with respiratory diseases, five with body bioelectric impedances, four with psychiatric phenotypes, four related to the nervous system, four with disabilities or long-standing illness, three with the gastrointestinal system, three with use of analgesics, two with metabolic diseases, one with inflammatory response and one with the neurodevelopmental disorder ADHD, among others. In particular, some causal outcomes of obesity included hypertension, stroke, ever having a period of extreme irritability, low forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume, diseases of the musculoskeletal system, diabetes, carpal tunnel syndrome, loneliness or isolation, high leukocyte count, and ADHD. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that obesity causally affects a wide range of traits and comorbid diseases, thus providing an overview of the metabolic, physiological, and neuropsychiatric impact of obesity on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M García-Marín
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Adrián I Campos
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Pik-Fang Kho
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Gabriel Cuéllar-Partida
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- 23andMe, Inc, Sunnyvale, CA, USA.
| | - Miguel E Rentería
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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157
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Plachokova AS, Andreu-Sánchez S, Noz MP, Fu J, Riksen NP. Oral Microbiome in Relation to Periodontitis Severity and Systemic Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115876. [PMID: 34070915 PMCID: PMC8199296 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic inflammation induced by periodontitis is suggested to be the link between periodontitis and cardiovascular disease. The aim of this work was to explore the oral microbiome in periodontitis in relation to disease severity and systemic inflammation. The saliva and subgingival microbiome from periodontal pocket samples of patients with severe (n = 12) and mild periodontitis (n = 13) were analyzed using metagenomic shotgun sequencing. The taxa and pathways abundances were quantified. The diversity was assessed and the abundances to phenotype associations were performed using ANCOM and linear regression. A panel of inflammatory markers was measured in blood and was associated with taxa abundance. The microbial diversity and species richness did not differ between severe and mild periodontitis in either saliva or periodontal pockets. However, there were significant differences in the microbial composition between severe and mild periodontitis in the subgingival microbiome (i.e., pocket samples) and, in a lower grade, in saliva, and this is positively associated with systemic inflammatory markers. The “red complex” and “cluster B” abundances in periodontal pockets were strongly associated with inflammatory markers interleukin-6 and the white blood cell count. Our data suggest that systemic inflammation in severe periodontitis may be driven by the oral microbiome and may support the indirect (inflammatory) mechanism for the association between periodontitis and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelina S. Plachokova
- Department of Dentistry, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 EX Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (A.S.P.); (N.P.R.)
| | - Sergio Andreu-Sánchez
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; (S.A.-S.); (J.F.)
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marlies P. Noz
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Science (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Jingyuan Fu
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; (S.A.-S.); (J.F.)
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Niels P. Riksen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Science (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence: (A.S.P.); (N.P.R.)
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Hanif AAM, Hasan M, Khan MSA, Hossain MM, Shamim AA, Hossaine M, Ullah MA, Sarker SK, Rahman SMM, Bulbul MMI, Mitra DK, Mridha MK. Ten-years cardiovascular risk among Bangladeshi population using non-laboratory-based risk chart of the World Health Organization: Findings from a nationally representative survey. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251967. [PMID: 34038457 PMCID: PMC8153482 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) has recently developed a non-laboratory based cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk chart considering the parameters age, sex, current smoking status, systolic blood pressure, and body mass index. Using the chart, we estimated the 10-years CVD risk among the Bangladeshi population aged 40–74 years. We analyzed data from a nationally representative survey conducted in 2018–19. The survey enrolled participants from 82 clusters (57 rural, 15 non-slum urban, and 10 slums) selected by multistage cluster sampling. Using the non-laboratory-based CVD risk chart of the World Health Organization (WHO), we categorized the participants into 5 risk groups: very low (<5%), low (5% to <10%), moderate (10% to <20%), high (20% to <30%) and very high (> = 30%) risk. We performed descriptive analyses to report the distribution of CVD risk and carried out univariable and multivariable logistic regression to identify factors associated with elevated CVD risk (> = 10% CVD risk). Of the 7,381 participants, 46.0% were female. The median age (IQR) was 59.0 (48.0–64.7) years. Overall, the prevalence of very low, low, moderate, high, and very high CVD risk was 34.7%, 37.8%, 25.9%, 1.6%, and 0.1%, respectively. Elevated CVD risk (> = 10%) was associated with poor education, currently unmarried, insufficient physical inactivity, smokeless tobacco use, and self-reported diabetes in both sexes, higher household income, and higher sedentary time among males, and slum-dwelling and non-Muslim religions among females. One in every four Bangladeshi adults had elevated levels of CVD risk, and males are at higher risk of occurring CVD events. Non-laboratory-based risk prediction charts can be effectively used in low resource settings. The government of Bangladesh and other developing countries should train the primary health care workers on the use of WHO non-laboratory-based CVD risk charts, especially in settings where laboratory tests are not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Abdullah Mohammad Hanif
- Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases and Nutrition, BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mehedi Hasan
- Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases and Nutrition, BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Showkat Ali Khan
- Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases and Nutrition, BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Mokbul Hossain
- Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases and Nutrition, BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abu Ahmed Shamim
- Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases and Nutrition, BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Moyazzam Hossaine
- Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases and Nutrition, BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Aman Ullah
- National Nutrition Services (NNS), Institute of Public Health Nutrition (IPHN), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Samir Kanti Sarker
- National Nutrition Services (NNS), Institute of Public Health Nutrition (IPHN), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - S. M Mustafizur Rahman
- National Nutrition Services (NNS), Institute of Public Health Nutrition (IPHN), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mofijul Islam Bulbul
- National Nutrition Services (NNS), Institute of Public Health Nutrition (IPHN), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Malay Kanti Mridha
- Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases and Nutrition, BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- * E-mail:
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159
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Li N, Wu X, Zhuang W, Xia L, Chen Y, Wang Y, Wu C, Rao Z, Du L, Zhao R, Yi M, Wan Q, Zhou Y. Green leafy vegetable and lutein intake and multiple health outcomes. Food Chem 2021; 360:130145. [PMID: 34034049 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Green leafy vegetables (GLVs) are a key element of healthy eating patterns and are an important source of lutein. To clarify the evidence for associations between GLVs and lutein intake and multiple health outcomes, we performed a review. A total of 24 meta-analyses with 29 health outcomes were identified by eligibility criteria. Dose-response analyses revealed that, per 100 g/d GLV intake was associated with a decreased risk (ca. 25%) of all-cause mortality, coronary heart disease and stroke. Beneficial effects of GLV intake were found for cardiovascular disease and bladder and oral cancer. Dietary lutein intake was inversely associated with age-related macular degeneration, age-related cataracts, coronary heart disease, stroke, oesophageal cancer, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, metabolic syndrome, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Caution was warranted for contamination with potentially pathogenic organisms, specifically Escherichia coli. GLV consumption and lutein intake therein are generally safe and beneficial for multiple health outcomes in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaoting Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wen Zhuang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lin Xia
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chuncheng Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhiyong Rao
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Liang Du
- Chinese Evidence-based Medicine/Cochrane Center, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Mengshi Yi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qianyi Wan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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160
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Kobayashi M, Ohara M, Hashimoto Y, Nakamura N, Fujisato T, Kimura T, Kishida A. Effect of luminal surface structure of decellularized aorta on thrombus formation and cell behavior. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246221. [PMID: 33999919 PMCID: PMC8128234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to an increasing number of cardiovascular diseases, artificial heart valves and blood vessels have been developed. Although cardiovascular applications using decellularized tissue have been studied, the mechanisms of their functionality remain unknown. To determine the important factors for preparing decellularized cardiovascular prostheses that show good in vivo performance, the effects of the luminal surface structure of the decellularized aorta on thrombus formation and cell behavior were investigated. Various luminal surface structures of a decellularized aorta were prepared by heating, drying, and peeling. The luminal surface structure and collagen denaturation were evaluated by immunohistological staining, collagen hybridizing peptide (CHP) staining, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. To evaluate the effects of luminal surface structure of decellularized aorta on thrombus formation and cell behavior, blood clotting tests and recellularization of endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells were performed. The results of the blood clotting test showed that the closer the luminal surface structure is to the native aorta, the higher the anti-coagulant property. The results of the cell seeding test suggest that vascular cells recognize the luminal surface structure and regulate adhesion, proliferation, and functional expression accordingly. These results provide important factors for preparing decellularized cardiovascular prostheses and will lead to future developments in decellularized cardiovascular applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mako Kobayashi
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masako Ohara
- Department of Bioscience and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Minuma-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Hashimoto
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Nakamura
- Department of Bioscience and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Minuma-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Toshiya Fujisato
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, Asahi-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kimura
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akio Kishida
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Yen CL, Fan PC, Lin MS, Lee CC, Tu KH, Chen CY, Hsiao CC, Hsu HH, Tian YC, Chang CH. Fenofibrate Delays the Need for Dialysis and Reduces Cardiovascular Risk Among Patients With Advanced CKD. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:1594-1605. [PMID: 33677489 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Fenofibrate provides limited cardiovascular (CV) benefits in the general population; however, little is known about its benefit among advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. OBJECTIVE This study compared outcomes among advanced CKD patients treated with fenofibrate, statins, a combination of both, and none of these. METHODS This national cohort study was based on Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database. Patients younger than 20 years with advanced CKD were identified and further divided into 4 groups according to treatment. The inverse probability of treatment weighting was used to balance baseline characteristics. Patients received fenofibrate, statins, a combination of fenofibrate and statins, or none of these in the 3 months preceding the advanced CKD date. Main outcome measures included all-cause mortality, CV death, and incidence of permanent dialysis. RESULTS The fenofibrate and statin groups exhibited a lower risk of CV death (fenofibrate vs nonuser: hazard ratio [HR]: 0.84; 95% CI, 0.75-0.94; statins vs nonuser: HR: 0.94; 95% CI, 0.90-0.97) compared with the nonuser group. The fenofibrate group further exhibited the lowest incidence of permanent dialysis (fenofibrate vs nonuser: subdistribution HR [SHR]: 0.78; 95% CI, 0.77-0.80; statins vs fenofibrate: SHR: 1.27; 95% CI, 1.26-1.29; combination vs fenofibrate: SHR: 1.15; 95% CI, 1.13-1.17). Furthermore, the combined administration of fenofibrate and high-intensity statins exhibited a lower risk of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events. CONCLUSION For patients with advanced CKD, continuing fenofibrate may provide a protective effect on CV outcomes equal to that of statins, and it may further delay the need for permanent dialysis. The combination of fenofibrate and high-intensity statins may have additional benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Li Yen
- Kidney Research Center, Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chun Fan
- Kidney Research Center, Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shyan Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi Branch, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chia Lee
- Kidney Research Center, Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Hua Tu
- Kidney Research Center, Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Yu Chen
- Kidney Research Center, Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chung Hsiao
- Kidney Research Center, Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Hao Hsu
- Kidney Research Center, Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chung Tian
- Kidney Research Center, Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsiang Chang
- Kidney Research Center, Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Abstract
CONTEXT Obesity and type 2 diabetes are associated with chronic hyperinsulinemia, elevated plasma levels of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4), and a pro-atherosclerotic milieu. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION PubMed search of the term "insulin and atherosclerosis," "hyperinsulinemia," "atherosclerosis," or "cardiovascular outcomes" cross-referenced with "DPP4." Relevant research and review articles were reviewed. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Hyperinsulinemia in the setting of insulin resistance promotes vascular inflammation, vascular smooth muscle cell growth, pathological cholesterol profile, hypertension, and recruitment of immune cells to the endothelium, all contributing to atherosclerosis. DPP4 has pleiotropic functions and its activity is elevated in obese humans. DPP4 mirrors hyperinsulinemia's atherogenic actions in the insulin resistant state, and genetic deletion of DPP4 protects rodents from developing insulin resistance and improves cardiovascular outcomes. DPP4 inhibition in pro-atherosclerotic preclinical models results in reduced inflammation and oxidative stress, improved endothelial function, and decreased atherosclerosis. Increased incretin levels may have contributed to but do not completely account for these benefits. Small clinical studies with DPP4 inhibitors demonstrate reduced carotid intimal thickening, improved endothelial function, and reduced arterial stiffness. To date, this has not been translated to cardiovascular risk reduction for individuals with type 2 diabetes with prior or exaggerated risk of cardiovascular disease. CONCLUSION DPP4 may represent a key link between central obesity, insulin resistance, and atherosclerosis. The gaps in knowledge in DPP4 function and discrepancy in cardiovascular outcomes observed in preclinical and large-scale randomized controlled studies with DPP4 inhibitors warrant additional research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin M Love
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Zhenqi Liu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Correspondence: Zhenqi Liu, M.D., University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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163
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Mochol J, Gawrys J, Gajecki D, Szahidewicz-Krupska E, Martynowicz H, Doroszko A. Cardiovascular Disorders Triggered by Obstructive Sleep Apnea-A Focus on Endothelium and Blood Components. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5139. [PMID: 34066288 PMCID: PMC8152030 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is known to be an independent cardiovascular risk factor. Among arousal from sleep, increased thoracic pressure and enhanced sympathetic activation, intermittent hypoxia is now considered as one of the most important pathophysiological mechanisms contributing to the development of endothelial dysfunction. Nevertheless, not much is known about blood components, which justifies the current review. This review focuses on molecular mechanisms triggered by sleep apnea. The recurrent periods of hypoxemia followed by reoxygenation promote reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction and increase inflammatory response. In this review paper we also intend to summarize the effect of treatment with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on changes in the profile of the endothelial function and its subsequent potential clinical advantage in lowering cardiovascular risk in other comorbidities such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, hypertension, atrial fibrillation. Moreover, this paper is aimed at explaining how the presence of OSA may affect platelet function and exert effects on rheological activity of erythrocytes, which could also be the key to explaining an increased risk of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Adrian Doroszko
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hypertension and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.M.); (J.G.); (D.G.); (E.S.-K.); (H.M.)
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164
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Abreo AP, Bailey SR, Abreo K. Associations between calf, thigh, and arm circumference and cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in NHANES 1999-2004. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2021; 31:1410-1415. [PMID: 33762151 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Prior studies have described an association between calf circumference and cardiovascular disorders. We evaluated the associations between calf, thigh, and arm circumference and cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. METHODS AND RESULTS We performed a retrospective cohort study of 11,871 patients in the 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to determine the association between calf circumference and cardiovascular and all-cause mortality using univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards. We additionally examined the association between thigh and arm circumference and mortality. In the multivariable Cox regression for the female stratum, each centimeter increase in calf circumference was associated with a hazard ratio of 0.88 (95% CI 0.84-0.92), and a hazard ratio of 0.90 (95% CI 0.85-0.95) for cardiovascular death. In the model with males, the hazard ratio for higher calf circumference was 0.92 (95% CI 0.88-0.96) for all-cause mortality and 0.94 (95% CI 0.89-0.99) for cardiovascular death. There was a statistically significant association between higher thigh circumference and lower risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Arm circumference was not similarly associated with mortality in the multivariate model. CONCLUSION Calf and thigh circumference may provide important prognostic information regarding cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Future prospective studies should examine the role of extremity circumference and cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian P Abreo
- Division of Nephrology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA.
| | - Steven R Bailey
- Department of Internal Medicine, Malcolm Feist Chair of Interventional Cardiology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Kenneth Abreo
- Division of Nephrology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
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Yu YH, Zhang YH, Ding YQ, Bi XY, Yuan J, Zhou H, Wang PX, Zhang LL, Ye JT. MicroRNA-99b-3p promotes angiotensin II-induced cardiac fibrosis in mice by targeting GSK-3β. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:715-725. [PMID: 32814818 PMCID: PMC8115164 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0498-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is a typical pathological change in various cardiovascular diseases. Although it has been recognized as a crucial risk factor responsible for heart failure, there is still a lack of effective treatment. Recent evidence shows that microRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in the development of cardiac fibrosis and represent novel therapeutic targets. In this study we tried to identify the cardiac fibrosis-associated miRNA and elucidate its regulatory mechanisms in mice. Cardiac fibrosis was induced by infusion of angiotensin II (Ang II, 2 mg·kg-1·d-1) for 2 weeks via osmotic pumps. We showed that Ang II infusion induced cardiac disfunction and fibrosis accompanied by markedly increased expression level of miR-99b-3p in heart tissues. Upregulation of miR-99b-3p and fibrotic responses were also observed in cultured rat cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) treated with Ang II (100 nM) in vitro. Transfection with miR-99b-3p mimic resulted in the overproduction of fibronectin, collagen I, vimentin and α-SMA, and facilitated the proliferation and migration of CFs. On the contrary, transfection with specific miR-99b-3p inhibitor attenuated Ang II-induced fibrotic responses. Similarly, intravenous injection of specific miR-99b-3p antagomir could prevent Ang II-infused mice from cardiac dysfunction and fibrosis. We identified glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3β) as a direct target of miR-99b-3p. In CFs, miR-99b-3p mimic significantly reduced the expression of GSK-3β, leading to activation of its downstream profibrotic effector Smad3, whereas miR-99b-3p inhibitor caused anti-fibrotic effects. GSK-3β knockdown ameliorated the anti-fibrotic role of miR-99b-3p inhibitor. These results suggest that miR-99b-3p contributes to Ang II-induced cardiac fibrosis at least partially through GSK-3β. The modulation of miR-99b-3p may provide a new approach for tackling fibrosis-related cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Hui Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yu-Hong Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yan-Qing Ding
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xue-Ying Bi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hang Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Pan-Xia Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Li-Li Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jian-Tao Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Bahbah EI, Shehata MSA, Alnahrawi SI, Sayed A, Menshawey A, Fisal A, Morsi M, Gabr ME, Elbasit MSA. Safety and Efficacy of Evacetrapib in Patients with Inadequately-controlled Hypercholesterolemia and High Cardiovascular Risk; A meta-analysis of Randomized Placebo-controlled Trials. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2021; 168:102282. [PMID: 33882411 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2021.102282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is causally related to cardiovascular disease. Inhibition of cholesteryl ester transfer protein with Evacetrapib may provide an additional treatment option for patients who do not reach their LDL-C goal with statins or patients who cannot tolerate statins. We aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of Evacetrapib in patients with inadequately-controlled hypercholesterolemia and high cardiovascular risk. METHOD A computer literature search for PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct was carried out from inception to 2019 and was updated from January 2019 till March 2021. We included only RCTs. Data were pooled as a mean difference in a random-effect model using the Mantel-Haenzel (M-H) method. We used Open Meta [Analyst] software (by the center of evidence-based medicine, Oxford University, UK). RESULTS Five studies (n = 12,937 patients) reported in five articles were included in this meta-analysis. The overall pooled estimate showed that LDL-C was significantly lower in the evacetrapib group than the placebo group (MD -34.07 mg/dL, 95% CI [-40.66, -27.49], p<0.0001). The pooled estimate showed that Apo-B was significantly lower in the evacetrapib130 mg group than the placebo group (MD -22.64 mg/dL, 95% CI [-30.70, -14.58], p<0.0001). HDL-C was significantly higher in the evacetrapib group over the placebo group (MD 93.31 mg/dL, 95% CI [56.07, 130.56], p<0.0001). CONCLUSION Current evidence from five RCTs (12,539 participants) suggests that evacetrapib has favorable outcomes in patients with inadequately-controlled Hypercholesterolemia and high cardiovascular risks. Evacetrapib could significantly increase the HDL and Apo-A1 levels and lower the LDL cholesterol and Apo-B levels with an acceptable safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eshak I Bahbah
- Medical Research Group of Egypt (MRGE), Cairo, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Damietta, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed S A Shehata
- Medical Research Group of Egypt (MRGE), Cairo, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Safwat Ibrahim Alnahrawi
- Medical Research Group of Egypt (MRGE), Cairo, Egypt; Department of Cardiology, National Heart Institute, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Sayed
- Medical Research Group of Egypt (MRGE), Cairo, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amr Menshawey
- Medical Research Group of Egypt (MRGE), Cairo, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Fisal
- Medical Research Group of Egypt (MRGE), Cairo, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Morsi
- Medical Research Group of Egypt (MRGE), Cairo, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, Menofia University, Menofia, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Essam Gabr
- Montefiore medical center, Albert Einstien college of medicine (Wakefield Division), Bronx, NY
| | - Mohamed Salah Abd Elbasit
- Medical Research Group of Egypt (MRGE), Cairo, Egypt; Department of Cardiology, National Heart Institute, Egypt
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167
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Ferrannini G, Savarese G, Rydén L. Sodium-glucose transporter inhibition in heart failure: from an unexpected side effect to a novel treatment possibility. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2021; 175:108796. [PMID: 33845051 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2021.108796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Sodium-glucose transporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i), originally launched as glucose-lowering drugs, have been studied in large cardiovascular outcome trials to ascertain safety. Surprisingly, these compounds reduced the risk of cardiovascular events (cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial and non-fatal stroke) and total mortality. The mechanisms behind this benefit are only partly understood, but a major contributor is the reduction of heart failure hospitalisations, evident already within weeks after the initiation of the SGLT2i. SGLT2 inhibition increases urinary glucose excretion, thereby improving glycaemic control in an insulin-independent manner. Moreover, SGLT2i potentially impact the cardiovascular system both indirectly via weight loss and blood pressure lowering and directly through osmotic diuresis and increased sodium excretion and presumably by improving myocardial energetics. The aim of this review is to summarise evidence from all major outcome trials investigating SGLT2i in patients with diabetes, as well as recent evidence from trials in heart failure patients without glucose perturbations, which pave the way for novel treatment of large groups of patients. The results of these studies have been taken into account in recently issued guidelines for the management of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. An important task for diabetologists, cardiologists and general practitioners is to incorporate them into clinical practice to the benefit of many patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Ferrannini
- Department of Medicine K2, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gianluigi Savarese
- Department of Medicine K2, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Rydén
- Department of Medicine K2, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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168
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McGurk KA, Williams SG, Guo H, Watkins H, Farrall M, Cordell HJ, Nicolaou A, Keavney BD. Heritability and family-based GWAS analyses of the N-acyl ethanolamine and ceramide plasma lipidome. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 30:500-513. [PMID: 33437986 PMCID: PMC8101358 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Signalling lipids of the N-acyl ethanolamine (NAE) and ceramide (CER) classes have emerged as potential biomarkers of cardiovascular disease (CVD). We sought to establish the heritability of plasma NAEs (including the endocannabinoid anandamide) and CERs, to identify common DNA variants influencing the circulating concentrations of the heritable lipids, and assess causality of these lipids in CVD using 2-sample Mendelian randomization (2SMR). Nine NAEs and 16 CERs were analyzed in plasma samples from 999 members of 196 British Caucasian families, using targeted ultra-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. All lipids were significantly heritable (h2 = 36-62%). A missense variant (rs324420) in the gene encoding the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), which degrades NAEs, associated at genome-wide association study (GWAS) significance (P < 5 × 10-8) with four NAEs (DHEA, PEA, LEA and VEA). For CERs, rs680379 in the SPTLC3 gene, which encodes a subunit of the rate-limiting enzyme in CER biosynthesis, associated with a range of species (e.g. CER[N(24)S(19)]; P = 4.82 × 10-27). We observed three novel associations between SNPs at the CD83, SGPP1 and DEGS1 loci, and plasma CER traits (P < 5 × 10-8). 2SMR in the CARDIoGRAMplusC4D cohorts (60 801 cases; 123 504 controls) and in the DIAGRAM cohort (26 488 cases; 83 964 controls), using the genetic instruments from our family-based GWAS, did not reveal association between genetically determined differences in CER levels and CVD or diabetes. Two of the novel GWAS loci, SGPP1 and DEGS1, suggested a casual association between CERs and a range of haematological phenotypes, through 2SMR in the UK Biobank, INTERVAL and UKBiLEVE cohorts (n = 110 000-350 000).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A McGurk
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
- Laboratory for Lipidomics and Lipid Biology, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PG, UK
| | - Simon G Williams
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Hui Guo
- Division of Population Health, Health Services Research & Primary Care, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Hugh Watkins
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Martin Farrall
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Heather J Cordell
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Anna Nicolaou
- Laboratory for Lipidomics and Lipid Biology, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PG, UK
| | - Bernard D Keavney
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
- Manchester Heart Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
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169
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Saintrain MVDL, Saintrain SV, de Oliveira Branco JG, Peixoto Caldas JM, Lourenço CB, Vieira-Meyer APGF. Dependence in instrumental activities of daily living and its implications for older adults' oral health. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249275. [PMID: 33914779 PMCID: PMC8084198 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to assess the association between dependence in instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) and oral health in older adults. We conducted a cross-sectional study of 280 people aged ≥60 years served at public primary health care centers in Northeastern Brazil. Sociodemographic, oral discomfort and general health data were collected. The Lawton and Brody scale were used to assess IADL. This research adheres to the STROBE checklist. Most participants were married (n = 139; 49.6%), women (n = 182; 65.0%) and retired (n = 212; 75.7%). A total of 37 (13.2%) older adults had some degree of dependence in IADL. Dependence in IADL was associated with: retirement (p<0.040), poor general health (p = 0.002), speech problems (p = 0.014), use of medications (p = 0.021), difficulty chewing and swallowing food (p = 0.011), voice changes (p = 0.044), edentulism (p = 0.011), use of toothbrush (p<0.001), use of toothpaste (p<0.001), and visit to the dentist in the previous year (p = 0.020). Functional disability was associated with older age, cardiovascular diseases, speech problems, chewing and swallowing difficulties, use of medication and brushing deficiency. The functional dependence in IADL can be considered an indicator of oral health status in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - José Manuel Peixoto Caldas
- Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), University of Porto (UP), Porto, Portugal
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170
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Goumidi L, Thibord F, Wiggins KL, Li-Gao R, Brown MR, van Hylckama Vlieg A, Souto JC, Soria JM, Ibrahim-Kosta M, Saut N, Daian D, Olaso R, Amouyel P, Debette S, Boland A, Bailly P, Morrison AC, Mook-Kanamori DO, Deleuze JF, Johnson A, de Vries PS, Sabater-Lleal M, Chiaroni J, Smith NL, Rosendaal FR, Chasman DI, Trégouët DA, Morange PE. Association between ABO haplotypes and the risk of venous thrombosis: impact on disease risk estimation. Blood 2021; 137:2394-2402. [PMID: 33512453 PMCID: PMC8085481 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020008997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic risk score (GRS) analysis is a popular approach to derive individual risk prediction models for complex diseases. In venous thrombosis (VT), such type of analysis shall integrate information at the ABO blood group locus, which is one of the major susceptibility loci. However, there is no consensus about which single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) must be investigated when properly assessing association between ABO locus and VT risk. Using comprehensive haplotype analyses of ABO blood group tagging SNPs in 5425 cases and 8445 controls from 6 studies, we demonstrate that using only rs8176719 (tagging O1) to correctly assess the impact of ABO locus on VT risk is suboptimal, because 5% of rs8176719-delG carriers do not have an increased risk of developing VT. Instead, we recommend the use of 4 SNPs, rs2519093 (tagging A1), rs1053878 (A2), rs8176743 (B), and rs41302905 (O2), when assessing the impact of ABO locus on VT risk to avoid any risk misestimation. Compared with the O1 haplotype, the A2 haplotype is associated with a modest increase in VT risk (odds ratio, ∼1.2), the A1 and B haplotypes are associated with an ∼1.8-fold increased risk, whereas the O2 haplotype tends to be slightly protective (odds ratio, ∼0.80). In addition, although the A1 and B blood groups are associated with increased von Willebrand factor and factor VIII plasma levels, only the A1 blood group is associated with ICAM levels, but in an opposite direction, leaving additional avenues to be explored to fully understand the spectrum of biological effects mediated by ABO locus on cardiovascular traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa Goumidi
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Centre de Recherche en CardioVasculaire et Nutrition, Marseille, France
| | - Florian Thibord
- INSERM U1219, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Laboratory of Excellence (LabEx) Genomique Médicale, Evry, France
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Framingham, MA
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA
| | - Kerri L Wiggins
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Ruifang Li-Gao
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mickael R Brown
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | | | - Joan-Carles Souto
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Research Group, Sant Pau Institute of Biomedical Research (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
- Unit of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José-Manuel Soria
- Unit of Genomic of Complex Disease, Institut de Recerca Hospital de la Sant Creu i Sant Pau, IIB Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manal Ibrahim-Kosta
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Centre de Recherche en CardioVasculaire et Nutrition, Marseille, France
- Hematology Laboratory, La Timone University Hospital of Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Noémie Saut
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Centre de Recherche en CardioVasculaire et Nutrition, Marseille, France
- Hematology Laboratory, La Timone University Hospital of Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Delphine Daian
- Laboratory of Excellence (LabEx) Genomique Médicale, Evry, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, Evry, France
| | - Robert Olaso
- Laboratory of Excellence (LabEx) Genomique Médicale, Evry, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, Evry, France
| | - Philippe Amouyel
- Lille University, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Facteurs de Risque et Déterminants Moléculaires des Maladies Liées au Vieillissement (RID-AGE), LabEx Development of Innovative Strategies for a Transdisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease (DISTALZ), Lille, France
- Lille University, INSERM, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, RID-AGE, Lille, France
| | - Stéphanie Debette
- INSERM U1219, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Department of Neurology, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Anne Boland
- Laboratory of Excellence (LabEx) Genomique Médicale, Evry, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, Evry, France
| | - Pascal Bailly
- Etablissement Français du Sang Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur-Corse "Biologie des Groupes Sanguins," Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille University, Etablissement Français du Sang, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, Anthropologie Bio-Culturelle, Droit, Ethique et Santé, "Biologie des Groupes Sanguins," Marseille, France
| | - Alanna C Morrison
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Denis O Mook-Kanamori
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-François Deleuze
- Laboratory of Excellence (LabEx) Genomique Médicale, Evry, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, Evry, France
- Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain, Fondation Jean Dausset, Paris, France
| | - Andrew Johnson
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Framingham, MA
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA
| | - Paul S de Vries
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Maria Sabater-Lleal
- Genomics of Complex Diseases, Research Institute of Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jacques Chiaroni
- Etablissement Français du Sang Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur-Corse "Biologie des Groupes Sanguins," Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille University, Etablissement Français du Sang, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, Anthropologie Bio-Culturelle, Droit, Ethique et Santé, "Biologie des Groupes Sanguins," Marseille, France
| | - Nicholas L Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Unit, Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle, WA
- Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Research and Development, Seattle, WA
| | - Frits R Rosendaal
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel I Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; and
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - David-Alexandre Trégouët
- INSERM U1219, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Laboratory of Excellence (LabEx) Genomique Médicale, Evry, France
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Morange
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Centre de Recherche en CardioVasculaire et Nutrition, Marseille, France
- Laboratory of Excellence (LabEx) Genomique Médicale, Evry, France
- Hematology Laboratory, La Timone University Hospital of Marseille, Marseille, France
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171
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Mathiesen A, Hamilton T, Carter N, Brown M, McPheat W, Dobrian A. Endothelial Extracellular Vesicles: From Keepers of Health to Messengers of Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094640. [PMID: 33924982 PMCID: PMC8125116 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelium has a rich vesicular network that allows the exchange of macromolecules between blood and parenchymal cells. This feature of endothelial cells, along with their polarized secretory machinery, makes them the second major contributor, after platelets, to the particulate secretome in circulation. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced by the endothelial cells mirror the remarkable molecular heterogeneity of their parent cells. Cargo molecules carried by EVs were shown to contribute to the physiological functions of endothelium and may support the plasticity and adaptation of endothelial cells in a paracrine manner. Endothelium-derived vesicles can also contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease or can serve as prognostic or diagnostic biomarkers. Finally, endothelium-derived EVs can be used as therapeutic tools to target endothelium for drug delivery or target stromal cells via the endothelial cells. In this review we revisit the recent evidence on the heterogeneity and plasticity of endothelial cells and their EVs. We discuss the role of endothelial EVs in the maintenance of vascular homeostasis along with their contributions to endothelial adaptation and dysfunction. Finally, we evaluate the potential of endothelial EVs as disease biomarkers and their leverage as therapeutic tools.
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172
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Al-Rahimi JS, Nass NM, Hassoubah SA, Wazqar DY, Alamoudi SA. Levels and predictors of fear and health anxiety during the current outbreak of COVID-19 in immunocompromised and chronic disease patients in Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional correlational study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250554. [PMID: 33901260 PMCID: PMC8075243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection has become a clinical threat to healthy people as well as immunocompromised patients and those with pre-existing chronic diseases around the world. This study, which used a cross-sectional correlational design, aimed to assess the levels of fear and health anxiety and to investigate their predictors during the current outbreak of COVID-19 in immunocompromised and chronic disease patients in Saudi Arabia. Sociodemographic and clinical data, fear of COVID-19, and health anxiety measurements were collected by online surveys from June 15 to July 15, 2020. Univariate and multiple linear regression analysis was used to identify predictors. A total of 1,030 patients in 13 provinces in Saudi Arabia completed the questionnaire. A significant number of patients with chronic diseases experienced considerable levels of fear and anxiety during the COVID-19 outbreak. It was found that 21.44% of participants met the criteria for anxiety cases, and 19.4% were considered borderline anxiety cases. In regression analysis, significant predictors of fear and health anxiety were female gender, lower education, middle-aged, divorced or widowed, receiving immunosuppressants, type of chronic disease (Crohn’s disease, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases), and media use as a source of knowledge about COVID-19. Immunocompromised and chronic disease patients are vulnerable to fear and anxiety during epidemic infectious diseases such as COVID-19. Optimizing this population’s compliance with appropriate infection prevention and control strategies is crucial during the infectious outbreaks to ensure their safety, to decrease the risk of infection and serious complications, and reduce their fear and health anxiety. Effective positive psychological interventions and support strategies also need to be immediately implemented to increase psychological resilience and improve the mental health of these patients. Due to the COVID-19 outbreak, chronic disease patients in Saudi Arabia need special attention from health authorities, policymakers, and healthcare professionals to manage maladaptive forms of health anxiety and fear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jehan S. Al-Rahimi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Immunology Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Nada M. Nass
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahira A. Hassoubah
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Dhuha Y. Wazqar
- Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail:
| | - Soha A. Alamoudi
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Arts, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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173
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Aleksova A, Gagno G, Sinagra G, Beltrami AP, Janjusevic M, Ippolito G, Zumla A, Fluca AL, Ferro F. Effects of SARS-CoV-2 on Cardiovascular System: The Dual Role of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) as the Virus Receptor and Homeostasis Regulator-Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4526. [PMID: 33926110 PMCID: PMC8123609 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the entry receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) in humans. ACE-2 is a type I transmembrane metallocarboxypeptidase expressed in vascular endothelial cells, alveolar type 2 lung epithelial cells, renal tubular epithelium, Leydig cells in testes and gastrointestinal tract. ACE2 mediates the interaction between host cells and SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein. However, ACE2 is not only a SARS-CoV-2 receptor, but it has also an important homeostatic function regulating renin-angiotensin system (RAS), which is pivotal for both the cardiovascular and immune systems. Therefore, ACE2 is the key link between SARS-CoV-2 infection, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and immune response. Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 seems to be tightly associated with ACE2 availability, which in turn is determined by genetics, age, gender and comorbidities. Severe COVID-19 is due to an uncontrolled and excessive immune response, which leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multi-organ failure. In spite of a lower ACE2 expression on cells surface, patients with CVDs have a higher COVID-19 mortality rate, which is likely driven by the imbalance between ADAM metallopeptidase domain 17 (ADAM17) protein (which is required for cleavage of ACE-2 ectodomain resulting in increased ACE2 shedding), and TMPRSS2 (which is required for spike glycoprotein priming). To date, ACE inhibitors and Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs) treatment interruption in patients with chronic comorbidities appears unjustified. The rollout of COVID-19 vaccines provides opportunities to study the effects of different COVID-19 vaccines on ACE2 in patients on treatment with ACEi/ARB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Aleksova
- Cardiothoracovascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina (ASUGI) and Department of Medical Surgical and Health Science, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (G.G.); (G.S.); (M.J.); (A.L.F.); (F.F.)
| | - Giulia Gagno
- Cardiothoracovascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina (ASUGI) and Department of Medical Surgical and Health Science, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (G.G.); (G.S.); (M.J.); (A.L.F.); (F.F.)
| | - Gianfranco Sinagra
- Cardiothoracovascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina (ASUGI) and Department of Medical Surgical and Health Science, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (G.G.); (G.S.); (M.J.); (A.L.F.); (F.F.)
| | | | - Milijana Janjusevic
- Cardiothoracovascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina (ASUGI) and Department of Medical Surgical and Health Science, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (G.G.); (G.S.); (M.J.); (A.L.F.); (F.F.)
| | - Giuseppe Ippolito
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-IRCCS, 00135 Rome, Italy;
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Department of Infection, Division of Infection and Immunity, Centre for Clinical Microbiology, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK;
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals, London NW1 2BU, UK
| | - Alessandra Lucia Fluca
- Cardiothoracovascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina (ASUGI) and Department of Medical Surgical and Health Science, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (G.G.); (G.S.); (M.J.); (A.L.F.); (F.F.)
| | - Federico Ferro
- Cardiothoracovascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina (ASUGI) and Department of Medical Surgical and Health Science, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (G.G.); (G.S.); (M.J.); (A.L.F.); (F.F.)
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174
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Bancks MP, Bertoni AG, Carnethon M, Chen H, Cotch MF, Gujral UP, Herrington D, Kanaya AM, Szklo M, Vaidya D, Kandula NR. Association of Diabetes Subgroups With Race/Ethnicity, Risk Factor Burden and Complications: The MASALA and MESA Studies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e2106-e2115. [PMID: 33502458 PMCID: PMC8063247 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There are known disparities in diabetes complications by race and ethnicity. Although diabetes subgroups may contribute to differential risk, little is known about how subgroups vary by race/ethnicity. METHODS Data were pooled from 1293 (46% female) participants of the Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America (MASALA) and the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) who had diabetes (determined by diabetes medication use, fasting glucose, and glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c]), including 217 South Asian, 240 non-Hispanic white, 125 Chinese, 387 African American, and 324 Hispanic patients. We applied k-means clustering using data for age at diabetes diagnosis, body mass index, HbA1c, and homeostatic model assessment measures of insulin resistance and beta cell function. We assessed whether diabetes subgroups were associated with race/ethnicity, concurrent cardiovascular disease risk factors, and incident diabetes complications. RESULTS Five diabetes subgroups were characterized by older age at diabetes onset (43%), severe hyperglycemia (26%), severe obesity (20%), younger age at onset (1%), and requiring insulin medication use (9%). The most common subgroup assignment was older onset for all race/ethnicities with the exception of South Asians where the severe hyperglycemia subgroup was most likely. Risk for renal complications and subclinical coronary disease differed by diabetes subgroup and, separately, race/ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS Racial/ethnic differences were present across diabetes subgroups, and diabetes subgroups differed in risk for complications. Strategies to eliminate racial/ethnic disparities in complications may need to consider approaches targeted to diabetes subgroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Bancks
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Correspondence: Mike Bancks, PhD, MPH, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Epidemiology & Prevention, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
| | | | | | - Haiying Chen
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Mary Frances Cotch
- National Eye Institute of the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Unjali P Gujral
- Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Alka M Kanaya
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Moyses Szklo
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dhananjay Vaidya
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Ma Y, Liu Y, Han F, Qiu H, Shi J, Huang N, Hou N, Sun X. Growth differentiation factor 11: a "rejuvenation factor" involved in regulation of age-related diseases? Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:12258-12272. [PMID: 33886503 PMCID: PMC8109099 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11), a member of the transforming growth factor β superfamily of cytokines, is a critical rejuvenation factor in aging cells. GDF11 improves neurodegenerative and neurovascular disease outcomes, increases skeletal muscle volume, and enhances muscle strength. Its wide-ranging biological effects may include the reversal of senescence in clinical applications, as well as the ability to reverse age-related pathological changes and regulate organ regeneration after injury. Nevertheless, recent data have led to controversy regarding the functional roles of GDF11, because the underlying mechanisms were not clearly established in previous studies. In this review, we examine the literature regarding GDF11 in age-related diseases and discuss potential mechanisms underlying the effects of GDF11 in regulation of age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
- Department of Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Yongping Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
- Department of Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Fang Han
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Hongyan Qiu
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
- Department of Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Junfeng Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
- Department of Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Na Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Ningning Hou
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
- Department of Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
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Moshfegh CM, Case AJ. The Redox-Metabolic Couple of T Lymphocytes: Potential Consequences for Hypertension. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:915-935. [PMID: 32237890 PMCID: PMC8035925 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Significance: T lymphocytes, as part of the adaptive immune system, possess the ability to activate and function in extreme cellular microenvironments, which requires these cells to remain highly malleable. One mechanism in which T lymphocytes achieve this adaptability is by responding to cues from both reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, as well as metabolic flux, which together fine-tune the functional fate of these adaptive immune cells. Recent Advances: To date, examinations of the redox and metabolic effects on T lymphocytes have primarily investigated these biological processes as separate entities. Given that the redox and metabolic environments possess significant overlaps of pathways and molecular species, it is inevitable that perturbations in one environment affect the other. Recent consideration of this redox-metabolic couple has demonstrated the strong link and regulatory consequences of these two systems in T lymphocytes. Critical Issues: The redox and metabolic control of T lymphocytes is essential to prevent dysregulated inflammation, which has been observed in cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension. The role of the adaptive immune system in hypertension has been extensively investigated, but the understanding of how the redox and metabolic environments control T lymphocytes in this disease remains unclear. Future Directions: Herein, we provide a discussion of the redox and metabolic control of T lymphocytes as separate entities, as well as coupled to one another, to regulate adaptive immunity. While investigations examining this pair together in T lymphocytes are sparse, we speculate that T lymphocyte destiny is shaped by the redox-metabolic couple. In contrast, disrupting this duo may have inflammatory consequences such as hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra M. Moshfegh
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Adam J. Case
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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Libby P. Targeting Inflammatory Pathways in Cardiovascular Disease: The Inflammasome, Interleukin-1, Interleukin-6 and Beyond. Cells 2021; 10:951. [PMID: 33924019 PMCID: PMC8073599 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent clinical trials have now firmly established that inflammation participates causally in human atherosclerosis. These observations point the way toward novel treatments that add to established therapies to help stem the growing global epidemic of cardiovascular disease. Fortunately, we now have a number of actionable targets whose clinical exploration will help achieve the goal of optimizing beneficial effects while avoiding undue interference with host defenses or other unwanted actions. This review aims to furnish the foundation for this quest by critical evaluation of the current state of anti-inflammatory interventions within close reach of clinical application, with a primary focus on innate immunity. In particular, this paper highlights the pathway from the inflammasome, through interleukin (IL)-1 to IL-6 supported by a promising body of pre-clinical, clinical, and human genetic data. This paper also considers the use of biomarkers to guide allocation of anti-inflammatory therapies as a step toward realizing the promise of precision medicine. The validation of decades of experimental work and association studies in humans by recent clinical investigations provides a strong impetus for further efforts to target inflammation in atherosclerosis to address the considerable risk that remains despite current therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Libby
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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178
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Gedefaw L, Ullah S, Leung PHM, Cai Y, Yip SP, Huang CL. Inflammasome Activation-Induced Hypercoagulopathy: Impact on Cardiovascular Dysfunction Triggered in COVID-19 Patients. Cells 2021; 10:916. [PMID: 33923537 PMCID: PMC8073302 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the most devastating infectious disease in the 21st century with more than 2 million lives lost in less than a year. The activation of inflammasome in the host infected by SARS-CoV-2 is highly related to cytokine storm and hypercoagulopathy, which significantly contribute to the poor prognosis of COVID-19 patients. Even though many studies have shown the host defense mechanism induced by inflammasome against various viral infections, mechanistic interactions leading to downstream cellular responses and pathogenesis in COVID-19 remain unclear. The SARS-CoV-2 infection has been associated with numerous cardiovascular disorders including acute myocardial injury, myocarditis, arrhythmias, and venous thromboembolism. The inflammatory response triggered by the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome under certain cardiovascular conditions resulted in hyperinflammation or the modulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 signaling pathways. Perturbations of several target cells and tissues have been described in inflammasome activation, including pneumocytes, macrophages, endothelial cells, and dendritic cells. The interplay between inflammasome activation and hypercoagulopathy in COVID-19 patients is an emerging area to be further addressed. Targeted therapeutics to suppress inflammasome activation may have a positive effect on the reduction of hyperinflammation-induced hypercoagulopathy and cardiovascular disorders occurring as COVID-19 complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Shea-Ping Yip
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; (L.G.); (S.U.); (P.H.M.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Chien-Ling Huang
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; (L.G.); (S.U.); (P.H.M.L.); (Y.C.)
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179
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Bo-Htay C, Shwe T, Jaiwongkam T, Kerdphoo S, Pratchayasakul W, Pattarasakulchai T, Shinlapawittayatorn K, Chattipakorn SC, Chattipakorn N. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy effectively alleviates D-galactose-induced-age-related cardiac dysfunction via attenuating mitochondrial dysfunction in pre-diabetic rats. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:10955-10972. [PMID: 33861726 PMCID: PMC8109141 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Currently, the prevalence of obesity in aging populations is fast growing worldwide. Aging induced by D-galactose (D-gal) is proven to cause the worsening of cardiac dysfunction in pre-diabetic rats via deteriorating cardiac mitochondrial function. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) has been shown to attenuate D-gal-induced cognitive deterioration through decreased inflammation and apoptosis. We tested the hypothesis that HBOT alleviates D-gal induced cardiac dysfunction via improving mitochondrial function in pre-diabetic rats. Wistar rats (n=56) were fed normal diet or high-fat diet for 12 weeks. For subsequent 8 weeks, they were subcutaneously injected either vehicle (0.9% normal saline) or D-gal (150mg/kg/day). Rats were randomly subdivided into 7 groups at week 21: sham-treated (normal diet fed rats with vehicle (NDV), high-fat diet fed rats with vehicle (HFV), normal diet fed rats with D-gal (NDDg), high-fat diet fed rats with D-gal (HFDg)) and HBOT-treated (HFV, NDDg, HFDg). Sham rats received ambient pressure of oxygen while HBOT-treated ones received 100% oxygen given once daily for 60 minutes at 2 atmosphere absolute. HBOT reduced metabolic impairments, mitochondrial dysfunction and increased autophagy, resulting in an improvement of cardiac function in aged pre-diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherry Bo-Htay
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Thazin Shwe
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Thidarat Jaiwongkam
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Sasiwan Kerdphoo
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Wasana Pratchayasakul
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Thienchai Pattarasakulchai
- Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Krekwit Shinlapawittayatorn
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Siriporn C Chattipakorn
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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Liu Chung Ming C, Sesperez K, Ben-Sefer E, Arpon D, McGrath K, McClements L, Gentile C. Considerations to Model Heart Disease in Women with Preeclampsia and Cardiovascular Disease. Cells 2021; 10:899. [PMID: 33919808 PMCID: PMC8070848 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a multifactorial cardiovascular disorder diagnosed after 20 weeks of gestation, and is the leading cause of death for both mothers and babies in pregnancy. The pathophysiology remains poorly understood due to the variability and unpredictability of disease manifestation when studied in animal models. After preeclampsia, both mothers and offspring have a higher risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), including myocardial infarction or heart attack and heart failure (HF). Myocardial infarction is an acute myocardial damage that can be treated through reperfusion; however, this therapeutic approach leads to ischemic/reperfusion injury (IRI), often leading to HF. In this review, we compared the current in vivo, in vitro and ex vivo model systems used to study preeclampsia, IRI and HF. Future studies aiming at evaluating CVD in preeclampsia patients could benefit from novel models that better mimic the complex scenario described in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Liu Chung Ming
- School of Biomedical Engineering/FEIT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (C.L.C.M.); (E.B.-S.); (D.A.)
| | - Kimberly Sesperez
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (K.S.); (K.M.); (L.M.)
| | - Eitan Ben-Sefer
- School of Biomedical Engineering/FEIT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (C.L.C.M.); (E.B.-S.); (D.A.)
| | - David Arpon
- School of Biomedical Engineering/FEIT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (C.L.C.M.); (E.B.-S.); (D.A.)
| | - Kristine McGrath
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (K.S.); (K.M.); (L.M.)
| | - Lana McClements
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (K.S.); (K.M.); (L.M.)
| | - Carmine Gentile
- School of Biomedical Engineering/FEIT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (C.L.C.M.); (E.B.-S.); (D.A.)
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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181
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Abstract
During aging, body adiposity increases with changes in the metabolism of lipids and their metabolite levels. Considering lipid metabolism, excess adiposity with increased lipotoxicity leads to various age-related diseases, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, arthritis, type 2 diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease. However, the multifaceted nature and complexities of lipid metabolism make it difficult to delineate its exact mechanism and role during aging. With advances in genetic engineering techniques, recent studies have demonstrated that changes in lipid metabolism are associated with aging and age-related diseases. Lipid accumulation and impaired fatty acid utilization in organs are associated with pathophysiological phenotypes of aging. Changes in adipokine levels contribute to aging by modulating changes in systemic metabolism and inflammation. Advances in lipidomic techniques have identified changes in lipid profiles that are associated with aging. Although it remains unclear how lipid metabolism is regulated during aging, or how lipid metabolites impact aging, evidence suggests a dynamic role for lipid metabolism and its metabolites as active participants of signaling pathways and regulators of gene expression. This review describes recent advances in our understanding of lipid metabolism in aging, including established findings and recent approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Wung Chung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46214, Korea
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182
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Parker M, Fang X, Self-Brown SR, Rahimi A. Establishing how social capital is studied in relation to cardiovascular disease and identifying gaps for future research-A scoping review protocol. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249751. [PMID: 33831051 PMCID: PMC8031438 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Though the relationship between social capital and health has been widely studied, the evidence of this relationship in cardiovascular disease is limited, with varied and inconsistent measures. This scoping review seeks to address this gap by answering the following questions: (1) How has social capital been characterized and measured in the literature related to cardiovascular disease? and (2) What gaps exist in the evaluation of the relationship between social capital and cardiovascular disease? Materials and methods A scoping review will be used to answer the research questions. The scoping review will apply established methods described by Arksey and O’Malley, Levac and colleagues, and the Joanne Briggs Institute: (1) identifying the research question(s); (2) identifying relevant studies; (3) selecting the studies; (4) charting the data; and (5) collating, summarizing, and reporting the results. Results Our findings will be reported in accordance with the guidance provided in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols (PRISMA-P) statement. Discussion The synthesis of this evidence base is intended to provide a framework for how social capital has been defined and measured in the cardiovascular literature, with additional guidance for future research and evaluation. The findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publication and presentations at relevant seminars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Parker
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Xiangming Fang
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | | | - Ali Rahimi
- Cardiology, The Southeast Permanente Medical Group, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
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183
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Barbosa LC, Gonçalves TL, de Araujo LP, Rosario LVDO, Ferrer VP. Endothelial cells and SARS-CoV-2: An intimate relationship. Vascul Pharmacol 2021; 137:106829. [PMID: 33422689 PMCID: PMC7834309 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2021.106829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is an important player of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in regulating the conversion of angiotensin II into angiotensin (1-7). While expressed on the surface of human cells, such as lung, heart, kidney, neurons, and endothelial cells (EC), ACE2 is the entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2. Here, we would like to highlight that ACE2 is predominant on the EC membrane. Many of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) symptoms have been associated with the large recruitment of immune cells, directly affecting EC. Additionally, cytokines, hypoxia, and complement activation can trigger the activation of EC leading to the coagulation cascade. The EC dysfunction plus the inflammation due to SARS-CoV-2 infection may lead to abnormal coagulation, actively participating in thrombo-inflammatory processes resulting in vasculopathy and indicating poor prognosis in patients with COVID-19. Considering the intrinsic relationship between EC and the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2, EC-associated therapies such as anticoagulants, fibrinolytic drugs, immunomodulators, and molecular therapies have been proposed. In this review, we will discuss the role of EC in the lung inflammation and edema, in the disseminate coagulation process, ACE2 positive cancer patients, and current and future EC-associated therapies to treat COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Cunha Barbosa
- Graduate Program in Medicine - Pathological Anatomy, Clementino Fraga Filho Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Brain's Biomedicine Lab, Paulo Niemeyer State Brain Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Valéria Pereira Ferrer
- Graduate Program in Medicine - Pathological Anatomy, Clementino Fraga Filho Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Brazil.
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184
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Singh P, O'Toole TE, Conklin DJ, Hill BG, Haberzettl P. Endothelial progenitor cells as critical mediators of environmental air pollution-induced cardiovascular toxicity. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 320:H1440-H1455. [PMID: 33606580 PMCID: PMC8260385 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00804.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Environmental air pollution exposure is a leading cause of death worldwide, and with increasing industrialization and urbanization, its disease burden is expected to rise even further. The majority of air pollution exposure-associated deaths are linked to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although ample research demonstrates a strong correlation between air pollution exposure and CVD risk, the mechanisms by which inhalation of polluted air affects cardiovascular health are not completely understood. Inhalation of environmental air pollution has been associated with endothelial dysfunction, which suggests that air pollution exposure impacts CVD health by inducing endothelial injury. Interestingly, recent studies demonstrate that air pollution exposure affects the number and function of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), subpopulations of bone marrow-derived proangiogenic cells that have been shown to play an essential role in maintaining cardiovascular health. In line with their beneficial function, chronically low levels of circulating EPCs and EPC dysfunction (e.g., in diabetic patients) have been associated with vascular dysfunction, poor cardiovascular health, and increases in the severity of cardiovascular outcomes. In contrast, treatments that improve EPC number and function (e.g., exercise) have been found to attenuate cardiovascular dysfunction. Considering the critical, nonredundant role of EPCs in maintaining vascular health, air pollution exposure-induced impairments in EPC number and function could lead to endothelial dysfunction, consequently increasing the risk for CVD. This review article covers novel aspects and new mechanistic insights of the adverse effects of air pollution exposure on cardiovascular health associated with changes in EPC number and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Singh
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Diabetes and Obesity Center, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Timothy E O'Toole
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Diabetes and Obesity Center, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Daniel J Conklin
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Diabetes and Obesity Center, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Bradford G Hill
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Diabetes and Obesity Center, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Petra Haberzettl
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Diabetes and Obesity Center, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
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185
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Alevriadou BR, Patel A, Noble M, Ghosh S, Gohil VM, Stathopulos PB, Madesh M. Molecular nature and physiological role of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter channel. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 320:C465-C482. [PMID: 33296287 PMCID: PMC8260355 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00502.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) signaling is critical for cell function and cell survival. Mitochondria play a major role in regulating the intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). Mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake is an important determinant of cell fate and governs respiration, mitophagy/autophagy, and the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. Mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake occurs via the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU) complex. This review summarizes the present knowledge on the function of MCU complex, regulation of MCU channel, and the role of MCU in Ca2+ homeostasis and human disease pathogenesis. The channel core consists of four MCU subunits and essential MCU regulators (EMRE). Regulatory proteins that interact with them include mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake 1/2 (MICU1/2), MCU dominant-negative β-subunit (MCUb), MCU regulator 1 (MCUR1), and solute carrier 25A23 (SLC25A23). In addition to these proteins, cardiolipin, a mitochondrial membrane-specific phospholipid, has been shown to interact with the channel core. The dynamic interplay between the core and regulatory proteins modulates MCU channel activity after sensing local changes in [Ca2+]i, reactive oxygen species, and other environmental factors. Here, we highlight the structural details of the human MCU heteromeric assemblies and their known roles in regulating mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis. MCU dysfunction has been shown to alter mitochondrial Ca2+ dynamics, in turn eliciting cell apoptosis. Changes in mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake have been implicated in pathological conditions affecting multiple organs, including the heart, skeletal muscle, and brain. However, our structural and functional knowledge of this vital protein complex remains incomplete, and understanding the precise role for MCU-mediated mitochondrial Ca2+ signaling in disease requires further research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Rita Alevriadou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University at Buffalo-State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
| | - Akshar Patel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University at Buffalo-State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
| | - Megan Noble
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sagnika Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Vishal M Gohil
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Peter B Stathopulos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Muniswamy Madesh
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology Division, Center for Precision Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
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186
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Ferrari S, Pesce M. Stiffness and Aging in Cardiovascular Diseases: The Dangerous Relationship between Force and Senescence. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3404. [PMID: 33810253 PMCID: PMC8037660 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological aging is a process associated with a gradual decline in tissues' homeostasis based on the progressive inability of the cells to self-renew. Cellular senescence is one of the hallmarks of the aging process, characterized by an irreversible cell cycle arrest due to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, telomeres shortening, chronic inflammatory activation, and chromatin modifications. In this review, we will describe the effects of senescence on tissue structure, extracellular matrix (ECM) organization, and nucleus architecture, and see how these changes affect (are affected by) mechano-transduction. In our view, this is essential for a deeper understanding of the progressive pathological evolution of the cardiovascular system and its relationship with the detrimental effects of risk factors, known to act at an epigenetic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Ferrari
- Unità di Ingegneria Tissutale Cardiovascolare, Centro cardiologico Monzino, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico(IRCCS), 20138 Milan, Italy;
- PhD Program in Translational Medicine, Department of Molecular Medicine, Università degli studi di Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Pesce
- Unità di Ingegneria Tissutale Cardiovascolare, Centro cardiologico Monzino, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico(IRCCS), 20138 Milan, Italy;
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187
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Bollmann A, Hohenstein S, Pellissier V, Stengler K, Reichardt P, Ritz JP, Thiele H, Borger MA, Hindricks G, Meier-Hellmann A, Kuhlen R. Utilization of in- and outpatient hospital care in Germany during the Covid-19 pandemic insights from the German-wide Helios hospital network. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249251. [PMID: 33765096 PMCID: PMC7993839 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During the early phase of the Covid-19 pandemic, reductions of hospital admissions with a focus on emergencies have been observed for several medical and surgical conditions, while trend data during later stages of the pandemic are scarce. Consequently, this study aims to provide up-to-date hospitalization trends for several conditions including cardiovascular, psychiatry, oncology and surgery cases in both the in- and outpatient setting. Methods and findings Using claims data of 86 Helios hospitals in Germany, consecutive cases with an in- or outpatient hospital admission between March 13, 2020 (the begin of the “protection” stage of the German pandemic plan) and December 10, 2020 (end of study period) were analyzed and compared to a corresponding period covering the same weeks in 2019. Cause-specific hospitalizations were defined based on the primary discharge diagnosis according to International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10) or German procedure classification codes for cardiovascular, oncology, psychiatry and surgery cases. Cumulative hospitalization deficit was computed as the difference between the expected and observed cumulative admission number for every week in the study period, expressed as a percentage of the cumulative expected number. The expected admission number was defined as the weekly average during the control period. A total of 1,493,915 hospital admissions (723,364 during the study and 770,551 during the control period) were included. At the end of the study period, total cumulative hospitalization deficit was -10% [95% confidence interval -10; -10] for cardiovascular and -9% [-10; -9] for surgical cases, higher than -4% [-4; -3] in psychiatry and 4% [4; 4] in oncology cases. The utilization of inpatient care and subsequent hospitalization deficit was similar in trend with some variation in magnitude between cardiovascular (-12% [-13; -12]), psychiatry (-18% [-19; -17]), oncology (-7% [-8; -7]) and surgery cases (-11% [-11; -11]). Similarly, cardiovascular and surgical outpatient cases had a deficit of -5% [-6; -5] and -3% [-4; -3], respectively. This was in contrast to psychiatry (2% [1; 2]) and oncology cases (21% [20; 21]) that had a surplus in the outpatient sector. While in-hospital mortality, was higher during the Covid-19 pandemic in cardiovascular (3.9 vs. 3.5%, OR 1.10 [95% CI 1.06–1.15], P<0.01) and in oncology cases (4.5 vs. 4.3%, OR 1.06 [95% CI 1.01–1.11], P<0.01), it was similar in surgical (0.9 vs. 0.8%, OR 1.06 [95% CI 1.00–1.13], P = 0.07) and in psychiatry cases (0.4 vs. 0.5%, OR 1.01 [95% CI 0.78–1.31], P<0.95). Conclusions There have been varying changes in care pathways and in-hospital mortality in different disciplines during the Covid-19 pandemic in Germany. Despite all the inherent and well-known limitations of claims data use, this data may be used for health care surveillance as the pandemic continues worldwide. While this study provides an up-to-date analysis of utilization of hospital care in the largest German hospital network, short- and long-term consequences are unknown and deserve further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bollmann
- Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig and Leipzig Heart Institute, Leipzig, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Sven Hohenstein
- Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig and Leipzig Heart Institute, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Vincent Pellissier
- Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig and Leipzig Heart Institute, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katharina Stengler
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Helios Park Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Reichardt
- Oncology Center Berlin-Buch, Helios Hospital Berlin-Buch and Berlin Cancer Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Ritz
- Department of Surgery, Helios Hospital Schwerin, Schwerin, Germany
| | - Holger Thiele
- Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig and Leipzig Heart Institute, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael A. Borger
- Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig and Leipzig Heart Institute, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gerhard Hindricks
- Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig and Leipzig Heart Institute, Leipzig, Germany
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188
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Rosa AC, Corsi D, Cavi N, Bruni N, Dosio F. Superoxide Dismutase Administration: A Review of Proposed Human Uses. Molecules 2021; 26:1844. [PMID: 33805942 PMCID: PMC8037464 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are metalloenzymes that play a major role in antioxidant defense against oxidative stress in the body. SOD supplementation may therefore trigger the endogenous antioxidant machinery for the neutralization of free-radical excess and be used in a variety of pathological settings. This paper aimed to provide an extensive review of the possible uses of SODs in a range of pathological settings, as well as describe the current pitfalls and the delivery strategies that are in development to solve bioavailability issues. We carried out a PubMed query, using the keywords "SOD", "SOD mimetics", "SOD supplementation", which included papers published in the English language, between 2012 and 2020, on the potential therapeutic applications of SODs, including detoxification strategies. As highlighted in this paper, it can be argued that the generic antioxidant effects of SODs are beneficial under all tested conditions, from ocular and cardiovascular diseases to neurodegenerative disorders and metabolic diseases, including diabetes and its complications and obesity. However, it must be underlined that clinical evidence for its efficacy is limited and consequently, this efficacy is currently far from being demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Carolina Rosa
- Department of Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy; (D.C.); (N.C.); (F.D.)
| | - Daniele Corsi
- Department of Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy; (D.C.); (N.C.); (F.D.)
| | - Niccolò Cavi
- Department of Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy; (D.C.); (N.C.); (F.D.)
| | - Natascia Bruni
- Istituto Farmaceutico Candioli, Strada Comunale di None, 1, 10092 Beinasco, Italy;
| | - Franco Dosio
- Department of Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy; (D.C.); (N.C.); (F.D.)
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189
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Zhang X, Connelly J, Chao Y, Wang QJ. Multifaceted Functions of Protein Kinase D in Pathological Processes and Human Diseases. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11030483. [PMID: 33807058 PMCID: PMC8005150 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase D (PKD) is a family of serine/threonine protein kinases operating in the signaling network of the second messenger diacylglycerol. The three family members, PKD1, PKD2, and PKD3, are activated by a variety of extracellular stimuli and transduce cell signals affecting many aspects of basic cell functions including secretion, migration, proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, and immune response. Dysregulation of PKD in expression and activity has been detected in many human diseases. Further loss- or gain-of-function studies at cellular levels and in animal models provide strong support for crucial roles of PKD in many pathological conditions, including cancer, metabolic disorders, cardiac diseases, central nervous system disorders, inflammatory diseases, and immune dysregulation. Complexity in enzymatic regulation and function is evident as PKD isoforms may act differently in different biological systems and disease models, and understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying these differences and their biological significance in vivo is essential for the development of safer and more effective PKD-targeted therapies. In this review, to provide a global understanding of PKD function, we present an overview of the PKD family in several major human diseases with more focus on cancer-associated biological processes.
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190
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Santi L, Golinelli D, Tampieri A, Farina G, Greco M, Rosa S, Beleffi M, Biavati B, Campinoti F, Guerrini S, Ferrari R, Rucci P, Fantini MP, Giostra F. Non-COVID-19 patients in times of pandemic: Emergency department visits, hospitalizations and cause-specific mortality in Northern Italy. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248995. [PMID: 33750990 PMCID: PMC7984614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic forced healthcare services organization to adjust to mutating healthcare needs. Not exhaustive data are available on the consequences of this on non-COVID-19 patients. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of the pandemic on non-COVID-19 patients living in a one-million inhabitants' area in Northern Italy (Bologna Metropolitan Area-BMA), analyzing time trends of Emergency Department (ED) visits, hospitalizations and mortality. We conducted a retrospective observational study using data extracted from BMA healthcare informative systems. Weekly trends of ED visits, hospitalizations, in- and out-of-hospital, all-cause and cause-specific mortality between December 1st, 2019 to May 31st, 2020, were compared with those of the same period of the previous year. Non-COVID-19 ED visits and hospitalizations showed a stable trend until the first Italian case of COVID-19 has been recorded, on February 19th, 2020, when they dropped simultaneously. The reduction of ED visits was observed in all age groups and across all severity and diagnosis groups. In the lockdown period a significant increase was found in overall out-of-hospital mortality (43.2%) and cause-specific out-of-hospital mortality related to neoplasms (76.7%), endocrine, nutritional and metabolic (79.5%) as well as cardiovascular (32.7%) diseases. The pandemic caused a sudden drop of ED visits and hospitalizations of non-COVID-19 patients during the lockdown period, and a concurrent increase in out-of-hospital mortality mainly driven by deaths for neoplasms, cardiovascular and endocrine diseases. As recurrencies of the COVID-19 pandemic are underway, the scenario described in this study might be useful to understand both the population reaction and the healthcare system response at the early phases of the pandemic in terms of reduced demand of care and systems capability in intercepting it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Santi
- Department of Emergency, Medicina d’Urgenza e Pronto Soccorso, Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Davide Golinelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Tampieri
- Department of Emergency, Medicina d’Urgenza e Pronto Soccorso. Ospedale S. Maria della Scaletta, Imola, Italy
| | - Gabriele Farina
- Department of Emergency, Medicina d’Urgenza e Pronto Soccorso, Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Manfredi Greco
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simona Rosa
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michelle Beleffi
- Emergency Medicine Specialization School, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Bianca Biavati
- Emergency Medicine Specialization School, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Campinoti
- Emergency Medicine Specialization School, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefania Guerrini
- Department of Emergency, Medicina d’Urgenza e Pronto Soccorso, Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Ferrari
- Department of Emergency, Medicina d’Urgenza e Pronto Soccorso. Ospedale S. Maria della Scaletta, Imola, Italy
| | - Paola Rucci
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Fantini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Giostra
- Department of Emergency, Medicina d’Urgenza e Pronto Soccorso, Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
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191
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Fawaz S, Mansier O, Pucheu Y, Marti S, Leroy H, Gaufroy A, Broitman J, James C, Couffinhal T. Clonal haematopoiesis and cardiovascular diseases: A growing relationship. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2021; 114:316-324. [PMID: 33714721 DOI: 10.1016/j.acvd.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases, particularly atherothrombosis, are the leading cause of death worldwide, but their mechanisms are not yet fully understood. Traditional cardiovascular risk factors have been known for many years, but are not enough to predict individual risk. Clonal haematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) has been described recently; it corresponds to the clonal expansion of a population of haematopoietic cells in response to the acquisition of a somatic mutation, without any clinical or biological sign of haematological malignancy. The prevalence of this condition increases with age, reaching 10-20% of the general population aged>70 years. Recent observational studies have shown a link between CHIP and cardiovascular diseases in humans, revealing that CHIP carriers have a higher risk of myocardial infarction, heart failure and severe aortic valve stenosis. The prognosis of these conditions also seems to be altered by the presence of CHIP. Experimental studies have identified that the immune system and inflammation - particularly interleukin-1β-secreting macrophages - play a critical role in enhancing the cardiovascular consequences of CHIP, through their action on the atherosclerotic plaque and myocardial tissues. We aimed to write an extensive review of what is currently known about CHIP and its cardiovascular consequences, the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to the increased cardiovascular risk and, finally, the expected influence on our daily practice and how we care for patients with CHIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Fawaz
- Centre d'exploration, de prévention et de traitement de l'athérosclérose (CEPTA), CHU Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Olivier Mansier
- Laboratoire d'hématologie, CHU de Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, Inserm, UMR1034, Biology of cardiovascular diseases, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Yann Pucheu
- Centre d'exploration, de prévention et de traitement de l'athérosclérose (CEPTA), CHU Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, Inserm, UMR1034, Biology of cardiovascular diseases, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Séverine Marti
- Laboratoire d'hématologie, CHU de Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Harmony Leroy
- Laboratoire d'hématologie, CHU de Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, Inserm, UMR1034, Biology of cardiovascular diseases, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Astrid Gaufroy
- Centre d'exploration, de prévention et de traitement de l'athérosclérose (CEPTA), CHU Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean Broitman
- Centre d'exploration, de prévention et de traitement de l'athérosclérose (CEPTA), CHU Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Chloe James
- Laboratoire d'hématologie, CHU de Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, Inserm, UMR1034, Biology of cardiovascular diseases, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Thierry Couffinhal
- Centre d'exploration, de prévention et de traitement de l'athérosclérose (CEPTA), CHU Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, Inserm, UMR1034, Biology of cardiovascular diseases, 33600 Pessac, France.
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Abstract
Stem cell and regenerative approaches that might rejuvenate the heart have immense intuitive appeal for the public and scientific communities. Hopes were fueled by initial findings from preclinical models that suggested that easily obtained bone marrow cells might have significant reparative capabilities; however, after initial encouraging pre-clinical and early clinical findings, the realities of clinical development have placed a damper on the field. Clinical trials were often designed to detect exceptionally large treatment effects with modest patient numbers with subsequent disappointing results. First generation approaches were likely overly simplistic and relied on a relatively primitive understanding of regenerative mechanisms and capabilities. Nonetheless, the field continues to move forward and novel cell derivatives, platforms, and cell/device combinations, coupled with a better understanding of the mechanisms that lead to regenerative capabilities in more primitive models and modifications in clinical trial design suggest a brighter future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Povsic
- Department of Medicine, and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Bernard J. Gersh
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
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Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) is constituted by particles with sizes in the nanometer to micrometer scales. PM can be generated from natural sources such as sandstorms and wildfires, and from human activities, including combustion of fuels, manufacturing and construction or specially engineered for applications in biotechnology, food industry, cosmetics, electronics, etc. Due to their small size PM can penetrate biological tissues, interact with cellular components and induce noxious effects such as disruptions of the cytoskeleton and membranes and the generation of reactive oxygen species. Here, we provide an overview on the actions of PM on transient receptor potential (TRP) proteins, a superfamily of cation-permeable channels with crucial roles in cell signaling. Their expression in epithelial cells and sensory innervation and their high sensitivity to chemical, thermal and mechanical stimuli makes TRP channels prime targets in the major entry routes of noxious PM, which may result in respiratory, metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. On the other hand, the interactions between TRP channel and engineered nanoparticles may be used for targeted drug delivery. We emphasize in that much further research is required to fully characterize the mechanisms underlying PM-TRP channel interactions and their relevance for PM toxicology and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karel Talavera
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
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Sillen M, Declerck PJ. A Narrative Review on Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 and Its (Patho)Physiological Role: To Target or Not to Target? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052721. [PMID: 33800359 PMCID: PMC7962805 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is the main physiological inhibitor of plasminogen activators (PAs) and is therefore an important inhibitor of the plasminogen/plasmin system. Being the fast-acting inhibitor of tissue-type PA (tPA), PAI-1 primarily attenuates fibrinolysis. Through inhibition of urokinase-type PA (uPA) and interaction with biological ligands such as vitronectin and cell-surface receptors, the function of PAI-1 extends to pericellular proteolysis, tissue remodeling and other processes including cell migration. This review aims at providing a general overview of the properties of PAI-1 and the role it plays in many biological processes and touches upon the possible use of PAI-1 inhibitors as therapeutics.
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195
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Tabassum R, Ripatti S. Integrating lipidomics and genomics: emerging tools to understand cardiovascular diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:2565-2584. [PMID: 33449144 PMCID: PMC8004487 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03715-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide leading to 31% of all global deaths. Early prediction and prevention could greatly reduce the enormous socio-economic burden posed by CVDs. Plasma lipids have been at the center stage of the prediction and prevention strategies for CVDs that have mostly relied on traditional lipids (total cholesterol, total triglycerides, HDL-C and LDL-C). The tremendous advancement in the field of lipidomics in last two decades has facilitated the research efforts to unravel the metabolic dysregulation in CVDs and their genetic determinants, enabling the understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms and identification of predictive biomarkers, beyond traditional lipids. This review presents an overview of the application of lipidomics in epidemiological and genetic studies and their contributions to the current understanding of the field. We review findings of these studies and discuss examples that demonstrates the potential of lipidomics in revealing new biology not captured by traditional lipids and lipoprotein measurements. The promising findings from these studies have raised new opportunities in the fields of personalized and predictive medicine for CVDs. The review further discusses prospects of integrating emerging genomics tools with the high-dimensional lipidome to move forward from the statistical associations towards biological understanding, therapeutic target development and risk prediction. We believe that integrating genomics with lipidome holds a great potential but further advancements in statistical and computational tools are needed to handle the high-dimensional and correlated lipidome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubina Tabassum
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, PO Box 20, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, PO Box 20, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Public Health, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Charkiewicz AE, Garley M, Ratajczak-Wrona W, Nowak K, Jabłońska E, Maślach D, Omeljaniuk WJ. Profile of new vascular damage biomarkers in middle-aged men with arterial hypertension. Adv Med Sci 2021; 66:185-191. [PMID: 33684644 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Normal endothelial function is important for the homeostasis of the cardiovascular (CV) system. The aim of the present study was to determine the profile of key parameters of endothelial dysfunction in middle-aged men that play a significant role in the functioning of endothelial vessels, which seems to be crucial for the early diagnosis of cardiovascular disorders. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included 53 men, 20 with hypertension (HTN), 18 with HTN and related diseases, 15 healthy controls Apart from general testing (BMI, biochemical analysis, SBP, DBP), we used the Griess reaction to assess the total amount of nitric oxide (NO), and used ELISA to verify the concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitrotyrosine (NT), asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), and myeloperoxidase (MPO). Furthermore, we assessed the concentration of circulating free DNA (cfDNA) using the fluorescence method. RESULTS The values of MDA, ADMA, cfDNA, and MPO observed in samples from men with HTN were determined to be higher compared to those from men without HTN. In the group of men with HTN and other concomitant cardiovascular disorders, we observed low concentrations of NO, MDA, and ADMA with high concentrations of cfDNA. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained for parameters selected for the study, should be considered by cardiologists as a prompt to include in the diagnostic profile the assessment of NO and cfDNA concentrations for risk evaluation and/or diagnosis of endothelial dysfunction in patients suffering from HTN or related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Edyta Charkiewicz
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Marzena Garley
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Wioletta Ratajczak-Wrona
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Karolina Nowak
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Ewa Jabłońska
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Dominik Maślach
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Wioleta Justyna Omeljaniuk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.
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197
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Goff DC, Khan SS, Lloyd-Jones D, Arnett DK, Carnethon MR, Labarthe DR, Loop MS, Luepker RV, McConnell MV, Mensah GA, Mujahid MS, O'Flaherty ME, Prabhakaran D, Roger V, Rosamond WD, Sidney S, Wei GS, Wright JS. Bending the Curve in Cardiovascular Disease Mortality: Bethesda + 40 and Beyond. Circulation 2021; 143:837-851. [PMID: 33617315 PMCID: PMC7905830 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.120.046501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
More than 40 years after the 1978 Bethesda Conference on the Declining Mortality from Coronary Heart Disease provided the scientific community with a blueprint for systematic analysis to understand declining rates of coronary heart disease, there are indications the decline has ended or even reversed despite advances in our knowledge about the condition and treatment. Recent data show a more complex situation, with mortality rates for overall cardiovascular disease, including coronary heart disease and stroke, decelerating, whereas those for heart failure are increasing. To mark the 40th anniversary of the Bethesda Conference, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and the American Heart Association cosponsored the "Bending the Curve in Cardiovascular Disease Mortality: Bethesda + 40" symposium. The objective was to examine the immediate and long-term outcomes of the 1978 conference and understand the current environment. Symposium themes included trends and future projections in cardiovascular disease (in the United States and internationally), the evolving obesity and diabetes epidemics, and harnessing emerging and innovative opportunities to preserve and promote cardiovascular health and prevent cardiovascular disease. In addition, participant-led discussion explored the challenges and barriers in promoting cardiovascular health across the lifespan and established a potential framework for observational research and interventions that would begin in early childhood (or ideally in utero). This report summarizes the relevant research, policy, and practice opportunities discussed at the symposium.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Calvin Goff
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences (D.C.G., G.S.W.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Sadiya Sana Khan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (S.S.K., D.L-J., M.R.C., D.R.L.)
| | - Donald Lloyd-Jones
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (S.S.K., D.L-J., M.R.C., D.R.L.)
| | - Donna K Arnett
- College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington (D.K.A.)
| | - Mercedes R Carnethon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (S.S.K., D.L-J., M.R.C., D.R.L.)
| | - Darwin R Labarthe
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (S.S.K., D.L-J., M.R.C., D.R.L.)
| | - Matthew Shane Loop
- Department of Biostatistics (M.S.L.), Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill
| | - Russell V Luepker
- School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (R.V.L.)
| | - Michael V McConnell
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA (M.V.M.)
- Google Health, Palo Alto, CA (M.V.M.)
| | - George A Mensah
- Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science (G.A.M.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Mahasin S Mujahid
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (M.S.M.)
| | | | - Dorairaj Prabhakaran
- Public Health Foundation of India, Gurgaon (D.P.)
- Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India (D.P.)
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom (D.P.)
| | - Véronique Roger
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (V.R.)
| | - Wayne D Rosamond
- Department of Epidemiology (W.D.R.), Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill
| | - Stephen Sidney
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (S.S.)
| | - Gina S Wei
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences (D.C.G., G.S.W.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Janet S Wright
- Office of the Surgeon General, US Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC (J.S.W.)
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198
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Tan Y, Xia F, Li L, Peng X, Liu W, Zhang Y, Fang H, Zeng Z, Chen Z. Novel Insights into the Molecular Features and Regulatory Mechanisms of Mitochondrial Dynamic Disorder in the Pathogenesis of Cardiovascular Disease. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2021; 2021:6669075. [PMID: 33688392 PMCID: PMC7914101 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6669075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria maintain mitochondrial homeostasis through continuous fusion and fission, that is, mitochondrial dynamics, which is precisely mediated by mitochondrial fission and fusion proteins, including dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), mitofusin 1 and 2 (Mfn1/2), and optic atrophy 1 (OPA1). When the mitochondrial fission and fusion of cardiomyocytes are out of balance, they will cause their own morphology and function disorders, which damage the structure and function of the heart, are involved in the occurrence and progression of cardiovascular disease such as ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), septic cardiomyopathy, and diabetic cardiomyopathy. In this paper, we focus on the latest findings regarding the molecular features and regulatory mechanisms of mitochondrial dynamic disorder in cardiovascular pathologies. Finally, we will address how these findings can be applied to improve the treatment of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Fengfan Xia
- Department of Cardiology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan, 528300 Guangdong, China
| | - Lulan Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xiaojie Peng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wenqian Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Huiqiao Medical Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yaoyuan Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Haihong Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Ave N, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhenhua Zeng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhongqing Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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199
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Simon MS, Hastert TA, Barac A, Banack HR, Caan BJ, Chlebowski RT, Foraker R, Hovsepyan G, Liu S, Luo J, Manson JE, Neuhouser ML, Okwuosa TM, Pan K, Qi L, Ruterbusch JJ, Shadyab AH, Thomson CA, Wactawski-Wende J, Waheed N, Beebe-Dimmer JL. Cardiometabolic risk factors and survival after cancer in the Women's Health Initiative. Cancer 2021; 127:598-608. [PMID: 33151547 PMCID: PMC10448774 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.33295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiometabolic abnormalities are a leading cause of death among women, including women with cancer. METHODS This study examined the association between prediagnosis cardiovascular health and total and cause-specific mortality among 12,076 postmenopausal women who developed local- or regional-stage invasive cancer in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI). Cardiovascular risk factors included waist circumference, hypertension, high cholesterol, and type 2 diabetes. Obesity-related cancers included breast cancer, colorectal cancer, endometrial cancer, kidney cancer, pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer, stomach cancer, liver cancer, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) adjusted for important predictors of survival. RESULTS After a median follow-up of 10.0 years from the date of the cancer diagnosis, there were 3607 total deaths, with 1546 (43%) due to cancer. Most participants (62.9%) had 1 or 2 cardiometabolic risk factors, and 8.1% had 3 or 4. In adjusted models, women with 3 to 4 risk factors (vs none) had a higher risk of all-cause mortality (HR, 1.99; 95% CI, 1.73-2.30), death due to cardiovascular disease (CVD) (HR, 4.01; 95% CI, 2.88-5.57), cancer-specific mortality (HR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.1-1.72), and other-cause mortality (HR, 2.14; 95% CI, 1.70-2.69). A higher waist circumference was associated with greater all-cause mortality (HR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.06-1.30) and cancer-specific mortality (HR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.04-1.42). CONCLUSIONS Among postmenopausal women diagnosed with cancer in the WHI, cardiometabolic risk factors before the cancer diagnosis were associated with greater all-cause, CVD, cancer-specific, and other-cause mortality. These results raise hypotheses regarding potential clinical intervention strategies targeting cardiometabolic abnormalities that require future prospective studies for confirmation. LAY SUMMARY This study uses information from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) to find out whether cardiac risk factors are related to a greater risk of dying among older women with cancer. The WHI is the largest study of medical problems faced by older women in this country. The results show that women who have 3 or 4 risk factors are more likely to die of any cause, heart disease, or cancer in comparison with women with no risk factors. It is concluded that interventions to help to lower the burden of cardiac risk factors can have an important impact on survivorship among women with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Simon
- Department of Oncology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute at Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
- Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute at Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Theresa A. Hastert
- Department of Oncology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute at Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
- Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute at Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Ana Barac
- MedStar Heart and Vascular Institute, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Hailey R. Banack
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Bette J. Caan
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Medical Program of Northern California, Oakland, California
| | - Rowan T. Chlebowski
- Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - Randi Foraker
- Institute for Informatics, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Simin Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Juhua Luo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - JoAnn E. Manson
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marian L. Neuhouser
- Cancer Prevention Program, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Tochukwu M. Okwuosa
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kathy Pan
- Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - Lihong Qi
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California
| | - Julie J. Ruterbusch
- Department of Oncology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute at Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
- Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute at Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Aladdin H. Shadyab
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Cynthia A. Thomson
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Mel & Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health and Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Jean Wactawski-Wende
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Nida Waheed
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Jennifer L. Beebe-Dimmer
- Department of Oncology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute at Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
- Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute at Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
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200
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Chatterjee S, Balram A, Li W. Convergence: Lactosylceramide-Centric Signaling Pathways Induce Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Other Phenotypic Outcomes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041816. [PMID: 33673027 PMCID: PMC7917694 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactosylceramide (LacCer), also known as CD17/CDw17, is a member of a large family of small molecular weight compounds known as glycosphingolipids. It plays a pivotal role in the biosynthesis of glycosphingolipids, primarily by way of serving as a precursor to the majority of its higher homolog sub-families such as gangliosides, sulfatides, fucosylated-glycosphingolipids and complex neutral glycosphingolipids—some of which confer “second-messenger” and receptor functions. LacCer is an integral component of the “lipid rafts,” serving as a conduit to transduce external stimuli into multiple phenotypes, which may contribute to mortality and morbidity in man and in mouse models of human disease. LacCer is synthesized by the action of LacCer synthase (β-1,4 galactosyltransferase), which transfers galactose from uridine diphosphate galactose (UDP-galactose) to glucosylceramide (GlcCer). The convergence of multiple physiologically relevant external stimuli/agonists—platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), stress, cigarette smoke/nicotine, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and in particular, oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)—on β-1,4 galactosyltransferase results in its phosphorylation or activation, via a “turn-key” reaction, generating LacCer. This newly synthesized LacCer activates NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dihydrogen phosphate) oxidase to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a highly “oxidative stress” environment, which trigger a cascade of signaling molecules and pathways and initiate diverse phenotypes like inflammation and atherosclerosis. For instance, LacCer activates an enzyme, cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), which cleaves arachidonic acid from phosphatidylcholine. In turn, arachidonic acid serves as a precursor to eicosanoids and prostaglandin, which transduce a cascade of reactions leading to inflammation—a major phenotype underscoring the initiation and progression of several debilitating diseases such as atherosclerosis and cancer. Our aim here is to present an updated account of studies made in the field of LacCer metabolism and signaling using multiple animal models of human disease, human tissue, and cell-based studies. These advancements have led us to propose that previously unrelated phenotypes converge in a LacCer-centric manner. This LacCer synthase/LacCer-induced “oxidative stress” environment contributes to inflammation, atherosclerosis, skin conditions, hair greying, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes due to mitochondrial dysfunction. Thus, targeting LacCer synthase may well be the answer to remedy these pathologies.
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