151
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Agarwal P, Patel K, Agarwal PK. Ectopic Expression of JcWRKY Confers Enhanced Resistance in Transgenic Tobacco Against Macrophomina phaseolina. DNA Cell Biol 2018; 37:298-307. [PMID: 29461864 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2017.4057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants possess an innate immune system comprising of a complex network of closely regulated defense responses involving differential gene expression mediated by transcription factors (TFs). The WRKYs comprise of an important plant-specific TF family, which is involved in regulation of biotic and abiotic defenses. The overexpression of JcWRKY resulted in improved resistance in transgenic tobacco against Macrophomina phaseolina. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and its detoxification through antioxidative system in the transgenics facilitates defense against Macrophomina. The enhanced catalase activity on Macrophomina infection limits the spread of infection. The transcript expression of antioxidative enzymes gene (CAT and SOD) and salicylic acid (SA) biosynthetic gene ICS1 showed upregulation during Macrophomina infection and combinatorial stress. The enhanced transcript of pathogenesis-related genes PR-1 indicates the accumulation of SA during different stresses. The PR-2 and PR-5 highlight the activation of defense responses comprising of activation of hydrolytic cleavage of glucanases and thaumatin-like proteins causing disruption of fungal cells. The ROS homeostasis in coordination with signaling molecules regulate the defense responses and inhibit fungal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parinita Agarwal
- Plant Omics Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI) , Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Khantika Patel
- Plant Omics Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI) , Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Pradeep K Agarwal
- Plant Omics Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI) , Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India
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152
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Lai G, Fu P, Liu Y, Xiang J, Lu J. Molecular Characterization and Overexpression of VpRPW8s from Vitis pseudoreticulata Enhances Resistance to Phytophthora capsici in Nicotiana benthamiana. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E839. [PMID: 29534026 PMCID: PMC5877700 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
RPW8 genes are atypical broad-spectrum genes that provide resistance to powdery mildew, downy mildew, the cauliflower mosaic virus in Arabidopsis thaliana, and powdery mildew in tobacco. They play important roles in basal plant pathogen defense. They also provide insights into a novel disease resistance mechanism. In this study, we report on homologous RPW8 genes in Vitis pseudoreticulata. Five VpRPW8 genes were cloned; their Open Reading Frame (ORF) sequences ranged from 1994 base pairs to 2478 base pairs. They were comprised of five exons and four introns and shared 78.66% identity. Their proteins had typical conserved RPW8 and NB-LRR (the nucleotide-binding site and the leucine-rich repeats) domains (except VpRPW8-d, which lacked LRR domains). Prokaryotic expression results were consistent with predicted molecular weights. All five RPW8 genes were located in the cytoplasm. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis showed that VpRPW8s in V. pseudoreticulata were induced by Plasmopara viticola, but nearly only VvRPW8-d genes were induced in Vitis vinifera. Furthermore, a VpRPW8 transgenic tobacco system was established. Overexpressed VpRPW8s enhanced resistance to Phytophthora capsici and VpRPW8s conferred varying degrees of resistance to Ph. capsici in Nicotiana benthamiana. Our study presents novel members of the plant RPW8 family and suggests that VpRPW8s are involved in enhanced resistance to P. viticola and Ph. capsici.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongti Lai
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Peining Fu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Yunxiao Liu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Jiang Xiang
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Jiang Lu
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
- Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Laboratory, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China.
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153
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Lim GH, Hoey T, Zhu S, Clavel M, Yu K, Navarre D, Kachroo A, Deragon JM, Kachroo P. COP1, a negative regulator of photomorphogenesis, positively regulates plant disease resistance via double-stranded RNA binding proteins. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006894. [PMID: 29513740 PMCID: PMC5871017 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The E3 ubiquitin ligase COP1 (Constitutive Photomorphogenesis 1) is a well known component of the light-mediated plant development that acts as a repressor of photomorphogenesis. Here we show that COP1 positively regulates defense against turnip crinkle virus (TCV) and avrRPM1 bacteria by contributing to stability of resistance (R) protein HRT and RPM1, respectively. HRT and RPM1 levels and thereby pathogen resistance is significantly reduced in the cop1 mutant background. Notably, the levels of at least two double-stranded RNA binding (DRB) proteins DRB1 and DRB4 are reduced in the cop1 mutant background suggesting that COP1 affects HRT stability via its effect on the DRB proteins. Indeed, a mutation in either drb1 or drb4 resulted in degradation of HRT. In contrast to COP1, a multi-subunit E3 ligase encoded by anaphase-promoting complex (APC) 10 negatively regulates DRB4 and TCV resistance but had no effect on DRB1 levels. We propose that COP1-mediated positive regulation of HRT is dependent on a balance between COP1 and negative regulators that target DRB1 and DRB4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gah-Hyun Lim
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Timothy Hoey
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Shifeng Zhu
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Marion Clavel
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, CNRS UMR5096 LGDP, Perpignan, France
| | - Keshun Yu
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Duroy Navarre
- U.S. Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, Washington State University, Prosser, WA, United States of America
| | - Aardra Kachroo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Jean-Marc Deragon
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, CNRS UMR5096 LGDP, Perpignan, France
| | - Pradeep Kachroo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
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154
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Martin IR, Vigne E, Berthold F, Komar V, Lemaire O, Fuchs M, Schmitt‐Keichinger C. The 50 distal amino acids of the 2A HP homing protein of Grapevine fanleaf virus elicit a hypersensitive reaction on Nicotiana occidentalis. Mol Plant Pathol 2018; 19:731-743. [PMID: 28387986 PMCID: PMC6637978 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Avirulence factors are critical for the arm's race between a virus and its host in determining incompatible reactions. The response of plants to viruses from the genus Nepovirus in the family Secoviridae, including Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), is well characterized, although the nature and characteristics of the viral avirulence factor remain elusive. By using infectious clones of GFLV strains F13 and GHu in a reverse genetics approach with wild-type, assortant and chimeric viruses, the determinant of necrotic lesions caused by GFLV-F13 on inoculated leaves of Nicotiana occidentalis was mapped to the RNA2-encoded protein 2AHP , particularly to its 50 C-terminal amino acids. The necrotic response showed hallmark characteristics of a genuine hypersensitive reaction, such as the accumulation of phytoalexins, reactive oxygen species, pathogenesis-related protein 1c and hypersensitivity-related (hsr) 203J transcripts. Transient expression of the GFLV-F13 protein 2AHP fused to an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) tag in N. occidentalis by agroinfiltration was sufficient to elicit a hypersensitive reaction. In addition, the GFLV-F13 avirulence factor, when introduced in GFLV-GHu, which causes a compatible reaction on N. occidentalis, elicited necrosis and partially restricted the virus. This is the first identification of a nepovirus avirulence factor that is responsible for a hypersensitive reaction in both the context of virus infection and transient expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emmanuelle Vigne
- Université de Strasbourg, INRA, SVQV UMR‐A 1131Colmar68000France
| | - François Berthold
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IBMP UPR 2357Strasbourg67000France
- Present address:
Université de StrasbourgINRA, SVQV UMR‐A 1131Colmar68000France
| | - Véronique Komar
- Université de Strasbourg, INRA, SVQV UMR‐A 1131Colmar68000France
| | - Olivier Lemaire
- Université de Strasbourg, INRA, SVQV UMR‐A 1131Colmar68000France
| | - Marc Fuchs
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant–Microbe BiologyCornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment StationGenevaNY14456USA
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155
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Li R, Schuman MC, Wang Y, Llorca LC, Bing J, Bennion A, Halitschke R, Baldwin IT. Jasmonate signaling makes flowers attractive to pollinators and repellant to florivores in nature. J Integr Plant Biol 2018; 60:190-194. [PMID: 29058786 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Flowers are required for the Darwinian fitness of flowering plants, but flowers' advertisements for pollination services can attract florivores. Previous glasshouse work with Nicotiana attenuata revealed the role of jasmonate (JA) signaling in flower development, advertisement and defense. However, whether JA signaling mediates flowers' filtering of floral visitors in nature remained unknown. This field study revealed that silencing JA signaling resulted in flowers that produce less nectar and benzyl acetone, two pollinator-attractive traits. Meanwhile, flowers of defenseless plants were highly attacked by a suite of native herbivores, and damage to buds in native plants correlated negatively with their JA-Ile levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Li
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Lucas Cortés Llorca
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Julia Bing
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Anne Bennion
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, 4007B, LSB, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Rayko Halitschke
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
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156
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Song Y, Liu L, Wang Y, Valkenburg D, Zhang X, Zhu L, Thomma BPHJ. Transfer of tomato immune receptor Ve1 confers Ave1-dependent Verticillium resistance in tobacco and cotton. Plant Biotechnol J 2018; 16:638-648. [PMID: 28796297 PMCID: PMC5787823 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium wilts caused by soilborne fungal species of the Verticillium genus are economically important plant diseases that affect a wide range of host plants and are notoriously difficult to combat. Perception of pathogen(-induced) ligands by plant immune receptors is a key component of plant innate immunity. In tomato, race-specific resistance to Verticillium wilt is governed by the cell surface-localized immune receptor Ve1 through recognition of the effector protein Ave1 that is secreted by race 1 strains of Verticillium spp. It was previously demonstrated that transgenic expression of tomato Ve1 in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana leads to Verticillium wilt resistance. Here, we investigated whether tomato Ve1 can confer Verticillium resistance when expressed in the crop species tobacco (Nicotiana tabcum) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). We show that transgenic tobacco and cotton plants constitutively expressing tomato Ve1 exhibit enhanced resistance against Verticillium wilt in an Ave1-dependent manner. Thus, we demonstrate that the functionality of tomato Ve1 in Verticillium wilt resistance through recognition of the Verticillium effector Ave1 is retained after transfer to tobacco and cotton, implying that the Ve1-mediated immune signalling pathway is evolutionary conserved across these plant species. Moreover, our results suggest that transfer of tomato Ve1 across sexually incompatible plant species can be exploited in breeding programmes to engineer Verticillium wilt resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Song
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Linlin Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yidong Wang
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Xianlong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Longfu Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
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157
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Chen LJ, Zou WS, Wu G, Lin HH, Xi DH. Tobacco alpha-expansin EXPA4 plays a role in Nicotiana benthamiana defence against Tobacco mosaic virus. Planta 2018; 247:355-368. [PMID: 28993946 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2785-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Tobacco EXPA4 plays a role in Nicotiana benthamiana defence against virus attack and affects antioxidative metabolism and phytohormone-mediated immunity responses in tobacco. Expansins are cell wall-loosening proteins known for their endogenous functions in cell wall extensibility during plant growth. The effects of expansins on plant growth, developmental processes and environment stress responses have been well studied. However, the exploration of expansins in plant virus resistance is rarely reported. In the present study, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) and Agrobacterium-mediated transient overexpression were conducted to investigate the role of Nicotiana tabacum alpha-expansin 4 (EXPA4) in modulating Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV-GFP) resistance in Nicotiana benthamiana. The results indicated that silencing of EXPA4 reduced the sensitivity of N. benthamiana to TMV-GFP, and EXPA4 overexpression accelerated virus reproduction on tobacco. In addition, our data suggested that the changes of virus accumulation in response to EXPA4 expression levels could further affect the antioxidative metabolism and phytohormone-related pathways in tobacco induced by virus inoculation. EXPA4-silenced plants with TMV-GFP have enhanced antioxidant enzymes activities, which were down-regulated in virus-inoculated 35S:EXPA4 plants. Salicylic acid accumulation and SA-mediated defence genes induced by TMV-GFP were up-regulated in EXPA4-silenced plants, but depressed in 35S:EXPA4 plants. Furthermore, a VIGS approach was used in combination with exogenous phytohormone treatments, suggesting that EXPA4 has different responses to different phytohormones. Taken together, these results suggested that EXPA4 plays a role in tobacco defence against viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Wen-Shan Zou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Guo Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Hong-Hui Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - De-Hui Xi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
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158
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Du Y, Overdijk EJR, Berg JA, Govers F, Bouwmeester K. Solanaceous exocyst subunits are involved in immunity to diverse plant pathogens. J Exp Bot 2018; 69:655-666. [PMID: 29329405 PMCID: PMC5853398 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The exocyst, a multiprotein complex consisting of eight subunits, plays an essential role in many biological processes by mediating secretion of post-Golgi-derived vesicles towards the plasma membrane. In recent years, roles for plant exocyst subunits in pathogen defence have been uncovered, largely based on studies in the model plant Arabidopsis. Only a few studies have been undertaken to assign the role of exocyst subunits in plant defence in other plants species, including crops. In this study, predicted protein sequences from exocyst subunits were retrieved by mining databases from the Solanaceous plants Nicotiana benthamiana, tomato, and potato. Subsequently, their evolutionary relationship with Arabidopsis exocyst subunits was analysed. Gene silencing in N. benthamiana showed that several exocyst subunits are required for proper plant defence against the (hemi-)biotrophic plant pathogens Phytophthora infestans and Pseudomonas syringae. In contrast, some exocyst subunits seem to act as susceptibility factors for the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Furthermore, the majority of the exocyst subunits were found to be involved in callose deposition, suggesting that they play a role in basal plant defence. This study provides insight into the evolution of exocyst subunits in Solanaceous plants and is the first to show their role in immunity against multiple unrelated pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Du
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elysa J R Overdijk
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen A Berg
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francine Govers
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Bouwmeester
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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159
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Rosales-Mendoza S, Monreal-Escalante E, González-Ortega O, Hernández M, Fragoso G, Garate T, Sciutto E. Transplastomic plants yield a multicomponent vaccine against cysticercosis. J Biotechnol 2018; 266:124-132. [PMID: 29253519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Low cost vaccines against cysticercosis are needed to fight this parasitosis, especially in developing countries. Herein polycistron arrangements were designed to accomplish the simultaneous expression of multiple protective antigens from Taenia solium in the plant cell as an attractive biofactory and delivery vehicle of vaccines. Transplastomic plants carrying synthetic polycistrons were able to simultaneously express the KETc1, KETc7, KETc12, GK1, and TSOL18/HP6-Tsol antigens; which retained their antigenicity and ability to induce humoral responses in BALB/c mice. These clones may be useful for the production of low-cost cysticercosis vaccine prototypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, 78210, SLP. San Luis Potosí. México.
| | - Elizabeth Monreal-Escalante
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, 78210, SLP. San Luis Potosí. México
| | - Omar González-Ortega
- Laboratorio de Bioseparaciones, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, 78210, SLP. San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Marisela Hernández
- Dpto. Inmunología. Instituto De Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma De México. Circuito Escolar. Ciudad Universitaria, C.p. 04510. Ciudad De México, México
| | - Gladis Fragoso
- Dpto. Inmunología. Instituto De Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma De México. Circuito Escolar. Ciudad Universitaria, C.p. 04510. Ciudad De México, México
| | - Teresa Garate
- Dpto. De Parasitología, Centro Nacional De Microbiología, Instituto De Salud Carlos Iii, Majadahonda, 28220, Madrid, Spain
| | - Edda Sciutto
- Dpto. Inmunología. Instituto De Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma De México. Circuito Escolar. Ciudad Universitaria, C.p. 04510. Ciudad De México, México.
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160
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Niu D, Zhang X, Song X, Wang Z, Li Y, Qiao L, Wang Z, Liu J, Deng Y, He Z, Yang D, Liu R, Wang Y, Zhao H. Deep Sequencing Uncovers Rice Long siRNAs and Its Involvement in Immunity Against Rhizoctonia solani. Phytopathology 2018; 108:60-69. [PMID: 28876208 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-17-0119-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Small RNA (sRNA) is a class of noncoding RNA that can silence the expression of target genes. In rice, the majority of characterized sRNAs are within the range of 21 to 24 nucleotides (nt) long, whose biogenesis and function are associated with a specific sets of components, such as Dicer-like (OsDCLs) and Argonaute proteins (OsAGOs). Rice sRNAs longer than 24 nt are occasionally reported, with biogenesis and functional mechanism uninvestigated, especially in a context of defense responses against pathogen infection. By using deep sequencing, we identified a group of rice long small interfering RNAs (lsiRNAs) that are within the range of 25 to 40 nt in length. Our results show that some rice lsiRNAs are differentially expressed upon infection of Rhizoctonia solani, the causal agent of the rice sheath blight disease. Bioinformatic analysis and experimental validation indicate that some rice lsiRNAs can target defense-related genes. We further demonstrate that rice lsiRNAs are neither derived from RNA degradation nor originated as secondary small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). Moreover, lsiRNAs require OsDCL4 for biogenesis and OsAGO18 for function. Therefore, our study indicates that rice lsiRNAs are a unique class of endogenous sRNAs produced in rice, which may participate in response against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Niu
- First, second, third, fourth, sixth, seventh, and fourteenth authors: College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; first, second, third, fourth, sixth, and fourteenth authors: Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Nanjing Agricultural University), Ministry of Education; second author: Institute of Industrial Crops, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan 030000, Shanxi, China; fifth and twelfth authors: Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; eighth, ninth, and tenth authors: National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; eleventh author: College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; and thirteenth author: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- First, second, third, fourth, sixth, seventh, and fourteenth authors: College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; first, second, third, fourth, sixth, and fourteenth authors: Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Nanjing Agricultural University), Ministry of Education; second author: Institute of Industrial Crops, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan 030000, Shanxi, China; fifth and twelfth authors: Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; eighth, ninth, and tenth authors: National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; eleventh author: College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; and thirteenth author: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Xiaoou Song
- First, second, third, fourth, sixth, seventh, and fourteenth authors: College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; first, second, third, fourth, sixth, and fourteenth authors: Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Nanjing Agricultural University), Ministry of Education; second author: Institute of Industrial Crops, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan 030000, Shanxi, China; fifth and twelfth authors: Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; eighth, ninth, and tenth authors: National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; eleventh author: College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; and thirteenth author: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Zhihui Wang
- First, second, third, fourth, sixth, seventh, and fourteenth authors: College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; first, second, third, fourth, sixth, and fourteenth authors: Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Nanjing Agricultural University), Ministry of Education; second author: Institute of Industrial Crops, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan 030000, Shanxi, China; fifth and twelfth authors: Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; eighth, ninth, and tenth authors: National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; eleventh author: College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; and thirteenth author: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Yanqiang Li
- First, second, third, fourth, sixth, seventh, and fourteenth authors: College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; first, second, third, fourth, sixth, and fourteenth authors: Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Nanjing Agricultural University), Ministry of Education; second author: Institute of Industrial Crops, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan 030000, Shanxi, China; fifth and twelfth authors: Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; eighth, ninth, and tenth authors: National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; eleventh author: College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; and thirteenth author: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Lulu Qiao
- First, second, third, fourth, sixth, seventh, and fourteenth authors: College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; first, second, third, fourth, sixth, and fourteenth authors: Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Nanjing Agricultural University), Ministry of Education; second author: Institute of Industrial Crops, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan 030000, Shanxi, China; fifth and twelfth authors: Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; eighth, ninth, and tenth authors: National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; eleventh author: College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; and thirteenth author: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Zhaoyun Wang
- First, second, third, fourth, sixth, seventh, and fourteenth authors: College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; first, second, third, fourth, sixth, and fourteenth authors: Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Nanjing Agricultural University), Ministry of Education; second author: Institute of Industrial Crops, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan 030000, Shanxi, China; fifth and twelfth authors: Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; eighth, ninth, and tenth authors: National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; eleventh author: College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; and thirteenth author: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Junzhong Liu
- First, second, third, fourth, sixth, seventh, and fourteenth authors: College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; first, second, third, fourth, sixth, and fourteenth authors: Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Nanjing Agricultural University), Ministry of Education; second author: Institute of Industrial Crops, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan 030000, Shanxi, China; fifth and twelfth authors: Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; eighth, ninth, and tenth authors: National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; eleventh author: College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; and thirteenth author: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Yiwen Deng
- First, second, third, fourth, sixth, seventh, and fourteenth authors: College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; first, second, third, fourth, sixth, and fourteenth authors: Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Nanjing Agricultural University), Ministry of Education; second author: Institute of Industrial Crops, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan 030000, Shanxi, China; fifth and twelfth authors: Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; eighth, ninth, and tenth authors: National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; eleventh author: College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; and thirteenth author: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Zuhua He
- First, second, third, fourth, sixth, seventh, and fourteenth authors: College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; first, second, third, fourth, sixth, and fourteenth authors: Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Nanjing Agricultural University), Ministry of Education; second author: Institute of Industrial Crops, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan 030000, Shanxi, China; fifth and twelfth authors: Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; eighth, ninth, and tenth authors: National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; eleventh author: College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; and thirteenth author: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Donglei Yang
- First, second, third, fourth, sixth, seventh, and fourteenth authors: College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; first, second, third, fourth, sixth, and fourteenth authors: Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Nanjing Agricultural University), Ministry of Education; second author: Institute of Industrial Crops, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan 030000, Shanxi, China; fifth and twelfth authors: Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; eighth, ninth, and tenth authors: National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; eleventh author: College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; and thirteenth author: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Renyi Liu
- First, second, third, fourth, sixth, seventh, and fourteenth authors: College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; first, second, third, fourth, sixth, and fourteenth authors: Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Nanjing Agricultural University), Ministry of Education; second author: Institute of Industrial Crops, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan 030000, Shanxi, China; fifth and twelfth authors: Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; eighth, ninth, and tenth authors: National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; eleventh author: College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; and thirteenth author: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Yanli Wang
- First, second, third, fourth, sixth, seventh, and fourteenth authors: College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; first, second, third, fourth, sixth, and fourteenth authors: Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Nanjing Agricultural University), Ministry of Education; second author: Institute of Industrial Crops, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan 030000, Shanxi, China; fifth and twelfth authors: Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; eighth, ninth, and tenth authors: National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; eleventh author: College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; and thirteenth author: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Hongwei Zhao
- First, second, third, fourth, sixth, seventh, and fourteenth authors: College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; first, second, third, fourth, sixth, and fourteenth authors: Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Nanjing Agricultural University), Ministry of Education; second author: Institute of Industrial Crops, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan 030000, Shanxi, China; fifth and twelfth authors: Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; eighth, ninth, and tenth authors: National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; eleventh author: College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; and thirteenth author: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
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161
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Cheng F, Ma A, Zhuang G, Fray RG. Exogenous N-acyl-homoserine lactones enhance the expression of flagella of Pseudomonas syringae and activate defence responses in plants. Mol Plant Pathol 2018; 19:104-115. [PMID: 27756102 PMCID: PMC6637982 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In order to cope with pathogens, plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to sense pathogenic attacks and to induce defence responses. The N-acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL)-mediated quorum sensing in bacteria regulates diverse physiological processes, including those involved in pathogenicity. In this work, we study the interactions between AHL-producing transgenic tobacco plants and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci 11528 (P. syringae 11528). Both a reduced incidence of disease and decrease in the growth of P. syringae 11528 were observed in AHL-producing plants compared with wild-type plants. The present data indicate that plant-produced AHLs enhance disease resistance against this pathogen. Subsequent RNA-sequencing analysis showed that the exogenous addition of AHLs up-regulated the expression of P. syringae 11528 genes for flagella production. Expression levels of plant defence genes in AHL-producing and wild-type plants were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. These data showed that plant-produced AHLs activated a wide spectrum of defence responses in plants following inoculation, including the oxidative burst, hypersensitive response, cell wall strengthening, and the production of certain metabolites. These results demonstrate that exogenous AHLs alter the gene expression patterns of pathogens, and plant-produced AHLs either directly or indirectly enhance plant local immunity during the early stage of plant infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Cheng
- Research Center for Eco‐Environment SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100085China
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Anzhou Ma
- Research Center for Eco‐Environment SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100085China
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Guoqiang Zhuang
- Research Center for Eco‐Environment SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100085China
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Rupert G. Fray
- School of Biological SciencesNottingham UniversityLoughboroughLE12 5RDUK
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162
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Deng Y, Wang J, Tung J, Liu D, Zhou Y, He S, Du Y, Baker B, Li F. A role for small RNA in regulating innate immunity during plant growth. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006756. [PMID: 29293695 PMCID: PMC5766230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant genomes encode large numbers of nucleotide-binding (NB) leucine-rich repeat (LRR) immune receptors (NLR) that mediate effector triggered immunity (ETI) and play key roles in protecting crops from diseases caused by devastating pathogens. Fitness costs are associated with plant NLR genes and regulation of NLR genes by micro(mi)RNAs and phased small interfering RNAs (phasiRNA) is proposed as a mechanism for reducing these fitness costs. However, whether NLR expression and NLR-mediated immunity are regulated during plant growth is unclear. We conducted genome-wide transcriptome analysis and showed that NLR expression gradually increased while expression of their regulatory small RNAs (sRNA) gradually decreased as plants matured, indicating that sRNAs could play a role in regulating NLR expression during plant growth. We further tested the role of miRNA in the growth regulation of NLRs using the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) resistance gene N, which was targeted by miR6019 and miR6020. We showed that N-mediated resistance to TMV effectively restricted this virus to the infected leaves of 6-week old plants, whereas TMV infection was lethal in 1- and 3-week old seedlings due to virus-induced systemic necrosis. We further found that N transcript levels gradually increased while miR6019 levels gradually decreased during seedling maturation that occurs in the weeks after germination. Analyses of reporter genes in transgenic plants showed that growth regulation of N expression was post-transcriptionally mediated by MIR6019/6020 whereas MIR6019/6020 was regulated at the transcriptional level during plant growth. TMV infection of MIR6019/6020 transgenic plants indicated a key role for miR6019-triggered phasiRNA production for regulation of N-mediated immunity. Together our results demonstrate a mechanistic role for miRNAs in regulating innate immunity during plant growth.
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MESH Headings
- Disease Resistance
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Genes, Reporter
- Genome, Plant
- Immunity, Innate
- Solanum lycopersicum/growth & development
- Solanum lycopersicum/immunology
- Solanum lycopersicum/metabolism
- Solanum lycopersicum/virology
- NLR Proteins/genetics
- NLR Proteins/metabolism
- Plant Diseases/immunology
- Plant Diseases/virology
- Plant Immunity
- Plant Leaves/growth & development
- Plant Leaves/immunology
- Plant Leaves/metabolism
- Plant Leaves/virology
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics
- Plants, Genetically Modified/immunology
- Plants, Genetically Modified/metabolism
- Plants, Genetically Modified/virology
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Plant
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Seedlings/growth & development
- Seedlings/immunology
- Seedlings/metabolism
- Seedlings/virology
- Species Specificity
- Nicotiana/growth & development
- Nicotiana/immunology
- Nicotiana/metabolism
- Nicotiana/virology
- Tobacco Mosaic Virus/genetics
- Tobacco Mosaic Virus/growth & development
- Tobacco Mosaic Virus/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingtian Deng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jubin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jeffrey Tung
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- Plant Gene expression Center, ARS-USDA, Albany, CA, United States of America
| | - Dan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingjia Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuang He
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunlian Du
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Barbara Baker
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- Plant Gene expression Center, ARS-USDA, Albany, CA, United States of America
| | - Feng Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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163
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Sang Y, Wang Y, Ni H, Cazalé A, She Y, Peeters N, Macho AP. The Ralstonia solanacearum type III effector RipAY targets plant redox regulators to suppress immune responses. Mol Plant Pathol 2018; 19:129-142. [PMID: 27768829 PMCID: PMC6638004 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The subversion of plant cellular functions is essential for bacterial pathogens to proliferate in host plants and cause disease. Most bacterial plant pathogens employ a type III secretion system to inject type III effector (T3E) proteins inside plant cells, where they contribute to the pathogen-induced alteration of plant physiology. In this work, we found that the Ralstonia solanacearum T3E RipAY suppresses plant immune responses triggered by bacterial elicitors and by the phytohormone salicylic acid. Further biochemical analysis indicated that RipAY associates in planta with thioredoxins from Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis. Interestingly, RipAY displays γ-glutamyl cyclotransferase (GGCT) activity to degrade glutathione in plant cells, which is required for the reported suppression of immune responses. Given the importance of thioredoxins and glutathione as major redox regulators in eukaryotic cells, RipAY activity may constitute a novel and powerful virulence strategy employed by R. solanacearum to suppress immune responses and potentially alter general redox signalling in host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Sang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 201602China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 200031China
| | - Yaru Wang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 201602China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 200031China
| | - Hong Ni
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 201602China
| | | | - Yi‐Min She
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 201602China
| | - Nemo Peeters
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRSCastanet‐Tolosan 31326France
| | - Alberto P. Macho
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 201602China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 200031China
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164
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Rattanapisit K, Srijangwad A, Chuanasa T, Sukrong S, Tantituvanont A, Mason HS, Nilubol D, Phoolcharoen W. Rapid Transient Production of a Monoclonal Antibody Neutralizing the Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) in Nicotiana benthamiana and Lactuca sativa. Planta Med 2017; 83:1412-1419. [PMID: 28575911 PMCID: PMC7117083 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-112344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes acute diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, weight loss, and high mortality rate in neonatal piglets. Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) has been reported in Europe, America, and Asia including Thailand. The disease causes substantial losses to the swine industry in many countries. Presently, there is no effective PEDV vaccine available. In this study, we developed a plant-produced monoclonal antibody (mAb) 2C10 as a prophylactic candidate to prevent the PEDV infection. Recently, plant expression systems have gained interest as an alternative for the production of antibodies because of many advantages, such as low production cost, lack of human and animal pathogen, large scalability, etc. The 2C10 mAb was transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana and lettuce using geminiviral vector. After purification by protein A affinity chromatography, the antibody was tested for the binding and neutralizing activity against PEDV. Our result showed that the plant produced 2C10 mAb can bind to the virus and also inhibit PEDV infection in vitro. These results show excellent potential for a plant-expressed 2C10 as a PEDV prophylaxis and a diagnostic for PEDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaewta Rattanapisit
- Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Herbs and Natural Products Research Unit, CU Drug and Health Products Innovation Promotion, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Taksina Chuanasa
- Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Herbs and Natural Products Research Unit, CU Drug and Health Products Innovation Promotion, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suchada Sukrong
- Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Herbs and Natural Products Research Unit, CU Drug and Health Products Innovation Promotion, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Angkana Tantituvanont
- Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Hugh S. Mason
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Dachrit Nilubol
- Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Waranyoo Phoolcharoen
- Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Herbs and Natural Products Research Unit, CU Drug and Health Products Innovation Promotion, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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165
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Abstract
Large quantities of potato leafroll virus (PLRV) antigen are difficult to obtain because this virus accumulates in plants at a low titer. To overcome this problem, we constructed a binary vector containing chimeric cDNA, in which the coat protein (CP) gene of the crucifer infecting tobacco mosaic virus (crTMV) was substituted for the coat protein gene of PLRV. The PLRV movement protein (MP) gene, which overlaps completely with the CP gene, was doubly mutated to eliminate priming of the PLRV MP translation from ATG codons with no changes to the amino acid sequence of the CP. The untranslated long intergenic region located upstream of the CP gene was removed from the construct. Transcribed powerful tobamovirus polymerase of the produced vector synthesized PLRV CP gene that was, in turn, translated into the protein. CP PLRV packed RNAs from the helical crTMV in spherical virions. Morphology, size and antigenic specificities of the wild-type and chimeric virus were similar. The yield of isolated chimera was about three orders higher than the yield of native PLRV. The genetic manipulations facilitated the generation of antibodies against the chimeric virus, which recognize the wild-type PLRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene V Skurat
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation, 119992
| | - Konstantin O Butenko
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation, 119992
| | - Olga A Kondakova
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation, 119992
| | - Nikolai A Nikitin
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation, 119992
| | - Olga V Karpova
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation, 119992
| | - Yuri F Drygin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation, 119992.
| | - Joseph G Atabekov
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation, 119992
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation, 119992
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166
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Djami-Tchatchou AT, Ncube EN, Steenkamp PA, Dubery IA. Similar, but different: structurally related azelaic acid and hexanoic acid trigger differential metabolomic and transcriptomic responses in tobacco cells. BMC Plant Biol 2017; 17:227. [PMID: 29187153 PMCID: PMC5706331 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1157-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants respond to various stress stimuli by activating an enhanced broad-spectrum defensive ability. The development of novel resistance inducers represents an attractive, alternative crop protection strategy. In this regard, hexanoic acid (Hxa, a chemical elicitor) and azelaic acid (Aza, a natural signaling compound) have been proposed as inducers of plant defense, by means of a priming mechanism. Here, we investigated both the mode of action and the complementarity of Aza and Hxa as priming agents in Nicotiana tabacum cells in support of enhanced defense. RESULTS Metabolomic analyses identified signatory biomarkers involved in the establishment of a pre-conditioned state following Aza and Hxa treatment. Both inducers affected the metabolomes in a similar manner and generated common biomarkers: caffeoylputrescine glycoside, cis-5-caffeoylquinic acid, feruloylglycoside, feruloyl-3-methoxytyramine glycoside and feruloyl-3-methoxytyramine conjugate. Subsequently, quantitative real time-PCR was used to investigate the expression of inducible defense response genes: phenylalanine ammonia lyase, hydroxycinnamoyl CoA quinate transferase and hydroxycinnamoyl transferase to monitor activation of the early phenylpropanoid pathway and chlorogenic acids metabolism, while ethylene response element-binding protein, small sar1 GTPase, heat shock protein 90, RAR1, SGT1, non-expressor of PR genes 1 and thioredoxin were analyzed to report on signal transduction events. Pathogenesis-related protein 1a and defensin were quantified to investigate the activation of defenses regulated by salicylic acid and jasmonic acid respectively. The qPCR results revealed differential expression kinetics and, in general (except for NPR1, Thionin and PR1a), the relative gene expression ratios observed in the Hxa-treated cells were significantly greater than the expression observed in the cells treated with Aza. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that Aza and Hxa have a similar priming effect through activation of genes involved in the establishment of systemic acquired resistance, associated with enhanced synthesis of hydroxycinnamic acids and related conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Efficient N. Ncube
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, 2006 South Africa
| | - Paul A. Steenkamp
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, 2006 South Africa
| | - Ian A. Dubery
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, 2006 South Africa
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Landeo-Ríos Y, Navas-Castillo J, Moriones E, Cañizares MC. The Heterologous Expression of the p22 RNA Silencing Suppressor of the Crinivirus Tomato Chlorosis Virus from Tobacco Rattle Virus and Potato Virus X Enhances Disease Severity but Does Not Complement Suppressor-Defective Mutant Viruses. Viruses 2017; 9:E358. [PMID: 29186781 PMCID: PMC5744133 DOI: 10.3390/v9120358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To counteract host antiviral RNA silencing, plant viruses express suppressor proteins that function as pathogenicity enhancers. The genome of the Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) (genus Crinivirus, family Closteroviridae) encodes an RNA silencing suppressor, the protein p22, that has been described as having one of the longest lasting local suppressor activities when assayed in Nicotiana benthamiana. Since suppression of RNA silencing and the ability to enhance disease severity are closely associated, we analyzed the effect of expressing p22 in heterologous viral contexts. Thus, we studied the effect of the expression of ToCV p22 from viral vectors Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) and Potato virus X (PVX), and from attenuated suppressor mutants in N. benthamiana plants. Our results show that although an exacerbation of disease symptoms leading to plant death was observed in the heterologous expression of ToCV p22 from both viruses, only in the case of TRV did increased viral accumulation occur. The heterologous expression of ToCV p22 could not complement suppressor-defective mutant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - M. Carmen Cañizares
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”—Universidad de Málaga—Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Estación Experimental “La Mayora”, Algarrobo-Costa, 29750 Málaga, Spain; (Y.L.-R.); (J.N.-C.); (E.M.)
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168
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Shpakovski GV, Spivak SG, Berdichevets IN, Babak OG, Kubrak SV, Kilchevsky AV, Aralov AV, Slovokhotov IY, Shpakovski DG, Baranova EN, Khaliluev MR, Shematorova EK. A key enzyme of animal steroidogenesis can function in plants enhancing their immunity and accelerating the processes of growth and development. BMC Plant Biol 2017; 17:189. [PMID: 29143658 PMCID: PMC5688476 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1123-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The initial stage of the biosynthesis of steroid hormones in animals occurs in the mitochondria of steroidogenic tissues, where cytochrome P450SCC (CYP11A1) encoded by the CYP11A1 gene catalyzes the conversion of cholesterol into pregnenolone - the general precursor of all the steroid hormones, starting with progesterone. This stage is missing in plants where mitochondrial cytochromes P450 (the mito CYP clan) have not been found. Generating transgenic plants with a mitochondrial type P450 from animals would offer an interesting option to verify whether plant mitochondria could serve as another site of P450 monooxygenase reaction for the steroid hormones biosynthesis. RESULTS For a more detailed comparison of steroidogenic systems of Plantae and Animalia, we have created and studied transgenic tobacco and tomato plants efficiently expressing mammalian CYP11A1 cDNA. The detailed phenotypic characterization of plants obtained has shown that through four generations studied, the transgenic tobacco plants have reduced a period of vegetative development (early flowering and maturation of bolls), enlarged biomass and increased productivity (quantity and quality of seeds) as compared to the only empty-vector containing or wild type plants. Moreover, the CYP11A1 transgenic plants show resistance to such fungal pathogen as Botrytis cinerea. Similar valuable phenotypes (the accelerated course of ontogenesis and/or stress resistance) are also visible in two clearly distinct transgenic tomato lines expressing CYP11A1 cDNA: one line (No. 4) has an accelerated rate of vegetative development, while the other (No. 7) has enhanced immunity to abiotic and biotic stresses. The progesterone level in transgenic tobacco and tomato leaves is 3-5 times higher than in the control plants of the wild type. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, we could show the compatibility in vivo of even the most specific components of the systems of biosynthesis of steroid hormones in Plantae and Animalia. The hypothesis is proposed and substantiated that the formation of the above-noted special phenotypes of transgenic plants expressing mammalian CYP11A1 cDNA is due to the increased biosynthesis of progesterone that can be considered as a very ancient bioregulator of plant cells and the first real hormone common to plants and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- George V Shpakovski
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Svetlana G Spivak
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
- Belarusian State Medical University, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Irina N Berdichevets
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga G Babak
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Svetlana V Kubrak
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Alexander V Kilchevsky
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Andrey V Aralov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan Yu Slovokhotov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry G Shpakovski
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Marat R Khaliluev
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Moscow, Russia
- Russian State Agrarian University - Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena K Shematorova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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169
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Lee G, Joo Y, Kim SG, Baldwin IT. What happens in the pith stays in the pith: tissue-localized defense responses facilitate chemical niche differentiation between two spatially separated herbivores. Plant J 2017; 92:414-425. [PMID: 28805339 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Herbivore attack is known to elicit systemic defense responses that spread throughout the host plant and influence the performance of other herbivores. While these plant-mediated indirect competitive interactions are well described, and the co-existence of herbivores from different feeding guilds is common, the mechanisms of co-existence are poorly understood. In both field and glasshouse experiments with a native tobacco, Nicotiana attenuata, we found no evidence of negative interactions when plants were simultaneously attacked by two spatially separated herbivores: a leaf chewer Manduca sexta and a stem borer Trichobaris mucorea. T. mucorea attack elicited jasmonic acid (JA) and jasmonoyl-l-isoleucine bursts in the pith of attacked stems similar to those that occur in leaves when M. sexta attacks N. attenuata leaves. Pith chlorogenic acid (CGA) levels increased 1000-fold to levels 6-fold higher than leaf levels after T. mucorea attack; these increases in pith CGA levels, which did not occur in M. sexta-attacked leaves, required JA signaling. With plants silenced in CGA biosynthesis (irHQT plants), CGA, as well as other caffeic acid conjugates, was demonstrated in both glasshouse and field experiments to function as a direct defense protecting piths against T. mucorea attack, but not against leaf chewers or sucking insects. T. mucorea attack does not systemically activate JA signaling in leaves, while M. sexta leaf-attack transiently induces detectable but minor pith JA levels that are dwarfed by local responses. We conclude that tissue-localized defense responses allow tissue-specialized herbivores to share the same host and occupy different chemical defense niches in the same hostplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisuk Lee
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straβe 8, Jena, D-07745, Germany
| | - Youngsung Joo
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straβe 8, Jena, D-07745, Germany
| | - Sang-Gyu Kim
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straβe 8, Jena, D-07745, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straβe 8, Jena, D-07745, Germany
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170
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Ha JH, Jang HA, Moon KB, Baek KH, Choi GJ, Choi D, Cho HS, Kwon SY, Jeon JH, Oh SK, Kim HS. Nicotiana benthamiana Matrix Metalloprotease 1 (NMMP1) gene confers disease resistance to Phytophthora infestans in tobacco and potato plants. J Plant Physiol 2017; 218:189-195. [PMID: 28888160 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We previously isolated Nicotiana benthamiana matrix metalloprotease 1 (NMMP1) from tobacco leaves. The NMMP1 gene encodes a highly conserved, Zn-containing catalytic protease domain that functions as a factor in the plant's defense against bacterial pathogens. Expression of NMMP1 was strongly induced during interactions between tobacco and one of its pathogens, Phytophthora infestans. To elucidate the role of the NMMP1 in defense of N. benthamiana against fungal pathogens, we performed gain-of-function and loss-of-function studies. NMMP1-overexpressing plants had stronger resistance responses against P. infestans infections than control plants, while silencing of NMMP1 resulted in greater susceptibility of the plants to the pathogen. This greater susceptibility correlated with fewer NMMP1 transcripts than the non-silenced control. We also examined cell death as a measure of disease. The amount of cell death induced by the necrosis-inducing P. infestans protein 1, PiNPP1, was dependent on NMMP1 in N. benthamiana. Potato plants overexpressing NMMP1 also had enhanced disease resistance against P. infestans. RT-PCR analysis of these transgenic potato plants revealed constitutive up-regulation of the potato defense gene NbPR5. NMMP1-overexpressing potato plants were taller and produced heavier tubers than control plants. We suggest a role for NMMP1in pathogen defense and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang Ho Ha
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, KRIBB, Yusung, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun A Jang
- Department of Applied Biology CALS, Chungnam National University, Deajeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Beom Moon
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, KRIBB, Yusung, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Hyun Baek
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyung Ja Choi
- Center for Eco-friendly New Materials, KRICT, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Doil Choi
- Department of Plant Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Sun Cho
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, KRIBB, Yusung, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Yun Kwon
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, KRIBB, Yusung, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Heung Jeon
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, KRIBB, Yusung, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Keun Oh
- Department of Applied Biology CALS, Chungnam National University, Deajeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun-Soon Kim
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, KRIBB, Yusung, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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171
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Zhang Y, Liang Y, Dong Y, Gao Y, Yang X, Yuan J, Qiu D. The Magnaporthe oryzae Alt A 1-like protein MoHrip1 binds to the plant plasma membrane. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 492:55-60. [PMID: 28807829 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
MoHrip1, a protein isolated from Magnaporthe oryzae, belongs to the Alt A 1 (AA1) family. mohrip1 mRNA levels showed inducible expression throughout the infection process in rice. To determine the location of MoHrip1 in M. oryzae, a mohrip1-gfp mutant was generated. Fluorescence microscopy observations and western blotting analysis showed that MoHrip1 was both present in the secretome and abundant in the fungal cell wall. To obtain MoHrip1 protein, we carried out high-yield expression of MoHrip1 in Pichia pastoris. Treatment of tobacco plants with MoHrip1 induced the formation of necrosis, accumulation of reactive oxygen species and expression of several defense-related genes, as well as conferred disease resistance. By fusion to green fluorescent protein, we showed that MoHrip1 was able to bind to the tobacco and rice plant plasma membrane, causing rapid morphological changes at the cellular level, such as cell shrinkage and chloroplast disorganization. These findings indicate that MoHrip1 is a microbe-associated molecular pattern that is perceived by the plant immune system. This is the first study on an AA1 family protein that can bind to the plant plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhong-guan-cun South Street, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yingbo Liang
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhong-guan-cun South Street, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yijie Dong
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhong-guan-cun South Street, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuhan Gao
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhong-guan-cun South Street, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiufen Yang
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhong-guan-cun South Street, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jingjing Yuan
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhong-guan-cun South Street, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Dewen Qiu
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhong-guan-cun South Street, Beijing 100081, China.
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172
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Chen Y, Dong J, Bennetzen JL, Zhong M, Yang J, Zhang J, Li S, Hao X, Zhang Z, Wang X. Integrating transcriptome and microRNA analysis identifies genes and microRNAs for AHO-induced systemic acquired resistance in N. tabacum. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12504. [PMID: 28970509 PMCID: PMC5624873 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12249-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
3-Acetonyl-3-hydroxyoxindole (AHO) induces systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in Nicotiana. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is not well understood. To understand the molecular regulation during SAR induction, we examined mRNA levels, microRNA (miRNA) expression, and their regulatory mechanisms in control and AHO-treated tobacco leaves. Using RNA-seq analysis, we identified 1,445 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at least 2 folds with AHO treatment. The DEGs significantly enriched in six metabolism pathways including phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis for protective cuticle and wax. Key DEGs including PALs and PR-10 in salicylic acid pathway involved in SAR were significantly regulated. In addition, we identified 403 miRNAs belonging to 200 miRNA families by miRNA sequencing. In total, AHO treatment led to 17 up- and 6 down-regulated at least 2 folds (Wald test, P < 0.05) miRNAs (DEMs), respectively. Targeting analysis implicated four DEMs regulating three DEGs involved in disease resistance, including miR156, miR172f, miR172g, miR408a, SPL6 and AP2. We concluded that both mRNA and miRNA regulation enhances AHO-induced SAR. These data regarding DEGs, miRNAs, and their regulatory mechanisms provide molecular evidence for the mechanisms involved in tobacco SAR, which are likely to be present in other plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongdui Chen
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology; Key Lab of Southwestern Crop Gene Resource and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, Kunming, 650223, P. R. China
| | - Jiahong Dong
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology; Key Lab of Southwestern Crop Gene Resource and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, Kunming, 650223, P. R. China
| | - Jeffrey L Bennetzen
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming, 650201, P. R. China
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Micai Zhong
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming, 650201, P. R. China
| | - Jun Yang
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology; Key Lab of Southwestern Crop Gene Resource and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, Kunming, 650223, P. R. China
| | - Shunlin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojiang Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, P. R. China
| | - Zhongkai Zhang
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology; Key Lab of Southwestern Crop Gene Resource and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, Kunming, 650223, P. R. China.
| | - Xuewen Wang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming, 650201, P. R. China.
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, USA.
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173
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Jeon EJ, Tadamura K, Murakami T, Inaba JI, Kim BM, Sato M, Atsumi G, Kuchitsu K, Masuta C, Nakahara KS. rgs-CaM Detects and Counteracts Viral RNA Silencing Suppressors in Plant Immune Priming. J Virol 2017; 91:e00761-17. [PMID: 28724770 PMCID: PMC5599751 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00761-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary infection of a plant with a pathogen that causes high accumulation of salicylic acid in the plant typically via a hypersensitive response confers enhanced resistance against secondary infection with a broad spectrum of pathogens, including viruses. This phenomenon is called systemic acquired resistance (SAR), which is a plant priming for adaption to repeated biotic stress. However, the molecular mechanisms of SAR-mediated enhanced inhibition, especially of virus infection, remain unclear. Here, we show that SAR against cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) in tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum) involves a calmodulin-like protein, rgs-CaM. We previously reported the antiviral function of rgs-CaM, which binds to and directs degradation of viral RNA silencing suppressors (RSSs), including CMV 2b, via autophagy. We found that rgs-CaM-mediated immunity is ineffective against CMV infection in normally growing tobacco plants but is activated as a result of SAR induction via salicylic acid signaling. We then analyzed the effect of overexpression of rgs-CaM on salicylic acid signaling. Overexpressed and ectopically expressed rgs-CaM induced defense reactions, including cell death, generation of reactive oxygen species, and salicylic acid signaling. Further analysis using a combination of the salicylic acid analogue benzo-(1,2,3)-thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH) and the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 revealed that rgs-CaM functions as an immune receptor that induces salicylic acid signaling by simultaneously perceiving both viral RSS and Ca2+ influx as infection cues, implying its autoactivation. Thus, secondary infection of SAR-induced tobacco plants with CMV seems to be effectively inhibited through 2b recognition and degradation by rgs-CaM, leading to reinforcement of antiviral RNA silencing and other salicylic acid-mediated antiviral responses.IMPORTANCE Even without an acquired immune system like that in vertebrates, plants show enhanced whole-plant resistance against secondary infection with pathogens; this so-called systemic acquired resistance (SAR) has been known for more than half a century and continues to be extensively studied. SAR-induced plants strongly and rapidly express a number of antibiotics and pathogenesis-related proteins targeted against secondary infection, which can account for enhanced resistance against bacterial and fungal pathogens but are not thought to control viral infection. This study showed that enhanced resistance against cucumber mosaic virus is caused by a tobacco calmodulin-like protein, rgs-CaM, which detects and counteracts the major viral virulence factor (RNA silencing suppressor) after SAR induction. rgs-CaM-mediated SAR illustrates the growth versus defense trade-off in plants, as it targets the major virulence factor only under specific biotic stress conditions, thus avoiding the cost of constitutive activation while reducing the damage from virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jin Jeon
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kazuki Tadamura
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Taiki Murakami
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Inaba
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Bo Min Kim
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masako Sato
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Go Atsumi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Kuchitsu
- Department of Applied Biological Science and Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Chikara Masuta
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kenji S Nakahara
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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174
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Pradhan M, Pandey P, Gase K, Sharaff M, Singh RK, Sethi A, Baldwin IT, Pandey SP. Argonaute 8 (AGO8) Mediates the Elicitation of Direct Defenses against Herbivory. Plant Physiol 2017; 175:927-946. [PMID: 28811334 PMCID: PMC5619897 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In Nicotiana attenuata, specific RNA-directed RNA polymerase (RdR1) and the Dicer-like (DCL3 and DCL4) proteins are recruited during herbivore attack to mediate the regulation of defense responses. However, the identity and role(s) of Argonautes (AGOs) involved in herbivory remain unknown. Of the 11 AGOs in the N. attenuata genome, we silenced the expression of 10. Plants silenced in NaAGO8 expression grew normally but were highly susceptible to herbivore attack. Larvae of Manduca sexta grew faster when consuming inverted-repeat stable transformants (irAGO8) plants but did not differ from the wild type when consuming plants silenced in AGO1 (a, b, and c), AGO2, AGO4 (a and b), AGO7, or AGO10 expression. irAGO8 plants were significantly compromised in herbivore-induced levels of defense metabolites such as nicotine, phenolamides, and diterpenoid glycosides. Time-course analyses revealed extensively altered microRNA profiles and the reduced accumulation of MYB8 transcripts and of the associated genes of the phenolamide and phenylpropanoid pathways as well as the nicotine biosynthetic pathway. A possible AGO8-modulated microRNA-messenger RNA target network was inferred. Furthermore, comparative analysis of domains revealed the diversity of AGO conformations, particularly in the small RNA-binding pocket, which may influence substrate recognition/binding and functional specificity. We infer that AGO8 plays a central role in the induction of direct defenses by modulating several regulatory nodes in the defense signaling network during herbivore response. Thus, our study identifies the effector AGO of the herbivore-induced small RNA machinery, which in N. attenuata now comprises RdR1, DCL3/4, and AGO8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maitree Pradhan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, Nadia, West Bengal, India
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Priyanka Pandey
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, 741251 West Bengal, India
| | - Klaus Gase
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Murali Sharaff
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, Nadia, West Bengal, India
| | - Ravi K Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, Nadia, West Bengal, India
| | - Avinash Sethi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, Nadia, West Bengal, India
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Shree P Pandey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, Nadia, West Bengal, India
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175
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Kaundal A, Ramu VS, Oh S, Lee S, Pant B, Lee HK, Rojas CM, Senthil-Kumar M, Mysore KS. GENERAL CONTROL NONREPRESSIBLE4 Degrades 14-3-3 and the RIN4 Complex to Regulate Stomatal Aperture with Implications on Nonhost Disease Resistance and Drought Tolerance. Plant Cell 2017; 29:2233-2248. [PMID: 28855332 PMCID: PMC5635975 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.17.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants have complex and adaptive innate immune responses against pathogen infections. Stomata are key entry points for many plant pathogens. Both pathogens and plants regulate stomatal aperture for pathogen entry and defense, respectively. Not all plant proteins involved in stomatal aperture regulation have been identified. Here, we report GENERAL CONTROL NONREPRESSIBLE4 (GCN4), an AAA+-ATPase family protein, as one of the key proteins regulating stomatal aperture during biotic and abiotic stress. Silencing of GCN4 in Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis thaliana compromises host and nonhost disease resistance due to open stomata during pathogen infection. AtGCN4 overexpression plants have reduced H+-ATPase activity, stomata that are less responsive to pathogen virulence factors such as coronatine (phytotoxin produced by the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae) or fusicoccin (a fungal toxin produced by the fungus Fusicoccum amygdali), reduced pathogen entry, and enhanced drought tolerance. This study also demonstrates that AtGCN4 interacts with RIN4 and 14-3-3 proteins and suggests that GCN4 degrades RIN4 and 14-3-3 proteins via a proteasome-mediated pathway and thereby reduces the activity of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase complex, thus reducing proton pump activity to close stomata.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sunhee Oh
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Seonghee Lee
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Bikram Pant
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
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176
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Zhu W, Ronen M, Gur Y, Minz-Dub A, Masrati G, Ben-Tal N, Savidor A, Sharon I, Eizner E, Valerius O, Braus GH, Bowler K, Bar-Peled M, Sharon A. BcXYG1, a Secreted Xyloglucanase from Botrytis cinerea, Triggers Both Cell Death and Plant Immune Responses. Plant Physiol 2017; 175:438-456. [PMID: 28710128 PMCID: PMC5580746 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In search of Botrytis cinerea cell death-inducing proteins, we found a xyloglucanase (BcXYG1) that induced strong necrosis and a resistance response in dicot plants. Expression of the BcXYG1 gene was strongly induced during the first 12 h post inoculation, and analysis of disease dynamics using PathTrack showed that a B. cinerea strain overexpressing BcXYG1 produced early local necrosis, supporting a role of BcXYG1 as an early cell death-inducing factor. The xyloglucanase activity of BcXYG1 was not necessary for the induction of necrosis and plant resistance, as a mutant of BcXYG1 lacking the xyloglucanase enzymatic activity retained both functions. Residues in two exposed loops on the surface of BcXYG1 were found to be necessary for the induction of cell death but not to induce plant resistance. Further analyses showed that BcXYG1 is apoplastic and possibly interacts with the proteins of the plant cell membrane and also that the BcXYG1 cell death-promoting signal is mediated by the leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases BAK1 and SOBIR1. Our findings support the role of cell death-inducing proteins in establishing the infection of necrotrophic pathogens and highlight the recognition of fungal apoplastic proteins by the plant immune system as an important mechanism of resistance against this class of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Zhu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- College of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, People's Republic of China
| | - Mordechi Ronen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Yonatan Gur
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Anna Minz-Dub
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Gal Masrati
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Nir Ben-Tal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Alon Savidor
- Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Itai Sharon
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Elad Eizner
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Department of Physical Electronics, Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Oliver Valerius
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-4712
| | - Gerhard H Braus
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-4712
| | - Kyle Bowler
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Georg-August-Universität, Goettingen, 37073 Germany
| | - Maor Bar-Peled
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Georg-August-Universität, Goettingen, 37073 Germany
| | - Amir Sharon
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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177
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Li R, Wang M, Wang Y, Schuman MC, Weinhold A, Schäfer M, Jiménez-Alemán GH, Barthel A, Baldwin IT. Flower-specific jasmonate signaling regulates constitutive floral defenses in wild tobacco. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E7205-E7214. [PMID: 28784761 PMCID: PMC5576791 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1703463114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimal defense (OD) theory predicts that within a plant, tissues are defended in proportion to their fitness value and risk of predation. The fitness value of leaves varies greatly and leaves are protected by jasmonate (JA)-inducible defenses. Flowers are vehicles of Darwinian fitness in flowering plants and are attacked by herbivores and pathogens, but how they are defended is rarely investigated. We used Nicotiana attenuata, an ecological model plant with well-characterized herbivore interactions to characterize defense responses in flowers. Early floral stages constitutively accumulate greater amounts of two well-characterized defensive compounds, the volatile (E)-α-bergamotene and trypsin proteinase inhibitors (TPIs), which are also found in herbivore-induced leaves. Plants rendered deficient in JA biosynthesis or perception by RNA interference had significantly attenuated floral accumulations of defensive compounds known to be regulated by JA in leaves. By RNA-seq, we found a JAZ gene, NaJAZi, specifically expressed in early-stage floral tissues. Gene silencing revealed that NaJAZi functions as a flower-specific jasmonate repressor that regulates JAs, (E)-α-bergamotene, TPIs, and a defensin. Flowers silenced in NaJAZi are more resistant to tobacco budworm attack, a florivore. When the defensin was ectopically expressed in leaves, performance of Manduca sexta larvae, a folivore, decreased. NaJAZi physically interacts with a newly identified NINJA-like protein, but not the canonical NINJA. This NINJA-like recruits the corepressor TOPLESS that contributes to the suppressive function of NaJAZi on floral defenses. This study uncovers the defensive function of JA signaling in flowers, which includes components that tailor JA signaling to provide flower-specific defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Li
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Arne Weinhold
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Schäfer
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Andrea Barthel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany;
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178
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Zhong X, Wang ZQ, Xiao R, Cao L, Wang Y, Xie Y, Zhou X. Mimic Phosphorylation of a βC1 Protein Encoded by TYLCCNB Impairs Its Functions as a Viral Suppressor of RNA Silencing and a Symptom Determinant. J Virol 2017; 91:e00300-17. [PMID: 28539450 PMCID: PMC5533934 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00300-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation of the βC1 protein encoded by the betasatellite of tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCNB-βC1) by SNF1-related protein kinase 1 (SnRK1) plays a critical role in defense of host plants against geminivirus infection in Nicotiana benthamiana However, how phosphorylation of TYLCCNB-βC1 impacts its pathogenic functions during viral infection remains elusive. In this study, we identified two additional tyrosine residues in TYLCCNB-βC1 that are phosphorylated by SnRK1. The effects of TYLCCNB-βC1 phosphorylation on its functions as a viral suppressor of RNA silencing (VSR) and a symptom determinant were investigated via phosphorylation mimic mutants in N. benthamiana plants. Mutations that mimic phosphorylation of TYLCCNB-βC1 at tyrosine 5 and tyrosine 110 attenuated disease symptoms during viral infection. The phosphorylation mimics weakened the ability of TYLCCNB-βC1 to reverse transcriptional gene silencing and to suppress posttranscriptional gene silencing and abolished its interaction with N. benthamiana ASYMMETRIC LEAVES 1 in N. benthamiana leaves. The mimic phosphorylation of TYLCCNB-βC1 had no impact on its protein stability, subcellular localization, or self-association. Our data establish an inhibitory effect of phosphorylation of TYLCCNB-βC1 on its pathogenic functions as a VSR and a symptom determinant and provide a mechanistic explanation of how SnRK1 functions as a host defense factor.IMPORTANCE Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCNV), which causes a severe yellow leaf curl disease in China, is a monopartite geminivirus associated with the betasatellite (TYLCCNB). TYLCCNB encodes a single pathogenicity protein, βC1 (TYLCCNB-βC1), which functions as both a viral suppressor of RNA silencing (VSR) and a symptom determinant. Here, we show that mimicking phosphorylation of TYLCCNB-βC1 weakens its ability to reverse transcriptional gene silencing, to suppress posttranscriptional gene silencing, and to interact with N. benthamiana ASYMMETRIC LEAVES 1. To our knowledge, this is the first report establishing an inhibitory effect of phosphorylation of TYLCCNB-βC1 on its pathogenic functions as both a VSR and a symptom determinant and to provide a mechanistic explanation of how SNF1-related protein kinase 1 acts as a host defense factor. These findings expand the scope of phosphorylation-mediated defense mechanisms and contribute to further understanding of plant defense mechanisms against geminiviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhan Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruyuan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Linge Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yaqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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179
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Leastro MO, De Oliveira AS, Pallás V, Sánchez-Navarro JA, Kormelink R, Resende RO. The NSm proteins of phylogenetically related tospoviruses trigger Sw-5b-mediated resistance dissociated of their cell-to-cell movement function. Virus Res 2017; 240:25-34. [PMID: 28754561 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The cell-to-cell movement protein (NSM) of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) has been recently identified as the effector of the single dominant Sw-5b resistance gene from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Although most TSWV isolates shows a resistance-inducing (RI) phenotype, regular reports have appeared on the emergence of resistance-breaking (RB) isolates in tomato fields, and suggested a strong association with two point mutations (C118Y and T120N) in the NSM protein. In this study the Sw-5b gene has been demonstrated to confer not only resistance against TSWV but to members of five additional, phylogenetically-related classified within the so-called "American" evolutionary clade, i.e., Alstroemeria necrotic streak virus (ANSV), chrysanthemum stem necrosis virus (CSNV), groundnut ringspot virus (GRSV), Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV) and tomato chlorotic spot virus (TCSV). Remarkably, bean necrotic mosaic virus (BeNMV), a recently discovered tospovirus classified in a distinct American subclade and circulating on the American continent, did not trigger a Sw-5b-mediated hypersensitive (HR) response. Introduction of point mutations C118Y and T120N into the NSM protein of TSWV, TCSV and CSNV abrogated the ability to trigger Sw-5b-mediated HR in both transgenic-N. benthamiana and tomato isolines harboring the Sw-5b gene whereas it had no effect on BeNMV NSM. Truncated versions of TSWV NSM lacking motifs associated with tubule formation, cell-to-cell or systemic viral movement were made and tested for triggering of resistance. HR was still observed with truncated NSM proteins lacking 50 amino acids (out of 301) from either the amino- or carboxy-terminal end. These data altogether indicate the importance of amino acid residues C118 and T120 in Sw-5b-mediated HR only for the NSM proteins from one cluster of tospoviruses within the American clade, and that the ability to support viral cell-to-cell movement is not required for effector functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Oliveira Leastro
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), 70910-900 Brasília, Brazil; Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Planta, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia - CISC, E-46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Athos Silva De Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), 70910-900 Brasília, Brazil; Laboratory of Virology, Department of Plant Science, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands.
| | - Vicente Pallás
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Planta, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia - CISC, E-46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Jesús A Sánchez-Navarro
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Planta, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia - CISC, E-46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Richard Kormelink
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Plant Science, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands.
| | - Renato Oliveira Resende
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), 70910-900 Brasília, Brazil.
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180
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Raffaello T, Asiegbu FO. Small secreted proteins from the necrotrophic conifer pathogen Heterobasidion annosum s.l. (HaSSPs) induce cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8000. [PMID: 28801666 PMCID: PMC5554239 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08010-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The basidiomycete Heterobasidion annosum sensu lato (s.l.) is considered to be one of the most destructive conifer pathogens in the temperate forests of the northern hemisphere. H. annosum is characterized by a dual fungal lifestyle. The fungus grows necrotrophically on living plant cells and saprotrophically on dead wood material. In this study, we screened the H. annosum genome for small secreted proteins (HaSSPs) that could potentially be involved in promoting necrotrophic growth during the fungal infection process. The final list included 58 HaSSPs that lacked predictable protein domains. The transient expression of HaSSP encoding genes revealed the ability of 8 HaSSPs to induce cell chlorosis and cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. In particular, one protein (HaSSP30) could induce a rapid, strong, and consistent cell death within 2 days post-infiltration. HaSSP30 also increased the transcription of host-defence-related genes in N. benthamiana, which suggested a necrotrophic-specific immune response. This is the first line of evidence demonstrating that the H. annosum genome encodes HaSSPs with the capability to induce plant cell death in a non-host plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Raffaello
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Latokartanonkaari 7, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Fred O Asiegbu
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Latokartanonkaari 7, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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181
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Tahir HAS, Gu Q, Wu H, Raza W, Safdar A, Huang Z, Rajer FU, Gao X. Effect of volatile compounds produced by Ralstonia solanacearum on plant growth promoting and systemic resistance inducing potential of Bacillus volatiles. BMC Plant Biol 2017; 17:133. [PMID: 28768498 PMCID: PMC5541429 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1083-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbial volatiles play an expedient role in the agricultural ecological system by enhancing plant growth and inducing systemic resistance against plant pathogens, without causing hazardous effects on the environment. To explore the effects of VOCs of Ralstonia solanacearum TBBS1 (Rs) on tobacco plant growth and on plant growth promoting efficiency of VOCs produced by Bacillus subtilis SYST2, experiments were conducted both in vitro and in planta. RESULTS The VOCs produced by SYST2 significantly enhanced the plant growth and induced the systemic resistance (ISR) against wilt pathogen Rs in all experiments. The SYST2-VOCs significantly increased PPO and PAL activity and over-expressed the genes relating to expansin, wilt resistance, and plant defense while repressed the genes relating to ethylene production. More interestingly, VOCs produced by pathogen, Rs had no significant effect on plant growth; however, Rs-VOCs decreased the growth promoting potential of SYST2-VOCs when plants were exposed to VOCs produced by both SYST2 and Rs. The co-culture of SYST2 and Rs revealed that they inhibited the growth of each other; however, the inhibition of Rs by SYST2-VOCs appeared to be greater than that of SYST2 by Rs-VOCs. CONCLUSION Our findings provide new insights regarding the interaction among SYST2-VOCs, Rs-VOCs and plant, resulting in growth promotion and induced systemic resistance against the bacterial wilt pathogen Rs. This is the first report of the effect of VOCs produced by pathogenic microorganism on plant growth and on plant growth-promoting and systemic resistance-inducing potential of PGPR strain SYST2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Abdul Samad Tahir
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Weigang No.1, Nanjing, 210095 People’s Republic of China
- Plant Pathology section, Tobacco Research station, Pakistan Tobacco Board, Ministry of Commerce, Govt. of Pakistan, Hayatabad, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Qin Gu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Weigang No.1, Nanjing, 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - Huijun Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Weigang No.1, Nanjing, 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - Waseem Raza
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Weigang No.1, Nanjing, 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - Asma Safdar
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Weigang No.1, Nanjing, 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ziyang Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Weigang No.1, Nanjing, 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - Faheem Uddin Rajer
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Weigang No.1, Nanjing, 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuewen Gao
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Weigang No.1, Nanjing, 210095 People’s Republic of China
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182
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Adlung N, Bonas U. Dissecting virulence function from recognition: cell death suppression in Nicotiana benthamiana by XopQ/HopQ1-family effectors relies on EDS1-dependent immunity. Plant J 2017; 91:430-442. [PMID: 28423458 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Many Gram-negative plant pathogenic bacteria express effector proteins of the XopQ/HopQ1 family which are translocated into plant cells via the type III secretion system during infection. In Nicotiana benthamiana, recognition of XopQ/HopQ1 proteins induces an effector-triggered immunity (ETI) reaction which is not associated with strong cell death but renders plants immune against Pseudomonas syringae and Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria strains. Additionally, XopQ suppresses cell death in N. benthamiana when transiently co-expressed with cell death inducers. Here, we show that representative XopQ/HopQ1 proteins are recognized similarly, likely by a single resistance protein of the TIR-NB-LRR class. Extensive analysis of XopQ derivatives indicates the recognition of structural features. We performed Agrobacterium-mediated protein expression experiments in wild-type and EDS1-deficient (eds1) N. benthamiana leaves, not recognizing XopQ/HopQ1. XopQ recognition limits multiplication of Agrobacterium and attenuates levels of transiently expressed proteins. Remarkably, XopQ fails to suppress cell death reactions induced by different effectors in eds1 plants. We conclude that XopQ-mediated cell death suppression in N. benthamiana is due to the attenuation of Agrobacterium-mediated protein expression rather than the cause of the genuine XopQ virulence activity. Thus, our study expands our understanding of XopQ recognition and function, and also challenges the commonly used co-expression assays for elucidation of in planta effector activities, at least under conditions of ETI induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman Adlung
- Institute for Biology, Department of Genetics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ulla Bonas
- Institute for Biology, Department of Genetics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099, Halle (Saale), Germany
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183
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Sun Y, Li P, Deng M, Shen D, Dai G, Yao N, Lu Y. The Ralstonia solanacearum effector RipAK suppresses plant hypersensitive response by inhibiting the activity of host catalases. Cell Microbiol 2017; 19:e12736. [PMID: 28252830 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The destructive bacterial pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum delivers effector proteins via a type-III secretion system for its pathogenesis of plant hosts. However, the biochemical functions of most of these effectors remain unclear. RipAK of R. solanacearum GMI1000 is a type-III effector with unknown functions. Functional analysis demonstrated that in tobacco leaves, ripAK knockout bacteria produced an obvious hypersensitive response; also, infected tissues accumulated reactive oxygen species in a shorter period postinfection, compared with wild type. This strongly indicates that RipAK can inhibit hypersensitive response during infection. Further analysis showed that RipAK localizes to peroxisomes and interacts with host catalases (CATs) in plant cells. Truncation of 2 putative domains of RipAK caused it to fail to target the peroxisome and fail to interact with AtCATs, suggesting that RipAK localization depends on its interaction with CATs. Furthermore, heterologous expression of RipAK inhibited CAT activity in vivo and in vitro. Finally, compared with the ripAK mutant, infection with a bacterial strain overexpressing RipAK inhibited the transcription of many immunity-associated genes in infected tobacco leaves at 2- and 4-hr postinfection, although mRNA levels of NtCAT1 were upregulated. These data indicate that GMI1000 suppresses hypersensitive response by inhibiting host CATs through RipAK at early stages of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhao Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Pai Li
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengying Deng
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Shen
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyi Dai
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Yao
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjun Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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184
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Durrant M, Boyer J, Zhou W, Baldwin IT, Xu S. Evidence of an evolutionary hourglass pattern in herbivory-induced transcriptomic responses. New Phytol 2017; 215:1264-1273. [PMID: 28618009 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Herbivory-induced defenses are specific and activated in plants when elicitors, frequently found in the herbivores' oral secretions, are introduced into wounds during attack. While complex signaling cascades are known to be involved, it remains largely unclear how natural selection has shaped the evolution of these induced defenses. We analyzed herbivory-induced transcriptomic responses in wild tobacco, Nicotiana attenuata, using a phylotranscriptomic approach that measures the origin and sequence divergence of herbivory-induced genes. Highly conserved and evolutionarily ancient genes of primary metabolism were activated at intermediate time points (2-6 h) after elicitation, while less constrained and young genes associated with defense signaling and biosynthesis of specialized metabolites were activated at early (before 2 h) and late (after 6 h) stages of the induced response, respectively - a pattern resembling the evolutionary hourglass pattern observed during embryogenesis in animals and the developmental process in plants and fungi. The hourglass patterns found in herbivory-induced defense responses and developmental process are both likely to be a result of signaling modularization and differential evolutionary constraints on the modules involved in the signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Durrant
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, 4105A, LSB, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Justin Boyer
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, 4105A, LSB, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Wenwu Zhou
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Shuqing Xu
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
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185
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Guo Y, Jia MA, Yang Y, Zhan L, Cheng X, Cai J, Zhang J, Yang J, Liu T, Fu Q, Zhao J, Shamsi IH. Integrated analysis of tobacco miRNA and mRNA expression profiles under PVY infection provids insight into tobacco-PVY interactions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4895. [PMID: 28687775 PMCID: PMC5501784 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05155-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Potato virus Y (PVY) is a globally and economically important pathogen of potato, tobacco, tomato and other staple crops and caused significant yield losses and reductions in quality.To explore the molecular PVY-host interactions, we analysed changes in the miRNA and mRNA profiles of tobacco in response to PVY infection. A total of 81 differentially expressed miRNAs belonging to 29 families and 8133 mRNAs were identified. The Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analyses showed that genes encoding the DNA/RNA binding, catalytic activity and signalling molecules were all significantly enriched. Moreover, 88 miRNA-mRNA interaction pairs were identified through a combined analysis of the two datasets. We also found evidence showing that the virus-derived siRNAs (vsiRNAs) from the PVY genome target tobacco translationally controlled tumor protein (NtTCTP) mRNA and mediate plant resistance to PVY. Together, our findings revealed that both miRNA and mRNA expression patterns can be changed in response to PVY infection and novel vsiRNA-plant interactions that may regulate plant resistance to PVY. Both provide fresh insights into the virus-plant interactions.
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MESH Headings
- Biomarkers, Tumor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/immunology
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Disease Resistance/genetics
- Gene Ontology
- Gene Regulatory Networks
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/immunology
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Annotation
- Plant Diseases/genetics
- Plant Diseases/immunology
- Plant Diseases/virology
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Plant Proteins/immunology
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- Potyvirus/genetics
- Potyvirus/metabolism
- Potyvirus/pathogenicity
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Plant/genetics
- RNA, Plant/immunology
- RNA, Plant/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- Nicotiana/genetics
- Nicotiana/immunology
- Nicotiana/virology
- Tumor Protein, Translationally-Controlled 1
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushuang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, China National Tobacco Corporation, Guizhou Institute of Tobacco Science, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550083, P. R. China
| | - Meng-Ao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, China National Tobacco Corporation, Guizhou Institute of Tobacco Science, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550083, P. R. China.
| | - Yumei Yang
- Annoroad Gene Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd, Beijing, 101100, P. R. China
| | - Linlin Zhan
- College of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofei Cheng
- School of Life and Environmental science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Jianyu Cai
- College of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, China National Tobacco Corporation, Guizhou Institute of Tobacco Science, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550083, P. R. China
| | - Jie Yang
- Annoroad Gene Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd, Beijing, 101100, P. R. China
| | - Tao Liu
- Annoroad Gene Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd, Beijing, 101100, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, China National Tobacco Corporation, Guizhou Institute of Tobacco Science, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550083, P. R. China
| | - Jiehong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, China National Tobacco Corporation, Guizhou Institute of Tobacco Science, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550083, P. R. China
| | - Imran Haider Shamsi
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, P. R. China.
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186
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Khafif M, Balagué C, Huard-Chauveau C, Roby D. An essential role for the VASt domain of the Arabidopsis VAD1 protein in the regulation of defense and cell death in response to pathogens. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179782. [PMID: 28683084 PMCID: PMC5500287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Several regulators of programmed cell death (PCD) have been identified in plants which encode proteins with putative lipid-binding domains. Among them, VAD1 (Vascular Associated Death) contains a novel protein domain called VASt (VAD1 analog StAR-related lipid transfer) still uncharacterized. The Arabidopsis mutant vad1-1 has been shown to exhibit a lesion mimic phenotype with light-conditional appearance of propagative hypersensitive response-like lesions along the vascular system, associated with defense gene expression and increased resistance to Pseudomonas strains. To test the potential of ectopic expression of VAD1 to influence HR cell death and to elucidate the role of the VASt domain in this function, we performed a structure-function analysis of VAD1 by transient over-expression in Nicotiana benthamiana and by complementation of the mutant vad1-1. We found that (i) overexpression of VAD1 controls negatively the HR cell death and defense expression either transiently in Nicotiana benthamania or in Arabidopsis plants in response to avirulent strains of Pseudomonas syringae, (ii) VAD1 is expressed in multiple subcellular compartments, including the nucleus, and (iii) while the GRAM domain does not modify neither the subcellular localization of VAD1 nor its immunorepressor activity, the domain VASt plays an essential role in both processes. In conclusion, VAD1 acts as a negative regulator of cell death associated with the plant immune response and the VASt domain of this unknown protein plays an essential role in this function, opening the way for the functional analysis of VASt-containing proteins and the characterization of novel mechanisms regulating PCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Khafif
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Claudine Balagué
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | - Dominique Roby
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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187
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Zhang XP, Liu DS, Yan T, Fang XD, Dong K, Xu J, Wang Y, Yu JL, Wang XB. Cucumber mosaic virus coat protein modulates the accumulation of 2b protein and antiviral silencing that causes symptom recovery in planta. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006522. [PMID: 28727810 PMCID: PMC5538744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Shoot apical meristems (SAM) are resistant to most plant viruses due to RNA silencing, which is restrained by viral suppressors of RNA silencing (VSRs) to facilitate transient viral invasion of the SAM. In many cases chronic symptoms and long-term virus recovery occur, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we found that wild-type Cucumber mosaic virus (CMVWT) invaded the SAM transiently, but was subsequently eliminated from the meristems. Unexpectedly, a CMV mutant, designated CMVRA that harbors an alanine substitution in the N-terminal arginine-rich region of the coat protein (CP) persistently invaded the SAM and resulted in visible reductions in apical dominance. Notably, the CMVWT virus elicited more potent antiviral silencing than CMVRA in newly emerging leaves of infected plants. However, both viruses caused severe symptoms with minimal antiviral silencing effects in the Arabidopsis mutants lacking host RNA-DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE 6 (RDR6) or SUPPRESSOR OF GENE SILENCING 3 (SGS3), indicating that CMVWT induced host RDR6/SGS3-dependent antiviral silencing. We also showed that reduced accumulation of the 2b protein is elicited in the CMVWT infection and consequently rescues potent antiviral RNA silencing. Indeed, co-infiltration assays showed that the suppression of posttranscriptional gene silencing mediated by 2b is more severely compromised by co-expression of CPWT than by CPRA. We further demonstrated that CPWT had high RNA binding activity leading to translation inhibition in wheat germ systems, and CPWT was associated with SGS3 into punctate granules in vivo. Thus, we propose that the RNAs bound and protected by CPWT possibly serve as templates of RDR6/SGS3 complexes for siRNA amplification. Together, these findings suggest that the CMV CP acts as a central hub that modulates antiviral silencing and VSRs activity, and mediates viral self-attenuation and long-term symptom recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - De-Shui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Teng Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Lin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xian-Bing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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188
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Nakano M, Oda K, Mukaihara T. Ralstonia solanacearum novel E3 ubiquitin ligase (NEL) effectors RipAW and RipAR suppress pattern-triggered immunity in plants. Microbiology (Reading) 2017; 163:992-1002. [PMID: 28708051 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Ralstonia solanacearum is the causal agent of bacterial wilt in solanaceous crops. This pathogen injects more than 70 effector proteins into host plant cells via the Hrp type III secretion system to cause a successful infection. However, the function of these effectors in plant cells, especially in the suppression of plant immunity, remains largely unknown. In this study, we characterized two Ralstonia solanacearum effectors, RipAW and RipAR, which share homology with the IpaH family of effectors from animal and plant pathogenic bacteria, that have a novel E3 ubiquitin ligase (NEL) domain. Recombinant RipAW and RipAR show E3 ubiquitin ligase activity in vitro. RipAW and RipAR localized to the cytoplasm of plant cells and significantly suppressed pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) responses such as the production of reactive oxygen species and the expression of defence-related genes when expressed in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana. Mutation in the conserved cysteine residue in the NEL domain of RipAW completely abolished the E3 ubiquitin ligase activity in vitro and the ability to suppress PTI responses in plant leaves. These results indicate that RipAW suppresses plant PTI responses through the E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. Unlike other members of the IpaH family of effectors, RipAW and RipAR had no leucine-rich repeat motifs in their amino acid sequences. A conserved C-terminal region of RipAW is indispensable for PTI suppression. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing RipAW and RipAR showed increased disease susceptibility, suggesting that RipAW and RipAR contribute to bacterial virulence in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Nakano
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Okayama (RIBS), 7549-1 Yoshikawa, Kibichuo-cho, Okayama 716-1241, Japan
| | - Kenji Oda
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Okayama (RIBS), 7549-1 Yoshikawa, Kibichuo-cho, Okayama 716-1241, Japan
| | - Takafumi Mukaihara
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Okayama (RIBS), 7549-1 Yoshikawa, Kibichuo-cho, Okayama 716-1241, Japan
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189
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Robles Luna G, Reyes CA, Peña EJ, Ocolotobiche E, Baeza C, Borniego MB, Kormelink R, García ML. Identification and characterization of two RNA silencing suppressors encoded by ophioviruses. Virus Res 2017; 235:96-105. [PMID: 28428007 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Citrus psorosis virus and Mirafiori lettuce big-vein virus are two members of the genus Ophiovirus, family Ophioviridae. So far, how these viruses can interfere in the antiviral RNA silencing pathway is not known. In this study, using a local GFP silencing assay on Nicotiana benthamiana, the 24K-25K and the movement protein (MP) of both viruses were identified as RNA silencing suppressor proteins. Upon their co-expression with GFP in N. benthamiana 16c plants, the proteins also showed to suppress systemic RNA (GFP) silencing. The MPCPsV and 24KCPsV proteins bind long (114 nucleotides) but not short-interfering (21 nt) dsRNA, and upon transgenic expression, plants showed developmental abnormalities that coincided with an altered miRNA accumulation pattern. Furthermore, both proteins were able to suppress miRNA-induced silencing of a GFP-sensor construct and the co-expression of MPCPsV and 24KCPsV exhibited a stronger effect, suggesting they act at different stages of the RNAi pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Robles Luna
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CCT-La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Calles 47 y 115, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carina A Reyes
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CCT-La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Calles 47 y 115, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Eduardo J Peña
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CCT-La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Calles 47 y 115, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eliana Ocolotobiche
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CCT-La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Calles 47 y 115, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Baeza
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CCT-La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Calles 47 y 115, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Belén Borniego
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CCT-La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Calles 47 y 115, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Richard Kormelink
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
| | - María Laura García
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CCT-La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Calles 47 y 115, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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190
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Kim H, Cho WK, Lian S, Kim KH. Identification of residues or motif(s) of the rice stripe virus NS3 protein required for self-interaction and for silencing suppressor activity. Virus Res 2017; 235:14-23. [PMID: 28392445 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Rice stripe virus (RSV) is an important pathogen of rice. The RSV genome consists of four single-stranded RNA segments that encode seven viral proteins. A previous report found that NS3 is a viral suppressor of RNA silencing and self interacts. Using a model that predicts protein structure, we identified amino acid residues or motifs, including four α-helix motifs, required for NS3 self-interaction. We then used yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays to study the interactions between full-length NS3 and its truncated and alanine substitution mutants. Y2H and BiFC results showed that the N-terminal region of NS3 is essential for self-interaction. All α-helix deletion mutants and substitution mutants lost the ability to self-interact. To identify the relationship between NS3 self-interaction and silencing suppressor activity, we used a GFP silencing system in Nicotiana benthamiana with Agrobacterium-mediated transient overexpression of each mutated NS3 protein. All of the deletion and the α-helix substitution mutants that had lost the ability to self-interact also lost their silencing suppressor ability. The substitution of amino acids with alanine at positions 70-75, 76-83, and 173-177, however, resulted in mutants that were able to self-interact but were unable to function as silencing suppressors. These results suggest that RSV requires NS3 self-interaction to suppress RNA silencing and to thereby counter host defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangil Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Kyong Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sen Lian
- College of Crop Protection and Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
| | - Kook-Hyung Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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191
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Li W, Cao J, Xu Y, Cai X. Artificial Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains exhibit diverse mechanisms to repress Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae-induced hypersensitive response and non-host resistance in Nicotiana benthamiana. Mol Plant Pathol 2017; 18:489-502. [PMID: 27061769 PMCID: PMC6638308 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) rapidly triggers a hypersensitive response (HR) and non-host resistance in its non-host plant Nicotiana benthamiana. Here, we report that Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain GV3101 blocks Xoo-induced HR in N. benthamiana when pre-infiltrated or co-infiltrated, but not when post-infiltrated at 4 h after Xoo inoculation. This suppression by A. tumefaciens is local and highly efficient to Xoo. The HR-inhibiting efficiency of A. tumefaciens is strain dependent. Strain C58C1 has almost no effect on Xoo-induced HR, whereas strains GV3101, EHA105 and LBA4404 nearly completely block HR formation. Intriguingly, these three HR-inhibiting strains employ different strategies to repress HR. Strain GV3101 displays strong antibiotic activity and thus suppresses Xoo growth. Comparison of the genotype and Xoo antibiosis activity of wild-type A. tumefaciens strain C58 and a set of C58-derived strains reveals that this Xoo antibiosis activity of A. tumefaciens is negatively, but not solely, regulated by the transferred-DNA (T-DNA) of the Ti plasmid pTiC58. Unlike GV3101, strains LBA4404 and EHA105 exhibit no significant antibiotic effect on Xoo, but rather abolish hydrogen peroxide accumulation. In addition, expression assays indicate that strains LBA4404 and EHA105 may inhibit Xoo-induced HR by suppression of the expression of Xoo type III secretion system (T3SS) effector genes hpa1 and hrpD6. Collectively, our results unveil the multiple levels of effects of A. tumefaciens on Xoo in N. benthamiana and provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the bacterial antibiosis of A. tumefaciens and the non-host resistance induced by Xoo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and BiotechnologyZhejiang University866 Yu Hang Tang RoadHangzhou310058China
| | - Jia‐Yi Cao
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and BiotechnologyZhejiang University866 Yu Hang Tang RoadHangzhou310058China
| | - You‐Ping Xu
- Center of Analysis and Measurement, Zhejiang University866 Yu Hang Tang RoadHangzhou310058China
| | - Xin‐Zhong Cai
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and BiotechnologyZhejiang University866 Yu Hang Tang RoadHangzhou310058China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyZhejiang University866 Yu Hang Tang RoadHangzhou310058China
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192
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Su P, Tan X, Li C, Zhang D, Cheng J, Zhang S, Zhou X, Yan Q, Peng J, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Lu X. Photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris GJ-22 induces systemic resistance against viruses. Microb Biotechnol 2017; 10:612-624. [PMID: 28296178 PMCID: PMC5404195 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Photosynthetic bacteria (PSB) have been extensively used in agriculture to promote plant growth and to improve crop quality. Their potential application in plant disease management, however, is largely overlooked. In this study, the PSB strain Rhodopseudomonas palustris GJ-22 was investigated for its ability to induce resistance against a plant virus while promoting plant growth. In the field, a foliar spray of GJ-22 suspension protected tobacco plants against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Under axenic conditions, GJ-22 colonized the plant phyllosphere and induced resistance against TMV. Additionally, GJ-22 produced two phytohormones, indole-3-acetic acid and 5-aminolevulinic acid, which promote growth and germination in tobacco. Furthermore, GJ-22-inoculated plants elevated their immune response under subsequent TMV infection. This research may give rise to a novel biological agent with a dual function in disease management while promoting plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Su
- Hunan Academy of Agricultural SciencesHunan Plant Protection InstituteChangsha410125China
| | - Xinqiu Tan
- Hunan Academy of Agricultural SciencesHunan Plant Protection InstituteChangsha410125China
| | - Chenggang Li
- Hunan Academy of Agricultural SciencesHunan Plant Protection InstituteChangsha410125China
| | - Deyong Zhang
- Hunan Academy of Agricultural SciencesHunan Plant Protection InstituteChangsha410125China
| | - Ju'e Cheng
- Hunan Academy of Agricultural SciencesHunan Plant Protection InstituteChangsha410125China
| | - Songbai Zhang
- Hunan Academy of Agricultural SciencesHunan Plant Protection InstituteChangsha410125China
| | - Xuguo Zhou
- Department of EntomologyUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY40546USA
| | - Qingpin Yan
- Hunan Academy of Agricultural SciencesHunan Plant Protection InstituteChangsha410125China
| | - Jing Peng
- Hunan Academy of Agricultural SciencesHunan Plant Protection InstituteChangsha410125China
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Hunan Academy of Agricultural SciencesHunan Plant Protection InstituteChangsha410125China
| | - Yong Liu
- Hunan Academy of Agricultural SciencesHunan Plant Protection InstituteChangsha410125China
| | - Xiangyang Lu
- College of Bioscience and BiotechnologyHunan Agricultural UniversityChangsha410128China
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193
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Fan S, Tian F, Li J, Hutchins W, Chen H, Yang F, Yuan X, Cui Z, Yang C, He C. Identification of phenolic compounds that suppress the virulence of Xanthomonas oryzae on rice via the type III secretion system. Mol Plant Pathol 2017; 18:555-568. [PMID: 27084974 PMCID: PMC6638228 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The targeting of bacterial type III secretion systems (T3SSs), which are critical virulence factors in most Gram-negative pathogens, is regarded as an alternative strategy for the development of novel anti-microbial drugs. Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) and X. oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc) are two of the most important bacterial pathogens on rice, which cause leaf blight and leaf streak diseases, respectively. To identify potential anti-virulence drugs against these two pathogens, we screened a library of plant phenolic compounds and derivatives for their effects on the Xoo T3SS. Ten of 56 compounds significantly inhibited the promoter activity of a harpin gene, hpa1. These inhibitors were further tested for their impact on the hypersensitive response (HR) caused by Xoo on non-host tobacco plants. The results showed that pretreatment of Xoo with TS006 (o-coumaric acid, OCA), TS010, TS015 and TS018 resulted in significantly attenuated HR without affecting bacterial growth or survival. In addition, Cya translocation assays demonstrated that the translocation of two T3 effectors was suppressed by the four inhibitors. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis showed that mRNA levels of representative genes in the hrp (hypersensitive response and pathogenicity) cluster, as well as the regulatory genes hrpG and hrpX, were reduced by treatment with the four inhibitors, suggesting that expression of the Xoo T3SS was suppressed. The expression of other virulence factors was not suppressed, which indicated possible T3SS-specific inhibition. Finally, we demonstrated that these inhibitors reduced the disease symptoms of Xoo and Xoc on the rice cultivar (Oryza sativa) IR24 to varying extents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susu Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100193China
| | - Fang Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100193China
| | - Jianyu Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100193China
| | - William Hutchins
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin‐MilwaukeeMilwaukeeWI 53211USA
| | - Huamin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100193China
| | - Fenghuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100193China
| | - Xiaochen Yuan
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin‐MilwaukeeMilwaukeeWI 53211USA
| | - Zining Cui
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Department of Plant PathologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Ching‐Hong Yang
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin‐MilwaukeeMilwaukeeWI 53211USA
| | - Chenyang He
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100193China
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194
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Dagvadorj B, Ozketen AC, Andac A, Duggan C, Bozkurt TO, Akkaya MS. A Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici secreted protein activates plant immunity at the cell surface. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1141. [PMID: 28442716 PMCID: PMC5430700 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01100-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogens secrete effector proteins to suppress host immunity, mediate nutrient uptake and subsequently enable parasitism. However, on non-adapted hosts, effectors can be detected as non-self by host immune receptors and activate non-host immunity. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms of effector triggered non-host resistance remain unknown. Here, we report that a small cysteine-rich protein PstSCR1 from the wheat rust pathogen Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) activates immunity in the non-host solanaceous model plant Nicotiana benthamiana. PstSCR1 homologs were found to be conserved in Pst, and in its closest relatives, Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici and Puccinia triticina. When PstSCR1 was expressed in N. benthamiana with its signal peptide, it provoked the plant immune system, whereas no stimulation was observed when it was expressed without its signal peptide. PstSCR1 expression in N. benthamiana significantly reduced infection capacity of the oomycete pathogens. Moreover, apoplast-targeted PstSCR1 triggered plant cell death in a dose dependent manner. However, in Brassinosteroid insensitive 1-Associated Kinase 1 (SERK3/BAK1) silenced N. benthamiana, cell death was remarkably decreased. Finally, purified PstSCR1 protein activated defence related gene expression in N. benthamiana. Our results show that a Pst-secreted protein, PstSCR1 can activate surface mediated immunity in non-adapted hosts and contribute to non-host resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayantes Dagvadorj
- Middle East Technical University, Biotechnology Program, Department of Chemistry, Dumlupinar Blvd., Cankaya, Ankara, TR-06800, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Caglar Ozketen
- Middle East Technical University, Biotechnology Program, Department of Chemistry, Dumlupinar Blvd., Cankaya, Ankara, TR-06800, Turkey
| | - Ayse Andac
- Middle East Technical University, Biotechnology Program, Department of Chemistry, Dumlupinar Blvd., Cankaya, Ankara, TR-06800, Turkey
| | - Cian Duggan
- Imperial College London, Department of Life Sciences, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | - Mahinur S Akkaya
- Middle East Technical University, Biotechnology Program, Department of Chemistry, Dumlupinar Blvd., Cankaya, Ankara, TR-06800, Turkey.
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195
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Ludman M, Burgyán J, Fátyol K. Crispr/Cas9 Mediated Inactivation of Argonaute 2 Reveals its Differential Involvement in Antiviral Responses. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1010. [PMID: 28432338 PMCID: PMC5430636 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01050-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA silencing constitutes an important antiviral mechanism in plants. Small RNA guided Argonaute proteins fulfill essential role in this process by acting as executors of viral restriction. Plants encode multiple Argonaute proteins of which several exhibit antiviral activities. A recent addition to this group is AGO2. Its involvement in antiviral responses is established predominantly by studies employing mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana. In the virological model plant, Nicotiana benthamiana, the contribution of AGO2 to antiviral immunity is much less certain due to the lack of appropriate genetic mutants. Previous studies employed various RNAi based tools to down-regulate AGO2 expression. However, these techniques have several disadvantages, especially in the context of antiviral RNA silencing. Here, we have utilized the CRISPR/Cas9 technology to inactivate the AGO2 gene of N. benthamiana. The ago2 plants exhibit differential sensitivities towards various viruses. AGO2 is a critical component of the plants' immune responses against PVX, TuMV and TCV. In contrast, AGO2 deficiency does not significantly influence the progression of tombusvirus and CMV infections. In summary, our work provides unequivocal proof for the virus-specific antiviral role of AGO2 in a plant species other than A. thaliana for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márta Ludman
- Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, Szent-Györgyi Albert u. 4, Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary
| | - József Burgyán
- Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, Szent-Györgyi Albert u. 4, Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary.
| | - Károly Fátyol
- Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, Szent-Györgyi Albert u. 4, Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary.
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196
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Abstract
Small molecules capable of uncoupling growth-defense in plants are currently not known. In this study, for the first time, semi-synthetic analogues of the phytohormone JA-Ile are employed to uncouple growth and defense responses in wild tobacco. The JA-Ile analogues are easily synthesized from inexpensive substrates via olefin metathesis.
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197
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Xiang J, Li X, Yin L, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Qu J, Lu J. A candidate RxLR effector from Plasmopara viticola can elicit immune responses in Nicotiana benthamiana. BMC Plant Biol 2017; 17:75. [PMID: 28410577 PMCID: PMC5391559 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1016-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diverse plant pathogens deliver effectors into plant cells to alter host processes. Oomycete pathogen encodes a large number of putative RxLR effectors which are likely to play a role in manipulating plant defense responses. The secretome of Plasmopara viticola (downy mildew of grapevine) contains at least 162 candidate RxLR effectors discovered in our recent studies, but their roles in infection and pathogenicity remain to be determined. Here, we characterize in depth one of the putative RxLR effectors, PvRxLR16, which has been reported to induce cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana in our previous study. RESULTS The nuclear localization, W/Y/L motifs, and a putative N-glycosylation site in C-terminal of PvRxLR16 were essential for cell death-inducing activity. Suppressor of G-two allele of Skp1 (SGT1), heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) and required for Mla12 resistance (RAR1), but not somatic embryogenesis receptor-like kinase (SERK3), were required for the cell death response triggered by PvRxLR16 in N. benthamiana. Some mitogen-activated protein kinases and transcription factors were also involved in the perception of PvRxLR16 by N. benthamiana. PvRxLR16 could also significantly enhance plant resistance to Phytophthora capsici and the nuclear localization was required for this ability. However, some other PvRxLR effectors could suppress defense responses and disease resistance induced by PvRxLR16, suggesting that it may not trigger host cell death or immune responses during physiological infection under natural conditions. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that PvRxLR16 may be recognized by endogenous proteins in nucleus to trigger immune responses in N. benthamiana, which in turn can be suppressed by other PvRxLR effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Xiang
- The Viticulture and Enology Program, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xinlong Li
- The Viticulture and Enology Program, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Yin
- Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Laboratory, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Yunxiao Liu
- The Viticulture and Enology Program, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yali Zhang
- The Viticulture and Enology Program, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Junjie Qu
- Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Laboratory, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Jiang Lu
- The Viticulture and Enology Program, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Laboratory, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China.
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198
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Wilbers RHP, Westerhof LB, van Noort K, Obieglo K, Driessen NN, Everts B, Gringhuis SI, Schramm G, Goverse A, Smant G, Bakker J, Smits HH, Yazdanbakhsh M, Schots A, Hokke CH. Production and glyco-engineering of immunomodulatory helminth glycoproteins in plants. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45910. [PMID: 28393916 PMCID: PMC5385521 DOI: 10.1038/srep45910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Helminth parasites control host-immune responses by secreting immunomodulatory glycoproteins. Clinical trials and mouse model studies have demonstrated the potential of helminth-derived glycoproteins for the treatment of immune-related diseases, like allergies and autoimmune diseases. Studies are however hampered by the limited availability of native parasite-derived proteins. Moreover, recombinant protein production systems have thus far been unable to reconstitute helminth-like glycosylation essential for the functionality of some helminth glycoproteins. Here we exploited the flexibility of the N-glycosylation machinery of plants to reconstruct the helminth glycoproteins omega-1 and kappa-5, two major constituents of immunomodulatory Schistosoma mansoni soluble egg antigens. Fine-tuning transient co-expression of specific glycosyltransferases in Nicotiana benthamiana enabled the synthesis of Lewis X (LeX) and LDN/LDN-F glycan motifs as found on natural omega-1 and kappa-5, respectively. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the introduction of native LeX motifs on plant-produced omega-1 confirmed that LeX on omega-1 contributes to the glycoprotein's Th2-inducing properties. These data indicate that mimicking the complex carbohydrate structures of helminths in plants is a promising strategy to allow targeted evaluation of therapeutic glycoproteins for the treatment of inflammatory disorders. In addition, our results offer perspectives for the development of effective anti-helminthic vaccines by reconstructing native parasite glycoprotein antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruud H. P. Wilbers
- Laboratory of Nematology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lotte B. Westerhof
- Laboratory of Nematology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kim van Noort
- Laboratory of Nematology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Katja Obieglo
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole N. Driessen
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Everts
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sonja I. Gringhuis
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriele Schramm
- Research Center Borstel, Priority Area Asthma and Allergy, Experimental Pneumology, Parkallee 22, D-23845, Borstel, Germany
| | - Aska Goverse
- Laboratory of Nematology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Geert Smant
- Laboratory of Nematology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Bakker
- Laboratory of Nematology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hermelijn H. Smits
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Yazdanbakhsh
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen Schots
- Laboratory of Nematology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis H. Hokke
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
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199
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Kong L, Qiu X, Kang J, Wang Y, Chen H, Huang J, Qiu M, Zhao Y, Kong G, Ma Z, Wang Y, Ye W, Dong S, Ma W, Wang Y. A Phytophthora Effector Manipulates Host Histone Acetylation and Reprograms Defense Gene Expression to Promote Infection. Curr Biol 2017; 27:981-991. [PMID: 28318979 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Immune response during pathogen infection requires extensive transcription reprogramming. A fundamental mechanism of transcriptional regulation is histone acetylation. However, how pathogens interfere with this process to promote disease remains largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that the cytoplasmic effector PsAvh23 produced by the soybean pathogen Phytophthora sojae acts as a modulator of histone acetyltransferase (HAT) in plants. PsAvh23 binds to the ADA2 subunit of the HAT complex SAGA and disrupts its assembly by interfering with the association of ADA2 with the catalytic subunit GCN5. As such, PsAvh23 suppresses H3K9 acetylation mediated by the ADA2/GCN5 module and increases plant susceptibility. Expression of PsAvh23 or silencing of GmADA2/GmGCN5 resulted in misregulation of defense-related genes, most likely due to decreased H3K9 acetylation levels at the corresponding loci. This study highlights an effective counter-defense mechanism by which a pathogen effector suppresses the activation of defense genes by interfering with the function of the HAT complex during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Kong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Xufang Qiu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Jiangang Kang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Han Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Min Qiu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Guanghui Kong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Zhenchuan Ma
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Wenwu Ye
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Suomeng Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China.
| | - Wenbo Ma
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China.
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200
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de Carvalho MCDCG, Costa Nascimento L, Darben LM, Polizel‐Podanosqui AM, Lopes‐Caitar VS, Qi M, Rocha CS, Carazzolle MF, Kuwahara MK, Pereira GAG, Abdelnoor RV, Whitham SA, Marcelino‐Guimarães FC. Prediction of the in planta Phakopsora pachyrhizi secretome and potential effector families. Mol Plant Pathol 2017; 18:363-377. [PMID: 27010366 PMCID: PMC6638266 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Asian soybean rust (ASR), caused by the obligate biotrophic fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi, can cause losses greater than 80%. Despite its economic importance, there is no soybean cultivar with durable ASR resistance. In addition, the P. pachyrhizi genome is not yet available. However, the availability of other rust genomes, as well as the development of sample enrichment strategies and bioinformatics tools, has improved our knowledge of the ASR secretome and its potential effectors. In this context, we used a combination of laser capture microdissection (LCM), RNAseq and a bioinformatics pipeline to identify a total of 36 350 P. pachyrhizi contigs expressed in planta and a predicted secretome of 851 proteins. Some of the predicted secreted proteins had characteristics of candidate effectors: small size, cysteine rich, do not contain PFAM domains (except those associated with pathogenicity) and strongly expressed in planta. A comparative analysis of the predicted secreted proteins present in Pucciniales species identified new members of soybean rust and new Pucciniales- or P. pachyrhizi-specific families (tribes). Members of some families were strongly up-regulated during early infection, starting with initial infection through haustorium formation. Effector candidates selected from two of these families were able to suppress immunity in transient assays, and were localized in the plant cytoplasm and nuclei. These experiments support our bioinformatics predictions and show that these families contain members that have functions consistent with P. pachyrhizi effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leandro Costa Nascimento
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão (LGE) – Instituto de Biologia ‐ Universidade Estadual de CampinasCampinasSão PauloCEP 13083‐862Brazil
| | - Luana M. Darben
- Embrapa sojaPlant BiotechnologyLondrinaParanáCEP 70770‐901Brazil
| | | | - Valéria S. Lopes‐Caitar
- Embrapa sojaPlant BiotechnologyLondrinaParanáCEP 70770‐901Brazil
- Universidade Estadual de LondrinaLondrinaParanáCEP 86057‐970Brazil
| | - Mingsheng Qi
- Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIA 50011USA
| | | | - Marcelo Falsarella Carazzolle
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão (LGE) – Instituto de Biologia ‐ Universidade Estadual de CampinasCampinasSão PauloCEP 13083‐862Brazil
| | | | - Goncalo A. G. Pereira
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão (LGE) – Instituto de Biologia ‐ Universidade Estadual de CampinasCampinasSão PauloCEP 13083‐862Brazil
| | | | - Steven A. Whitham
- Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIA 50011USA
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