2051
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Zhang Y, Cao R, Yin F, Lin FY, Wang H, Krysiak K, No JH, Mukkamala D, Houlihan K, Li J, Morita CT, Oldfield E. Lipophilic pyridinium bisphosphonates: potent gammadelta T cell stimulators. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:1136-8. [PMID: 20039246 PMCID: PMC2819003 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200905933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yonghui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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2052
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Valable S, Francony G, Bouzat P, Fevre MC, Mahious N, Bouet V, Farion R, Barbier E, Lahrech H, Remy C, Petit E, Segebarth C, Bernaudin M, Payen JF. The impact of erythropoietin on short-term changes in phosphorylation of brain protein kinases in a rat model of traumatic brain injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2010; 30:361-9. [PMID: 19809465 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2009.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We found that recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) reduced significantly the development of brain edema in a rat model of diffuse traumatic brain injury (TBI) (impact-acceleration model). In this study, we investigated the molecular and intracellular changes potentially involved in these immediate effects. Brain tissue nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, phosphorylation level of two protein kinases (extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK)-1/-2 and Akt), and brain water content were measured 1 (H1) and 2 h (H2) after insult. Posttraumatic administration of rhEPO (5,000 IU/kg body weight, intravenously, 30 mins after injury) reduced TBI-induced upregulation of ERK phosphorylation, although it increased Akt phosphorylation at H1. These early molecular changes were associated with a reduction in brain NO synthesis at H1 and with an attenuation of brain edema at H2. Intraventricular administration of the ERK-1/-2 inhibitor, U0126, or the Akt inhibitor, LY294002, before injury showed that ERK was required for brain edema formation, and that rhEPO-induced reduction of edema could involve the ERK pathway. These results were obtained in the absence of any evidence of blood-brain barrier damage on contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance images. The findings of our study indicate that the anti edematous effect of rhEPO could be mediated through an early inhibition of ERK phosphorylation after diffuse TBI.
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2053
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD The focal adhesion tyrosine kinases FAK and Pyk2 are uniquely situated to act as critical mediators for the activation of signaling pathways that regulate cell migration, proliferation and survival. By coordinating adhesion and cytoskeletal dynamics with survival and growth signaling, FAK and Pyk2 represent molecular therapeutic targets in cancer as malignant cells often exhibit defects in these processes. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This review examines the structure and function of the focal adhesion kinase Pyk2 and intends to provide a rationale for the employment of modulating strategies that include both catalytic and extra-catalytic approaches that have been developed in the last 3 - 5 years. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Targeting tyrosine kinases in oncology has focused on the ATP binding pocket as means to inhibit catalytic activity and downregulate pathways involved in tumor invasion. This review discusses the available catalytic inhibitors and compares them to the alternative approach of targeting protein-protein interactions that regulate kinase activity. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Development of specific catalytic inhibitors of the focal adhesion kinases has improved but significant challenges remain. Thus, approaches that inhibit the effector function of Pyk2 by targeting regulatory modules can increase specificity and will be a welcome asset to the therapeutic arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Lipinski
- Mayo Clinic Collaborative Research Building, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
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2054
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing X. Li
- Program in Chemical Biology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239 (USA), Fax: (+1) 503-494-4352
| | - Xiangshu Xiao
- Program in Chemical Biology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239 (USA), Fax: (+1) 503-494-4352
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2055
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Priya PL, Shanmughavel P. A docking model of human ribonucleotide reductase with flavin and phenosafranine. Bioinformation 2009; 4:123-6. [PMID: 20198185 PMCID: PMC2828892 DOI: 10.6026/97320630004123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2009] [Revised: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 06/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribonucleotide Reductase (RNR) is an enzyme responsible for the reduction of ribonucleotides to their corresponding Deoxyribonucleotides (DNA), which is a building block for DNA replication and repair mechanisms. The key role of RNR in DNA synthesis and control in cell growth has made this an important target for anticancer therapy. Increased RNR activity has been associated with malignant transformation and tumor cell growth. In recent years, several RNR inhibitors, including Triapine, Gemcitabine and GTI-2040, have entered the clinical trials. Our current work focuses on an attempted to dock this inhibitors Flavin and Phenosafranine to curtail the action of human RNR2. The docked inhibitor Flavin and Phenosafranine binds at the active site with THR176, which are essential for free radical formation. The inhibitor must be a radical scavenger to destroy the tyrosyl radical or iron metal scavenger. The iron or radical site of R2 protein can react with one-electron reductants, whereby the tyrosyl radical is converted to a normal tyrosine residue. However, compounds such as Flavin and Phenosafranine were used in most of the cases to reduce the radical activity. The docking study was performed for the crystal structure of human RNR with the radical scavengers Flavin and Phenosafranine to inhibit the human RNR2. This helps to understand the functional aspects and also aids in the development of novel inhibitors for the human RNR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panneerselvam Lakshmi Priya
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore –641 046, India
| | - Piramanayagam Shanmughavel
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore –641 046, India
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2056
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Neeley E, Fritch G, Fuller A, Wolfe J, Wright J, Flurkey W. Variations in IC(50) values with purity of mushroom tyrosinase. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10:3811-23. [PMID: 19865520 DOI: 10.3390/ijms10093811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Revised: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 08/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of various inhibitors on crude, commercial and partially purified commercial mushroom tyrosinase were examined by comparing IC(50) values. Kojic acid, salicylhydroxamic acid, tropolone, methimazole, and ammonium tetrathiomolybdate had relatively similar IC(50) values for the crude, commercial and partially purified enzyme. 4-Hexylresorcinol seemed to have a somewhat higher IC(50) value using crude extracts, compared to commercial or purified tyrosinase. Some inhibitors (NaCl, esculetin, biphenol, phloridzin) showed variations in IC(50) values between the enzyme samples. In contrast, hydroquinone, lysozyme, Zn(2+), and anisaldehyde showed little or no inhibition in concentration ranges reported to be effective inhibitors. Organic solvents (DMSO and ethanol) had IC(50) values that were similar for some of the tyrosinase samples. Depending of the source of tyrosinase and choice of inhibitor, variations in IC(50) values were observed.
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2057
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Jones J, Causey C, Knuckley B, Slack-Noyes JL, Thompson PR. Protein arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4): Current understanding and future therapeutic potential. Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel 2009; 12:616-627. [PMID: 19736621 PMCID: PMC3771078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The protein arginine deiminases (PADs), and in particular PAD4, have emerged as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In this review, evidence linking dysregulated PAD activity to the onset and progression of RA is presented, and the potential role of such aberrant activity in other human diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and cancer, is discussed. The known physiological roles of the PADs, particularly PAD4, and current knowledge regarding PAD structure, catalysis and inhibition are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Paul R. Thompson
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC, 29208 tel: (803)-777-6414; fax: (803)-777-9521;
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2058
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Patterson S, Jones DC, Shanks EJ, Frearson JA, Gilbert IH, Wyatt PG, Fairlamb AH. Synthesis and evaluation of 1-(1-(Benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)cyclohexyl)piperidine (BTCP) analogues as inhibitors of trypanothione reductase. ChemMedChem 2009; 4:1341-53. [PMID: 19557802 PMCID: PMC2929374 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200900098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Revised: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Thirty two analogues of phencyclidine were synthesised and tested as inhibitors of trypanothione reductase (TryR), a potential drug target in trypanosome and leishmania parasites. The lead compound BTCP (1, 1-(1-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl-cyclohexyl) piperidine) was found to be a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme (K(i)=1 microM) and biologically active against bloodstream T. brucei (EC(50)=10 microM), but with poor selectivity against mammalian MRC5 cells (EC(50)=29 microM). Analogues with improved enzymatic and biological activity were obtained. The structure-activity relationships of this novel series are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Patterson
- Division of Biological Chemistry & Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
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2059
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Mou J, Fang H, Jing F, Wang Q, Liu Y, Zhu H, Shang L, Wang X, Xu W. Design, synthesis and primary activity evaluation of L-arginine derivatives as amino-peptidase N/CD13 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:4666-73. [PMID: 19454370 PMCID: PMC7125801 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2009] [Revised: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A series of L-arginine derivatives were designed, synthesized and assayed for their activities against amino-peptidase N (APN)/CD13 and metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2). The results showed that most compounds exhibited high inhibitory activities against APN and low activities against MMP-2. Within this series, two compounds 5q and 5s (IC(50)=5.3 and 5.1 microM) showed similar inhibitory activities compared with bestatin (IC(50)=3.8 microM), which could be used as novel lead compounds for the future APN inhibitors development as anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Mou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, PR China
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2060
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Barbayianni E, Stephens D, Grkovich A, Magrioti V, Hsu YH, Cotton N, Dolatzas P, Kalogiannidis D, Dennis EA, Kokotos G. 2-Oxoamide inhibitors of phospholipase A2 activity and cellular arachidonate release based on dipeptides and pseudodipeptides. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:4833-43. [PMID: 19443224 PMCID: PMC2695835 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2008] [Accepted: 03/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2-oxoamides based on dipeptides and pseudodipeptides were synthesized and their activities towards two human intracellular phospholipases A(2) (GIVA cPLA(2) and GVIA iPLA(2)) and one human secretory phospholipase A(2) (GV sPLA(2)) were evaluated. Derivatives containing a free carboxyl group are selective GIVA cPLA(2) inhibitors. A derivative based on the ethyl ester of an ether pseudodipeptide is the first 2-oxoamide, which preferentially inhibits GVIA iPLA(2). The effect of 2-oxoamides on the generation of arachidonic acid from RAW 264.7 macrophages was also studied and it was found that selective GIVA cPLA(2) inhibitors preferentially inhibited cellular arachidonic acid release; one pseudodipeptide gave an IC(50) value of 2muM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrosini Barbayianni
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Daren Stephens
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601, U.S.A
| | - Andrej Grkovich
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601, U.S.A
| | - Victoria Magrioti
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Yuan-Hao Hsu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601, U.S.A
| | - Naomi Cotton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601, U.S.A
| | - Panagiotis Dolatzas
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Kalogiannidis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Edward A. Dennis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601, U.S.A
| | - George Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
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2061
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Im I, Lee ES, Choi SJ, Lee JY, Kim YC. Structure-activity relationships of heteroaromatic esters as human rhinovirus 3C protease inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:3632-6. [PMID: 19464175 PMCID: PMC7126291 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.04.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2009] [Revised: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 04/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Human rhinovirus 3C protease (HRV 3C(pro)) is known to be a promising target for development of therapeutic agents against the common cold because of the importance of the protease in viral replication as well as its expression in a large number of serotypes. To explore non-peptidic inhibitors of HRV 3C(pro), a series of novel heteroaromatic esters was synthesized and evaluated for inhibitory activity against HRV 3C(pro), to determine the structure-activity relationships. The most potent inhibitor, 7, with a 5-bromopyridinyl group, had an IC(50) value of 80nM. In addition, the binding mode of a novel analog, 19, with the 4-hydroxyquinolinone moiety, was explored by molecular docking, suggesting a new interaction in the S1 pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isak Im
- Research Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnology, Department of Life Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Republic of Korea
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2062
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Abstract
Tyrosinase is a multifunctional, glycosylated, and copper-containing oxidase, which catalyzes the first two steps in mammalian melanogenesis and is responsible for enzymatic browning reactions in damaged fruits during post-harvest handling and processing. Neither hyperpigmentation in human skin nor enzymatic browning in fruits are desirable. These phenomena have encouraged researchers to seek new potent tyrosinase inhibitors for use in foods and cosmetics. This article surveys tyrosinase inhibitors newly discovered from natural and synthetic sources. The inhibitory strength is compared with that of a standard inhibitor, kojic acid, and their inhibitory mechanisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te-Sheng Chang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National University of Tainan, 33 sec. 2 Shu-Lin St., Tainan, Taiwan
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2063
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Abstract
Look at what the cat(ionic motif) dragged in! We report a general strategy to increase the cell permeability of beta(3)-peptides. Introduction of a minimal cationic motif within the folded structure of a high-affinity beta(3)-peptide ligand for hDM2 led to molecules with high 3(14)-helical structure, high hDM2 affinity and sufficient cell permeability to upregulate p53-dependent genes in live mammalian cells. Minimally cationic beta(3)-peptides represent the critical first step towards a class of protease-resistant peptidomimetics that might modulate intracellular biological pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Harker
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect St., New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Alanna Schepartz
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect St., New Haven, CT 06520
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2064
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Yan YL, Miller MT, Cao Y, Cohen SM. Synthesis of hydroxypyrone- and hydroxythiopyrone-based matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors: developing a structure-activity relationship. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:1970-6. [PMID: 19261472 PMCID: PMC2833267 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The zinc(II)-dependent matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are associated with a variety of diseases. Development of inhibitors to modulate MMP activity has been an active area of investigation for therapeutic development. Hydroxypyrones and hydroxythiopyrones are alternative zinc-binding groups (ZBGs) that, when combined with peptidomimetic backbones, comprise a novel class of MMP inhibitors (MMPi). In this report, a series of hydroxypyrone- and hydroxythiopyrone-based MMPi with aryl backbones at the 2-, 5-, and 6-positions of the hydroxypyrone ring have been synthesized. Synthetic routes for developing inhibitors with substituents at two of these positions (so-called double-handed inhibitors) are also explored. The MMP inhibition profiles and structure-activity relationship of synthesized hydroxypyrones and hydroxythiopyrones have been analyzed. The results here show that the ZBG, the position of the backbone on the ZBG, and the nature of the linker between the ZBG and backbone are critical for MMPi activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Long Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, United States
| | - Melissa T. Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, United States
| | - Yuchen Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, United States
| | - Seth M. Cohen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, United States
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2065
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Bai A, Szulc ZM, Bielawski J, Mayroo N, Liu X, Norris J, Hannun YA, Bielawska A. Synthesis and bioevaluation of omega-N-amino analogs of B13. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:1840-8. [PMID: 19217788 PMCID: PMC2696190 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Revised: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Novel omega-N-amino analogs of B13 (Class E) were designed, synthesized and tested as inhibitors of acid ceramidase (ACDase) and potential anticancer agents deprived of unwanted lysosomal destabilization and ACDase proteolytic degradation properties of LCL204 [Szulc, Z. M.; Mayroo, N.; Bai, A.; Bielawski, J.; Liu, X.; Norris, J. S.; Hannun, Y. A.; Bielawska, A. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2008, 16, 1015]. Representative analog LCL464, (1R,2R)-2-N-(12'-N,N-dimethylaminododecanoyl amino)-1-(4''-nitrophenyl)-1,3-propandiol, inhibited ACDase activity in vitro, with a similar potency as B13 but higher than LCL204. LCL464 caused an early inhibition of this enzyme at a cellular level corresponding to decrease of sphingosine and specific increase of C(14)- and C(16)-ceramide. LCL464 did not induce lysosomal destabilization nor degradation of ACDase, showed increased cell death demonstrating inherent anticancer activity in a wide range of different cancer cell lines, and induction of apoptosis via executioner caspases activation. LCL464 represents a novel structural lead as chemotherapeutic agent acting via the inhibition of ACDase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiping Bai
- Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Zdzislaw M. Szulc
- Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Jacek Bielawski
- Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Nalini Mayroo
- Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Xiang Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - James Norris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Yusuf A. Hannun
- Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Alicja Bielawska
- Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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2066
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Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 has emerged as a promising target for the treatment of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. This review summarizes recent advancements towards the development of natural products as they pertain to the biological and chemical understanding of this molecular chaperone.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Amolins
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Malott 4070, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7563, USA
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2067
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Agnew HD, Rohde RD, Millward SW, Nag A, Yeo WS, Hein JE, Pitram SM, Tariq AA, Burns VM, Krom RJ, Fokin VV, Sharpless KB, Heath JR. Iterative in situ click chemistry creates antibody-like protein-capture agents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:4944-8. [PMID: 19301344 PMCID: PMC3716464 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200900488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Special agents for protein capture: Iterative in situ click chemistry (see scheme for the tertiary ligand screen) and the one-bead-one-compound method for the creation of a peptide library enable the fragment-based assembly of selective high-affinity protein-capture agents. The resulting ligands are water-soluble and stable chemically, biochemically, and thermally. They can be produced in gram quantities through copper(I)-catalyzed cycloaddition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather D. Agnew
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
| | - Rosemary D. Rohde
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
| | - Steven W. Millward
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
| | - Arundhati Nag
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
| | - Woon-Seok Yeo
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
| | - Jason E. Hein
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
| | - Suresh M. Pitram
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
| | - Abdul Ahad Tariq
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
| | - Vanessa M. Burns
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
| | - Russell J. Krom
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
| | - Valery V. Fokin
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
| | - K. Barry Sharpless
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
| | - James R. Heath
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA), Fax: (+1)626-395-2355, Homepage: http://www.its.caltech.edu/~heathgrp
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2068
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Kobza KA, Chaiseeda K, Sarath G, Takacs JM, Zempleni J. Biotinyl-methyl 4-(amidomethyl)benzoate is a competitive inhibitor of human biotinidase. J Nutr Biochem 2008; 19:826-32. [PMID: 18479898 PMCID: PMC2593093 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2007.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2007] [Revised: 10/15/2007] [Accepted: 11/08/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Posttranslational modification of histones by biotinylation can be catalyzed by both biotinidase (BTD) and holocarboxylase synthetase. Biotinylation of histones is an important epigenetic mechanism to regulate gene expression, DNA repair, and chromatin remodeling. The role of BTD in histone biotinylation is somewhat ambiguous, given that BTD also catalyzes removal of the biotin tag from histones. Here, we sought to develop BTD inhibitors for future studies of the role of BTD in altering chromatin structure. We adopted an existing colorimetric BTD assay for use in a novel 96-well plate format to permit high-throughput screening of potential inhibitors. Biotin analogs were chemically synthesized and tested for their ability to inhibit human BTD. Seven of these compounds inhibited BTD by 26-80%. Biotinyl-methyl 4-(amidomethyl)benzoate had the largest effect on BTD, causing an 80% inhibition at 1 mM concentration. Enzyme kinetics studies were conducted to determine V(max), K(m) and K(i) for the seven inhibitors; kinetics were consistent with the hypothesis that biotinyl-methyl 4-(amidomethyl)benzoate and the other compounds acted by competitive inhibition of BTD. Finally, biotinyl-methyl 4-(amidomethyl)benzoate did not affect biotin transport in human cells, suggesting specificity in regard to biotin-related processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyna A Kobza
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0806, USA
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2069
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Poyarkov A, Rocabayera X, Poyarkova S, Kukhar V. Influence of aromatic and aliphatic moieties on thrombin inhibitors potency. Open Biochem J 2008; 2:143-9. [PMID: 19238188 PMCID: PMC2627521 DOI: 10.2174/1874091x00802010143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2008] [Revised: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombin is a plasma serine protease that plays a key role in coagulation and hemostasis but also in thromboembolic diseases. Direct thrombin inhibitors could be beneficial for future anticoagulant therapy in the prophylaxis of venous and arterial thrombosis as well as myocardial infarction. To design the efficient thrombin inhibitors we have synthesized and studied peptide-based inhibitors resistant to enzymatic degradation. Compounds with general formula X-DArg-D-Phe-OMe, where X = residue of 3-[6-ethyl-7-hydroxy-3-(4-methyl-thiazol-2-yl)-4-oxo-4H-chromen-2-yl]-propionic acid (chromone) and lauric acid were synthesized by classic methods of peptides synthesis in solution. The comparative inhibitory analysis of prepared compounds in relation to thrombin was conducted. The analysis of the inhibition effect of the peptide with retro-D-sequence modified by residues of natural organic compounds (chromone or fatty acid moiety) has demonstrated that modification with the fatty acid residue appeared to be the most successful one. Introduction of lauric acid residue (Ki = 1,76 μM) maximally increased the inhibition effect. These findings establish an important role of fatty moiety in structure of inhibitors in preferential binding and inhibition of thrombin active side.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Poyarkov
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry of the Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences., 1, Murmanska St., Kiev 94, 02660, Ukraine
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2070
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Tipparaju SK, Mulhearn DC, Klein GM, Chen Y, Tapadar S, Bishop MH, Yang S, Chen J, Ghassemi M, Santarsiero BD, Cook JL, Johlfs M, Mesecar AD, Johnson ME, Kozikowski AP. Design and synthesis of aryl ether inhibitors of the Bacillus anthracis enoyl-ACP reductase. ChemMedChem 2008; 3:1250-68. [PMID: 18663709 PMCID: PMC2693028 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200800047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The problem of increasing bacterial resistance to the current generation of antibiotics is well documented. Known resistant pathogens such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus are becoming more prevalent, while the potential exists for developing drug-resistant pathogens for use as bioweapons, such as Bacillus anthracis. The biphenyl ether antibacterial agent, triclosan, exhibits broad-spectrum activity by targeting the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway through inhibition of enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (ENR) and provides a potential scaffold for the development of new, broad-spectrum antibiotics. We used a structure-based approach to develop novel aryl ether analogues of triclosan that target ENR, the product of the fabI gene, from B. anthracis (BaENR). Structure-based design methods were used for the expansion of the compound series including X-ray crystal structure determination, molecular docking, and QSAR methods. Structural modifications were made to both phenyl rings of the 2-phenoxyphenyl core. A number of compounds exhibited improved potency against BaENR and increased efficacy against both the Sterne strain of B. anthracis and the methicillin-resistant strain of S. aureus. X-ray crystal structures of BaENR in complex with triclosan and two other compounds help explain the improved efficacy of the new compounds and suggest future rounds of optimization that might be used to improve their potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh K. Tipparaju
- Dr. S. K. Tipparaju, Dr. Y. Chen, Dr. S. Tapadar, Prof. Dr. A. P. Kozikowski, Drug Discovery Program, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA Fax: (312) 413 0577
| | - Debbie C. Mulhearn
- Dr. D. C. Mulhearn, G. M. Klein, M. H. Bishop, S. Yang, Dr. B. D. Santarsiero, Dr. M. Johlfs, Dr. A. D. Mesecar, Prof. Dr. M. E. Johnson, Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S. Ashland Ave., Chicago, IL 60607–7173, USA, Fax: (312) 413 9303
| | - Gary M. Klein
- Dr. S. K. Tipparaju, Dr. Y. Chen, Dr. S. Tapadar, Prof. Dr. A. P. Kozikowski, Drug Discovery Program, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA Fax: (312) 413 0577
- Dr. D. C. Mulhearn, G. M. Klein, M. H. Bishop, S. Yang, Dr. B. D. Santarsiero, Dr. M. Johlfs, Dr. A. D. Mesecar, Prof. Dr. M. E. Johnson, Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S. Ashland Ave., Chicago, IL 60607–7173, USA, Fax: (312) 413 9303
| | - Yufeng Chen
- Dr. S. K. Tipparaju, Dr. Y. Chen, Dr. S. Tapadar, Prof. Dr. A. P. Kozikowski, Drug Discovery Program, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA Fax: (312) 413 0577
| | - Subhasish Tapadar
- Dr. S. K. Tipparaju, Dr. Y. Chen, Dr. S. Tapadar, Prof. Dr. A. P. Kozikowski, Drug Discovery Program, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA Fax: (312) 413 0577
| | - Molly H. Bishop
- Dr. D. C. Mulhearn, G. M. Klein, M. H. Bishop, S. Yang, Dr. B. D. Santarsiero, Dr. M. Johlfs, Dr. A. D. Mesecar, Prof. Dr. M. E. Johnson, Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S. Ashland Ave., Chicago, IL 60607–7173, USA, Fax: (312) 413 9303
| | - Shuo Yang
- Dr. D. C. Mulhearn, G. M. Klein, M. H. Bishop, S. Yang, Dr. B. D. Santarsiero, Dr. M. Johlfs, Dr. A. D. Mesecar, Prof. Dr. M. E. Johnson, Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S. Ashland Ave., Chicago, IL 60607–7173, USA, Fax: (312) 413 9303
| | - Juan Chen
- Dr. J. Chen, Dr. M. Ghassemi, Dr. J. L. Cook, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 808 S. Wood St., Chicago IL 60612, USA
| | - Mahmood Ghassemi
- Dr. J. Chen, Dr. M. Ghassemi, Dr. J. L. Cook, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 808 S. Wood St., Chicago IL 60612, USA
| | - Bernard D. Santarsiero
- Dr. D. C. Mulhearn, G. M. Klein, M. H. Bishop, S. Yang, Dr. B. D. Santarsiero, Dr. M. Johlfs, Dr. A. D. Mesecar, Prof. Dr. M. E. Johnson, Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S. Ashland Ave., Chicago, IL 60607–7173, USA, Fax: (312) 413 9303
| | - James L. Cook
- Dr. J. Chen, Dr. M. Ghassemi, Dr. J. L. Cook, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 808 S. Wood St., Chicago IL 60612, USA
| | - Mary Johlfs
- Dr. D. C. Mulhearn, G. M. Klein, M. H. Bishop, S. Yang, Dr. B. D. Santarsiero, Dr. M. Johlfs, Dr. A. D. Mesecar, Prof. Dr. M. E. Johnson, Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S. Ashland Ave., Chicago, IL 60607–7173, USA, Fax: (312) 413 9303
| | - Andrew D. Mesecar
- Dr. S. K. Tipparaju, Dr. Y. Chen, Dr. S. Tapadar, Prof. Dr. A. P. Kozikowski, Drug Discovery Program, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA Fax: (312) 413 0577
- Dr. D. C. Mulhearn, G. M. Klein, M. H. Bishop, S. Yang, Dr. B. D. Santarsiero, Dr. M. Johlfs, Dr. A. D. Mesecar, Prof. Dr. M. E. Johnson, Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S. Ashland Ave., Chicago, IL 60607–7173, USA, Fax: (312) 413 9303
| | - Michael E. Johnson
- Dr. D. C. Mulhearn, G. M. Klein, M. H. Bishop, S. Yang, Dr. B. D. Santarsiero, Dr. M. Johlfs, Dr. A. D. Mesecar, Prof. Dr. M. E. Johnson, Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S. Ashland Ave., Chicago, IL 60607–7173, USA, Fax: (312) 413 9303
| | - Alan P. Kozikowski
- Dr. S. K. Tipparaju, Dr. Y. Chen, Dr. S. Tapadar, Prof. Dr. A. P. Kozikowski, Drug Discovery Program, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA Fax: (312) 413 0577
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2071
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Abstract
Thyroid cancer is the most common malignant tumor of the endocrine system. The most frequent type of thyroid malignancy is papillary carcinoma. These tumors frequently have genetic alterations leading to the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. Most common mutations in papillary carcinomas are point mutations of the BRAF and RAS genes and RET/PTC rearrangement. These genetic alterations are found in >70% of papillary carcinomas and they rarely overlap in the same tumor. Most frequent alterations in follicular carcinomas, the second most common type of thyroid malignancy, include RAS mutations and PAX8-PPARgamma rearrangement. RET point mutations are crucial for the development of medullary thyroid carcinomas. Many of these mutations, particularly those leading to the activation of the MAPK pathway, are being actively explored as therapeutic targets for thyroid cancer. A number of compounds have been studied and showed antitumor effects in preclinical studies and are being tested in ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri E. Nikiforov
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
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2072
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Tripathi P, Srivastava S. Development and characterization of nickel accumulating mutants of Aspergillus nidulans. Indian J Microbiol 2007; 47:241-50. [PMID: 23100672 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-007-0045-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2005] [Revised: 07/23/2007] [Accepted: 07/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Stable mutants of Aspergillus nidulans, resistant to 1 mM Ni were developed by step-by-step repeated culturing of the fungus on the medium containing increasing concentrations of nickel chloride. Characterization of mutants could differentiate them into two categories Ni(R) I and Ni(R) II. Each category of mutants exhibited alterations in growth, conidial germination and melanin secretion both in Ni-free and Ni-containing media. Ni(R) II mutants were little slow in growth with sparse mycelia and conidiation but showed high melanin secretion and higher Ni-uptake in comparison to Ni(R) I mutant. Studies involving metabolic and translational inhibitors could prove that Ni-accumulation was biphasic. The initial energy independent surface accumulation was found to be followed by energy dependent intarcellular uptake. Increase in the concentration of the metal in the medium or the time of exposure did not proportionately increase the metal uptake by the mutants. Ni-uptake followed Michaelis-Menton saturation kinetics, which was enhanced under optimum pH of 6.5-7.5 and reduced complexity of the medium due to free availability of ions. Resistance to Ni was found to be constitutive in Ni(R)I mutant, and could be induced in Ni(R)II mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushplata Tripathi
- School of Sciences, Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi, 110 068 India
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2073
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Franchini M, Tagliaferri A, Mannucci PM. The management of hemophilia in elderly patients. Clin Interv Aging 2007; 2:361-8. [PMID: 18044186 PMCID: PMC2685275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
After the increasing rate of deaths observed during the 1980s due to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, the health-related quality of life and life expectancy of persons with hemophilia have improved, mainly due to the progresses of replacement therapy and antiviral drugs and to the improvement of the global comprehensive care provided by specialized centers. As a consequence, an increasing number of hemophiliacs have reached an older age and nowadays physicians in hemophilia centers find that they must handle age-related clinical problems never previously observed in this population. The management of elderly persons with congenital hemophilia is discussed in the first part of this review. The second part describes the general aspects of acquired hemophilia due to anti-factor VIII autoantibodies, focusing on the clinical management of elderly patients, one of the groups most frequently affected by this acquired bleeding disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Franchini
- Transfusion and Hemophilia Center, City Hospital of Verona, Italy;,Correspondence: Massimo Franchini, Transfusion and Hemophilia Center, City Hospital of Verona, Piazzale Ludovico Scuro, 37134 Verona, Italy, Tel +39 045 812 4321, Fax +39 045 812 4626, Email
| | - Annarita Tagliaferri
- Regional Reference Center for Inherited Bleeding Disorders, University Hospital of Parma, Italy
| | - Pier Mannuccio Mannucci
- Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center and Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, IRCCS Maggiore Hospital, Mangiagalli and Regina Elena Foundation, University of Milan, Italy
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2074
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Carballeira NM, Sanabria D, Oyola D. An improved synthesis for the (Z)-14-methyl-9-pentadecenoic acid and its topoisomerase I inhibitory activity. ARKIVOC 2007; 2007:49-57. [PMID: 17680032 PMCID: PMC1939943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
An improved synthesis for the (Z)-14-methyl-9-pentadecenoic acid was developed based on the appropriate use of (trimethylsilyl)acetylene as the key reagent in the synthesis. The reported synthesis started with commercially available 8-bromo-1-octanol and furnished the desired acid in seven steps and in a 16% overall yield, a significant improvement over the previous reported synthesis for this fatty acid. The synthesis reported herein afforded sufficient amounts to study the acid topoisomerase I inhibitory potential and it was found that the title acid inhibits the human placenta DNA topoisomerase I enzyme at concentrations of 500 μM.
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2075
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Tjønnfjord GE, Andre Holme P. Factor eight inhibitor bypass activity (FEIBA) in the management of bleeds in hemophilia patients with high-titer inhibitors. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2007; 3:527-31. [PMID: 17969383 PMCID: PMC2291336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of high-titer inhibitors to FVIII and less often to other coagulation factors are the most serious complication of hemophilia therapy and makes treatment of bleeds very challenging. At present, bypassing agents, such as factor eight inhibitor bypass activity (FEIBA) and activated recombinant factor VII (rFVIIa) are the only coagulation factor concentrates available for the treatment of bleeds in inhibitor patients. Both products are effective and safe, and their efficacy has been found to be comparable (approximately 80%) in a recent prospective study. A significant number of patients report a better effect of one or the other of the products, and in a minority of the patients none of the products are particularly effective. The hemostatic efficacy of bypassing agents is not considered equal to that of coagulation factor replacement in patients without inhibitors by most physicians. An improvement in hemostatic efficacy may be achieved by optimizing the dosing of by passing agents. However, the lack of standardized and validated laboratory assays reflecting the hemostatic efficacy of the bypassing agents is an obstacle to this achievement.
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2076
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Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a multi-domain, multi-functional enzyme that post-translationally modifies proteins by catalyzing the formation of intermolecular isopeptide bonds between glutamine and lysine side-chains. It plays a role in diverse biological functions, including extracellular matrix formation, integrin-mediated signaling, and signal transduction involving 7-transmembrane receptors. While some of the roles of TG2 under normal physiological conditions remain obscure, the protein is believed to participate in the pathogenesis of several unrelated diseases, including celiac sprue, neurodegenerative diseases, and certain types of cancer. A variety of small molecule and peptidomimetic inhibitors of the TG2 active site have been identified. Here, we summarize the biochemistry, biology, pharmacology and medicinal chemistry of human TG2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Siegel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Chaitan Khosla
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
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2077
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Abstract
The identification of new antibacterial targets is urgently needed to address multidrug resistant and latent tuberculosis infection. Sulfur metabolic pathways are essential for survival and the expression of virulence in many pathogenic bacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In addition, microbial sulfur metabolic pathways are largely absent in humans and therefore, represent unique targets for therapeutic intervention. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the enzymes associated with the production of sulfated and reduced sulfur-containing metabolites in Mycobacteria. Small molecule inhibitors of these catalysts represent valuable chemical tools that can be used to investigate the role of sulfur metabolism throughout the Mycobacterial lifecycle and may also represent new leads for drug development. In this light, we also summarize recent progress in the development of inhibitors of sulfur metabolism enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devayani P. Bhave
- Chemical Biology Ph.D. Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-2216
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-2216
| | - Wilson B. Muse
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-2216
| | - Kate S. Carroll
- Chemical Biology Ph.D. Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-2216
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-2216
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-2216
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2078
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Osawa Y, Lau M, Lowe ER. Plant-Derived Small Molecule Inhibitors of Neuronal NO-Synthase: Potential Effects on Protein Degradation. Plant Signal Behav 2007; 2:129-130. [PMID: 19704759 PMCID: PMC2633918 DOI: 10.4161/psb.2.2.4071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2007] [Accepted: 02/27/2007] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is known to cause a decrease in NO production in man resulting in a variety of pathological effects, including vascular dysfunction. Aqueous extracts of cigarette and cigarette smoke contain chemical inhibitors to NO-synthases, a heme-containing cytochrome P450 enzymes. More recently, it was shown that freshly harvested leaves from the tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum, Solanaceae) also contain chemical inhibitors to neuronal NO-synthase (nNOS). Examination of leaves from 32 other plants representing diverse members of the plant kingdom showed that 17 other plants, besides tobacco, contain these chemical inhibitors. Of all these plants, 16 are members of the core asterids flowering plant group and 6 are members of the Solanaceae family. Although the identity of the chemicals is not known, perhaps the closely related plants contain the same or similar compounds that inhibit nNOS. The inhibitory effects are not attributable to nicotine. The discovery of these chemicals and their further characterization may help to explain the loss of nNOS in smokers. In this addendum, we discuss these results in light of the effect of tobacco-derived chemicals in inhibiting P450 cytochromes, as well as our thoughts on how the inactivation of nNOS leads to its selective downregulation through proteolytic degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Osawa
- Department of Pharmacology; University of Michigan Medical School; Ann Arbor, Michigan USA
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2079
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Galam L, Hadden MK, Ma Z, Ye Q, Yun BG, Blagg BSJ, Matts RL. High-throughput assay for the identification of Hsp90 inhibitors based on Hsp90-dependent refolding of firefly luciferase. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:1939-46. [PMID: 17223347 PMCID: PMC1906718 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2006] [Revised: 12/20/2006] [Accepted: 01/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we have demonstrated that the renaturation of heat denatured firefly luciferase is dependent upon the activity of Hsp90 in rabbit reticulocyte lysate. Here, we demonstrate that this assay may identify inhibitors that obstruct the chaperone activity of Hsp90 either by direct binding to its N-terminal or C-terminal nucleotide binding sites or by interference with the ability of the chaperone to switch conformations. The assay was adapted and optimized for high-throughput screening. Greater than 20,000 compounds were screened to demonstrate the feasibility of using this assay on a large scale. The assay was reproducible (av Z-factor=0.62) and identified 120 compounds that inhibited luciferase renaturation by greater than 70% at a concentration of 12.5 microg/mL. IC50 values for twenty compounds with varying structures were determined for inhibition of luciferase refolding and in cell-based assays for Hsp90 inhibition. Several compounds had IC50 values <10 microM and represent a number of new lead structures with the potential for further development and optimization as potent Hsp90 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Galam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, NRC 246, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, U.S.A. 74078
| | - M. Kyle Hadden
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Malott 4070, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, U.S.A. 66045-7563
| | - Zeqiang Ma
- High-Throughput Screening Laboratory, The University of Kansas, 1501 Wakarusa Drive, Lawrence, Kansas, U.S.A. 66047
| | - Qi–Zhuang Ye
- High-Throughput Screening Laboratory, The University of Kansas, 1501 Wakarusa Drive, Lawrence, Kansas, U.S.A. 66047
| | - Bo-Geon Yun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, NRC 246, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, U.S.A. 74078
| | - Brian S. J. Blagg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Malott 4070, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, U.S.A. 66045-7563
| | - Robert L. Matts
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, NRC 246, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, U.S.A. 74078
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2080
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Wang Y, Li Y, Wang B. An In Silico Method for Screening Nicotine Derivatives as Cytochrome P450 2A6 Selective Inhibitors Based on Kernel Partial Least Squares. Int J Mol Sci 2007. [PMCID: PMC3666054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotine and a variety of other drugs and toxins are metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2A6. The aim of the present study was to build a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model to predict the activities of nicotine analogues on CYP2A6. Kernel partial least squares (K-PLS) regression was employed with the electro-topological descriptors to build the computational models. Both the internal and external predictabilities of the models were evaluated with test sets to ensure their validity and reliability. As a comparison to K-PLS, a standard PLS algorithm was also applied on the same training and test sets. Our results show that the K-PLS produced reasonable results that outperformed the PLS model on the datasets. The obtained K-PLS model will be helpful for the design of novel nicotine-like selective CYP2A6 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Dalian Fisheries University, Dalian 116023, China.,Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Yan Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116012, China
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Dalian Fisheries University, Dalian 116023, China
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2081
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Wei G, Mousseau N, Derreumaux P. Computational simulations of the early steps of protein aggregation. Prion 2007; 1:3-8. [PMID: 19164927 PMCID: PMC2633700 DOI: 10.4161/pri.1.1.3969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2007] [Revised: 02/05/2007] [Accepted: 02/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is strong evidence that the oligomers of key proteins, formed during the early steps of aggregation, could be the primary toxic species associated with human neuro-degenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and prion diseases. Here, we review recent progress in the development of computational approaches in order to understand the structures, dynamics and free energy surfaces of oligomers. We also discuss possible research directions for the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghong Wei
- Department of Physics; Fudan University; Shanghai, China
| | - Normand Mousseau
- Département de Physique and Regroupement Québécois sur les Matériaux de Pointe; Université de Montréal; Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Philippe Derreumaux
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Théorique; UPR 9080 CNRS, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique et Université Paris 7; Paris, France
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2082
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Rilk-van Gessel R, Kayser H. Porphobilinogen synthase from the butterfly, Pieris brassicae: purification and comparative characterization. J Insect Sci 2007; 7:1-13. [PMID: 20302542 PMCID: PMC2999460 DOI: 10.1673/031.007.6201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2007] [Accepted: 05/09/2007] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Porphobilinogen represents a key building block of tetrapyrroles serving as functional ligands of many vitally important proteins. Here we report the first purification of porphobilinogen synthase (PBGS) from whole insects by sequentially employing two modes of native electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels subsequent to more conventional procedures. Using adults of Pieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) we achieved approximately 10,000-fold purification with final yields of up to 25% of electrophoretically pure PBGS with a specific activity of approximately 160 micromol PBG h(-1) mg(-1) at 37 degrees C and an affinity of 0.36 mM to its substrate 5-aminolevulinic acid. Enzyme activity was inhibited by the substrate mimics, levulinic acid and succinylacetone, and by chelating agents. PBGS behaved as a relatively heat-stable octameric complex of 292.3 kDa composed of 36.5 kDa subunits. Most general features of this insect PBGS were comparable to those published for other animal PBGS enzymes, while remarkable differences were found to the reported recombinant Drosophila enzyme. Moreover, rabbit antiserum directed against purified Pieris PBGS revealed significant immunological differences among insect PBGS enzymes from a wide range of orders contrasting to the overall evolutionary conserved features of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Rilk-van Gessel
- Department of General Zoology and Endocrinology (Biology I), University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Hartmut Kayser
- Department of General Zoology and Endocrinology (Biology I), University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89069 Ulm, Germany
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2083
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Al‐Gharabli SI, Shah STA, Weik S, Schmidt MF, Mesters JR, Kuhn D, Klebe G, Hilgenfeld R, Rademann J. An efficient method for the synthesis of peptide aldehyde libraries employed in the discovery of reversible SARS coronavirus main protease (SARS-CoV Mpro) inhibitors. Chembiochem 2006; 7:1048-55. [PMID: 16688706 PMCID: PMC7417790 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200500533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A method for the parallel solid-phase synthesis of peptide aldehydes has been developed. Protected amino acid aldehydes obtained by the racemization-free oxidation of amino alcohols with Dess-Martin periodinane were immobilized on threonyl resins as oxazolidines. Following Boc protection of the ring nitrogen to yield the N-protected oxazolidine linker, peptide synthesis was performed efficiently on this resin. A peptide aldehyde library was designed for targeting the SARS coronavirus main protease, SARS-CoV M(pro)(also known as 3CL(pro)), on the basis of three different reported binding modes and supported by virtual screening. A set of 25 peptide aldehydes was prepared by this method and investigated in inhibition assays against SARS-CoV M(pro). Several potent inhibitors were found with IC(50) values in the low micromolar range. An IC(50) of 7.5 muM was found for AcNSTSQ-H and AcESTLQ-H. Interestingly, the most potent inhibitors seem to bind to SARS-CoV M(pro) in a noncanonical binding mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer I. Al‐Gharabli
- Leibniz Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Department for Medicinal Chemistry, Robert‐Rössle‐Straße 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany, Fax: (+49) 30‐94793‐280
- Current address: Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, German–Jordanian University, 35247 Amman 11180, Jordan
| | - Syed T. Ali Shah
- Leibniz Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Department for Medicinal Chemistry, Robert‐Rössle‐Straße 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany, Fax: (+49) 30‐94793‐280
| | - Steffen Weik
- Leibniz Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Department for Medicinal Chemistry, Robert‐Rössle‐Straße 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany, Fax: (+49) 30‐94793‐280
| | - Marco F. Schmidt
- Leibniz Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Department for Medicinal Chemistry, Robert‐Rössle‐Straße 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany, Fax: (+49) 30‐94793‐280
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jeroen R. Mesters
- Institut für Biochemie, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, Universität Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Daniel Kuhn
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps‐Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Klebe
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps‐Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Rolf Hilgenfeld
- Institut für Biochemie, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, Universität Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jörg Rademann
- Leibniz Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Department for Medicinal Chemistry, Robert‐Rössle‐Straße 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany, Fax: (+49) 30‐94793‐280
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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2084
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Alphey MS, Hunter WN. High-resolution complex of papain with remnants of a cysteine protease inhibitor derived from Trypanosoma brucei. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2006; 62:504-8. [PMID: 16754967 PMCID: PMC2243108 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309106014849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2006] [Accepted: 04/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Attempts to cocrystallize the cysteine protease papain derived from the latex of Carica papaya with an inhibitor of cysteine proteases (ICP) from Trypanosoma brucei were unsuccessful. However, crystals of papain that diffracted to higher resolution, 1.5 A, than other crystals of this archetypal cysteine protease were obtained, so the analysis was continued. Surprisingly, the substrate-binding cleft was occupied by two short peptide fragments which have been assigned as remnants of ICP. Comparisons reveal that these peptides bind in the active site in a manner similar to that of the human cysteine protease inhibitor stefin B when it is complexed to papain. The assignment of the fragment sequences is consistent with the specificity of the protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus S. Alphey
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland
| | - William N. Hunter
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland
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2085
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Huynh CK, Brodie AMH, Njar VCO. Inhibitory effects of retinoic acid metabolism blocking agents (RAMBAs) on the growth of human prostate cancer cells and LNCaP prostate tumour xenografts in SCID mice. Br J Cancer 2006; 94:513-23. [PMID: 16449997 PMCID: PMC2361176 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/03/2006] [Accepted: 01/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent studies, we have identified several highly potent all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) metabolism blocking agents (RAMBAs). On the basis of previous effects of liarozole (a first-generation RAMBA) on the catabolism of ATRA and on growth of rat Dunning R3227G prostate tumours, we assessed the effects of our novel RAMBAs on human prostate tumour (PCA) cell lines. We examined three different PCA cell lines to determine their capacity to induce P450-mediated oxidation of ATRA. Among the three different cell lines, enhanced catabolism was detected in LNCaP, whereas it was not found in PC-3 and DU-145. This catabolism was strongly inhibited by our RAMBAs, the most potent being VN/14-1, VN/50-1, VN/66-1, and VN/69-1 with IC50 values of 6.5, 90.0, 62.5, and 90.0 nM, respectively. The RAMBAs inhibited the growth of LNCaP cells with IC50 values in the microM-range. In LNCaP cell proliferation assays, VN/14-1, VN/50-1, VN/66-1, and VN/69-1 also enhanced by 47-, 60-, 70-, and 65-fold, respectively, the ATRA-mediated antiproliferative activity. We then examined the molecular mechanism underlying the growth inhibitory properties of ATRA alone and in combination with RAMBAs. The mechanism appeared to involve the induction of differentiation, cell-cycle arrest, and induction of apoptosis (TUNEL), involving increase in Bad expression and decrease in Bcl-2 expression. Treatment of LNCaP tumours growing in SCID mice with VN/66-1 and VN/69-1 resulted in modest but statistically significant tumour growth inhibition of 44 and 47%, respectively, while treatment with VN/14-1 was unexpectedly ineffective. These results suggest that some of our novel RAMBAs may be useful agents for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Huynh
- Program in Toxicology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 South Pine Street, MSTF 7-34F, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA
| | - A M H Brodie
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA
- The University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA
| | - V C O Njar
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA
- The University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA
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2086
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Abstract
Manzamenones A~C (1~3) and E~F (5~6), unique oxylipin metabolites isolated from a marine sponge Plakortis sp., have been found to exhibit inhibitory activity against T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (TCPTP). The inhibitory activity of 2 and 5 against TCPTP was 4 times more potent than that against protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP1B).
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2087
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Liang P, Cheng W, Lee Y, Yu H, Wu Y, Lin Y, Wong C. Novel five-membered iminocyclitol derivatives as selective and potent glycosidase inhibitors: new structures for antivirals and osteoarthritis. Chembiochem 2006; 7:165-73. [PMID: 16397876 PMCID: PMC7161998 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200500321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A novel 5-membered iminocyclitol derivative was found to be a potent and selective inhibitor of the glycoprotein-processing alpha-glucosidase with a Ki value of 53 nM. This compound was further derivatized to antiviral agents against Japanese encephalitis virus, dengue virus serotype 2 (DEN-2), human SARS coronavirus, and human beta-hexosaminidase (Ki = 2.6 nM), a new target for the development of osteoarthritis therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pi‐Hui Liang
- The Genomics Research Center and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road Sec. 2, Nankang District, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, Fax: (+886) 2‐2785‐8847
| | - Wei‐Chieh Cheng
- The Genomics Research Center and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road Sec. 2, Nankang District, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, Fax: (+886) 2‐2785‐8847
| | - Yi‐Ling Lee
- The Genomics Research Center and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road Sec. 2, Nankang District, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, Fax: (+886) 2‐2785‐8847
| | - Han‐Pang Yu
- The Genomics Research Center and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road Sec. 2, Nankang District, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, Fax: (+886) 2‐2785‐8847
| | - Ying‐Ta Wu
- The Genomics Research Center and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road Sec. 2, Nankang District, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, Fax: (+886) 2‐2785‐8847
| | - Yi‐Ling Lin
- The Genomics Research Center and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road Sec. 2, Nankang District, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, Fax: (+886) 2‐2785‐8847
| | - Chi‐Huey Wong
- The Genomics Research Center and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road Sec. 2, Nankang District, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, Fax: (+886) 2‐2785‐8847
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA, Fax: (+1) 858‐784‐2409
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2088
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are valuable agents for the treatment of hypertension, heart failure, and other cardiovascular and renal diseases. The cardioprotective effects of ACE inhibitors are mediated by blockade of both conversion of angiotensin (Ang) I to Ang II and kinin hydrolysis. Here, we report a novel mechanism that may explain the cardiac antifibrotic effect of ACE inhibition, involving blockade of the hydrolysis of N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (Ac-SDKP). METHODS AND RESULTS To study the role of Ac-SDKP in the therapeutic effects of the ACE inhibitor captopril, we used a model of Ang II-induced hypertension in rats treated with the ACE inhibitor either alone or combined with a blocking monoclonal antibody (mAb) to Ac-SDKP. These hypertensive rats had left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) as well as increases in cardiac fibrosis, cell proliferation, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) expression, and phosphorylation of Smad2 (P-Smad2), a signaling mediator of the effects of TGF-beta. The ACE inhibitor did not decrease either blood pressure or LVH; however, it significantly decreased LV collagen from 13.3+/-0.9 to 9.6+/-0.6 microg/mg dry wt (P<0.006), and this effect was blocked by the mAb (12.1+/-0.6; P<0.034, ACE inhibitor versus ACE inhibitor+mAb). In addition, analysis of interstitial collagen volume fraction and perivascular collagen (picrosirius red staining) showed a very similar tendency. Likewise, the ACE inhibitor significantly decreased LV monocyte/macrophage infiltration, cell proliferation, and TGF-beta expression, and these effects were blocked by the mAb. Ang II increased Smad2 phosphorylation 3.2+/-0.9-fold; the ACE inhibitor lowered this to 0.6+/-0.1-fold (P<0.001), and the mAb blocked this decrease to 2.1+/-0.3 (P<0.001, ACE inhibitor versus ACE inhibitor+mAb). Similar findings were seen when the ACE inhibitor was replaced by Ac-SDKP. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that in Ang II-induced hypertension, the cardiac antifibrotic effect of ACE inhibitors is a result of the inhibition of Ac-SDKP hydrolysis, resulting in a decrease in cardiac cell proliferation (probably fibroblasts), inflammatory cell infiltration, TGF-beta expression, Smad2 activation, and collagen deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Peng
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202-2689, USA
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2089
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Wang WU, Chen C, Lin KH, Fang Y, Lieber CM. Label-free detection of small-molecule-protein interactions by using nanowire nanosensors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:3208-12. [PMID: 15716362 PMCID: PMC548960 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0406368102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 461] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2004] [Accepted: 01/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of miniaturized devices that enable rapid and direct analysis of the specific binding of small molecules to proteins could be of substantial importance to the discovery of and screening for new drug molecules. Here, we report highly sensitive and label-free direct electrical detection of small-molecule inhibitors of ATP binding to Abl by using silicon nanowire field-effect transistor devices. Abl, which is a protein tyrosine kinase whose constitutive activity is responsible for chronic myelogenous leukemia, was covalently linked to the surfaces of silicon nanowires within microfluidic channels to create active electrical devices. Concentration-dependent binding of ATP and concentration-dependent inhibition of ATP binding by the competitive small-molecule antagonist STI-571 (Gleevec) were assessed by monitoring the nanowire conductance. In addition, concentration-dependent inhibition of ATP binding was examined for four additional small molecules, including reported and previously unreported inhibitors. These studies demonstrate that the silicon nanowire devices can readily and rapidly distinguish the affinities of distinct small-molecule inhibitors and, thus, could serve as a technology platform for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne U Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biophysics Program, and Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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2090
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Abstract
Calcific aortic stenosis is the most common indication for surgical valve replacement. Currently there are no medical therapies approved for the treatment of this disease. This review will summarize the clinical and experimental studies published over the past 5 years that indicate that medical therapy may be an option for this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalini M Rajamannan
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, 303 E Chicago Avenue, Tarry 12-703, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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2091
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WANG ZHEN, DELOIRE ALAIN, CARBONNEAU ALAIN, FEDERSPIEL BRIGITTE, LOPEZ FRANÇOIS. An in vivo experimental system to study sugar phloem unloading in ripening grape berries during water deficiency stress. Ann Bot 2003; 92:523-8. [PMID: 12907466 PMCID: PMC4243666 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcg159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
An in vivo experimental system-called the 'berry-cup' technique-was developed to study sugar phloem unloading and the accumulation of sugar in ripening grape berries. The berry-cup system consists of a single peeled grape berry immersed in a buffer solution in a cup prepared from a polypropylene syringe. A small cross-incision (2 mm in length) is made on the stylar remnant of a berry during its ripening phase, the skin of the berry then being easily peeled off, exposing the dorsal vascular bundles without damaging either these or the pulp tissue of the berry. The sites of sugar phloem unloading are thus made directly accessible and may be regulated by the buffer solution. In addition, the unloaded photoassimilates are easily transported into the buffer solution in the berry-cup. With the berry-cup technique, it takes 60 min to purge the sugar already present in the apoplast, after which the amount of sugar in the buffer solution is a direct measure of the sugar unloading from the grape berry phloem. The optimum times for sampling were 20 or 30 min, depending on the type of experiment. Sugar phloem unloading was significantly inhibited by the inclusion of either 7.5 mm NaF or 2.5 mm PCMB in the buffer solution. This study indicates that sugar phloem unloading in ripening grape berries is via the apoplastic network and that the process requires the input of energy. The system was shown to be an appropriate experimental system with which to study sugar phloem unloading in ripening grape berries, and was applied successfully to the study of berry sugar unloaded from grapevines subjected to water stress. The results showed that water deficiency inhibits sugar unloading in grape berries.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZHEN‐PING WANG
- AGRO Montpellier, UMR 1083 ‘Sciences pour l’Oenologie et la Viticulture’, 2 place P.Viala, F‐34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France
- Ningxia University of China, Yinchuan, 750021 Ningxia, China
| | - ALAIN DELOIRE
- AGRO Montpellier, UMR 1083 ‘Sciences pour l’Oenologie et la Viticulture’, 2 place P.Viala, F‐34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France
- * For correspondence. E‐mail
| | - ALAIN CARBONNEAU
- AGRO Montpellier, UMR 1083 ‘Sciences pour l’Oenologie et la Viticulture’, 2 place P.Viala, F‐34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France
| | - BRIGITTE FEDERSPIEL
- AGRO Montpellier, UMR 1083 ‘Sciences pour l’Oenologie et la Viticulture’, 2 place P.Viala, F‐34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France
| | - FRANÇOIS LOPEZ
- AGRO Montpellier, UMR 1083 ‘Sciences pour l’Oenologie et la Viticulture’, 2 place P.Viala, F‐34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France
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2092
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Yang ZQ, Kwok BHB, Lin S, Koldobskiy MA, Crews CM, Danishefsky SJ. Simplified synthetic TMC-95A/B analogues retain the potency of proteasome inhibitory activity. Chembiochem 2003; 4:508-13. [PMID: 12794861 PMCID: PMC2556569 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200300560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2003] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The proteasome regulates diverse intracellular processes, including cell-cycle progression, antigen presentation, and inflammatory response. Selective inhibitors of the proteasome have great therapeutic potential for the treatment of cancer and inflammatory disorders. Natural cyclic peptides TMC-95A and B represent a new class of noncovalent, selective proteasome inhibitors. To explore the structure-activity relationship of this class of proteasome inhibitors, a series of TMC-95A/B analogues were prepared and analyzed. We found that the unique enamide functionality at the C8 position of TMC-95s can be replaced with a simple allylamide. The asymmetric center at C36 that distinguishes TMC-95A from TMC-95B but which necessitates a complicated separation of the two compounds can be eliminated. Therefore, these findings could lead to the development of more accessible simple analogues as potential therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qiang Yang
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York 10021 (USA), Fax: (+1) 212-772-8691
| | - Benjamin H. B. Kwok
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 219 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8103 (USA)
| | - Songnian Lin
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York 10021 (USA), Fax: (+1) 212-772-8691
| | - Michael A. Koldobskiy
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 219 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8103 (USA)
| | - Craig M. Crews
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 219 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8103 (USA)
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520 (USA)
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520 (USA)
| | - Samuel J. Danishefsky
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York 10021 (USA), Fax: (+1) 212-772-8691
- Department of Chemistry, Havemeyer Hall, Columbia University, New York 10027 (USA)
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2093
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Abstract
The mouse submandibular gland (SMG) epithelium undergoes extensive morphogenetic branching during embryonic development as the first step in the establishment of its glandular structure. However, the specific signaling pathways required for SMG branching morphogenesis are not well understood. Using E13 mouse SMG organ cultures, we showed that inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase), wortmannin and LY294002, substantially inhibited branching morphogenesis in SMG. Branching morphogenesis of epithelial rudiments denuded of mesenchyme was inhibited similarly, indicating that PI 3-kinase inhibitors act directly on the epithelium. Immunostaining and Western analysis demonstrated that the p85 isoform of PI 3-kinase is expressed in epithelium at levels higher than in the mesenchyme. A target of PI 3-kinase, Akt/protein kinase B (PKB), showed decreased phosphorylation at Ser(473) by Western analysis in the presence of PI 3-kinase inhibitors. The major lipid product of PI 3-kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP(3)), was added exogenously to SMG via a membrane-transporting carrier in the presence of PI 3-kinase inhibitors and was found to stimulate cleft formation, the first step of branching morphogenesis. Together, these data indicate that PI 3-kinase plays a role in the regulation of epithelial branching morphogenesis in mouse SMG acting through a PIP(3) pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Kenneth M. Yamada
- * Corresponding author. Fax: +1-310-402-0897. E-mail address: (K.M. Yamada)
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2094
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Watanabe Y, Iwamoto T, Shigekawa M, Kimura J. Inhibitory effect of aprindine on Na+/Ca2+ exchange current in guinea-pig cardiac ventricular myocytes. Br J Pharmacol 2002; 136:361-6. [PMID: 12023938 PMCID: PMC1573359 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Using the whole-cell voltage clamp technique, the effect of aprindine on Na+/Ca2+ exchange current (I(NCX)) was examined in guinea-pig single cardiac ventricular myocytes and CCL39 fibroblasts expressing a dog cardiac Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX1). 2. I(NCX) was recorded by ramp pulses from the holding potential of -60 mV with the external solution containing 140 mM Na+ and 1 mM Ca2+, and the pipette solution containing 20 mM Na+, 20 mM BAPTA and 13 mM Ca2+ (433 nM free Ca2+). 3. External application of aprindine suppressed I(NCX) in a concentration-dependent manner. The IC50 values of outward (measured at 50 mV) and inward (measured at -100 mV) I(NCX) components were 48.8 and 51.8 microM with Hill coefficients of 1.3 and 1, respectively. 4. Intracellular application of trypsin via the pipette solution did not change the blocking effect of aprindine, suggesting that aprindine does not affect the exchanger from the cytoplasmic side. 5. Aprindine inhibited I(NCX) of a mutant NCX1 with a deletion of amino acids 247 - 671 in the large intracellular domain between the transmembrane segments 5 and 6 in a similar manner to that of the wild-type, suggesting that the site of aprindine inhibition is not in the large intracellular domain of NCX1. 6. A kinetic study indicated that aprindine was cooperatively competitive with KB-R7943, another inhibitor of NCX and that aprindine was a competitive inhibitor with respect to external Ca2+. 7. We conclude that aprindine may modestly inhibit I(NCX) in a therapeutic range of concentrations (around 2.5 approximately 6.9 microM) possibly at an external or intra-membranous site of the exchanger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhide Watanabe
- Department of Ecology and Clinical Therapeutics, School of Nursing, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan.
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2095
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Abstract
Bisphosphonates are synthetic compounds characterized by a P[bond]C[bond]P group, and are thus analogs of inorganic pyrophosphate. They are used in medicine mainly to inhibit bone resorption in diseases like osteoporosis, Paget's disease and tumor bone disease. They have been used for over a century in industry, and only in 1968 was it shown that bisphosphonates have biological effects. These effects consist mainly of an inhibition of bone resorption and, when given in large amounts, an inhibition of ectopic and normal calcification. While the latter effect is the consequence of a physical-chemical inhibition of calcium phosphate crystal formation, the former is due to a cellular effect involving both apoptosis of the osteoclasts and a destruction of the osteoclastic cytoskeleton, inducing a decrease in osteoclast activity. The biochemical basis of these effects for the nitrogen-containing compounds is an inhibition of the mevalonate pathway caused by the inhibition of farnesylpyrophosphate synthase, which leads to a decrease of the formation of isoprenoid lipids such as farnesylpyrophosphate and geranylgeranylpyrophosphate. The other bisphosphonates are incorporated into the phosphate chain of ATP-containing compounds so that they become non-hydrolyzable. The new P[bond]C[bond]P-containing ATP analogs inhibit cell function and may lead to apoptosis and death of osteoclasts.
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2096
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Miller AL, Johnson BH, Medh RD, Townsend CM, Thompson EB. Glucocorticoids and polyamine inhibitors synergize to kill human leukemic CEM cells. Neoplasia 2002; 4:68-81. [PMID: 11922393 PMCID: PMC1503311 DOI: 10.1038/sj.neo.7900208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2001] [Revised: 10/02/2001] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are well-known apoptotic agents in certain classes of lymphoid cell malignancies. Reduction of intracellular polyamine levels by use of inhibitors that block polyamine synthesis slows or inhibits growth of many cells in vitro. Several such inhibitors have shown efficacy in clinical trials, though the toxicity of some compounds has limited their usefulness. We have tested the effects of combinations of the glucocorticoid dexamethasone (Dex) and two polyamine inhibitors, difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) and methyl glyoxal bis guanylhydrazone (MGBG), on the clonal line of human acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells, CEM-C7-14. Dex alone kills these cells, though only after a delay of at least 24 hours. We also evaluated a partially glucocorticoid-resistant c-Myc-expressing CEM-C7-14 clone. We show that Dex downregulates ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the rate-limiting enzyme in polyamine synthesis. Pretreatment with the ODC inhibitor DFMO, followed by addition of Dex, enhances steroid-evoked kill slightly. The combination of pretreatment with sublethal concentrations of both DFMO and the inhibitor of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase, MGBG, followed by addition of Dex, results in strong synergistic cell kill. Both the rapidity and extent of cell kill are enhanced compared to the effects of Dex alone. These results suggest that use of such combinations in vivo may result in apoptosis of malignant cells with lower overall toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron L Miller
- Department of Human Biological Chemistry and Genetics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77550-0645, USA
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2097
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Battistutta R, De Moliner E, Sarno S, Zanotti G, Pinna LA. Structural features underlying selective inhibition of protein kinase CK2 by ATP site-directed tetrabromo-2-benzotriazole. Protein Sci 2001; 10:2200-6. [PMID: 11604527 PMCID: PMC2374052 DOI: 10.1110/ps.19601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Two novel crystal structures of Zea mays protein kinase CK2alpha catalytic subunit, one in complex with the specific inhibitor 4,5,6,7-tetrabromobenzotriazole (TBB) and another in the apo-form, were solved at 2.2 A resolution. These structures were compared with those of the enzyme in presence of ATP and GTP (the natural cosubstrates) and the inhibitor emodin. Interaction of TBB with the active site of CK2alpha is mainly due to van der Waals contacts, with the ligand fitting almost perfectly the cavity. One nitrogen of the five-membered ring interacts with two charged residues, Glu 81 and Lys 68, in the depth of the cavity, through two water molecules. These are buried in the active site and are also generally found in the structures of CK2alpha enzyme analyzed so far, with the exception of the complex with emodin. In the N-terminal lobe, the position of helix alphaC is particularly well preserved in all the structures examined; the Gly-rich loop is displaced from the intermediate position it has in the apo-form and in the presence of the natural cosubstrates (ATP/GTP) to either an upper (with TBB) or a lower position (with emodin). The selectivity of TBB for CK2 appears to be mainly dictated by the reduced size of the active site which in most other protein kinases is too large for making stable interactions with this inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Battistutta
- Department of Organic Chemistry and CNR Biopolymer Research Center, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
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2098
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Rhaleb NE, Peng H, Yang XP, Liu YH, Mehta D, Ezan E, Carretero OA. Long-term effect of N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline on left ventricular collagen deposition in rats with 2-kidney, 1-clip hypertension. Circulation 2001; 103:3136-41. [PMID: 11425781 PMCID: PMC4679287 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.103.25.3136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (Ac-SDKP) is a natural inhibitor of pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell proliferation. Ac-SDKP plasma concentration is increased 5-fold after angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition. Here we studied the effect of Ac-SDKP on monocyte/macrophage infiltration, fibroblast proliferation, and collagen deposition in the rat heart in renovascular hypertension. METHODS AND RESULTS We investigated whether long-term Ac-SDKP administration would prevent left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and interstitial collagen deposition in rats with 2-kidney, 1-clip (2K-1C) hypertension. Ac-SDKP (400 microgram. kg(-1). d(-1)) did not affect development of hypertension. Mean blood pressure was similar in rats with 2K-1C hypertension whether they were given vehicle or Ac-SDKP and was higher than in controls. Both LV weight and cardiomyocyte size were significantly increased in rats with 2K-1C hypertension compared with controls and were unaffected by Ac-SDKP. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen- and monocyte/macrophage-positive cells were increased in the LV of 2K-1C hypertensive rats; this increase was significantly blunted by Ac-SDKP (P<0.001). LV interstitial collagen fraction was also increased in 2K-1C hypertensive rats given vehicle (10.1+/-0.8%) compared with sham (5.3+/-0.1%, P<0.0001), and this increase was prevented by Ac-SDKP (5.4+/-0.4%, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Ac-SDKP inhibited monocyte/macrophage infiltration, cell proliferation, and collagen deposition in the LV of hypertensive rats without affecting blood pressure or cardiac hypertrophy, suggesting that it may be partly responsible for the cardioprotective effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- N E Rhaleb
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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2099
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Di Paolo A, Danesi R, Caputo S, Macchia M, Lastella M, Boggi U, Mosca F, Marchetti A, Del Tacca M. Inhibition of protein farnesylation enhances the chemotherapeutic efficacy of the novel geranylgeranyltransferase inhibitor BAL9611 in human colon cancer cells. Br J Cancer 2001; 84:1535-43. [PMID: 11384105 PMCID: PMC2363657 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.2001.1820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins belonging to the ras superfamily are involved in cell proliferation of normal and neoplastic tissues. To be biologically active, they require post-translational isoprenylation by farnesyl-transferase and geranylgeranyl-transferase. Enzyme inhibition by drugs may thus represent a promising approach to the treatment of cancer. Therefore, the combined effect of BAL9611, a novel inhibitor of geranylgeranylation, and manumycin, a farnesyl-transferase inhibitor, was evaluated on the SW620 human colon cancer cell line which harbours a mutated K-ras gene. BAL9611 and manumycin dose-dependently inhibited SW620 cell growth with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) of 0.47 +/- 0.03 and 5.24 +/- 1.41 microM (mean +/- SE), respectively. The isobologram analysis performed at the IC(50)level revealed that the combined treatment was highly synergistic with respect to cell growth inhibition. BAL9611 and manumycin were able to inhibit the geranylgeranylation of p21rhoA and farnesylation of p21ras; both drugs inhibited p42ERK2/MAPK phosphorylation, but their combination was more effective than either drug alone. Moreover, the enhanced inhibition of cell growth in vitro by the BAL9611-manumycin combination was also observed in vivo in CD nu/nu female mice xenografted with SW620 tumours. Finally, both drugs were able to induce cell death by apoptosis in vitro and in vivo, as demonstrated by perinuclear chromatin condensation, cytoplasm budding and nuclear fragmentation, and interoligonucleosomal DNA digestion. In conclusion, the inhibition of protein farnesylation enhances the chemotherapeutic effect of BAL9611 in vitro and in vivo in a synergistic fashion, as a result of the impairment of post-translational isoprenylation of proteins and phosphorylation of p42ERK2/MAPK, whose activation is associated with post-translational geranylgeranylation and farnesylation of p21rhoA and p21ras.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Di Paolo
- Division of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy, University of Pisa, Italy
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2100
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Abstract
Current therapies for breast cancer include treatments that are toxic and often result in drug resistance. Telomerase, a cellular reverse transcriptase that maintains the ends of chromosomes (telomeres), is activated in the vast majority of breast cancers (over 90% of breast carcinomas) but not in normal adjacent tissues. Telomerase is thus an attractive target for both diagnosis and therapy because of its distinct pattern of expression. We address the use of telomerase in the diagnostics of breast pathology, as well as the use of telomerase inhibitors in the treatment and prevention of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney-Shea Herbert
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Woodring E Wright
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jerry W Shay
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Texas, USA
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