21851
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Cabillic F, Toutirais O, Lavoué V, de La Pintière CT, Daniel P, Rioux-Leclerc N, Turlin B, Mönkkönen H, Mönkkönen J, Boudjema K, Catros V, Bouet-Toussaint F. Aminobisphosphonate-pretreated dendritic cells trigger successful Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cell amplification for immunotherapy in advanced cancer patients. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 59:1611-9. [PMID: 20582413 PMCID: PMC11030894 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-010-0887-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and colorectal carcinoma with hepatic metastases (mCRC) are cancers with poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options. New approaches are needed and adoptive immunotherapy with Vgamma9Vdelta2 T lymphocytes represents an attractive strategy. Indeed, Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells were shown to exhibit efficient lytic activity against various human tumor cell lines, and in vitro Vgamma9Vdelta2 T expansion protocol based on single phosphoantigen stimulation could be easily performed for healthy donors. However, a low proliferative response of Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells was observed in about half of the cancer patients, leading to an important limitation in the development of Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cell-based immunotherapy. Here, for the first time in the context of cancer patients, Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cell expansions were performed by co-culturing peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMCs) with autologous dendritic cells (DCs) pretreated with aminobisphosphonate zoledronate. For patients not responding to the conventional culture protocol, co-culture of PBMC with zoledronate-pretreated DCs induced strong cell expansion and allowed reaching a minimal rate of purity of 70% of Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells. The potent immunostimulatory activity of zoledronate-treated DCs was associated with higher amount of isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) in the culture and was correlated with better ability to activate Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells as measured by IFN-gamma production. Moreover, we demonstrated that the cytotoxic level of Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells against freshly autologous tumor cells isolated from patients could be significantly increased by pretreating the tumor cells with zoledronate. Thus, this method of generating Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells leads eligible for Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cell adoptive immunotherapy the HCC and mCRC patients.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/immunology
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Adenocarcinoma/therapy
- Aged
- Blotting, Western
- Bone Density Conservation Agents/pharmacology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/immunology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/therapy
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Proliferation
- Coculture Techniques
- Colorectal Neoplasms/immunology
- Colorectal Neoplasms/pathology
- Colorectal Neoplasms/therapy
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Dendritic Cells/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Diphosphates/pharmacology
- Diphosphonates/pharmacology
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Hemiterpenes/metabolism
- Humans
- Imidazoles/pharmacology
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive
- Liver Neoplasms/immunology
- Liver Neoplasms/secondary
- Liver Neoplasms/therapy
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Organophosphorus Compounds/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Zoledronic Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Cabillic
- EE341 Biothérapies Innovantes, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France.
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21852
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Abstract
Food allergies are caused by immune responses to food proteins and represent a breakdown of oral tolerance. They can range from mild pruritus to life-threatening anaphylaxis. The only current consensus for treatment is food avoidance, which is fraught with compliance issues. For this reason, there has been recent interest in immunotherapy, which may induce desensitization and possibly even tolerance. Through these effects, immunotherapy may decrease the potential for adverse serious reactions with accidental ingestions while potentially leading to an overall health benefit. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of food allergy and give an overview of the various immunotherapeutic options and current supporting evidence, as well as look towards the future of potential novel therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toral Kamdar
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 240 E Huron, M315 Chicago, IL 60610, USA
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21853
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Abstract
One of the reasons multiple sclerosis (MS) has been considered a T-cell mediated autoimmune disease is that a similar experimental disease can be induced in certain rodents and primates by immunization with myelin antigens, leading to T-cell-mediated inflammatory demyelination in the CNS. In addition, most if not all pharmacological treatments available for MS are biologically active on T cells. In this article we review the principles of T-cell-based immunotherapies and the specific actions of current and novel treatments on T-cell functions, when these are known. For both licensed and innovative agents, we also discuss biological actions on other immune cell types. Finally, we offer a brief perspective on expected changes in the use of MS immunotherapies in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate O'Brien
- Division of Clinical Neurology, University of Nottingham, UK
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21854
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Choi JM, Shin JH, Sohn MH, Harding MJ, Park JH, Tobiasova Z, Kim DY, Maher SE, Chae WJ, Park SH, Lee CG, Lee SK, Bothwell ALM. Cell-permeable Foxp3 protein alleviates autoimmune disease associated with inflammatory bowel disease and allergic airway inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:18575-80. [PMID: 20937878 PMCID: PMC2972952 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1000400107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Foxp3 is a key transcription factor for differentiation and function of regulatory T (Treg) cells that is critical for maintaining immunological self-tolerance. Therefore, increasing Treg function by Foxp3 transduction to regulate an inflammatory immune response is an important goal for the treatment of autoimmune and allergic diseases. Here we have generated a cell-permeable Foxp3 protein by fusion with the unique human HHph-1-PTD (protein transduction domain), examined its regulatory function in T cells, and characterized its therapeutic effect in autoimmune and allergic disease models. HHph-1-Foxp3 was rapidly and effectively transduced into cells within 30 min and conferred suppressor function to CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells as well as directly inhibiting T-cell activation and proliferation. Systemic delivery of HHph-1 Foxp3 remarkably inhibited the autoimmune symptoms of scurfy mice and the development of colitis induced by scurfy or wild-type CD4 T cells. Moreover, intranasal delivery of HHph-1-Foxp3 strongly suppressed ovalbumin-induced allergic airway inflammation. These results demonstrate the clinical potential of the cell-permeable recombinant HHph-1-Foxp3 protein in autoimmune and hypersensitive allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je-Min Choi
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Jae-Hun Shin
- Department of Biotechnology, National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Inflammatory Response Modulation, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
- Specific Organs Cancer Branch, Research Institute National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonnggi 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Hyun Sohn
- Department of Pediatrics and Institute of Allergy, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 102-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Martha J. Harding
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519; and
| | - Jong-Hyun Park
- Department of Biotechnology, National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Inflammatory Response Modulation, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Zuzana Tobiasova
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Da-Young Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Inflammatory Response Modulation, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Stephen E. Maher
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Wook-Jin Chae
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Sung-Ho Park
- Department of Biotechnology, National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Inflammatory Response Modulation, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun-Geun Lee
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Sang-Kyou Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Inflammatory Response Modulation, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Alfred L. M. Bothwell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
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21855
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Kobayashi K, Tanaka Y, Horiguchi S, Yamamoto S, Toshinori N, Sugimoto A, Okamoto Y. The effect of radiotherapy on NKT cells in patients with advanced head and neck cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 59:1503-9. [PMID: 20582589 PMCID: PMC11030092 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-010-0877-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer immunotherapy with NKT cells is a potential new treatment strategy for advanced head and neck cancer. NKT cell therapy is promising due to its unique anti-tumor activity and higher degree of safety compared to current therapies. Radiotherapy is indispensable as a standard treatment for advanced head and neck cancer. To elucidate the possibility of using NKT cells as an adjuvant immunotherapy with radiotherapy, we examined the effect of radiotherapy on NKT cells in patients with head and neck cancer. METHODS The number, IFN-gamma production and proliferation capacity of NKT cells were analyzed before and after 50 Gy radiation therapy in 12 patients with stage IV head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. The cytotoxic activity of NKT cells was examined in vitro. RESULTS The number of NKT cells in the blood varied widely between patients. After radiation therapy, the population of CD3 T cells decreased significantly, while the NKT cell population remained stable. The number of NKT cells was the same after radiation therapy as before. IFN-gamma production from NKT cells collected just after radiotherapy was impaired after stimulation with exogenous ligand, but the proliferative responses of these NKT cells was enhanced in comparison to those collected before radiation therapy. Furthermore, the proliferated NKT cells displayed a significant level of anti-tumor activity. CONCLUSION NKT cells are relatively resistant to radiation and might therefore be suitable for adjuvant immunotherapy to eradicate remnant cancer cells in patients who have undergone radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouichi Kobayashi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670 Japan
| | - Yuriko Tanaka
- Graduate School of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigetoshi Horiguchi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670 Japan
| | - Shouji Yamamoto
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nakayama Toshinori
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akira Sugimoto
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670 Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Okamoto
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670 Japan
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21856
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Garrido F, Algarra I, García-Lora AM. The escape of cancer from T lymphocytes: immunoselection of MHC class I loss variants harboring structural-irreversible "hard" lesions. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 59:1601-6. [PMID: 20625726 PMCID: PMC11029827 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-010-0893-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of tumor antigens recognized by T lymphocytes has stimulated the development of a variety of cancer treatment protocols aimed at enhancing antitumor-specific T cell responses and tumor rejection. However, immunotherapy-mediated regression of established tumors and clearly positive clinical response to such treatment has not been achieved yet despite the induction of T cells directed against tumor antigens. The failure of the modern immunotherapy protocols can be explained by different tumor escape mechanisms that have been defined in various types of malignancy. The loss or downregulation of MHC class I antigens in tumor cells is one of the best analyzed mechanisms. In this review, we show experimental evidence obtained in our laboratory on human tumors and in a mouse cancer model suggesting that the molecular mechanism responsible for the MHC class I alteration in tumor cells might have a crucial impact on tumor recovery of normal H-2/HLA expression during the natural history of tumor development or after immunotherapy. When the preexisting molecular lesion underlying tumor MHC class I alteration is reversible (regulatory or soft), class I expression can be recovered leading to regression of tumor lesion. In contrast, if the HLA class I alteration is irreversible in nature (structural or hard), the lesion will progress killing the host. This is a new vision of the role of MHC class I alteration in tumors that can explain the failure of immunotherapy in a variety of different clinical protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Garrido
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos and Inmunología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Av. de las Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular III e Inmunología, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ignacio Algarra
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Angel M. García-Lora
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos and Inmunología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Av. de las Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014 Granada, Spain
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21857
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Yamada N, Oizumi S, Kikuchi E, Shinagawa N, Konishi-Sakakibara J, Ishimine A, Aoe K, Gemba K, Kishimoto T, Torigoe T, Nishimura M. CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes predict favorable prognosis in malignant pleural mesothelioma after resection. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 59:1543-9. [PMID: 20567822 PMCID: PMC11030611 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-010-0881-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Defects in human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I expression may allow tumor cells to escape immune recognition. T cell infiltration is associated with a good prognosis in many cancers. However, the role of HLA class I expression and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) has not been fully analyzed. In the present study, we investigated the immune profiles and conducted outcome analyses of MPM patients. HLA class I expression and TILs (CD4(+), CD8(+), and NK cells) were detected by immunohistochemistry in a series of 44 MPM cases. To detect HLA class I expression, specimens were stained with the anti-pan HLA class I monoclonal antibody EMR8-5. The expression of HLA class I was positive in all patients. There was no case that showed negative HLA class I expression. The density of CD4(+) and CD8(+) TILs were strongly correlated (R = 0.76, p < 0.001). A high density of CD8(+) TILs was a significantly better prognostic factor for the survival of patients with extrapleural pneumonectomy (p < 0.05). Multivariate analysis revealed that a high density of CD8(+) TILs is an independent prognostic factor for patients who underwent extrapleural pneumonectomy. The presence of intratumoral CD8(+) T cells was correlated with an improved clinical outcome, raising the possibility that CD8(+) T cells might play a pivotal role in the antitumor immune response against MPMs. Thus, the stimulation of CD8(+) lymphocytes might be an efficacious immunotherapy for MPM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Yamada
- First Department of Medicine, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, North 15, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638 Japan
| | - Satoshi Oizumi
- First Department of Medicine, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, North 15, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638 Japan
| | - Eiki Kikuchi
- First Department of Medicine, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, North 15, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638 Japan
| | - Naofumi Shinagawa
- First Department of Medicine, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, North 15, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638 Japan
| | - Jun Konishi-Sakakibara
- First Department of Medicine, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, North 15, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638 Japan
| | - Atsushi Ishimine
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kin-Ikyo Chuo Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Aoe
- Department of Medical Oncology and Clinical Research, NHO Yamaguchi-Ube Medical Center, Ube, Japan
| | - Kenichi Gemba
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Okayama Rosai Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takumi Kishimoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Okayama Rosai Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Torigoe
- Department of Pathology 1, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masaharu Nishimura
- First Department of Medicine, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, North 15, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638 Japan
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21858
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Nguyen MC, Tu GH, Koprivnikar KE, Gonzalez-Edick M, Jooss KU, Harding TC. Antibody responses to galectin-8, TARP and TRAP1 in prostate cancer patients treated with a GM-CSF-secreting cellular immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 59:1313-23. [PMID: 20499060 PMCID: PMC11030960 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-010-0858-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A critical factor in clinical development of cancer immunotherapies is the identification of tumor-associated antigens that may be related to immunotherapy potency. In this study, protein microarrays containing >8,000 human proteins were screened with serum from prostate cancer patients (N = 13) before and after treatment with a granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-secreting whole cell immunotherapy. Thirty-three proteins were identified that displayed significantly elevated (P
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh C. Nguyen
- Cell Genesys Inc., 500 Forbes Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - Guang Huan Tu
- Cell Genesys Inc., 500 Forbes Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | | | | | - Karin U. Jooss
- Cell Genesys Inc., 500 Forbes Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - Thomas C. Harding
- Cell Genesys Inc., 500 Forbes Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
- Five Prime Therapeutics, Inc., 1650 Owens Street Suite 200, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
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21859
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Neumann AU, Phillips S, Levine I, Ijaz S, Dahari H, Eren R, Dagan S, Naoumov NV. Novel mechanism of antibodies to hepatitis B virus in blocking viral particle release from cells. Hepatology 2010; 52:875-85. [PMID: 20593455 PMCID: PMC3086357 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Antibodies are thought to exert antiviral activities by blocking viral entry into cells and/or accelerating viral clearance from circulation. In particular, antibodies to hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen (HBsAg) confer protection, by binding circulating virus. Here, we used mathematical modeling to gain information about viral dynamics during and after single or multiple infusions of a combination of two human monoclonal anti-HBs (HepeX-B) antibodies in patients with chronic hepatitis B. The antibody HBV-17 recognizes a conformational epitope, whereas antibody HBV-19 recognizes a linear epitope on the HBsAg. The kinetic profiles of the decline of serum HBV DNA and HBsAg revealed partial blocking of virion release from infected cells as a new antiviral mechanism, in addition to acceleration of HBV clearance from the circulation. We then replicated this approach in vitro, using cells secreting HBsAg, and compared the prediction of the mathematical modeling obtained from the in vivo kinetics. In vitro, HepeX-B treatment of HBsAg-producing cells showed cellular uptake of antibodies, resulting in intracellular accumulation of viral particles. Blocking of HBsAg secretion also continued after HepeX-B was removed from the cell culture supernatants. CONCLUSION These results identify a novel antiviral mechanism of antibodies to HBsAg (anti-HBs) involving prolonged blocking of the HBV and HBsAg subviral particles release from infected cells. This may have implications in designing new therapies for patients with chronic HBV infection and may also be relevant in other viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avidan U. Neumann
- Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Sandra Phillips
- Institute of Hepatology, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Idit Levine
- Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Samreen Ijaz
- Hepatitis Laboratory, Health Protection Agency, Colindale, United Kingdom
| | - Harel Dahari
- Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel,Department of Medicine, Section of Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Rachel Eren
- XTL Biopharmaceuticals Ltd., Kiryat Weizmann Science Park, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shlomo Dagan
- XTL Biopharmaceuticals Ltd., Kiryat Weizmann Science Park, Rehovot, Israel
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21860
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Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remains a significant health concern that frequently presents as metastatic disease at the time of initial diagnosis. Current first-line therapeutics for the advanced-stage RCC include antiangiogenic drugs that have yielded high rates of objective clinical response; however, these tend to be transient in nature, with many patients becoming refractory to chronic treatment with these agents. Adjuvant immunotherapies remain viable candidates to sustain disease-free and overall patient survival. In particular, vaccines designed to optimize the activation, maintenance, and recruitment of specific immunity within or into the tumor site continue to evolve. Based on the integration of increasingly refined immunomonitoring systems in both translational models and clinical trials, allowing for the improved understanding of treatment mechanism(s) of action, further refined (combinational) vaccine protocols are currently being developed and evaluated. This review provides a brief history of RCC vaccine development, discusses the successes and limitations in such approaches, and provides a rationale for developing combinational vaccine approaches that may provide improved clinical benefits to patients with RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Chi
- Department of immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
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21861
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Avraham R, Benish M, Inbar S, Bartal I, Rosenne E, Ben-Eliyahu S. Synergism between immunostimulation and prevention of surgery-induced immune suppression: an approach to reduce post-operative tumor progression. Brain Behav Immun 2010; 24:952-8. [PMID: 20362661 PMCID: PMC2897966 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2010.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2010] [Revised: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A unique opportunity to eradicate cancer is presented immediately after the excision of the primary tumor, but surgical procedures often induce the release of immunosuppressing factors that render cell mediated immunity ineffective. Here we tested the hypothesis that integration of peri-operative immunostimulation and blockade of immunosuppression could synergistically improve post-operative anti-metastatic immunity and long-term survival. METHODS Two syngeneic tumor models in F344 rats were employed, studying post-operative tumor progression. In the first model, survival following laparotomy and CRNK-16 leukemia was studied. Rats were peri-operatively treated with the immuno-stimulant poly I-C (5x0.2 mg/kg/inj), with catecholamine- and prostaglandin-blockers (shown to prevent post-operative immunosuppression: 4.5 mg/kg nadolol, 4 mg/kg indomethacin), with both interventions, or with neither. Long-term survival was assessed thereafter. The second model used the MADB106 mammary adenocarcinoma, assessing its lung tumor retention (LTR) following i.v. inoculation, as well as host marginating-pulmonary NK numbers and activity against this tumor. IL-12 was employed for immunostimulation (4x1.5 microg/kg/inj), with and without the above blockers. RESULTS Post-operative CRNK-16 survival rates were significantly improved only by the integrated approach of immune stimulation and endocrine blockers. Post-operative MADB106 LTR was additively reduced by the two interventions. Importantly, while IL-12 increased pulmonary NK cytotoxicity against MADB106, surgery markedly suppressed this cytotoxicity in both IL-12 and vehicle treated animals. The blockers prevented this suppression per lung and per single NK cell. CONCLUSIONS Immunostimulation could be rendered ineffective post-operatively due to immunosuppression; therefore integrating endocrine-blocker therapies into the realm of peri-operative immunotherapy could optimize immune control over residual disease, potentially improving clinical outcomes.
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21862
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ten Brinke A, van Schijndel G, Visser R, de Gruijl TD, Zwaginga JJ, van Ham SM. Monophosphoryl lipid A plus IFNgamma maturation of dendritic cells induces antigen-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T cells with high cytolytic potential. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 59:1185-95. [PMID: 20336295 PMCID: PMC11030766 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-010-0843-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are promising antigen presenting cells for cancer treatment. Previously, we showed that the combination of monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) with IFNgamma generates mature DCs that produce IL-12 and polarize CD4(+) T cells towards a Th1 phenotype. Here, we extended these observations by showing that the DCs generated with the clinical grade maturation cocktail of MPLA/IFNgamma induce superior tumour antigen-specific CD8(+) CTL responses compared to the cytokine cocktail matured DCs that are currently used in the clinic. MPLA/IFNgamma DCs can induce CTL responses in healthy individuals as well as in melanoma patients. The CTL induction was mainly dependent on the IL-12 produced by the MPLA/IFNgamma DCs. The high amounts of induced CTLs are functional as they produce IFNgamma and lyse target cells and this cytolytic activity is antigen specific and HLA restricted. Furthermore, the CTLs proved to kill tumour cells expressing endogenous tumour antigen in vitro. Therefore, MPLA/IFNgamma DCs are very promising for the use in future cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja ten Brinke
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 9190, 1006 AD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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21863
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Alyea EP, DeAngelo DJ, Moldrem J, Pagel JM, Przepiorka D, Sadelin M, Young JW, Giralt S, Bishop M, Riddell S. NCI First International Workshop on The Biology, Prevention and Treatment of Relapse after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation: report from the committee on prevention of relapse following allogeneic cell transplantation for hematologic malignancies. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2010; 16:1037-69. [PMID: 20580849 PMCID: PMC3235046 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2010.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2010] [Accepted: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Prevention of relapse after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is the most likely approach to improve survival of patients treated for hematologic malignancies. Herein we review the limits of currently available transplant therapies and the innovative strategies being developed to overcome resistance to therapy or to fill therapeutic modalities not currently available. These novel strategies include nonimmunologic therapies, such as targeted preparative regimens and posttransplant drug therapy, as well as immunologic interventions, including graft engineering, donor lymphocyte infusions, T cell engineering, vaccination, and dendritic cell-based approaches. Several aspects of the biology of the malignant cells as well as the host have been identified that obviate success of even these newer strategies. To maximize the potential for success, we recommend pursuing research to develop additional targeted therapies to be used in the preparative regimen or as maintenance posttransplant, better characterize the T cell and dendritic cells subsets involved in graft-versus-host disease and the graft-versus-leukemia/tumor effect, identify strategies for timing immunologic or nonimmunologic therapies to eliminate the noncycling cancer stem cell, identify more targets for immunotherapies, develop new vaccines that will not be limited by HLA, and develop methods to identify populations at very high risk for relapse to accelerate clinical development and avoid toxicity in patients not at risk for relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin P Alyea
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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21864
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Logue CH, Phillips AT, Mossel EC, Ledermann JP, Welte T, Dow SW, Olson KE, Powers AM. Treatment with cationic liposome-DNA complexes (CLDCs) protects mice from lethal Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) challenge. Antiviral Res 2010; 87:195-203. [PMID: 20452378 PMCID: PMC3568752 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2010.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Revised: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Having recently characterized a CD-1 outbred mouse model of pathogenesis for Western equine encephalitis virus, we examined the possible protective effects of cationic liposome-DNA complexes (CLDCs) against encephalitic arboviral infection. In this investigation, mice were pre-treated, co-treated, or post-treated with CLDC then challenged with a subcutaneous or aerosol dose of the highly virulent WEEV-McMillan strain, lethal in mice 4-5 days after inoculation. Pre-treatment with CLDCs provided a significant protective effect in mice, which was reflected in significantly increased survival rates. Further, in some instances a therapeutic effect of CLDC administration up to 12h after WEEV challenge was observed. Mice treated with CLDC had significantly increased serum IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and IL-12, suggesting a strong Th1-biased antiviral activation of the innate immune system. In virus-infected animals, large increases in production of IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, MCP-1, IL-12, and IL-10 in the brain were observed by 72h after infection, consistent with neuroinvasion and viral replication in the CNS. These results indicate that strong non-specific activation of innate immunity with an immune therapeutic such as CLDC is capable of eliciting significant protective immunity against a rapidly lethal strain of WEEV and suggest a possible prophylactic option for exposed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher H. Logue
- Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Aaron T. Phillips
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Eric C. Mossel
- Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Jeremy P. Ledermann
- Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Thomas Welte
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Steve W. Dow
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Ken E. Olson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Ann M. Powers
- Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
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21865
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Berge G, Eliassen LT, Camilio KA, Bartnes K, Sveinbjørnsson B, Rekdal Ø. Therapeutic vaccination against a murine lymphoma by intratumoral injection of a cationic anticancer peptide. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 59:1285-94. [PMID: 20422410 PMCID: PMC11030072 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-010-0857-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAPs) exhibit promising anticancer activities. In the present study, we have examined the in vivo antitumoral effects of a 9-mer peptide, LTX-302, which is derived from the CAP bovine lactoferricin (LfcinB). A20 B cell lymphomas of BALB/c origin were established by subcutaneous inoculation in syngeneic mice. Intratumoral LTX-302 injection resulted in tumor necrosis and infiltration of inflammatory cells followed by complete regression of the tumors in the majority of the animals. This effect was T cell dependent, since the intervention was inefficient in nude mice. Successfully treated mice were protected against rechallenge with A20 cells, but not against Meth A sarcoma cells. Tumor resistance could be adoptively transferred with spleen cells from LTX-302-treated mice. Resistance was abrogated by depletion of T lymphocytes, or either the CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cell subsets. Taken together, these data suggest that LTX-302 treatment induced long-term, specific cellular immunity against the A20 lymphoma and that both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells were required. Thus, intratumoral administration of lytic peptide might, in addition to providing local tumor control, confer a novel strategy for therapeutic vaccination against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Berge
- Tumor Biology Research Group, IMB, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
- Division of Immunology, IMB, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Liv Tone Eliassen
- Tumor Biology Research Group, IMB, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
- Lytix Biopharma, Tromsø Science Park, PO. Box 6447, 9294 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ketil Andre Camilio
- Tumor Biology Research Group, IMB, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
- Lytix Biopharma, Tromsø Science Park, PO. Box 6447, 9294 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kristian Bartnes
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Baldur Sveinbjørnsson
- Division of Immunology, IMB, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Øystein Rekdal
- Tumor Biology Research Group, IMB, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
- Lytix Biopharma, Tromsø Science Park, PO. Box 6447, 9294 Tromsø, Norway
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21866
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Ramoner R, Rahm A, Falkensammer CE, Leonhartsberger N, Thurnher M. Serum IgG against Candida predict survival in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 59:1141-7. [PMID: 20182873 PMCID: PMC11031116 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-010-0827-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM In contrast to hematologic malignancies, little is known about the role of fungi in the development and progression of solid tumors. This prompted us to analyze and correlate serum levels of different fungal IgG with survival of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS Serum IgG to Candida sp., Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus fumigatus were measured in a cross-sectional study in 64 patients with advanced disease. Univariate and multivariate analyses were chosen to study serum IgG as prognostic indicators. RESULTS Median follow-up was 29.0 months (range 0.3-122). Median overall survival of patients, which tested negative for Candida IgG, was significantly increased (median not reached, >29 months) compared with Candida IgG positive patients (17.8 months, P = 0.002). Median survival of Saccharomyces IgG negative patients was 33.1 months as opposed to 19.4 months in Saccharomyces IgG positive patients, although this difference was not significant (P = 0.281). No difference in overall survival was found between Aspergillus IgG positive patients (28.0 months) and Aspergillus IgG negative patients (29.1 months) (P = 0.181). Cox backward-stepwise regression confirmed Candida IgG as the strongest predictor of survival in metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients (risk ratio 3.27, P = 0.001, [95% CI 1.86-5.73]). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that IgG antibodies directed against yeast fungi and particularly against Candida but not against mold fungi have prognostic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhold Ramoner
- Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innrain 66a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Present Address: Fachhochschule Gesundheit (FHG), Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrea Rahm
- Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innrain 66a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Claudia E. Falkensammer
- Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innrain 66a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nicolai Leonhartsberger
- Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innrain 66a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin Thurnher
- Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innrain 66a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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21867
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Rodriguez NA, Meier PP, Groer MW, Zeller JM, Engstrom JL, Fogg L. A pilot study to determine the safety and feasibility of oropharyngeal administration of own mother's colostrum to extremely low-birth-weight infants. Adv Neonatal Care 2010; 10:206-12. [PMID: 20697221 PMCID: PMC2924875 DOI: 10.1097/anc.0b013e3181e94133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Own mother's colostrum is rich in cytokines and other immune agents that may stimulate oropharyngeal-associated lymphoid tissue if administered oropharyngeally to extremely low-birth-weight (ELBW) infants during the first days of life when enteral feeding is contraindicated. However, the safety and feasibility of the oropharyngeal route for the administration of colostrum have not been determined. PURPOSE To determine the safety of oropharyngeal administration of own mother's colostrum to ELBW infants in first days of life. A secondary purpose was to investigate the feasibility of (1) delivering this intervention to ELBW infants in the first days of life and (2) measuring concentrations of secretory immunoglobulin A and lactoferrin in tracheal aspirate secretions and urine of these infants. SUBJECTS Five ELBW infants (mean birth weight and gestational age = 657 g and 25.5 weeks, respectively). DESIGN Quasi-experimental, 1 group, pretest-posttest design. METHODS Subjects received 0.2 mL of own mother's colostrum administered oropharyngeally every 2 hours for 48 consecutive hours, beginning at 48 hours of life. Concentrations of secretory immunoglobulin A and lactoferrin were measured in tracheal aspirates and urine of each subject at baseline, at the completion of the intervention and again 2 weeks later. RESULTS All infants completed the entire treatment protocol, each receiving 24 treatments. A total of 15 urine specimens were collected and 14 were sufficient in volume for analysis. A total of 15 tracheal aspirates were collected, but only 7 specimens (47%) were sufficient in volume for analysis. There was wide variation in concentrations of secretory immunoglobulin A and lactoferrin in urine and tracheal aspirates among the 5 infants; however, several results were outside the limits of assay detection. All infants began to suck on the endotracheal tube during the administration of colostrum drops. Oxygen saturation measures remained stable or increased slightly during each of the treatment sessions. There were no episodes of apnea, bradycardia, hypotension, or other adverse effects associated with the administration of colostrum. CONCLUSIONS Oropharyngeal administration of own mother's colostrum is easy, inexpensive, and well-tolerated by even the smallest and sickest ELBW infants. Future research should continue to examine the optimal procedure for measuring the direct immune effects of this therapy, as well as the clinical outcomes such as infections, particularly ventilator-associated pneumonia.
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21868
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Abstract
Modulation of the immune system for therapeutic ends has a long history, stretching back to Edward Jenner's use of cowpox to induce immunity to smallpox in 1796. Since then, immunotherapy, in the form of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines, has enabled doctors to treat and prevent a variety of infectious diseases, including cholera, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, measles and mumps. Immunotherapy is now increasingly being applied to oncology. Cancer immunotherapy attempts to harness the power and specificity of the immune system for the treatment of malignancy. Although cancer cells are less immunogenic than pathogens, the immune system is capable of recognizing and eliminating tumor cells. However, tumors frequently interfere with the development and function of immune responses. Thus, the challenge for cancer immunotherapy is to apply advances in cellular and molecular immunology and develop strategies that effectively and safely augment antitumor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph F. Murphy
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Adelaide and Meath incorporating the National Children’s Hospital, Tallaght, Dublin 24, Ireland
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21869
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Dunne MR, Madrigal-Estebas L, Tobin LM, Doherty DG. (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2 enyl pyrophosphate-stimulated Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells possess T helper type 1-promoting adjuvant activity for human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 59:1109-20. [PMID: 20306041 PMCID: PMC11030662 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-010-0839-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 02/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells respond to pyrophosphate antigens and display potent antitumour activity in vitro. We have investigated the potential of the most potent phosphoantigen known to activate Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells, (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2 enyl pyrophosphate (HMB-PP), as an adjuvant for dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccines. A single stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with HMB-PP and IL-2 was sufficient to generate lines of effector memory Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells that retained their cytolytic and cytokine secretion activities. These cells induced differentiation of DC into semi-mature antigen-presenting cells expressing CD86, CD11c, CD54, HLA-DR, CD83 and CD40, which secreted low levels of bioactive IL-12 but no IL-10. Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells also strongly costimulated IL-12 release but inhibited IL-10 production by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated DC. When substituted for Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells, IFN-gamma did not induce full DC maturation but it augmented IL-12 and inhibited IL-10 release by LPS-stimulated DC, in a manner similar to HMB-PP-activated Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells. Our findings indicate that Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells, stimulated with nanomolar concentrations of HMB-PP, strongly promote T helper type 1 (Th1) responses through their ability to induce DC maturation and IL-12 secretion. This adjuvant activity may prove useful in DC-based cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret R. Dunne
- Department of Immunology and Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
- Institute of Immunology, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Ireland
| | | | - Laura M. Tobin
- Institute of Immunology, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Derek G. Doherty
- Department of Immunology and Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
- Institute of Immunology, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Ireland
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21870
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Tang XD, Liang GP, Li C, Wan Y, Chen T, Chen L, Yu ST, Xiong Z, Fang DC, Wang GZ, Yang SM. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes from human heparanase can elicit a potent anti-tumor immune response in mice. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 59:1041-7. [PMID: 20182872 PMCID: PMC11030599 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-010-0829-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase is expressed in almost all advanced tumors, and therefore it may serve as a potential target for tumor therapy. Our previous study has shown that heparanase can serve as a potential universal tumor-associated antigen (TAA) for the immunotherapy of advanced tumors. Further study demonstrated that the HLA-A*0201-restricted Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) epitopes Hpa525 (PAFSYSFFV), Hpa277 (KMLKSFLKA) and Hpa405 (WLSLLFKKL) from human heparanase could induce a potent anti-tumor immune response in vitro. The present study was designed to investigate whether the above peptides could induce immune responses in mice. Our results demonstrated that the effectors from heparanase peptide-immunized mice could effectively lyse various tumor cells that were heparanase positive and HLA-A*0201 matched. We also found that these peptide-specific CTLs did not lyse autologous lymphocytes that had low heparanase activity. Further study revealed that Hpa525, Hpa277, and Hpa405 peptides increased the frequency of IFN-gamma-producing T cells as compared to a negative peptide. These results suggest that Hpa525, Hpa277, and Hpa405 peptides are novel HLA-A*0201-restricted CTL epitopes capable of inducing heparanase-specific CTLs in mice. Because heparanase is expressed in most advanced malignant tumors, Hpa525, Hpa277, and Hpa405 peptide-based vaccines may be useful for the immunotherapy of patients with advanced tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Dong Tang
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 400038 Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guang-Ping Liang
- Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 400038 Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuan Li
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 400038 Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Wan
- Institute of Immunology, Medical College, Third Military Medical University, 400038 Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ting Chen
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 400038 Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Chen
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 400038 Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Song-Tao Yu
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 400038 Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen Xiong
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 400038 Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dian-Chun Fang
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 400038 Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guo-Zheng Wang
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 400038 Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shi-Ming Yang
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 400038 Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 400038 Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
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21871
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Noguchi M, Kakuma T, Uemura H, Nasu Y, Kumon H, Hirao Y, Moriya F, Suekane S, Matsuoka K, Komatsu N, Shichijo S, Yamada A, Itoh K. A randomized phase II trial of personalized peptide vaccine plus low dose estramustine phosphate (EMP) versus standard dose EMP in patients with castration resistant prostate cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 59:1001-9. [PMID: 20146063 PMCID: PMC11030921 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-010-0822-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Personalized peptide vaccination (PPV) combined with chemotherapy could be a novel approach for many cancer patients. In this randomized study, we evaluated the anti-tumor effect and safety of PPV plus low-dose estramustine phosphate (EMP) as compared to standard-dose EMP for HLA-A2- or -A24-positive patients with castration resistant prostate cancer. Patients were randomized into groups receiving either PPV plus low-dose EMP (280 mg/day) or standard-dose EMP (560 mg/day). After disease progression, patients were switched to the opposite regime. The primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS). We randomly assigned 28 patients to receive PPV plus low-dose EMP and 29 patients to receive standard-dose EMP. Nineteen events in the PPV group and 20 events in the EMP group occurred during the first treatment. Median PFS for the first treatment was 8.5 months in the PPV group and 2.8 months in the EMP group with a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.28 (95% CI, 0.14-0.61; log-rank P = 0.0012), while there was no difference for median PFS for the second treatment. The HR for overall survival was 0.3 (95% CI, 0.1-0.91) in favor of the PPV plus low-dose EMP group (log-rank, P = 0.0328). The PPV plus low-dose EMP was well tolerated without major adverse effects and with increased levels of IgG and cytotoxic-T cell responses to the vaccinated peptides. PPV plus low-dose EMP was associated with an improvement in PSA-based PFS as compared to the standard-dose EMP alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Noguchi
- Department of Urology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.
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21872
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Abstract
Immunotherapy is an important modality in the therapy of patients with malignant melanoma. As our knowledge about this disease continues to expand, so does the immunotherapeutic armamentarium. Nevertheless, successful preclinical models do not always translate into clinically meaningful results. The authors give a comprehensive analysis of most recent advances in the immune anti-melanoma therapy, including interleukins, interferons, other cytokines, adoptive immunotherapy, biochemotherapy, as well as the use of different vaccines. We also present the fundamental concepts behind various immune enhancement strategies, passive immunotherapy, as well as the use of immune adjuvants. This review brings into discussion the results of newer and older clinical trials, as well as potential limitations and drawbacks seen with the utilization of various immune therapies in malignant melanoma. Development of novel therapeutic approaches, along with optimization of existing therapies, continues to hold a great promise in the field of melanoma therapy research. Use of anti-CTLA4 and anti-PD1 antibodies, realization of the importance of co-stimulatory signals, which translated into the use of agonist CD40 monoclonal antibodies, as well as activation of innate immunity through enhanced expression of co-stimulatory molecules on the surface of dendritic cells by TLR agonists are only a few items on the list of recent advances in the treatment of melanoma. The need to engineer better immune interactions and to boost positive feedback loops appear crucial for the future of melanoma therapy, which ultimately resides in our understanding of the complexity of immune responses in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doru T Alexandrescu
- Division of Dermatology, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
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21873
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Kobayashi H, Azumi M, Hayashi S, Sato K, Aoki N, Kimura S, Kakizaki H, Nagato T, Harabuchi Y, Tateno M, Celis E. Characterization of human CD4 helper T cell responses against Aurora kinase A. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 59:1029-39. [PMID: 20182874 PMCID: PMC11030889 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-010-0826-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Aurora kinase A (Aurora-A) is a cell cycle-associated serine-threonine kinase that is overexpressed by various types of cancer and is highly associated with poor prognosis. Since the expression of Aurora-A in normal tissues has been shown to be significantly lower as compared to tumor cells, this protein is being considered as a potential tumor-associated antigen for developing immunotherapies. The goal in the present study was to identify CD4 helper T lymphocyte (HTL) epitopes for Aurora-A for the design of T cell-based immunotherapies against Aurora-A-expressing tumors. Synthetic peptides corresponding to potential HTL epitopes were identified from Aurora-A and used to stimulate CD4 T lymphocytes in vitro to generate antigen-specific HTL clones that were evaluated for antigen specificity, MHC restriction and for their ability to interact with Aurora-A-expressing tumor cells. The results show that two peptides (Aurora-A(161-175) and Aurora-A(233-247)) were effective in generating HTL responses that were restricted by more than one MHC class II allele (i.e., promiscuous responses). The CD4 HTL clones were able to directly recognize Aurora-A-expressing tumor cells in an antigen-specific and MHC class II-restricted manner and some of the clones displayed cytolytic activity toward Aurora-A + tumor cells. Both of these peptides were capable of stimulating in vitro T cell responses in patients with bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroya Kobayashi
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical College, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Makoto Azumi
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical College, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hayashi
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical College, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Keisuke Sato
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical College, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Naoko Aoki
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical College, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Shoji Kimura
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical College, Asahikawa, Japan
| | | | - Toshihiro Nagato
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical College, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Harabuchi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical College, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Tateno
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical College, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Esteban Celis
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Immunology Program of the Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, SRB2, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
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21874
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Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant tumor of bone. The disease, however, is very rare with less than 2,000 expected patients at all age groups per year within the European Union and the United States of America. With multimodal therapy, which combines multiagent chemotherapy and complete resection of all macroscopically detectable tumors, about 60%–70% of patients with localized osteosarcoma can be cured. The prognosis, however, is still poor for patients with synchronous or metachronous metastatic or nonresectable primary disease, with reported 5-year event-free survival (EFS) rates of less than 30%. Overall, the EFS rate has been rather stable since the introduction of combination chemotherapy including doxorubicin, cisplatin, high-dose methotrexate with leukovorin rescue, and/or ifosfamide. Mifamurtide, a modulator of innate immunity, which activates macrophages and monocytes, which in turn release chemicals with potential tumoricidal effects, may help to control microscopic metastatic disease and has been safely given together with standard adjuvant chemotherapy to patients with high-grade osteosarcoma. Results of the recently published intergroup study 0133 trial from the Children’s Cancer and Pediatric Oncology Groups suggest that mifamurtide is a medicine that deserves further investigation in this orphan disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Kager
- St. Anna Children's Hospital, Vienna, Austria
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21875
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Taher YA, Henricks PA, van Oosterhout AJ. Allergen-specific subcutaneous immunotherapy in allergic asthma: immunologic mechanisms and improvement. Libyan J Med 2010; 5:10.3402/ljm.v5i0.5303. [PMID: 21483568 PMCID: PMC3071166 DOI: 10.3402/ljm.v5i0.5303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic asthma is a disease characterized by persistent allergen-driven airway inflammation, remodeling, and airway hyperresponsiveness. CD4(+) T-cells, especially T-helper type 2 cells, play a critical role in orchestrating the disease process through the release of the cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. Allergen-specific immunotherapy (SIT) is currently the only treatment with a long-term effect via modifying the natural course of allergy by interfering with the underlying immunological mechanisms. However, although SIT is effective in allergic rhinitis and insect venom allergy, in allergic asthma it seldom results in complete alleviation of the symptoms. Improvement of SIT is needed to enhance its efficacy in asthmatic patients. Herein, the immunoregulatory mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of SIT are discussed with the ultimate aim to improve its treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef A. Taher
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Fateh Medical University, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Paul A.J. Henricks
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Antoon J.M. van Oosterhout
- Laboratory of Allergology and Pulmonary Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, Groningen, The Netherlands
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21876
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Arredouani MS, Tseng-Rogenski SS, Hollenbeck BK, Escara-Wilke J, Leander KR, Defeo-Jones D, Hwang C, Sanda MG. Androgen ablation augments human HLA2.1-restricted T cell responses to PSA self-antigen in transgenic mice. Prostate 2010; 70:1002-11. [PMID: 20209643 PMCID: PMC2875372 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in targeting human prostate tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) for prostate cancer immunotherapy as an alternative to other therapeutic modalities. However, immunologic tolerance to TAA poses a significant obstacle to effective, TAA-targeted immunotherapy. We sought to investigate whether androgen deprivation would result in circumventing immune tolerance to prostate TAA by impacting CD8 cell responses. METHODS To this end, we generated a transgenic mouse that expresses the human prostate-specific antigen (PSA) specifically in the prostate, and crossed it to the HLA-A2.1 transgenic mouse to evaluate how androgen deprivation affects human HLA A2.1-resticted T cell responses following immunization of PSA-expressing mice by vaccinia-PSA (PROSTVAC). RESULTS Our PSA transgenic mouse showed restricted expression of PSA in the prostate and detectable circulating PSA levels. Additionally, PSA expression was androgen-dependent with reduced PSA expression in the prostate within 1 week of castration, and undetectable PSA by day 42 after castration as evaluated by ELISA. Castration of the PSA/A2.1 hybrid mouse prior to immunization with a PSA-expressing recombinant vaccinia virus resulted in a significant augmentation of PSA-specific cytotoxic lymphocytes. CONCLUSIONS This humanized hybrid mouse model provides a well-defined system to gain additional insight into the mechanisms of immune tolerance to PSA and to test novel strategies aiming at circumventing immune tolerance to PSA and other TAA for targeted prostate cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S Arredouani
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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21877
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Chen S, Zhang XJ, Li L, Le WD. Current experimental therapy for Alzheimer's disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2010; 5:127-34. [PMID: 18615180 DOI: 10.2174/157015907780866901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2006] [Revised: 12/14/2006] [Accepted: 01/18/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, enormous efforts have been devoted to understand the genetics and molecular pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which has been transferred into extensive experimental approaches aimed at reversing disease progression. The trend in future AD therapy has been shifted from traditional anti-acetylcholinesterase treatment to multiple mechanisms-based therapy targeting amyloid plaques formation and amyloid peptides (Abeta)-mediated cytotoxicity, and neurofibrillary tangles generation. This review will cover current experimental studies with the focus on secretases-based drug development, immunotherapy, and anti-neurofibrillary tangles intervention. The outcome of these on-going studies may provide high hope that AD can be cured in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Chen
- Institutes of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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21878
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Thakur A, Lum LG. Cancer therapy with bispecific antibodies: Clinical experience. Curr Opin Mol Ther 2010; 12:340-349. [PMID: 20521223 PMCID: PMC3785321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The binding of at least two molecular targets simultaneously with a single bispecific antibody is an attractive concept. The use of bispecific antibodies as possible therapeutic agents for cancer treatment was proposed in the mid-1980s. The design and production of bispecific antibodies using antibody- and/or receptor-based platform technology has improved significantly with advances in the knowledge of molecular manipulations, protein engineering techniques, and the expression of antigens and receptors on healthy and malignant cells. The common strategy for making bispecific antibodies involves combining the variable domains of the desired mAbs into a single bispecific structure. Many different formats of bispecific antibodies have been generated within the research field of bispecific immunotherapeutics, including the chemical heteroconjugation of two complete molecules or fragments of mAbs, quadromas, F(ab')2, diabodies, tandem diabodies and single-chain antibodies. This review describes key modifications in the development of bispecific antibodies that can improve their efficacy and stability, and provides a clinical perspective on the application of bispecific antibodies for the treatment of solid and liquid tumors, including the promises and research limitations of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Thakur
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute and Wayne State University, Blood and Marrow Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy Program, 4100 John R, 4th Floor, Hudson-Webber Cancer Research Center, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Lawrence G Lum
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute and Wayne State University, Department of Medicine and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, 4100 John R, 7th Floor, Hudson-Webber Cancer Research Center, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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21879
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Norell H, Zhang Y, McCracken J, Martins da Palma T, Lesher A, Liu Y, Roszkowski JJ, Temple A, Callender GG, Clay T, Orentas R, Guevara-Patiño J, Nishimura MI. CD34-based enrichment of genetically engineered human T cells for clinical use results in dramatically enhanced tumor targeting. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 59:851-62. [PMID: 20052466 PMCID: PMC3736983 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-009-0810-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Accepted: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Objective clinical responses can be achieved in melanoma patients by infusion of T cell receptor (TCR) gene transduced T cells. Although promising, the therapy is still largely ineffective, as most patients did not benefit from treatment. That only a minority of the infused T cells were genetically modified and that these were extensively expanded ex vivo may have prevented their efficacy. We developed novel and generally applicable retroviral vectors that allow rapid and efficient selection of T cells transduced with human TCRs. These vectors encode two TCR chains and a truncated CD34 molecule (CD34t) in a single mRNA transcript. Transduced T cells were characterized and the effects of CD34-based enrichment of redirected T cells were evaluated. Both CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells could be transduced and efficiently co-expressed all introduced transgenes on their surface. Importantly, more than fivefold enrichment of both the frequency of transduced cells and the specific anti-tumor reactivity of the effector population could be achieved by magnetic beads-based enrichment procedures readily available for clinical grade hematopoietic stem cell isolation. This CD34-based enrichment technology will improve the feasibility of adoptive transfer of clinically relevant effectors. In addition to their enhanced tumor recognition, the enriched redirected T cells may also show superior reactivity and persistence in vivo due to the high purity of transduced cells and the shortened ex vivo culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håkan Norell
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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21880
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Gulley JL, Arlen PM, Madan RA, Tsang KY, Pazdur MP, Skarupa L, Jones JL, Poole DJ, Higgins JP, Hodge JW, Cereda V, Vergati M, Steinberg SM, Halabi S, Jones E, Chen C, Parnes H, Wright JJ, Dahut WL, Schlom J. Immunologic and prognostic factors associated with overall survival employing a poxviral-based PSA vaccine in metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 59:663-74. [PMID: 19890632 PMCID: PMC2832083 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-009-0782-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A concurrent multicenter, randomized Phase II trial employing a recombinant poxviral vaccine provided evidence of enhanced median overall survival (OS) (p = 0.0061) in patients with metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). The study reported here employed the identical vaccine in mCRPC to investigate the influence of GM-CSF with vaccine, and the influence of immunologic and prognostic factors on median OS. Thirty-two patients were vaccinated once with recombinant vaccinia containing the transgenes for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and three costimulatory molecules. Patients received boosters with recombinant fowlpox containing the same four transgenes. Twelve of 32 patients showed declines in serum PSA post-vaccination and 2/12 showed decreases in index lesions. Median OS was 26.6 months (predicted median OS by the Halabi nomogram was 17.4 months). Patients with greater PSA-specific T-cell responses showed a trend (p = 0.055) toward enhanced survival. There was no difference in T-cell responses or survival in cohorts of patients receiving GM-CSF versus no GM-CSF. Patients with a Halabi predicted survival of <18 months (median predicted 12.3 months) had an actual median OS of 14.6 months, while those with a Halabi predicted survival of > or =18 months (median predicted survival 20.9 months) will meet or exceed 37.3 months, with 12/15 patients living longer than predicted (p = 0.035). Treg suppressive function was shown to decrease following vaccine in patients surviving longer than predicted, and increase in patients surviving less than predicted. This hypothesis-generating study provides evidence that patients with more indolent mCRPC (Halabi predicted survival > or =18 months) may best benefit from vaccine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L. Gulley
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room 8B09, Bethesda, MD 20892
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room 13N240E, Bethesda, MD
| | - Philip M. Arlen
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room 8B09, Bethesda, MD 20892
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room 13N240E, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ravi A. Madan
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room 8B09, Bethesda, MD 20892
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room 13N240E, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kwong-Yok Tsang
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room 8B09, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Mary P. Pazdur
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room 8B09, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Lisa Skarupa
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room 8B09, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jacquin L. Jones
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room 13N240E, Bethesda, MD
| | - Diane J. Poole
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room 8B09, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jack P. Higgins
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room 8B09, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - James W. Hodge
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room 8B09, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Vittore Cereda
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room 8B09, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Matteo Vergati
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room 8B09, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Seth M. Steinberg
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 6116 Executive Boulevard, Room 702, Rockville, MD
| | - Susan Halabi
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Box 2721, DUMC, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Elizabeth Jones
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room 1C372, Bethesda, MD
| | - Clara Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room 1C401, Bethesda, MD
| | - Howard Parnes
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 6130 Executive Blvd, Room 2100, Rockville, MD
| | - John J. Wright
- Investigational Drug Branch, Cancer Therapy and Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 6130 Executive Blvd, Room 7122, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - William L. Dahut
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room 13N240E, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jeffrey Schlom
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room 8B09, Bethesda, MD 20892
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21881
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Haas KM, Watanabe R, Matsushita T, Nakashima H, Ishiura N, Okochi H, Fujimoto M, Tedder TF. Protective and pathogenic roles for B cells during systemic autoimmunity in NZB/W F1 mice. J Immunol 2010; 184:4789-800. [PMID: 20368280 PMCID: PMC3734557 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Delineating the relative contributions of B lymphocytes during the course of autoimmune disease has been difficult. Therefore, the effects of depleting all mature B cells using a potent CD20 mAb, or of depleting circulating and marginal zone B cells using a ligand-blocking CD22 mAb, were compared in NZB/W F(1) mice, a model for human systemic lupus erythematosus. Single low-dose mAb treatments depleted B cells efficiently in both NZB/W F(1) and C57BL/6 mice. Prophylactic B cell depletion by repeated CD20 mAb treatments prolonged survival during pristane-accelerated lupus in NZB/W F(1) mice, whereas CD22 mAb had little effect. Despite effective B cell depletion, neither mAb treatment prevented autoantibody generation. In addition, CD20, CD22, and control mAb-treated NZB/W F(1) mice developed anti-mouse IgG autoantibodies in contrast to parental NZB and NZW strains, which may have reduced the effectiveness of B cell depletion. Despite this, low-dose CD20 mAb treatment initiated in 12-28-wk-old mice, and administered every 4 wk thereafter, significantly delayed spontaneous disease in NZB/W F(1) mice. By contrast, B cell depletion initiated in 4-wk-old mice hastened disease onset, which paralleled depletion of the IL-10-producing regulatory B cell subset called B10 cells. B10 cells were phenotypically similar in NZB/W F(1) and C57BL/6 mice, but were expanded significantly in young NZB/W F(1) mice. Thus, B cell depletion had significant effects on NZB/W F(1) mouse survival that were dependent on the timing of treatment initiation. Therefore, distinct B cell populations can have opposing protective and pathogenic roles during lupus progression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antigens, CD20/immunology
- Autoantibodies/biosynthesis
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
- Crosses, Genetic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/mortality
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/pathology
- Lupus Nephritis/immunology
- Lupus Nephritis/mortality
- Lupus Nephritis/pathology
- Lymphocyte Count
- Lymphocyte Depletion
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NZB
- Sialic Acid Binding Ig-like Lectin 2/immunology
- Survival Rate
- Terpenes/toxicity
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M. Haas
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Rei Watanabe
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsushita
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Hiroko Nakashima
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuko Ishiura
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Okochi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manabu Fujimoto
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Dermatology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Thomas F. Tedder
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
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21882
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Katakura R, Suzuki Y, Sekine T, Sasaki YF, Fujimiya Y. Therapeutic Efficacy of Adoptive Cell Transfer on Survival of Patients with Glioblastoma Multiforme: Case Reports. Case Rep Oncol 2010; 3:110-124. [PMID: 20740183 PMCID: PMC2919986 DOI: 10.1159/000313629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), which occurs mostly in individuals over the age of 40, accounts for 12-15% of all primary brain tumors. Patients with GBM have a poor prognosis, even after aggressive upfront therapies. The present study documents that in 5 of these patients, the use of a novel immunotherapeutic approach combined with standard initial therapies resulted in a prolonged survival of over 3 years, which is significantly longer than the expected survival time with conventional therapies. During the course of intravenous cell-transfer immunotherapy, axial magnetic resonance images of the tumor region were monitored for over 5 years. The discontinuation of adoptive transfer regimens resulted in the rapid deterioration of patients with development of Gd-enhancing regions, indicating the initiation of tumor recurrence. Among patients with recurrence, the reinstatement of adoptive cell regimens with more frequent cell-transfers resulted in an apparent re-regression of tumors. Significantly longer survival times were seen in patients receiving transferred autologous lymphoid cells which were expanded in vitro, and which had a considerable proportion of gammadeltaT cells. We conclude that immunotherapy, combined with standard treatment, plays a significant role in the management of GBM patients and provides patients with a better prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Katakura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Miyagi Cancer Center Hospital, Natori, Japan
| | - Youichi Suzuki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Miyagi Cancer Center Hospital, Natori, Japan
| | | | - Yu F. Sasaki
- Laboratory of Genotoxicity, Faculty of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hachinohe National College of Technology, Hachinohe, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Fujimiya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hachinohe University School of Human Health Sciences, Hachinohe, Japan
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21883
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Passalacqua R, Buzio C, Buti S, Porta C, Labianca R, Pezzuolo D, Camisa R, Sabbatini R, Benecchi L, Messina C, Cengarle R, Vaglio A, Dalla Chiesa M, Tomasello G, Caminiti C. Phase III, randomised, multicentre trial of maintenance immunotherapy with low-dose interleukin-2 and interferon-alpha for metastatic renal cell cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 59:553-61. [PMID: 19779715 PMCID: PMC11031053 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-009-0773-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This is the first phase III randomised trial to evaluate maintenance immunotherapy in metastatic renal cell cancer (mRCC). Patients were randomised to receive treatment with a 4-week cycle of subcutaneous low doses IL-2 + IFN in months 1, 3 and 5, and then every 3 months until the first documented disease progression (arm A, suspension), or the same regimen, with chronic maintenance of immunotherapy, regardless of tumour response, until death or intolerable toxicity (arm B, maintenance). The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS); secondary endpoints were time from first progression to death (TFPTD) and tolerability. One hundred and eighty-three patients were enrolled between January 1998 and November 2003. After a median follow-up of 53.9 months, response rate, median OS and median TFPTD were 14.7% (6.3% CR) versus 11.3% (5.5% CR), 14 versus 14 months, 6 versus 5 months, in arms A and B, respectively with no significant differences between the groups. Cox regression analysis showed that the use of chemotherapy after first progression (HR 0.54; 95% CI 0.35-0.86; p = 0.008), PS = 0 (HR 0.53; 95% CI 0.35-0.81; p = 0.001) and female gender (HR 0.63; 95% CI 0.41-0.98; p = 0.038) were significantly associated with a longer TFPTD; treatment arm was not significant (HR 0.88; 95% CI 0.60-1.31; p = 0.54). Toxicity was mainly limited to WHO grades 1 or 2. Chronic maintenance immunotherapy after disease progression is feasible, but does not significantly increase OS or the TFPTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Passalacqua
- Divisione di Medicina e Oncologia Medica, Azienda Istituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Viale Concordia 1, 26100 Cremona, Italy
| | - Carlo Buzio
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Buti
- Divisione di Medicina e Oncologia Medica, Azienda Istituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Viale Concordia 1, 26100 Cremona, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Roberta Camisa
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Augusto Vaglio
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Matteo Dalla Chiesa
- Divisione di Medicina e Oncologia Medica, Azienda Istituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Viale Concordia 1, 26100 Cremona, Italy
| | - Gianluca Tomasello
- Divisione di Medicina e Oncologia Medica, Azienda Istituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Viale Concordia 1, 26100 Cremona, Italy
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21884
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Abstract
Metastatic renal cell cancer (RCC) is a malignant disease without curative treatment. These patients are usually symptomatic and desperate for effective palliative treatment. Radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and hormonal therapy are not effective in these patients. A multimodal approach consisting of cytoreductive nephrectomy, systemic therapy (which includes cytokines or targeted molecules), and metastasectomy have been shown to be useful in prolonging the survival and improving the quality of life in a select group of patients with metastatic renal cancer. Patients with oligometastatic disease, good performance status, and delayed presentation of the secondaries have better results following this integrated approach. Although there is some controversy regarding the order in which nephrectomy and systemic therapy are to be instituted, well-controlled studies like the South West Oncology Group and European organization research and treatment of cancer have shown that upfront nephrectomy gives better survival compared to neoadjuvant systemic therapy followed by nephrectomy. This order is the standard presently. Of late, with better understanding of the genetic basis and the biology of the various subtypes of renal cell carcinoma, targeted molecular therapies have emerged as an equally effective alternative therapy to cytokines. Recent reports have proven that targeted therapy is more effective with comparable side effects. Metastasectomy in a subgroup of patients improves survival and quality of life specifically in those with lung secondaries and painful bone metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Bhat
- Department of Urology, Medical College, Kottayam-686 008, Kerala, India
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21885
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Abstract
Scientific background Allergic rhinitis (AR) exhibits a prevalence of approx. 20% in Germany and causes enormous costs in the health care system. Specific immunotherapy (SIT) is considered to be the only potentially causal therapy for AR and mainly administered by two routes, subcutaneous (SCIT) and sublinguale (SLIT). SIT promises a reduction of symptoms and the need for medication in patients with AR. Research questions The question arises, to what extent is SIT effective and cost effective in the treatment of AR and which ethical-social and legal aspects have to be considered regarding its application. Methods The literature search was accomplished in the electronic data bases MEDLINE, EMBASE etc. in February 2008. The medical evaluation was based on systematic reviews of blinded, randomised controlled studies (RCT). The economic evaluation included health-economic studies on the basis of RCT. Additionally, it was also searched for publications explicitly addressing ethical-social and legal aspects of the use of SIT. Results Discussion The topic of the report is very broad, so that the evidence is summarised using systematic reviews. In particular the statistic heterogeneity of the studies found in the reviews considerably limits the strength of the findings. The included health economic studies show different methodical flaws, the largest potential bias is the projection of the magnitude of the medium-term clinical effects on the time period of nine years. Conclusions The effectiveness of SIT in patients with AR is not equally proven for all SIT administration forms and allergens. For SCIT and SLIT with grass pollen allergens short and medium-term effectiveness can be regarded as proven. These therapy forms should be used if the indication is appropriate and if no contraindications are present. Also SCIT and SLIT with other seasonal allergens such as tree pollen allergens can be an effective treatment option, but used with a certain restraint due to insufficient data especially in the case of SLIT. For SIT with house dust mite allergens and further perennial allergens no consistent proof of effectiveness are to be determined from the available information. Further research addressing non-grass pollen-associated SIT, allergen and manufacturer specific evaluations as well as asthma prevention is needed. Due to the lack of evidence the use of SIT can not be seen proven as cost effective. To provide such evidence further health economic studies with a long term follow-up are needed. The informed consent of the patients is an important ethical requirement within the use of SIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Hagen
- Institute for Epidemiology, Public Medicine and Healthcare Systems Research, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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21886
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Yang J, Sanderson N, Wawrowsky K, Puntel M, Castro M, Lowenstein P. Kupfer-type immunological synapse characteristics do not predict anti-brain tumor cytolytic T-cell function in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:4716-21. [PMID: 20133734 PMCID: PMC2842057 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0911587107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To analyze the in vivo structure of antigen-specific immunological synapses during an effective immune response, we established brain tumors expressing the surrogate tumor antigen ovalbumin and labeled antigen-specific anti-glioma T cells using specific tetramers. Using these techniques, we determined that a significant number of antigen-specific T cells were localized to the brain tumor and surrounding brain tissue and a large percentage could be induced to express IFNgamma when exposed to the specific ovalbumin-derived peptide epitope SIINFEKL. Detailed morphological analysis of T cells immunoreactive for tetramers in direct physical contact with tumor cells expressing ovalbumin indicated that the interface between T cells and target tumor cells displayed various morphologies, including Kupfer-type immunological synapses. Quantitative analysis of adjacent confocal optical sections was performed to determine if the higher frequency of antigen-specific antiglioma T cells present in animals that developed an effective antitumor immune response could be correlated with a specific immunological synaptic morphology. Detailed in vivo quantitative analysis failed to detect an increased proportion of immunological synapses displaying the characteristic Kupfer-type morphology in animals mounting a strong and effective antitumor immune response as compared with those experiencing a clinically ineffective response. We conclude that an effective cytolytic immune response is not dependent on an increased frequency of Kupfer-type immunological synapses between T cells and tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Yang
- Board of Governors’ Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Department of Medicine and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
- Departments of Medicine, and
- Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, and
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024
| | - N.S.R. Sanderson
- Board of Governors’ Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Department of Medicine and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
- Departments of Medicine, and
- Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, and
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024
| | - K. Wawrowsky
- Board of Governors’ Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Department of Medicine and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
- Departments of Medicine, and
- Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, and
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024
| | - M. Puntel
- Board of Governors’ Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Department of Medicine and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - M.G. Castro
- Board of Governors’ Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Department of Medicine and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
- Departments of Medicine, and
- Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, and
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024
| | - P.R. Lowenstein
- Board of Governors’ Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Department of Medicine and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
- Departments of Medicine, and
- Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, and
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024
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21887
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Abstract
There has been tremendous insight gained in the last two decades from basic science research. New molecular targets in neoplastic cells are emerging and provide the rationale for clinical development of novel agents in non-Hodgkin lymphoma. These novel agents can be broadly categorized into two groups. The first is by immunotherapy which includes novel monoclonal antibodies and immunomodulating drugs, which takes advantage of or optimizes immune system function. The other group of drugs target small molecules that may play an important role in tumorigenesis. The mechanisms of anti-tumor activity include targeting apoptotic pathways, inhibition of proteasomes, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), cyclin-dependent kinases and histone deacetylases. The purpose of this review is to focus on these novel agents and the various treatment approaches that are currently being evaluated in non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Tay
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Centre Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-1203, USA
| | - Kieron Dunleavy
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Centre Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-1203, USA
| | - Wyndham H. Wilson
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Centre Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-1203, USA
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21888
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Abstract
Catumaxomab, a monoclonal bispecific trifunctional antibody, was approved in the European Union in April 2009 for the intraperitoneal treatment of patients with malignant ascites. The marketing authorization holder Fresenius Biotech GmbH developed catumaxomab (Removab(®)) together with its partner TRION Pharma GmbH, Germany. It is the first substance worldwide with a regulatory label for the treatment of malignant ascites due to epithelial carcinomas. Since the peritoneum is of mesothelial origin and therefore lacks EpCAM expression, the intraperitoneal administration of catumaxomab is an attractive targeted immunotherapeutic approach. Catumaxomab is able to destroy EpCAM positive tumor cells in the peritoneal cavity known as the main cause of malignant ascites. In addition, catumaxomab is a potential therapeutic option for several primary tumors since the EpCAM molecule is expressed on the majority of epithelial carcinomas. This review focuses on the clinical development of catumaxomab and indicates future directions.
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21889
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Goldenberg DM. Introduction to the supplement, "Cancer Therapy with Antibodies and Immunoconjugates". Cancer 2010; 116:1011-2. [PMID: 20127946 PMCID: PMC2820135 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.24786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
This supplement includes 16 representative articles presented at the 12th Conference on Cancer Therapy With Antibodies and Immunconjugates, Parsippany, New Jersey, October 16-18, 2008, encompassing cancer treatment with unconjugated and isotope-conjugated antibodies targeting selective cancer biomarkers.
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21890
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Although most children with cancer are cured, there remain significant limitations of standard treatment, most notably chemotherapy resistance and non-specific toxicities. Novel immune-based therapies that target pediatric malignancies offer attractive adjuncts and/or alternatives to commonly employed cytotoxic regimens of chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Elucidation of the principles of tumor biology and the development of novel laboratory technologies over the last decade have led to substantial progress in bringing immunotherapies to the bedside. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW Current immunotherapeutic clinical trials in pediatric oncology and the science behind their development are reviewed. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Most of the immune-based therapies studied to date have been well tolerated, and some have shown promise in the setting of refractory or high-risk malignancies, demonstrating that immunotherapy has the potential to overcome resistance to conventional chemotherapy. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Some immune-based therapies, such as ch14.18 and MTP-PE, have already been proven effective in phase III randomized trials. Further studies are needed to optimize and integrate other therapies into standard regimens, and to test them in randomized trials for patients with childhood cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian M Capitini
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Center for Cancer Research, Pediatric Oncology Branch, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1104, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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21891
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Most children with cancer can be cured with combination regimens of chemotherapy, radiation, surgery, or all. However, standard therapies are toxic to normal tissues, cancer cells commonly develop resistance to chemotherapy, and relapsed malignancy is a leading cause of mortality in pediatrics. Elucidation of the principles of the normal immune response and tumor biology, coupled with technological developments, have led to important advances in the field of cancer immunotherapy. This review summarizes the biologic basis of cancer immunotherapy and highlights recent examples of progress in the application of novel humoral and cellular immunotherapies to children and adolescents with malignancy. RECENT FINDINGS Clinical trials of immunotherapy for pediatric cancer have recently been initiated. To date, most immune-based therapies have been well tolerated and some have shown clinically significant activity against specific refractory high-risk malignancies. SUMMARY Recent clinical trial results provide proof-of-principle that cancer immunotherapy has the capacity to overcome chemotherapy resistance without the usual toxicities associated with cytotoxic regimens. Immunotherapy holds promise in the treatment of children and adolescents with cancer and has the potential to improve both survival and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan S Wayne
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room #1-3750, 9000 Rockville Pike, MSC 1104, Bethesda, MD 20892-1104, USA.
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21892
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Abstract
Autoimmunity affects multiple glands in the endocrine system. Animal models and human studies highlight the importance of alleles in HLA-like molecules determining tissue-specific targeting that, with the loss of tolerance, leads to organ-specific autoimmunity. Disorders such as type 1A diabetes, Graves disease, Hashimoto thyroiditis, Addison disease, and many others result from autoimmune-mediated tissue destruction. Each of these disorders can be divided into stages beginning with genetic susceptibility, environmental triggers, active autoimmunity, and finally metabolic derangements with overt symptoms of disease. With an increased understanding of the immunogenetics and immunopathogenesis of endocrine autoimmune disorders, immunotherapies are becoming prevalent, especially in patients with type 1A diabetes. Immunotherapies are being used more in multiple subspecialty fields to halt disease progression. Although therapies for autoimmune disorders stop the progress of an immune response, immunomodulatory therapies for cancer and chronic infections can also provoke an unwanted immune response. As a result, there are now iatrogenic autoimmune disorders arising from the treatment of chronic viral infections and malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron W Michels
- Department of Medicine, Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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21893
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Basi GS, Feinberg H, Oshidari F, Anderson J, Barbour R, Baker J, Comery TA, Diep L, Gill D, Johnson-Wood K, Goel A, Grantcharova K, Lee M, Li J, Partridge A, Griswold-Prenner I, Piot N, Walker D, Widom A, Pangalos MN, Seubert P, Jacobsen JS, Schenk D, Weis WI. Structural correlates of antibodies associated with acute reversal of amyloid beta-related behavioral deficits in a mouse model of Alzheimer disease. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:3417-27. [PMID: 19923222 PMCID: PMC2823416 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.045187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Revised: 10/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy targeting of amyloid beta (Abeta) peptide in transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer disease (AD) has been widely demonstrated to resolve amyloid deposition as well as associated neuronal, glial, and inflammatory pathologies. These successes have provided the basis for ongoing clinical trials of immunotherapy for treatment of AD in humans. Acute as well as chronic Abeta-targeted immunotherapy has also been demonstrated to reverse Abeta-related behavioral deficits assessing memory in AD transgenic mouse models. We observe that three antibodies targeting the same linear epitope of Abeta, Abeta(3-7), differ in their ability to reverse contextual fear deficits in Tg2576 mice in an acute testing paradigm. Reversal of contextual fear deficit by the antibodies does not correlate with in vitro recognition of Abeta in a consistent or correlative manner. To better define differences in antigen recognition at the atomic level, we determined crystal structures of Fab fragments in complex with Abeta. The conformation of the Abeta peptide recognized by all three antibodies was highly related and is also remarkably similar to that observed in independently reported Abeta:antibody crystal structures. Sequence and structural differences between the antibodies, particularly in CDR3 of the heavy chain variable region, are proposed to account for differing in vivo properties of the antibodies under study. These findings provide a structural basis for immunotherapeutic strategies targeting Abeta species postulated to underlie cognitive deficits in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guriqbal S Basi
- Elan Pharmaceuticals, Incorporated, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA.
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21894
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Shahabi V, Maciag PC, Rivera S, Wallecha A. Live, attenuated strains of Listeria and Salmonella as vaccine vectors in cancer treatment. Bioeng Bugs 2010; 1:235-43. [PMID: 21327055 DOI: 10.4161/bbug.1.4.11243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Revised: 12/28/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Live, attenuated strains of many bacteria that synthesize and secrete foreign antigens are being developed as vaccines for a number of infectious diseases and cancer. Bacterial-based vaccines provide a number of advantages over other antigen delivery strategies including low cost of production, the absence of animal products, genetic stability and safety. In addition, bacterial vaccines delivering a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) stimulate innate immunity and also activate both arms of the adaptive immune system by which they exert efficacious anti-tumor effects. Listeria monocytogenes and several strains of Salmonella have been most extensively studied for this purpose. A number of attenuated strains have been generated and used to deliver antigens associated with infectious diseases and cancer. Although both bacteria are intracellular, the immune responses invoked by Listeria and Salmonella are different due to their sub-cellular locations. Upon entering antigen-presenting cells by phagocytosis, Listeria is capable of escaping from the phagosomal compartment and thus has direct access to the cell cytosol. Proteins delivered by this vector behave as endogenous antigens, are presented on the cell surface in the context of MHC class I molecules, and generate strong cell-mediated immune responses. In contrast, proteins delivered by Salmonella, which lacks a phagosomal escape mechanism, are treated as exogenous antigens and presented by MHC class II molecules resulting predominantly in Th2 type immune responses. This fundamental disparity between the life cycles of the two vectors accounts for their differential application as antigen delivery vehicles. The present paper includes a review of the most recent advances in the development of these two bacterial vectors for treatment of cancer. Similarities and differences between the two vectors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vafa Shahabi
- Advaxis Inc., Research and Development, North Brunswick, NJ, USA
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21895
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Watanabe AS, Fonseca LAM, Galvão CES, Kalil J, Castro FFM. Specific immunotherapy using Hymenoptera venom: systematic review. SAO PAULO MED J 2010; 128:30-7. [PMID: 20512278 PMCID: PMC10936127 DOI: 10.1590/s1516-31802010000100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Revised: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE The only effective treatment for patients who have severe reactions after Hymenoptera stings is venom immunotherapy. The aim of this study was to review the literature to assess the effects of venom immunotherapy among patients presenting severe reactions after Hymenoptera stings. DESIGN AND SETTING Randomized controlled trials in the worldwide literature were reviewed. The manuscript was produced in the Discipline of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Universidade de São Paulo (USP). METHODS Randomized controlled trials involving venom immunotherapy versus placebo or only patient follow-up were evaluated. The risk of systemic reactions after specific immunotherapy was evaluated by calculating odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS 2,273 abstracts were identified by the keywords search. Only four studies were included in this review. The chi-square test for heterogeneity showed that two studies were homogeneous and could be included in a meta-analysis. By combining the two studies, the odds ratio became significant: 0.29 (0.10-0.87). However, analysis on the severity of the reactions after immunotherapy showed that the benefits may not be so significant because the reactions were mostly similar to or milder than the original reaction. CONCLUSIONS Specific immunotherapy should be recommended for adults and children with moderate to severe reactions, but there is no need to prescribe it for children with skin reactions alone, especially if the exposure is very sporadic. On the other hand, the risk-benefit relation should always be assessed in each case.
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21896
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Abstract
A few tumor antigen (TA)-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAb) have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of several major malignant diseases and are commercially available. Once in the clinic, mAbs have an average success rate of approximately 30% and are well tolerated. These results have changed the face of cancer therapy, bringing us closer to more specific and more effective biological therapy of cancer. The challenge facing tumor immunologists at present is represented by the identification of the mechanism(s) underlying the patients' differential clinical response to mAb-based immunotherapy. This information is expected to lead to the development of criteria to select patients to be treated with mAb-based immunotherapy. In the past, in vitro and in vivo evidence has shown that TA-specific mAbs can mediate their therapeutic effect by inducing tumor cell apoptosis, inhibiting the targeted antigen function, blocking tumor cell signaling, and/or mediating complement- or cell-dependent lysis of tumor cells. More recent evidence suggests that TA-specific mAb can induce TA-specific cytotoxic T-cell responses by enhancing TA uptake by dendritic cells and cross-priming of T cells. In this review, we briefly summarize the TA-specific mAbs that have received Food and Drug Administration approval. Next, we review the potential mechanisms underlying the therapeutic efficacy of TA-specific mAbs with emphasis on the induction of TA-specific cellular immune responses and their potential to contribute to the clinical efficacy of TA-specific mAb-based immunotherapy. Lastly, we discuss the potential negative effect of immune escape mechanisms on the clinical efficacy of TA-specific mAb-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Campoli
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Health Science Center, Denver, Colorado, USA
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21897
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Haney M, Gunderson EW, Jiang H, Collins ED, Foltin RW. Cocaine-specific antibodies blunt the subjective effects of smoked cocaine in humans. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 67:59-65. [PMID: 19846066 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2009] [Revised: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rates of relapse among cocaine-dependent patients are high, and new treatment approaches are needed. Clinical data demonstrate that a cocaine vaccine (TA-CD) produces selective anticocaine antibodies, yet the impact of these antibodies on cocaine's direct effects is unknown. The objective of this human laboratory study was to measure the relationship between antibody titers and the effects of smoked cocaine on ratings of intoxication, craving, and cardiovascular effects. METHODS Ten cocaine-dependent men not seeking drug treatment spent 2 nights per week for 13 weeks inpatient where the effects of cocaine (0 mg, 25 mg, 50 mg) were determined before vaccination and at weekly intervals thereafter. Two doses of TA-CD (82 microg, n = 4; 360 microg, n = 6) were administered at weeks 1, 3, 5, and 9. RESULTS Peak plasma antibody levels, which were highly variable, significantly predicted cocaine's effects. Those individuals in the upper half of antibody production had an immediate (within 4 minutes of cocaine smoking) and robust (55%-81%) reduction in ratings of good drug effect and cocaine quality, while those in the lower half showed only a nonsignificant attenuation (6%-26%). Self-reported cocaine use while participants were outpatient tended to decrease as a function of antibody titer (p < .12). By contrast, higher antibody levels predicted significantly greater cocaine-induced tachycardia. CONCLUSIONS The TA-CD vaccine substantially decreased smoked cocaine's intoxicating effects in those generating sufficient antibody. These data support further testing of cocaine immunotherapy as a treatment for cocaine dependence.
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21898
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Venanzi FM, Petrini M, Fiammenghi L, Bolli E, Granato AM, Ridolfi L, Gabrielli F, Barucca A, Concetti A, Ridolfi R, Riccobon A. Tumor endothelial marker 8 expression levels in dendritic cell-based cancer vaccines are related to clinical outcome. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 59:27-34. [PMID: 19440709 PMCID: PMC11029884 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-009-0717-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that tumor endothelial markers (TEMs 1-9) are up modulated in immunosuppressive, pro-angiogenic dendritic cells (DCs) found in tumor microenvironments. We recently reported that monocyte-derived DCs used for vaccination trials may accumulate high levels of TEM8 gene transcripts. Here, we investigate whether TEM8 expression in DC preparations represents a specific tumor-associated change of potential clinical relevance. TEM8 expression at the mRNA and protein level was evaluated by quantitative real-time RT-PCR and cytofluorimetric analysis in human clinical grade DCs utilized for the therapeutic vaccination of 17 advanced cancer patients (13 melanoma and 4 renal cell carcinoma). The analyses revealed that DCs from patients markedly differ in their ability to up-modulate TEM8. Indeed, mDCs from eight non-progressing patients [median overall survival (OS) = 32 months, all positive to the delayed-type hypersensitivity test (DTH)], had similar TEM8 mRNA expression levels [mDCs vs. immature iDCs; mean fold increase (mfi) = 1.97] to those found in healthy donors (mfi = 2.7). Conversely, mDCs from nine progressing patients (OS < 5 months, all but one with negative DTH) showed an increase in TEM8 mRNA levels (mfi = 12.88, p = 0.0018). The present observations suggest that TEM8 expression levels in DC-based therapeutic vaccines would allow the selection of a subgroup of patients who are most likely to benefit from therapeutic vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Maria Venanzi
- Unit of Translational Biology, Department of Biology M.C.A., University of Camerino, via Gentile da Varano III, Camerino (MC), Italy.
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21899
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Sutherland MK, Yu C, Anderson M, Zeng W, van Rooijen N, Sievers EL, Grewal IS, Law CL. 5-azacytidine enhances the anti-leukemic activity of lintuzumab (SGN-33) in preclinical models of acute myeloid leukemia. MAbs 2010. [PMID: 20495353 PMCID: PMC3180090 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.2.4.12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite therapeutic advances, the poor prognoses for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and intermediate and high-risk myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) point to the need for better treatment options. AML and MDS cells express the myeloid marker CD33, making it amenable to CD33-targeted therapy. Lintuzumab (SGN-33), a humanized monoclonal anti-CD33 antibody undergoing clinical evaluation, induced meaningful responses in a Phase 1 clinical trial and demonstrated anti-leukemic activity in preclinical models. Recently, it was reported that 5-azacytidine (Vidaza™) prolonged the overall survival of a group of high risk MDS and AML patients. To determine whether the combination of lintuzumab and 5-azacytidine would be beneficial, a mouse xenograft model of disseminated AML was used to evaluate the combination. There was a significant reduction in tumor burden and an increase in overall survival in mice treated with lintuzumab and 5-azacytidine. The effects were greater than that obtained with either agent alone. As the in vivo anti-leukemic activity of lintuzumab was dependent upon the presence of mouse effector cells including macrophages and neutrophils, in vitro effector function assays were used to assess the impact of 5-azacytidine on lintuzumab activity. The results show that 5-azacytidine significantly enhanced the ability of lintuzumab to promote tumor cell killing through antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and phagocytic (ADCP) activities. These results suggest that lintuzumab and 5-azacytidine act in concert to promote tumor cell killing. Additionally, these findings provide the rationale to evaluate this combination in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Kung Sutherland
- Department of Pre-Clinical Therapeutics; Seattle Genetics, Inc.; Bothell, WA USA
| | - Changpu Yu
- Department of Pre-Clinical Therapeutics; Seattle Genetics, Inc.; Bothell, WA USA
| | - Martha Anderson
- Department of Pre-Clinical Therapeutics; Seattle Genetics, Inc.; Bothell, WA USA
| | - Weiping Zeng
- Department of Pre-Clinical Therapeutics; Seattle Genetics, Inc.; Bothell, WA USA
| | - Nico van Rooijen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology; Vrije Universiteit; Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric L Sievers
- Department of Clinical Affairs; Seattle Genetics, Inc.; Bothell, WA USA
| | - Iqbal S Grewal
- Department of Pre-Clinical Therapeutics; Seattle Genetics, Inc.; Bothell, WA USA
| | - Che-Leung Law
- Department of Pre-Clinical Therapeutics; Seattle Genetics, Inc.; Bothell, WA USA
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21900
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Smits ELJM, Cools N, Lion E, Van Camp K, Ponsaerts P, Berneman ZN, Van Tendeloo VFI. The Toll-like receptor 7/8 agonist resiquimod greatly increases the immunostimulatory capacity of human acute myeloid leukemia cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 59:35-46. [PMID: 19449004 PMCID: PMC11029891 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-009-0721-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2008] [Accepted: 04/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy for leukemia is a promising targeted strategy to eradicate residual leukemic cells after standard therapy, in order to prevent relapse and to prolong the survival of leukemia patients. However, effective anti-leukemia immune responses are hampered by the weak immunogenicity of leukemic cells. Therefore, much effort is made to identify agents that could increase the immunogenicity of leukemic cells and activate the immune system. Synthetic agonists of Toll-like receptor (TLR)7 and TLR8 are already in use as anticancer treatment, because of their ability to activate several immune pathways simultaneously, resulting in effective antitumor immunity. However, for leukemic cells little is known about the expression of TLR7/8 and the direct effects of their agonists. We hypothesized that TLR7/8 agonist treatment of human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells would lead to an increased immunogenicity of AML cells. We observed expression of TLR7 and TLR8 in primary human AML cells and AML cell lines. Passive pulsing of primary AML cells with the TLR7/8 agonist R-848 resulted in increased expression of MHC molecules, production of proinflammatory cytokines, and enhanced allogeneic naïve T cell-stimulatory capacity. These effects were absent or suboptimal if R-848 was administered intracellularly by electroporation. Furthermore, when AML cells were cocultured with allogeneic PBMC in the presence of R-848, interferon (IFN)-gamma was produced by allogeneic NK and NKT cells and AML cells were killed. In conclusion, the immunostimulatory effect of the TLR7/8 agonist R-848 on human AML cells could prove useful for the design of TLR-based immunotherapy for leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien L J M Smits
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VIDI), Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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