Adsorption capacity and mechanism of uranium by Fusarium verticillioides HX-3 isolated from a uranium mining site

Microorganisms that survive in extreme environments may possess special survival abilities. In this study, the adsorption capacity and mechanism of F. verticillioides HX-3, a fungus isolated from uranium mine wastewater, for uranium were investigated. Single factor batch experiments such as adsorption time, biomass dosage, pH, temperature, initial uranium concentration and coexisting ion were used to study the uranium adsorption capacity of biomass. The adsorption mechanism was further explored using kinetic, isothermal, thermodynamic models, and microscopic characterization techniques. The results demonstrated that under optimal experimental conditions, the biomass reached an adsorption capacity of 10.47 mg/g at a uranium concentration of 15 mg/L, with an adsorption efficiencies of 93 %. The study also revealed that the biomass adsorption process involves inhomogeneous multilayer chemisorption and exhibits spontaneous endothermic behavior. SEM-EDS analysis revealed that U(IV) primarily adsorbs onto the biomass surface. FTIR analysis showed that the functions that played the main role in the adsorption process were amino, hydroxyl, carbonyl, and acylamino groups. In summary, F. verticillioides HX-3 holds great potential for treating uranium-containing wastewater and can serve as an environmentally friendly biosorbent.

Lacticaseibacillus paracasei AD22 Stress Response in Brined White Cheese Matrix: In Vitro Probiotic Profiles and Molecular Characterization

Functionalizing foods involve discovering and integrating new candidate health-promoting bacteria into the food matrix. This study aimed (i) to reveal the probiotic potential of autochthonous Lacticaseibacillus paracasei AD22 by a series of in vitro tests and molecular characterization and (ii) to evaluate its application to the matrix of brined white cheese, which is the most common cheese in Türkiye, in terms of survival and stress response. To evaluate in vitro probiotic characteristics, L. paracasei AD22 was exposed to functional, technological, and safety tests. Pilot scale production was conducted to integrate L. paracasei AD22 into the brined white cheese matrix. The expression levels of stress-related genes (dnaK, groES, ftsH, argH, and hsp20) were detected by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction to determine the transcriptional stress response during ripening. The presence of genes encoding stress-related proteins was determined by whole-genome sequence analysis using a subsystem approach; the presence of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes was determined by ResFinder4.1 and VirulenceFinder 2.0 databases. The BAGEL4 database determined the presence of bacteriocin clusters. L. paracasei AD22 was found to survive in pH 2 and medium with 12% NaCl and did not cause hemolysis. Adhesion of the strain to Caco2 cells was 76.26 ± 4.81% and it had coaggregation/autoaggregation properties. It was determined that L. paracasei AD22 exceeded 7 log cfu/g in the cheese matrix at the end of the ripening period. Total mesophilic aerobes decreased in the cheese inoculated with L. paracasei AD22 after the 45th day of ripening. While hsp20 and groES genes were downregulated during ripening, argH was upregulated. Both downregulation and upregulation were observed in dnaK and ftsH. Fold changes indicating the expression levels of dnaK, groES, ftsH, argH, and hsp20 genes were not statistically significant during ripening (p > 0.05). Whole-genome sequence profiles revealed that the strain did not contain antibiotic and virulence genes but bacteriocin clusters encoding Enterolysin A (Class III bacteriocin), Carnosine CP52 (class II bacteriocin), Enterocin X beta chain (Class IIc bacteriocin), and the LanT region. Subsystems approach manifested that the most functional part of the genomic distribution belonged to metabolism, protein processing, and stress response functions. The study findings highlight that L. paracasei AD22 will provide biotechnological innovation as a probiotic adjunct because it contains tolerance factors and probiotic characteristics to produce new functional foods.

Drug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae from patients and hospital effluent: a correlation?

BACKGROUND

The application of wastewater-based epidemiology has gained traction as a cost effective tool in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance with studies showing a correlation between the presence of resistant bacteria from hospital sewage and patients. This study compared Klebsiella pneumoniae from patients and hospital effluent in terms of antibiotic resistance patterns, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and phylogenomic relationships.

RESULTS

Pooled effluent samples were collected from the final effluent point of a regional hospital and K. pneumoniae isolates were identified on selective media. Clinical isolates were also collected from the same hospital. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) was performed using the VITEK® 2 system. DNA was extracted prior to whole genome sequencing (WGS). The resistome, mobilome, and phylogenetic lineages of sequenced isolates were assessed using bioinformatics analysis. A total of 10 randomly selected presumptive and 10 clinical K. pneumoniae constituted the sample and were subjected to AST. Total resistance was observed in the clinical samples to cefuroxime, cefotaxime, piperacillin/tazobactam, gentamicin, tobramycin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. The effluent isolates exhibited total susceptibility to most antibiotics but showed resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and piperacillin/tazobactam (100%), and tigecycline (10%). The effluent isolates did not exhibit a diverse resistome, while the clinical isolates harboured genes conferring resistance to aminoglycoside (aph(6)-Id, aph(3'')-Ib, aac(6')-Ib-cr, aadA16), ß-lactam (blaSVH group, blaOXA group, blaTEM group), and fluoroquinolone (oqxA, oqxB) antibiotics. Only class 1 integrons were identified. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that effluent isolates from this study were not closely related to the clinical isolates.

CONCLUSION

This study showed no correlation between the resistance profiles of the clinical and effluent isolates. The relationship between AMR in hospital effluent and clinical resistance may depend on the antimicrobial agents and bacterial species studied.

Metal pollution-induced alterations in soil fungal community structure and functional adaptations across regional scales

Soil contamination with heavy metal(loid)s (HMs) threatens soil ecosystem health and function. However, how cross-regional HM contamination influences the structure and function of soil fungal communities remains understudied. We conducted a large-scale soil survey in southern China, using the Nemerow synthetic Pollution Index to assess contamination levels of seven metals (copper, lead, cadmium, arsenic, nickel, zinc and chromium). Soils were classified as low, medium, and high contamination (LC/MC/HC) to examine HM biogeographic patterns and their ecological impacts on soil fungi along the gradient. Cd was the most prevalent contaminant, followed by As in all the studied soils. The combined soil pollution significantly altered fungal community structure, with Cd and Pb identified as key drivers of structural and evenness changes, respectively. Fungal diversity and evenness declined with pollution, accompanied by reduced Staphylotrichum (-0.45 %) and Saitozyma (-1.5 %). Homogeneous selection dominated the assembly processes of soil fungal communities across all contamination levels (contributing 55.8-64.9 %). The most enriched characteristic species included Eurotiomycetes (LC), Sordariales (MC), and Coniochaeta (HC). Pollution-induced habitat heterogeneity enhanced the complexity and stability of fungal symbiotic networks, with 10.0 % more synergistic interactions in highly contaminated soils. The abundance of potential pathogenic fungi increased by 3.0-5.8 % in highly polluted soils compared to low- and moderately polluted soils, indicating possible negative implications for ecosystem health. Our findings provide novel and comprehensive insights into the ecological response of soil fungal communities to HM contamination.

Molecularly Imprinted Titanium Dioxide: Synthesis Strategies and Applications in Photocatalytic Degradation of Antibiotics from Marine Wastewater: A Review

Antibiotic residues in the marine environment pose a serious threat to ecosystems and human health, and there is an urgent need to develop efficient and selective pollution control technologies. Molecular imprinting technology (MIT) provides a new idea for antibiotic pollution control with its specific recognition and targeted removal ability. However, traditional titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalysts have limited degradation efficiency and lack of selectivity for low concentrations of antibiotics. This paper reviews the preparation strategy and modification means of molecularly imprinted TiO2 (MI-TiO2) and its composites and systematically explores its application mechanism and performance advantages in marine antibiotic wastewater treatment. It was shown that MI-TiO2 significantly enhanced the selective degradation efficiency of antibiotics such as tetracyclines and sulfonamides through the enrichment of target pollutants by specifically imprinted cavities, combined with the efficient generation of photocatalytic reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, emerging technologies such as magnetic/electric field-assisted catalysis and photothermal synergistic effect further optimized the recoverability and stability of the catalysts. This paper provides theoretical support for the practical application of MI-TiO2 in complex marine pollution systems and looks forward to its future development in the field of environmental remediation.

Genetic basis of antibiotic resistance in bovine mastitis and its possible implications for human and ecological health

Bovine mastitis is a mammary gland inflammation that can occur due to infectious pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, which are, respectively, the most prevalent Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria associated with this disease. Currently, antibiotic treatment has become more complicated due to the presence of resistant pathogens. This review, therefore, aims to identify the most common resistance genes reported for these strains in the last four years. During the review, it was noted that blaZ, blaSHV, blaTEM, and blaampC are the most reported genes for S. aureus and E. coli, associated with drug inactivation, mainly β-lactamases. They are characterized by generating bacterial resistance to β-lactam antibiotics, the most common treatment in animal and human bacterial treatments (penicillins and cephalosporins, among others). Genes associated with efflux systems were also present in the two strains and included norA, tetA, tetC, and tetK, which generate resistance to macrolide and tetracycline antibiotics. Additionally, the effects of spreading resistance between animals and humans through direct contact (such as consumption of contaminated milk) or indirect contact (through environmental contamination) has been deeply discussed, emphasizing the importance of having adequate sanitation and antibiotic control and administration protocols.

Natural Products as Modulators of miRNA in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Therapeutic Perspective

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) continues to pose a substantial worldwide health concern, marked by elevated mortality rates and restricted therapeutic alternatives. Recent studies have highlighted the potential of natural compounds as therapeutic agents in cancer management. This review focuses on the diagnostic and prognostic potential of microRNAs (miRNAs) as biomarkers in HCC, alongside the therapeutic promise of natural products. We explore the intricate role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of HCC, detailing their regulatory functions in cellular processes such as proliferation, apoptosis, and metastasis. Additionally, we discuss the emerging evidence supporting the use of natural compounds, including phytochemicals, in modulating miRNA expression and their potential synergistic effects with conventional therapies. Key miRNAs discussed include miR-21, an oncogenic factor that promotes tumor growth by targeting the tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN); miR-34a, which enhances apoptosis and may improve treatment efficacy when combined with c-MET inhibitors; miR-203, whose downregulation correlates with poor outcomes and may serve as a prognostic marker; miR-16, which acts as a tumor suppressor and has diagnostic potential when measured alongside traditional markers like alpha-fetoprotein (AFP); and miR-483-3p, associated with resistance to apoptosis and tumor progression. By integrating insights from recent studies, this review aims to highlight the dual role of miRNAs as both biomarkers and therapeutic targets, paving the way for enhanced diagnostic strategies and novel treatment modalities in HCC management.

Therapeutic potential and limitation of condensed and hydrolyzed tannins in Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease is a complex neurodegenerative disorder characterized by neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the accumulation of misfolded proteins such as α-synuclein. This review explores the therapeutic potential of tannins, particularly proanthocyanidins and hydrolyzable tannins from grape seeds, in alleviating Parkinson's disease pathology. Condensed tannins exhibit significant antioxidant properties, can cross the blood-brain barrier, reduce oxidative stress, upregulate antioxidant proteins, and prevent neuronal apoptosis. Hydrolyzable tannins, through their unique chemical structure, further help reduce neuroinflammation and improve mitochondrial function. Both types of tannins can modulate inflammatory responses and enhance mitochondrial integrity, addressing key aspects of Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. Tannins possess excellent neuroprotective effects, representing a promising therapeutic approach. However, due to their chemical nature and structural characteristics, the bioavailability of tannins in the human body remains low. Current methods to enhance their bioavailability are limited. Further exploration is needed to improve their bioavailability and strengthen their potential clinical applications. Based on this, new Parkinson's disease treatment strategies can be developed, warranting in-depth research and clinical validation.

Optical and green catalytic properties of fenugreek water for diabetes and skincare treatments

Fenugreek water, with its natural brilliance and dual magic, shines as a green catalyst for health and beauty. From managing diabetes to rejuvenating skin, discover the science behind this age-old remedy turned modern marvel that shows more detail study on fenugreek water. This study investigates the structural and optical properties of fenugreek water, examining its interactions with sugar solutions, anti-diabetes medications (Diapride M2 Forte), and sunscreen cream (shadow SPF50 + cream) over a period of 3 days. X-ray diffraction (XRD) of soaking fenugreek seed powder in water shows the peak intensity increased significantly from day 1 to day 3 because gel-like mucilage forms. The fenugreek seed powder exhibited broader peaks compared to the more crystalline diabetes medications, reflecting a less organized polysaccharide structure. The optical studies of fenugreek water mixed with sugar solutions (125 mg/dl, 155 mg/dl, and 185 mg/dl) showed that absorbance decreased as sugar concentration increased but increased with higher volumes of fenugreek water, revealing colloidal interactions. On day 1, the absorbance peak was around 250 nm, but days 2 and 3 introduced additional peaks at 350 nm, indicating evolving colloidal particle sizes. When mixed with anti-diabetes drugs, fenugreek water exhibited increased absorbance on day 3, suggesting enhanced interaction. Additionally, fenugreek water showed significant effects on sunscreen cream, with increased absorbance indicating improved UV protection. FTIR analysis revealed that prolonged soaking increases the colloidal formation and bioactive compound concentration, enhancing the health benefits of fenugreek water. The pH of fenugreek water remained relatively stable between  8-9 throughout the study, suggesting minimal impact on the overall effectiveness of the interactions. The findings suggest that fenugreek water plays a crucial role in green catalytic properties that have the potential to reduce diabetes levels and its promising role in enhancing the efficacy of sunscreen creams for skincare treatment, demonstrating the most effective properties for both applications. Also, the study evaluates the UV-blocking and antioxidant properties of fenugreek water, demonstrating its potential as a natural sunscreen additive and free radical scavenger. The observation shows that fenugreek water enhances UV absorption when combined with cream and exhibits peak antioxidant activity on day 2, making it suitable for skincare and pharmaceutical applications.

Current pattern of antibiotic resistance and molecular characterization of virulence genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae obtained from urinary tract infection (UTIs) patients, Peshawar

The current study investigates the prevalence of virulence genes obtained from clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Klebsiella pneumoniae at Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar, from October 2021 to January 2023. Upon proper consent, clinical samples of suspected UTIs patients were collected and inoculated on the nutrients agar media, McConkey agar media, and Cysteine Lysine Electrolyte Deficient (CLED) agar media followed by incubation at 37°C for 24 hrs. The phenotypic and genotypic identification were employed for the bacterial isolates. The phenotypic identification includes gram staining followed by the Analytical Profile Index (API 20E). A total of 215 (3.85%) positive isolates were found with the highest prevalence observed among the female patients (4.35%) followed by male (3.26%). The highest prevalence, constituting 52.55% (n = 113), was detected in the age group of 21-40 years, followed by 31.62% (n = 68) in the 41-60 age group. Additionally, 10.23% (n = 22), 3.25% (n = 7), and 2.32% (n = 5) of cases were identified in the age groups of 01-10 years, 11-20 years, and above 60 years, respectively. Among the total positive samples, 44.65% (n = 96) were collected from the Outpatient department (OPD), while inpatient department (IPD) cases contributed 55.35% (n = 119). The antibiotic susceptibility profile of K. pneumoniae showed significant resistance to trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole (93%) and Colistin (79.07%). Tigecycline emerged as the most effective antibiotic with a sensitivity rate of 90%, along with Cefepime at the same level. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values indicated higher resistance for CTX, MEM, CN, AK, DO, CIP, and SXT in K. pneumoniae-causing UTIs from KTH, Peshawar. Molecular characterization of virulence genes reveals the highest prevalence of fimH (80%) followed by SAT (65%), papEF (49%), afa (29%), and VAT (16%). The sequencing data of the virulence genes reveals mutations in fimH and papEF, while sat, afa and vat virulence genes showed no mutations. The Chi-square test indicated a significant association between the types of bacteria, supporting our null hypothesis with a significance level of p ≤  0.05. The current study's finding is to evaluate the rise of antibiotic resistance in hospital settings, which highly demands the focus of health authorities and clinicians to manage the burden of the disease effectively.

House dust microbiome differentiation and phage-mediated antibiotic resistance and virulence dissemination in the presence of endocrine-disrupting chemicals and pharmaceuticals

BACKGROUND

House dust serves as a reservoir of a diverse array of microbial life and anthropogenic chemicals, both of which can potentially influence the health of occupants, particularly those who spend significant amounts of time at home. However, the effects of anthropogenic chemicals on dust microbiomes remain poorly understood. This study investigated the presence of anthropogenic chemicals in the dust of homes occupied by elderly occupants and explored those chemicals' relationships with dust microbiomes.

RESULTS

We detected 69 out of 76 analyzed anthropogenic chemicals, including endocrine-disrupting chemicals, non-antibiotic pharmaceuticals, and antibiotics, in at least one house dust sample from 32 residential homes, with concentrations ranging from 2720 to 89,300 ng/g. Some of these detected compounds were pharmaceuticals regularly consumed by the occupants. The dust microbiomes were associated with varying levels of anthropogenic chemicals, forming two distinct clusters, each with unique diversity, taxonomy, metabolic functions, and resistome profiles. Higher concentrations and a greater variety of these chemicals were associated with an increased co-occurrence of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes, as well as an enhanced potential for their transfer through mobile genetic elements. Under these conditions, phages, especially phage-plasmids, facilitated the dissemination of antibiotic resistance and virulence among bacterial populations.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings indicate that everyday anthropogenic chemicals are important factors associated with the microbes in indoor environments. This underscores the importance of improving household chemical stewardship to reduce the health risks associated with exposure to these chemicals and their effects on indoor microbiomes. Video Abstract.

Recent Advancements for Enhanced Biocatalyst and Biotransformation

Enzymes are essential biological macromolecules with various biological and industrial applications. As modern applications of enzymes as biocatalysts are increasingly explored, the demand for enzymes with improved catalytic properties is also increasing exponentially. Since most commercially available enzymes have a problem with long-term stability and activity under various industrial conditions, the exploration of different environments using omics technology and biotransformation of these proteins to improve stability is being recognized. Direct evolution, structure-based rational design, or de novo synthesis methods are used for enzyme engineering and developing novel enzymes with unique catalytic activity and high stability. The review provides an overview of the different classes of industrially important enzymes, their sources, and the various enzyme engineering methods used to increase their efficiency. The importance of enzyme engineering concerning the development of other techniques in the field of molecular biology is also examined.

Mucilage-based composites films and coatings for food packaging application: A review

Developing sustainable and eco-friendly packaging solutions has garnered significant interest in recent years. Mucilage-based coatings and composites offer a promising approach due to their biodegradability, renewable nature, and ability to enhance food quality protection. This review paper discusses the impact of mucilage-based composites and coatings on various packaging applications, focusing on their physical, mechanical, morphological, barrier, and functional properties. These materials' adaptability, flexibility, transparency, and compatibility with various food products make them highly suitable for food packaging. The morphological structure of mucilage-based films contributes to improved adhesion, surface roughness, and homogeneity. Enhanced barriers against moisture, oxygen, and other gases extend the shelf life of packaged food while maintaining its quality. Mucilage from different plant sources exhibits functional properties such as antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, which enhance food preservation. These attributes and mucilage's biocompatibility and biodegradability align with the growing demand for environmentally friendly packaging options. The review also addresses cost-effectiveness, regulatory compliance, consumer acceptance, recycling infrastructure compatibility, supply chain considerations, and the need for ongoing innovation. Future advancements in mucilage-based packaging will depend on optimizing performance, scalability, and sustainability. By understanding the effects on physio-mechanical, morphological, barrier, and functional attributes, mucilage-based composites and coatings hold great potential for advancing sustainable food packaging solutions.

Antibacterial Activity of Ocimum tenuiflorum against Drug Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Raw Beef

Recent empirical evidence has acknowledged raw meat, particularly beef, as a significant reservoir for diverse foodborne pathogens and drug-resistant strains, posing severe threat to consumer health. This study aimed to isolate and identify drug-resistant bacteria from raw beef samples, obtained from different butcher shops in Khulna city, Bangladesh, as well as, to determine their susceptibility pattern against Ocimum tenuiflorum extracts. Raw beef samples were randomly collected from various butcher shops, followed by the initial isolation of thirty pure bacterial isolates. Later, 16S rRNA gene amplification and analysis identified twelve distinct bacterial species from those isolates. The antimicrobial susceptibility test results revealed ten of the isolates, including Klebsiella pneumoniae, Aeromonas veronii and Enterobacter hormaechei, to exhibit multidrug resistance pattern. Amoxicillin, nitrofurantoin, and flucloxacillin were found to be ineffective against most isolates. However, the ethanolic extracts of O. tenuiflorum were found effective in inhibiting the growth of eight species at three different concentrations. Subsequent HPLC analysis of O. tenuiflorum reported the presence of five secondary metabolites epicatechin, syringic acid, rutin hydrate, p-coumaric acid, and myricetin as potent contributors to the observed antimicrobial activity. Lastly, in silico binding interaction simulations of the secondary metabolites against five relevant targets predict syringic acid and myricetin to have effective antibacterial properties, primarily mediated by better binding affinity and molecular interactions. Thus, this study identified diverse drug-resistant bacteria in raw beef and provided novel insights into the antibacterial properties of O. tenuiflorum extracts.

Characterization of bioactive compounds in fenugreek genotypes in varying environments: diosgenin, trigonelline, and 4-hydroxyisoleucine

This study investigates the effects of irrigated and non-irrigated conditions on the bioactive compound content in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) across 31 diverse genotypes from various geographical regions. The study was conducted at Atatürk University Research and Extension Center, Türkiye (N 39°55'59.9", E 41°14'10.6", altitude 1789 m) during the 2021 and 2022 growing seasons. The levels of diosgenin, trigonelline, and 4-hydroxyisoleucine analyzed under irrigated and non-irrigated conditions were found to be significantly influenced by genotype, environment, and their interaction (Genotype × Environment), with a highly significant effect observed at the p < 0.001 level. The compounds analyzed included diosgenin (0.50-0.93%), trigonelline (5.22-13.65 mg g-¹), and 4-hydroxyisoleucine (0.41-1.90%). Notably, genotypes such as Sivas/TR, Amasya/TR, Konya/TR and Samsun/TR exhibited higher diosgenin content across all conditions, while Spain, Malaysia, France, and India showed higher trigonelline content under irrigation. Variability in 4-hydroxyisoleucine content was observed, with some genotypes showing stability across different environmental conditions. A negative correlation between diosgenin and trigonelline was observed in fenugreek. Furthermore, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis were found to be effective in revealing genetic diversity, morphological differences, and genotype adaptability. The findings highlight the potential for selecting superior genotypes for breeding programs focused on enhancing bioactive compound yields, especially under varying irrigation and non-irrigated conditions. This research emphasizes the critical role of environmental and genetic factors in optimizing the production of health-benefiting compounds in fenugreek.

Bacterial Diversity at Himalayan Pink Salt Extraction Site

Table salt, or sodium chloride, is extensively utilized in the culinary business as a flavoring agent, texture garnishing [...].

Assessing the drought tolerance of some sesame genotypes using agro-morphological, physiological, and drought tolerance indices

BACKGROUND

One significant abiotic stressor that harms sesame productivity globally is drought. This investigation used six sesame genotypes to measure variance in many variables under irrigated and terminal drought stress environments. Growth characteristics (plant height, fruiting zone length, branches' number), yield-related parameters (capsules' number per plant, capsule's length, 1000 seeds' weight, seed yield per plant, and seed yield per feddan) and physiological characters (relative water content, chlorophyll A content, chlorophyll B content, chlorophyll A + B content, and proline concentration) of sesame were measured. Six drought indices (geometric mean productivity (GMP), mean productivity (MP), stress tolerance index (STI), tolerance index (TOL), stress susceptibility index (SSI) and, yield stability index (YSI)) were derived using seed yield per feddan. This study was aimed to investigate the effects of drought stress on the physiological and yield-related characteristics of the sesame genotypes and to find the qualities that were most helpful in selecting drought-resistant genotypes.

RESULTS

The analysis of variance revealed significant differences in genotypes and water depletion ratios, as well as their interactions, for all growth variables, except the interaction between genotypes and water depletion ratios for plant height and relative water content. Line 13 (H. 102) had the highest branches' number (6.85), capsules' number per plant (239.33) and capsule's length (3.35 cm) attributes under normal circumstances. Line 31 (H. 68) produced the maximum yield per plant (33.45 g) and feddan (679.83) and had the highest weight of 1000 seeds (3.9 g) under normal circumstances. Under the level (80% water depletion ratio), H. 68 had the highest amounts of chlorophyll A (5.73) and chlorophyll A + B (17.37) whereas H. 102 exhibited the highest concentration of chlorophyll B (5.73). The genotype H. 68 of sesame was found to have the greatest MP (650.35), GMP (649.32) and YI (1.16) indices followed by genotype H. 102. The Shandaweell 3 genotype resulted in the lowest SSI (36.92) and TOL (0.55) indices. Line 26 (H132) exhibited the highest average YSI values.

CONCLUSIONS

These data revealed that genotypes H. 102, H. 68 and Shandaweell 3 are the most drought-tolerant among the genotypes utilized in this study. These results may contribute to developing effective breeding techniques for drought-stressed sesame in the future.

Assessing air quality impacts of gas stations through heavy metal analysis in dust and employees' scalp hair in Erbil City

This research focused on examining the occurrence of heavy metals, including Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Hg, Pb, and V, within the dust and scalp hair of individuals working at gas stations within Erbil province, as well as residents living in rural areas of Hawraman, away from polluted sources. The measurements of metals were performed in a laboratory environment utilizing an XRF device, including the Thermo Scientific Genius 9000 model. The findings revealed significantly higher concentrations of heavy metals in dust particles and hair samples collected from gas station workers compared to those from clean rural areas. The values derived from the Geo-accumulation index (IGEO) and Pollution Load Index (PLI) suggest that pollution from gas stations ranged from uncontaminated to moderate, reaching severe levels. Specifically, the PLI at gas stations reached an elevated level of 7.02, decreasing to 0.49 in rural areas. A strong connection has been identified between the concentrations of metallic elements in the dust particles and worker's hair samples. Workers with over 22 years of experience had higher metal levels in their hair, while those aged 20-30 had lower levels than those over 55.

Decoding gene expression dynamics during seed development in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) through RNA-Seq analysis

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L., 2n = 2× = 26) from the Pedaliaceae family is primarily grown for its high oil content, rich in unsaturated fatty acids like linoleic acid (LA) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). However, the molecular mechanisms of sesame oil accumulation remain poorly understood. This study analyzed transcriptomes at two seed development stages: Young Stage (YS, pods 1.5-2.5 cm) and Mature Stage (MS, brown pods >2.5 cm), to explore regulatory mechanisms and identify key genes involved in lipid biosynthesis. From 25,173 genes, 18,820 with expression values >10 CPM in at least 70 % of replicates were included in differential expression (DE) analysis. Active expression (LFC > 0) was observed in 9372 and 9448 genes at YS and MS, respectively. DEGs were annotated, revealing roles in various biological processes, (e.g., mRNA metabolic process, reproduction-related developmental processes, seed development), molecular functions (e.g., aminoacyltransferase activity, ubiquitin-like protein and ubiquitin-protein transferase activities), and cellular components (e.g., peroxisome, microbody, lipid droplet). KEGG analysis highlighted genes involved in fatty acid synthesis (e.g., fabG, fabZ), TAG biosynthesis (DGAT1, GPAT), and alpha-linolenic acid metabolism (AOS, LCAT3). Key genes upregulated at MS included SIN_1025205 (protein transport), SIN_1006853 (acetylajmalan esterase), and SIN_1003267 (gamma-cadinene synthase). The study generated a valuable transcriptome dataset and gene list for seed development and lipid biosynthesis, which will be validated through functional studies. An interactive webpage is provided for data exploration.

Environmental Sustainability in ICUs: A Report From the Society of Critical Care Medicine Sustainability Task Force

OBJECTIVES

The charge of the newly formed Society of Critical Care Medicine Sustainability Task Force is to describe actionable items supporting environmental stewardship for ICUs, to discuss barriers associated with sustainability initiatives and outline opportunities for future impact.

DATA SOURCES

Ovid Medline, EBSCOhost CINAHL, Elsevier Embase, and Scopus databases were searched through to March 2024 for studies reporting on environmental sustainability and critical care.

STUDY SELECTION

Systematic reviews, narrative reviews, quality improvement projects, randomized clinical trials, and observational studies were prioritized for review. Bibliographies from retrieved articles were scanned for articles that may have been missed.

DATA EXTRACTION

Data regarding environmental sustainability initiatives that aimed to quantify, manage, or mitigate pollution and/or carbon emissions with a focus on ICUs, barriers to change, and opportunities for development were qualitatively assessed.

DATA SYNTHESIS

ICUs are resource-intensive and as such, methods to attenuate carbon emissions and waste can play a substantial role in mitigating the sizable burden of healthcare-related pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Several initiatives and strategies exist for clinicians and providers to engage in environmental stewardship, with specific attention to avoiding low-value care while maintaining or improving patient safety and high-quality care. Increased focus on sustainability can be met with resistance to change, including institutional, financial, and behavioral barriers. Collaboration and innovative thinking create valuable opportunities for clinicians, patients, families, and policymakers to advocate for patient and planetary health.

CONCLUSIONS

Within the healthcare system, ICUs are well positioned to lead sustainability action, policy, and practice. Critical care teams have the capability and the moral responsibility to mitigate the negative impact of critical care medicine upon our environment and become change agents promoting sustainable healthcare for the benefit of human health.

Comparative transcriptomic and physiological analysis of extremophilic and non-extremophilic fungi in bioremediation of cadmium (Cd) and strontium (Sr)

Heavy metal and nuclide contamination pose increasing threats to the environment and public health. In this study, a comparative analysis was conducted on the bioremediation capabilities of the halophilic fungus Engyodontium album (E. album) and the non-halophilic fungus Trichoderma reesei (T. reesei) under cadmium (Cd) and strontium (Sr) stress. Biosorption tests, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transcriptomic analyses were performed to assess the fungi's physiological and molecular responses to 100 ppm of Cd and Sr. The results revealed that E. album exhibited superior biosorption capacity for both Cd and Sr, significantly outperforming T. reesei. Transcriptomic analysis identified the upregulation of metal-degrading enzymes and enhanced antioxidant defences in E. album, with increased activity in the MAPK signalling pathway. In contrast, T. reesei demonstrated lower tolerance and remediation efficiency, with significant gene expression changes under stress conditions, particularly in reactive oxygen species detoxification mechanisms. These findings suggest that extremophilic fungi like E. album hold significant promise for eco-friendly bioremediation applications due to their robust metabolic adaptations to heavy metal stress. This study is the first to compare extremophilic and non-extremophilic fungi in response to heavy metal contamination, providing valuable insights for future environmental remediation strategies.

Current status and potential of bacteriocin-producing lactic acid bacteria applied in the food industry

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been widely applied in the food industry and have brought many beneficial effects on food products, and some of those benefits are related to their metabolic product. Bacteriocins produced by LAB have attracted the attentions for application in the food industry as natural food bio-preservatives because of their antimicrobial activity against the food spoilage and pathogenic bacteria. With the increasing demands of consumers for more healthier food and investigations on natural food preservatives, the bioactivity of bacteriocins allows them to give the application values to the bacteriocin-producing LAB. Accordingly, the capacity of LAB to produce bacteriocin in the aspects of classifications, mode of action, biosynthesis mechanisms are introduced, which leads to further consideration of the current status and potential values of bacteriocin-producing LAB applied in the food industry. The comparation of guidelines of LAB and bacteriocins for food application are also proposed for better understanding their practical application promising. This review will be helpful for current and future researches on the application of bacteriocin-producing LAB in the food industry.

Improvement in antibacterial use in intensive care units from Argentina: A quality improvement collaborative process evaluation using Normalization Process Theory

BACKGROUND

Healthcare-associated infections and antibiotic resistance worsen globally. Antibiotic stewardship programs (ASP) aim to optimise infection treatment and curb resistance, yet implementation hurdles persist. This study examined ASP challenges in ICUs.

METHODS

This study employed a qualitative methodological design to evaluate the implementation process of an antibiotic stewardship program (ASP) in eight intensive care units (ICUs) across Argentina. Thirty-four semi-structured interviews with healthcare workers (HCWs) were conducted. Interviews were analysed guided by Normalisation Process Theory, examining coherence, cognitive participation, collective action, and reflexive monitoring constructs.

RESULTS

Key challenges included insufficient human resources, lack of institutional support, and resistance to change, particularly among staff not initially involved in the study. Despite these challenges, the program saw partial success in improving ICU practices, particularly in antibiotic use and communication across departments. The main strategy implemented in this quality improvement collaborative was the use of improvement cycles, which served as the central component for driving change. However, participation in improvement cycles was inconsistent, and sustainability post-intervention remains uncertain due to workload pressures and the need for continuous education. Concerns about workload and communication barriers persisted. Many participants did not perceive training as a separate component, which led to low engagement. Resistance to change became evident during modifications to clinical guidelines. The intervention had a positive impact on various processes, including communication and record keeping.

CONCLUSION

This study underscores the persistent challenges in implementing ASPs in healthcare, emphasising the need for enhanced collaboration, workforce capacity building, and evidence-based practices to overcome barriers and optimize antimicrobial use to improve patient outcomes.

Comprehensive approaches to heavy metal bioremediation: Integrating microbial insights and genetic innovations

The increasing contamination of ecosystems with heavy metals (HMs) due to industrial activities raises significant jeopardies to environmental health and human well-being. Addressing this issue, recent advances in the field of bioremediation have highlighted the potential of plant-associated microbiomes and genetically engineered organisms (GEOs) to mitigate HMs pollution. This review explores recent advancements in bioremediation strategies for HMs detoxification, with particular attention to omics technologies such as metagenomics, metabolomics, and metaproteomics in deepening the understanding of microbial interactions and their potential for neutralizing HMs. Additionally, Emerging strategies and technologies in GEOs and microorganism-aided nanotechnology have proven to be effective bioremediation tools, particularly for alleviating HM contamination. Despite the promising strategies developed in laboratory settings, several challenges impede their practical application, including ecological risks, regulatory limitations, and public concerns regarding the practice of genetically modified organisms. A comprehensive approach that involves interdisciplinary research is essential to enhance the efficacy and safety of bioremediation technologies. This approach should be coupled with robust regulatory frameworks and active public engagement to ensure environmental integrity and societal acceptance. This review underscores the importance of developing sustainable bioremediation strategies that align with ecological conservation goals and public health priorities.

Fenugreek gum improves the rheological properties of konjac glucomannan in dynamic simulated digestion system and delays its gastric emptying

The physicochemical properties of konjac glucomannan (KGM) are impaired in the harsh gastrointestinal tract, which may reduce its effectiveness in physiological functions. In this paper, fenugreek gum (FG) with high water holding capacity and stability was used as a gastric protectant for KGM, and the effects of the KGM-FG complexes with different composite ratios on gastric emptying were researched by in vitro dynamic simulated gastric digestion system. The results showed that FG significantly enhanced the delayed gastric emptying properties of KGM. Adding FG reduced the apparent viscosity, flow behavior, and mechanical properties of KGM. The simulated gastric fluid (SGF) decreased the apparent viscosity of the KGM-FG complex and increased the microstructure network density of the KGM-FG complex compared with the water system. FG helped the structure of the KGM-FG complexes become more stable and trapped more water in the stomach. The KGM-FG complex with high viscosity, mechanical modulus, and frictional resistance in a dynamic simulated digestion system increased gastric retention. The KGM-FG complex with a composite ratio 5:5 showed the best performance and a potential satiety-enhancing property. The results provided a theoretical basis for designing satiety food formulations that help control energy intake and body weight.

Extraction of diosgenin using different techniques from fenugreek seeds- A review

Diosgenin, falls under the category of steroidal saponin present in fenugreek seeds (Trigonella foenum-graecum) in the amount of 0.2-09%. This compound possesses certain pharmacological characteristics like anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-oxidant etc., that render it a desirable component in the medicinal and nutraceutical industries. Various methods such as, conventional solvent extraction, green extraction methods like Soxhlet extraction, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), maceration methods, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and supercritical fluid extraction methods are employed to extract diosgenin from fenugreek seeds. Fundamentals such as solvent choice, pre-treatment techniques, and optimization parameters, affect the diosgenin extraction process. Furthermore, the quantification of diosgenin is governed by analytical methods(chromatography and spectroscopy), underscoring the significance of standardizing diosgenin levels to set the stage for upcoming pharmacological research. However there have been very negligible resources which focuses on conventional and novel techniques for extraction of diosgenin from Fenugreek seeds. This review aims to provide combined insights into the diverse methodologies employed for diosgenin extraction from fenugreek seeds and their implications in pharmaceutical research.

Production, Characterization, Kinetics, and Thermodynamics Analysis of Amyloglucosidase from Fungal Consortium

The current study aimed to produce an amyloglucosidase enzyme from the fungal consortium. The best amylolytic fungal consortia were identified as Alternaria alternata and Aspergillus niger through the 18S rDNA technique. Fermentation kinetics and various nutritional and cultural parameters were analyzed. Maximum production was obtained in M4 media, pH 5.5, 30 °C, and 4 mL inoculum at 150 rpm after 72 h of incubation. Along with that, sodium nitrate at 2.5%, maltose, beef extract 1%, zinc sulfate (0.1%), and Tween 80 (0.1%) supported the maximum amyloglucosidase production. Amyloglucosidase was partially purified up to 1.6 purification fold with a specific activity of 1.84 Umg-1 in a stepwise manner by ammonium sulfate purification, dialysis, and ion exchange chromatography. The AMG enzyme also revealed maximum activity at 50 °C with 5.0 pH. Upon the kinetic analysis, the specific yield coefficient Yp/x and volumetric rates Qp and Qx were also found to be significant in the above optimized conditions. The Km value 0.33 mg mL-1 and Vmax 26.31 U mL-1 were obtained at 1% soluble starch substrate. Thermodynamic parameters for soluble starch hydrolysis were as follows: ΔH = 48.78 kJ mol-1, (Ea) =  - 46.0 kJ mol-1, and ΔS =  - 43.10 J mol-1 K-1. This finding indicates the indigenously isolated fungal consortium can be the best candidate for industrial applications.

Moringa oleifera in a modern time: A comprehensive review of its nutritional and bioactive composition as a natural solution for managing diabetes mellitus by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation

Globally, diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complications are considered among the most significant public health problems. According to numerous scientific studies, Plants and their bioactive compounds may reduce inflammation and oxidative stress (OS), leading to a reduction in the progression of DM. Moringa oleifera (MO), widely used in Ayurvedic and Unani medicine for centuries because of its health-promoting characteristics, particularly its ability to control DM and its related complications. MO is a multi-purpose plant that has an impressive range of nutritional components including proteins, amino acids (Essential and non-essential amino acids), carbs, fats, fiber, vitamins, and phenolic compounds. In the modern era, scientists have paid close attention to the anti-diabetic, anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory attributes and other medicinal properties, of MO leaves and seeds. MO leaves and seeds have modulatory effects on DM that are likely influenced by multiple mechanisms. Some of these mechanisms include direct effects, but other mechanisms involve inhibition the production of inflammatory markers, modulation of the gut microbiome, reduction of OS, enhancement of glucose metabolism through hexokinase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, improve insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake in the liver and muscles. Overall, these findings suggest that MO may play a role in lowering the risk of DM and its related outcomes. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the nutritional and bioactive profiles of MO leaves and seeds, as well as to investigate their possible anti-diabetic effects by modulating oxidative stress and inflammation. Our results indicate that MO may be a beneficial natural resource for management of DM and related issues by lowering oxidative stress and inflammation. Furthermore, studies on MO has yielded promising findings in diabetic animal models, indicating antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, human trials have shown less solid results, most likely due to a lack of studies, different techniques, and dosages. More clinical research is needed to fully understand MO's anti-diabetic potential, notably in lowering oxidative stress and inflammation, both of which are critical in controlling diabetes complications.

Camel milk and D-allulose synergistically improved camel dairy flavor and alleviated insulin resistance of human HepG2 cells

Camel milk is a dairy product widely consumed in desert and semi-arid areas, with high nutritional value and potential for auxiliary medical treatment. It has unique efficacy and a gamey taste, and exploring its functional factors and making camel milk more easily accepted by the public has become a research hotspot. This study mainly investigated the protein components in camel milk that may play a role in alleviating insulin resistance by observing the cell activity, glucose consumption, and morphological changes of the treatment group. Further research was conducted on the potential synergistic hypoglycemic effect of camel milk and D-allulose, and a formula was ultimately determined to enhance the flavor of camel milk through a series of sensory evaluation experiments. The optimal concentration for the treatment of insulin resistance (IR) was identified as 4 mg/mL of CWP4 combined with 1 mg/mL of D-allulose for a period of 12 h. The addition of D-allulose at a ratio of 1:36 in camel milk has been observed reduce the odoriferous properties of the camel milk, while simultaneously retaining the majority of other desirable flavors. This research helps to concentrate the functional protein factors in camel milk, promote the intensive processing of camel milk, and develop new camel milk health products. These products may help patients with diabetes stabilize their blood sugar levels in daily life, thus enriching their diet, and may expand the market of camel milk.

Genome-wide association scan and candidate gene analysis for seed coat color in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)

Introduction

Seed coat color in sesame is a crucial trait for breeding programs as it is closely associated with important characteristics such as oil content, protein levels, and disease resistance, which directly influence seed quality and market value.

Methods

This study investigates the genetic basis of seed coat color in 200 Sudanese sesame genotypes grown for two consecutive years through comprehensive phenotyping, genomic diversity analysis, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and candidate gene discovery.

Results and discussion

Phenotypic analysis across two growing seasons revealed high heritability and significant correlations among color parameters (L*, a*, and b*), indicating strong genetic control over seed coat color. The genomic analysis identified distinct clusters among sesame accessions, with rapid linkage disequilibrium decay suggesting a high level of recombination. GWAS identified significant SNPs associated with seed coat color traits, revealing key genomic regions on chromosomes 3, 6, 9, 12, and 13. Candidate gene analysis highlighted several genes, including DOF zinc finger proteins and WRKY transcription factors, which may play essential roles in pigment biosynthesis pathways. These findings provide valuable insights for breeding programs to enhance desirable seed coat color traits in sesame.

Comprehensive Ethnopharmacological Analysis of Medicinal Plants in the UAE: Lawsonia inermis, Nigella sativa, Ziziphus spina-christi, Allium cepa, Allium sativum, Cymbopogon schoenanthus, Matricaria aurea, Phoenix dactylifera, Portulaca oleracea, Reichardia tingitana, Salvadora persica, Solanum lycopersicum, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Withania somnifera, and Ziziphus lotus

The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is home to diverse indigenous medicinal plants traditionally used for centuries. This study systematically evaluates the pharmacological and nutritional potential of key medicinal plants, including Lawsonia inermis, Nigella sativa, Ziziphus spina-christi, Allium cepa, Allium sativum, Cymbopogon schoenanthus, Matricaria aurea, Phoenix dactylifera, Portulaca oleracea, Reichardia tingitana, Salvadora persica, Solanum lycopersicum, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Withania somnifera, and Ziziphus lotus. Comprehensive literature searches were conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science to identify studies relevant to their nutritional and pharmacological uses. The findings highlight the therapeutic roles of these plants in managing global health challenges such as gastrointestinal diseases, and antimicrobial resistance through bioactive compounds like flavonoids, polyphenols, and antioxidants. Additionally, their contributions to nutrition, including essential vitamins and minerals, are emphasized for disease prevention and health promotion. While this research focuses on the UAE, the implications are globally relevant, as many of these plants are also found in traditional medicine across Asia, Africa, and Europe. Integrating these findings into global nutritional and healthcare systems offers potential solutions for pressing public health concerns, reduces reliance on synthetic pharmaceuticals, and promotes sustainable healthcare practices. This work is a valuable reference for researchers, healthcare professionals, and policymakers, bridging traditional knowledge and modern scientific applications globally.

Cellulase from Halomonas elongata for biofuel application: enzymatic characterization and inhibition tolerance investigation

Halophilic bacteria are promising candidates for biofuel production because of their efficient cellulose degradation. Their cellulases exhibit high activity, even in the presence of inhibitors and under extreme conditions, making them ideal for biorefinery applications. In this study, we isolated a strain of Halomonas elongata (Kadal6) from decomposed cotton cloth on a Rameshwaram seashore. Morphological, biochemical, and 16S rRNA analyses revealed that Kadal6 was 99.93% similar to the cellulase-producing strain, H. elongata MH25661. The tolerance of the cellulase to inhibitors was assessed through molecular docking with a cellulase model of MH25661 generated by I-TASSER and experimentally using response surface methodology (RSM) with Kadal6. A molecular docking study indicated a high inhibition constant for ethanol, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), and furfural. Cellulase from H. elongata Kadal6 (CellHe) showed a maximum inhibition rate of 44.27% at 55 °C, 15% ethanol, and 6.5 g/L furfural and HMF. The enzyme retained 50% of its activity in the presence of these inhibitors, and remained unaffected at 1 g/L furfural and HMF, although inhibition occurred at 3 g/L. H. elongata cellulase demonstrated significant tolerance to inhibition both in vitro (RSM) and in silico, indicating its potential for biorefinery applications in harsh environments.

Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns and Virulence Profiles of Classical and Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae Strains Isolated from Clinical Samples in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

The emergence of hypervirulent and carbapenem-resistant hypermucoviscous Klebsiella pneumoniae strains presents a significant public health challenge due to their increased virulence and resistance to multiple antibiotics. This study evaluates the antibiotic susceptibility patterns and virulence profiles of classical and hypervirulent K. pneumoniae strains isolated from various clinical samples. A total of 500 clinical samples were collected from patients at the Mardan Medical Complex and Ayub Medical Complex in KPK between July 2022 and June 2024. Among these, 64 K. pneumoniae strains were isolated and subsequently subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) and phenotypic virulence detection. Among the 64 isolates, 21 (32.8%) exhibited hypermucoviscosity, a characteristic associated with increased pathogenicity. Hemagglutination was observed in 35 (54.1%) of the isolates, indicating the presence of surface adhesins that facilitate bacterial adherence to host tissues. A high prevalence of biofilm formation was noted, with 54 (84%) isolates capable of forming biofilms, which are known to protect bacteria from antibiotics and the host immune response. Most isolates (59/64, 92.1%) were resistant against ampicillin, highlighting its limited efficacy against these strains. Conversely, the lowest resistance was observed for tigecycline, with only 15% (10/64) of the isolates showing resistance, indicating its potential utility as a treatment option. The study also found that 38 (59.3%) of the isolates were extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producers, 42 (65.6%) were multidrug-resistant (MDR), 32 (50%) were extensively drug-resistant (XDR), and 13 (20.3%) were resistant to carbapenems. The genetic study revealed biofilm producer and enhancer genes (mrkD, pgaABCD, fimH, treC, wzc, pilQ, and luxS) mainly in the hypervirulent strains. These hypervirulent strains also show a high number of resistance genes. The findings of this study underscore the critical need for the active surveillance of antimicrobial resistance and virulence determinants in K. pneumoniae. The coexistence of high levels of antibiotic resistance and virulence factors in these isolates poses a severe threat to public health, as it can lead to difficult-to-treat infections and increased morbidity and mortality.

Halophilic Fungi-Features and Potential Applications

Extremophiles are of significant scientific interest due to their unique adaptation to harsh environmental conditions and their potential for diverse biotechnological applications. Among these extremophiles, filamentous fungi adapted to high-salt environments represent a new and valuable source of enzymes, biomolecules, and biomaterials. While most studies on halophiles have focused on bacteria, reports on filamentous fungi remain limited. This review compiles information about salt-adapted fungi and details their distribution, adaptation mechanisms, and potential applications in various societal areas. Understanding the adaptive mechanisms of halophilic fungi not only sheds light on the biology of extremophilic fungi but also leads to promising biotechnological applications, including the development of salt-tolerant enzymes and strategies for bioremediation of saline habitats. To fully realize this potential, a comprehensive understanding of their ecology, diversity and physiology is crucial. In addition, understanding their survival mechanisms in saline environments is important for the development of astrobiology. The significant potential of applications of halophilic fungi is highlighted.

Assessment of the magnitude, economic impact, and factors associated with expired veterinary pharmaceuticals in animal health facilities in South Wollo, Ethiopia

Background

The issue of veterinary pharmaceutical expiration is a significant concern in animal health facilities globally. The existence of veterinary pharmaceutical expiration can be mainly associated with inadequate inventory control, store management, and a lack of effective pharmaceutical regulatory policies and guidelines. Hence, the study aimed to evaluate expired veterinary pharmaceuticals' scope, economic impact, and contributing factors.

Methods

A cross-sectional, explanatory sequential study design involving a mixed quantitative and qualitative approach was employed among 13 animal health facilities from March 2022 to December 2023 in and around Dessie town, South Wollo, Ethiopia. A key informant interview guide was used to retrieve the qualitative data that were analyzed through thematic content analysis. Then, the collected data were coded and analyzed using SPSS version 25. A mean score was used to determine the critical factors associated with veterinary pharmaceutical expiration.

Results

The study found that the magnitude of expired veterinary pharmaceuticals in the fourth fiscal year was 7%. This wastage rate of veterinary pharmaceuticals led to a loss of approximately 69,564.54 USD. From expired veterinary pharmaceutical unit pack perspectives, approximately 403-unit packs (66%) expired in veterinary clinics, resulting in a loss of approximately 38,229.33 USD, and 209-unit packs (34%) expired in private veterinary pharmacies, incurring a loss of approximately 31,335.22 USD. From Anatomical Therapeutic Classification (ATC), antibiotics accounted for 14.8% of the total financial loss. Additionally, approximately 53% of liquid dosage forms were expired. The quantitative study identifies the lack of an information system and necessary software, poor store management, and lack of strict accountability as critical contributors to veterinary pharmaceutical expiration. Additionally, inadequate inventory management systems and a lack of adherence to established policies and guidelines for managing veterinary pharmaceutical expiration were the most vital contributors as key informants cited.

Conclusion

The financial burden associated with expired veterinary pharmaceuticals exceeded the permissible threshold of 2%, indicating a significant concern for animal health budgets and the aquatic environment. This study underlines that the issue of veterinary pharmaceutical expiration is a critical problem that necessitates policy implications. To mitigate the expiration rate of veterinary pharmaceuticals, collaboration among multidisciplinary veterinary professionals, the Ethiopian Agricultural Authority, pharmaceutical supply chain agency, and researchers is essential.

Logistic Stewardship: Supporting Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs Based on Antibiotics Goods Flow

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Antimicrobial resistance is a global threat to safe health care, and a reduction in antibiotic consumption seems to be an appropriate preventive measure. In Germany, the reporting of hospital antibiotics consumption to an independent institution is only voluntary. Although a high level of willingness to improve can be assumed in the case of participation, the median consumptions of reporting hospitals change only slightly. This study examines the question of whether the logistical consumption figures adequately reflect real consumption, and if not, how to optimize the use of logistical data for clinical decisions.

METHODS

Four selected wards were analyzed during six months. A retrospective analysis of patient case files was performed to receive "prescribed daily doses" (PDDs). These were compared to "defined daily doses" (DDDs) from logistical data. Additional inventories were performed to calculated stored antibiotics. Antibiotics goods flows were presented via waterfall diagrams to identify logistic patterns that could explain PDD/DDD quotients. Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) quality indicators were analyzed to give advice for optimized clinical AMS measures.

RESULTS

The total PDD/DDD quotient was 0.69. Four logistical patterns were identified. Optimized prophylaxis, AMS consultations and reevaluation of therapy seem to be the most useful measures to reduce PDDs.

CONCLUSIONS

If AMS programs rely solely on DDDs, measures cannot be optimal. A complete consideration of antibiotic goods flows supports clinical decisions, but is very costly in terms of data collection. The consideration of logistical data can help to identify areas of focus for AMS programs. Therefore, specialists of antibiotics logistics should complement clinical AMS teams.

Statistical optimization of pectinases from thermophilic Aspergillus fumigatus BT-4 employing response surface methodology through submerged fermentation using agricultural wastes

BACKGROUND

In this study, thermophilic pectinase-producing strains were isolated. Among all the isolates, strain No. 4 was identified as Aspergillus fumigatus BT-4 based on its morphology and 18 S rDNA analysis. This strain was employed to screen various fermentation media to enhance pectinase production. Pectinases are crucial enzymes with significant industrial applications, particularly in the food and textile industries. Identifying efficient pectinase producers and optimizing their production processes are essential for improving industrial applications.

RESULTS

Maximum pectinase production was observed using 1% grapefruit peel in M5 media. Shake flask kinetics demonstrated the highest values of specific rate constant (qp), specific growth rate (µ), product yield coefficient (Yp/x), volumetric rate of product formation (Qp), and biomass formation (Qx) after 72 h of incubation. Furthermore, Optimization of fermentation components via Response Surface Methodology (RSM) improved pectinase production by 50%, showcasing the effectiveness of factorial and central composite designs in fine-tuning parameters. The use of agricultural waste (grapefruit peel) significantly reduced production costs, offering an economically viable substrate alternative. The pectinase enzyme was purified through ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration, and ion-exchange chromatography, resulting in a 2.3-fold purification. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme was determined to be 48 kDa. Enzyme kinetics, determined using a Lineweaver-Burk plot at various pectin concentrations, showed a Vmax of 32.7 UmL- 1 and a Km of 0.3 mg mL- 1. Thermodynamic parameters, including activation energy (Ea), enthalpy (ΔH), and entropy (ΔS), were measured at 41.74 kJmol- 1, 39.53 kJmol- 1, and 46.9 kJmol- 1, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

The study successfully isolated and identified Aspergillus fumigatus BT-4 as a potent thermophilic pectinase producer. Optimization of the fermentation process using 1% grapefruit peel in M5 media significantly enhanced pectinase production. Using grapefruit peel as an agricultural waste in pectinase production reduces costs by eliminating the need for expensive raw materials and utilizing a low-cost, sustainable, and locally available substrate. This approach also minimizes waste disposal expenses, making the process more economical. The enzyme was effectively purified, and its kinetic and thermodynamic properties were thoroughly characterized, revealing its potential for industrial applications. The comprehensive analysis of production kinetics and optimization strategies provides a robust foundation for scaling up pectinase production, contributing to more efficient and cost-effective industrial processes.

Phenolic Profiling, In Vitro Antiglycation, Antioxidant Activities, and Antidiabetic Effect of Algerian Trigonella Foenum-Graecum L. in Rats Administered a β-Cell Toxicant

This study sought to quantitatively assess individual and total polyphenols, mineral composition, antioxidant and antiglycation activities of Algerian fenugreek seeds (AFS) as well as the antidiabetic effect of its supplementation on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Forty rats were divided into four groups (i) non diabetic rats, (ii) non diabetic rats +10 % AFS, (iii) diabetic rats, (iv) diabetic rats +10 % AFS. Flame-SAA analysis revealed a rich content in micro-elements, HPLC DAD-FLD analysis revealed twenty components with rutin and ferulic acid being the major compounds in AFS hydro-methanolic extract while spectrophotometric assays scrutinized moderate contents in total phenolics and flavonoids. The extract was potent in scavenging ABTS⋅+ and DPPH+ (42.06±2.14 and 55.84±4.14 mg TE/g), reducing Fe3+ and Mo6+ (35.12±2.45 and 29.89±3.12 mg TE/g) and inhibiting AGEs (IC50=1.03±0.02 mg/ml). In vivo, 10 %AFS- supplemented diet (w/w) was found to elicit a significant reduction in glycemia (66.74 %), TNF α (9.4 %), IL-6 (23.74 %), CRP (31.10 %), liver enzymes, lipid peroxidation (MDA) (47.24 %;30 %), protein carbonyl (PCO) (28.35 %; 27.15 %), improvement in insulin level (79.74 %), reduced glutathione amount (GSH) (41.01 %; 16.55 %), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) (45.80 %; 56.37 %), catalase (CAT) (24.44 %; 35.42 %) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) (22.78 %; 22.90 %) activities, in liver and pancreas respectively, along with a rejuvenation of hepatic and pancreatic histological features. These outcomes disclosed that AFS is endowed with biologically effective components which could be decent applicant to attain the objective of mitigating glycation, oxidative stress and diabetes-related complications.

Cytotoxic Activity of Curcumin- and Resveratrol-Loaded Core-Shell Systems in Resistant and Sensitive Human Ovarian Cancer Cells

Due to the high mortality rate of ovarian cancer, there is a need to find novel strategies to improve current treatment modalities. Natural compounds offer great potential in this field but also require the careful design of systems for their delivery to cancer cells. Our study explored the anticancer effects of novel resveratrol (RSV)- and curcumin (CUR)-loaded core-shell nanoparticles in human ovarian cancer cells. We evaluated the in vitro cytotoxicity of various nanocarriers (CUR 1-3, RSV I-III) delivered to MDAH-2774 and SKOV-3 cells in comparison to free RVS and CUR after 24 h and 72 h treatment. A two-way ANOVA was applied to compare the results of the MTT assay. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was employed to visualize cellular uptake and mitochondrial localization. Our findings revealed that the cytotoxicity of the core-shell nanoparticles with RSV was not significant, but the systems loaded with CUR effectively decreased the viability of cells. The MDAH-2774 cell line was more sensitive to the treatment than SKOV-3. The enhanced cellular uptake of CUR delivered by core-shell systems and its colocalization with mitochondria were demonstrated. Further research focused on the detailed biological effects of the most effective systems (CUR 2 and CUR 3) should be conducted to provide detailed insights. These findings highlight the promising role of CUR-loaded nanoparticles in ovarian cancer treatment.

Mycoremediation of heavy metals by Curvularia lunata from Buckingham Canal, Neelankarai, Chennai

The spread and mobilization of toxic heavy metals in the environment have increased to a harmful level in recent years as a result of the fast industrialization occurring all over the world to meet the demands of a rising population. This research aims to analyze and evaluate the mycoremediation abilities of fungal strains that exhibit tolerance to heavy metals, gathered from water samples at Buckingham Canal, Neelankarai, Chennai. Water samples were examined for heavy metal analysis, and the highest toxic heavy metals, Zn, Pb, Mn, Cu, and Cr, were recorded. Three fungal strains were isolated and named EBPL1000, EBPL1001, and EBPL1002 were selected by primary screening (100 ppm) for further studies. Out of three fungal isolates, EBPL1000 grew in all five heavy metal concentrations and showed 2100 ppm as the highest Maximum Tolerance Concentration toward Lead, 2000 ppm tolerance in Zinc and Manganese, 1700 ppm in Chromium, and 1500 ppm in copper, respectively. The fungal isolate EBPL1000 was identified as Curvularia lunata with 100% percentage identity and query coverage. The Biosorption result reveals that lead is the highest biosorbed heavy metal with 79.99% at 100 ppm concentration while copper is the lowest biosorbed with 24.11% heavy metal at 500 ppm concentration. The uptake of Manganese by Curvularia lunata biomass was the highest (5.64 mg/g) of all heavy metal's uptake at 100 ppm concentration. The lowest uptake of heavy metals was copper (0.43 mg/g) at 500 ppm concentration, and the growth profile study under heavy metals stress conditions shows the order of Pb > Mn > Zn > Cr > Cu at 60 h of time intervals at 100 ppm concentration. In addition to the research, FTIR analysis and Molecular Docking studies provide credence to the idea that Curvularia lunata has high biosorption potential and uptake or removal of toxic heavy metals at low cost and in an eco-friendly way from the contaminated environment.

A Validated Trigonelline-Based Method for the Standardization and Quality Control of Trigonella foenum-graecum L

Background

Fenugreek, or Trigonella foenum-graecum L, is an edible and medicinal plant of the Fabaceae family. Fenugreek seeds are rich in proteins, lipids, and essential nutrients, and they also contain various phytochemicals, including flavonoids, steroidal saponins, coumarin, and alkaloids such as trigonelline. Trigonelline (TG) is a bioactive plant alkaloid initially extracted from fenugreek seeds. A substantial portion of fenugreek's health benefits may rely on the presence of TG. This study addresses the critical need for a fast, green, and economical method that overcomes inefficiencies, high solvent usage, and sensitivity limitations in the quantification of TG.

Methods

Fenugreek seeds from various origins were extracted using three green solvents: acetone (ACt), ethanol (EtOH), and water (H 2O). The UPLC-MS/MS method was developed and validated using a green mobile phase of H 2O: EtOH, and an r 2-value of 0.999 in the linearity range of 0.1-500 ppb was adopted. The method was validated with an accuracy of 98.6% for trace analysis of TG using a small amount (10 mg) of fenugreek samples from five different origins.

Results

The average extract yield was 5.36 mg/100 mg with a standard deviation (SD) of 6.3, with the highest extract yield observed in H 2O. The ESI (+ve) of the UPLC-MS/MS resulted in the fragmentation pattern ( m/z) 138→94.10→92.05→78.20. The TG quantification revealed an average TG concentration of 181.4 ppb (SD = 176.4), with the highest amount of TG in H 2O extract (mean = 392.7, SD = 132.4 ppb), followed by EtOH (mean = 91.9, SD = 83.3 ppb) and ACt (mean = 59.5, SD = 30.9 ppb). The TG amount observed in the validation step substantiated the efficiency and reproducibility of the developed method.

Conclusions

The method may be used as an effective tool for a green, rapid, economical, and eco-friendly extraction and quantification of TG in diverse matrices of pharmaceutical, cosmeceutical, herbal, and food products.

Factors influencing metal concentrations in hair and nails during longitudinal follow-up of apprentice welders

The aim of this study was to determine factors influencing observed increased metal biomarkers of exposure levels in a group of 116 Quebec apprentice welders during a longitudinal follow-up of exposure. Analysis of 14 metals was carried out in hair, fingernail, and toenail samples taken from participants over the course of their welding curriculum at 6 different times. Personal and socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle habits, and other potential confounding factors were documented by questionnaire. Multivariate linear mixed-effect models were used to assess main predictors of metal concentrations in each biological matrix including increasing time of exposure throughout the curriculum (defined as the repeated measure "time" variable"). Significant associations between repeated measure "time" variable and metal levels in hair, fingernails, and toenails were found for chromium, iron, manganese and nickel. Significant associations with "time" were also noted for arsenic levels in hair and fingernails, and for barium, cobalt and vanadium levels in fingernails and toenails. The repeated measure "time" variable, hence increasing time of exposure throughout the curriculum, was the predominant predictor of elevated biological metal levels. Reduced spaces and simultaneous activities such as oxyfuel-cutting and welding in the same welding room were suspected to contribute to higher metal levels. Age, ethnicity, and annual household income exerted an effect on metal levels and considered as confounders in the models. Variations observed in metal levels between hair and nails of apprentice welders also emphasized the relevance and importance of performing multi-matrix and multi-element biomonitoring to assess temporal variations in biological metal concentrations during welding curriculum.

The Potential Application of Resveratrol and Its Derivatives in Central Nervous System Tumors

Resveratrol, a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound found in various plants, has been extensively studied for its broad spectrum of beneficial biological effects. These encompass its potent antioxidant properties, anti-inflammatory activities, anti-aging capabilities, cardioprotective functions, and neuroprotective potential. The diverse biological actions of resveratrol extend beyond these well-established properties. It also exerts a significant impact on metabolic processes and bioavailability, and critically, it demonstrates the ability to effectively traverse the blood-brain barrier. This capacity to penetrate the central nervous system renders resveratrol a promising therapeutic agent for the management of central nervous system malignancies, as it has been shown to inhibit tumor cell proliferation, induce apoptosis, and modulate key signaling cascades, such as PI3K/Akt, JAK/STAT, and NF-kB. The multifaceted nature of resveratrol's biological effects, including its influence on diverse physiological processes, underscores its potential as a valuable therapeutic option for the treatment of central nervous system tumors.

Assessment of ecological risks posed by veterinary antibiotics in European aquatic environments: A comprehensive review and analysis

The extensive use of antibiotics in human and veterinary medicine has led to the emergence of antibiotic contaminants in the environment, posing significant risks to ecosystems and public health. This contamination arises from the persistence of antibiotics in aquatic environments, particularly in aquifer systems, where they contribute to the growing threat of antibiotic resistance. Despite increasing research, the understanding of the ecological and human health implications of these contaminants remains incomplete. Since these compounds are only partially removed by conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), they are continuously released into the environment. Antibiotics enter the environment mainly through human and animal excretions, improper drug disposal, wastewater treatment plants, and waste streams from antibiotic production. Recent research has focused on antibiotic metabolites and transformation products, which can affect aquatic ecosystems and the food chain, posing long-term risks to human health. This critical review provides a comprehensive analysis of the risk assessment of veterinary antibiotics (VAs) in European aquatic environments, where VAs concentrations ranging from micrograms to milligrams per liter. By examining toxicity data from freshwater and saltwater species, the study evaluates acute and chronic effects across different antibiotic classes. The review also assesses the sensitivity of various taxonomic groups and species to different antibiotics, providing insights into potential ecological risks. Species sensitivity distributions and hazard concentrations affecting a given percentage of species are calculated to assess the overall ecological risk. The findings reveal varying proportions of toxicity data across antibiotic classes, with Aminoglycosides, β-lactams, Fluoroquinolones, Macrolides, and Tetracyclines classes demonstrating higher toxicity levels than others towards certain cyanobacteria and chlorophyta species. Macrolides and Fluoroquinolones emerge as particularly concerning due to their high toxicological risks across various aquatic environments. The analysis underscores the urgent need for further research to fill knowledge gaps and develop effective strategies to mitigate the harmful effects of VAs on aquatic ecosystems and human health.

Antibiotic resistance and its correlation with biofilm formation and virulence genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from wounds

Klebsiella pneumoniae is the most important species of the Klebsiella genus and often causes hospital infections. These bacteria have a high resistance to most of the available drugs, which has caused concern all over the world. In this study, we investigated the antibiotic resistance profile and the ability to produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) among K. pneumoniae isolates, and then we investigated the relationship between these two factors with biofilm formation and the prevalence of different virulence genes. In this study, 130 isolates of K. pneumoniae isolated from wounds were investigated. The antibiotic resistance of the isolates was evaluated by the disk diffusion method. The microtiter plate method was used to measure biofilm formation. The prevalence of virulence genes was detected by multiplex PCR. Among the examined isolates, 85.3% showed multidrug resistance. 87.6% of the isolates were ESBL-positive. Imipenem, meropenem, and fosfomycin were the most effective drugs. The ability of the isolates to produce biofilm was strong (80%), moderate (12.3%), and weak (7.6%), respectively. fimH, mrKD, entB, and tolC virulence genes were observed in all isolates. High prevalence of antibiotic resistance (especially multidrug resistance), high prevalence of ESBL-producing isolates, the ability of all isolates to biofilm formation, and the presence of fimH, mrKD, entB, and tolC virulence genes in all isolates show the importance of these factors in the pathogenesis of K. pneumoniae isolates in Iraq.

Relevance of Indian Traditional Herbal Brews for Gut Microbiota Balance

The considerable changes in lifestyle patterns primarily affect the human gut microbiota and result in obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, renal complications, etc. though there are few traditional safeguards such as herbal brews to maintain the ecological stability under intestinal dysbiosis. The present article is designed to collect all the scientific facts in a place to decipher the role of the Indian traditional herbal brews used to balance gut health for centuries. Computerized databases, commercial search engines, research papers, articles, and books were used to search by using different keywords to select the most appropriate published articles from 2000 onward to September 2023. A total of 1907 articles were scrutinized, 46 articles were finally selected from the 254 screened, and targeted information was compiled. Interaction of herbal brews to the gut microflora and resulting metabolites act as prebiotics due to antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, and modulate the pH of the gut. The effect of brews on gut microbiota has a drastic impact on various gut-related diseases and has gained popularity as an alternative to antibiotics against bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites, and boosting the immune system and strengthening the intestinal barrier. Berberine, kaempferol, piperine, and quercetin have been found in more than one brew discussed in the present article. Practically, these brews balance the gut microbiota, prevent chronic and degenerative diseases, and reduce organ inflammation, though, there is a knowledge gap on the molecular mechanism to explain their efficacy. Indian traditional herbal brews used to reboot and heal the gut microbiota since centuries-old practice with successful history without toxicity. The systematic consumption of these brews under specific dietary prescriptions has a hope of arrays for a healthy human gut microbiome in the present hasty lifestyle with overall health and well-being.

Graphical Abstract

Unexplored Opportunities of Utilizing Food Waste in Food Product Development for Cardiovascular Health

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Global food production leads to substantial amounts of agricultural and food waste that contribute to climate change and hinder international efforts to end food insecurity and poverty. Food waste is a rich source of vitamins, minerals, fibers, phenolic compounds, lipids, and bioactive peptides. These compounds can be used to create food products that help reduce heart disease risk and promote sustainability. This review examines the potential cardiovascular benefits of nutrients found in different food waste categories (such as fruits and vegetables, cereal, dairy, meat and poultry, and seafood), focusing on animal and clinical evidence, and giving examples of functional food products in each category.

RECENT FINDINGS

Current evidence suggests that consuming fruit and vegetable pomace, cereal bran, and whey protein may lower the risk of cardiovascular disease, particularly in individuals who are at risk. This is due to improved lipid profile, reduced blood pressure and increased flow-mediated dilation, enhanced glucose and insulin regulation, decreased inflammation, as well as reduced platelet aggregation and improved endothelial function. However, the intervention studies are limited, including a low number of participants and of short duration. Food waste has great potential to be utilized as cardioprotective products. Longer-term intervention studies are necessary to substantiate the health claims of food by-products. Technological advances are needed to improve the stability and bioavailability of bioactive compounds. Implementing safety assessments and regulatory frameworks for functional food derived from food waste is crucial. This is essential for maximizing the potential of food waste, reducing carbon footprint, and improving human health.

Antibiotic resistance and virulence profile of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from wild Sumatran Orangutans (Pongo abelii)

Objective

Orangutans (Pongo abelii), as endemic primates of Indonesia, are characterized by a predominantly arboreal lifestyle. Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumonia) and other Gram-negative bacteria are present in the Indigenous flora of many mammals, including orangutans. This study aimed to investigate the antibiotic resistance and virulence profile of K. pneumonia isolated from wild Sumatran orangutans.

Materials and Methods

This study investigated 10 fecal samples from wild Sumatran orangutans from the Gunung Leuser National Park, Aceh, Indonesia. Biochemical and molecular identification of K. pneumoniae using the RNA polymerase subunit b gene and detection of virulence-associated genes. In addition, molecular detection of antibiotic resistance genes was performed to characterize the resistance mechanisms in the isolates.

Results

K. pneumonia was detected in 6 out of 10 fecal samples from wild Sumatran orangutans. The virulence genes mrkD and entB were detected in all (100%) of the isolates, whereas wabG was identified in 83.33% of the strains. Antibiotic susceptibility testing against K. pneumoniae revealed that three isolates were susceptible to streptomycin (S) and nalidixic acid (NA), while all six isolates were susceptible to chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin. One isolate demonstrated intermediate resistance to NA, while the remaining two exhibited intermediate resistance to S. Six isolates were resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, and erythromycin, indicating multidrug resistance. Furthermore, antibiotic resistance genes were detected in the isolates with the following prevalence: bla TEM gene (six isolates; 100%), bla SHV (six isolates; 100%), bla CTX-M gene (four isolates; 66.67%), and tetA gene (four isolates; 66.67%).

Conclusion

This study revealed the virulence and resistance profile of K. pneumoniae bacterium isolated from wild Sumatran orangutans, which is essential for formulating effective conservation and healthcare strategies.

Efficient adsorptive removal of levofloxacin using sulfonated graphene oxide: Adsorption behavior, kinetics, and thermodynamics

Water pollution by antibiotic residues poses a potential threat to environmental and human health. Graphene-based materials are highly stable, recyclable and effective adsorbents for efficiently removing antibiotics from polluted water. In this study, the adsorption behavior of levofloxacin onto sulfonated graphene oxide (SGO) was investigated by varying the contact period, solution pH, adsorbent quantity, levofloxacin concentration, inorganic ions, and solution temperature. Spectroscopic and microscopic techniques were employed to confirm the adsorptive interaction between levofloxacin and SGO. The adsorption process was most accurately characterized by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm model, as indicated by their high correlation coefficients (R 2) and low root-mean-square error (RMSE) values. The maximal quantity of levofloxacin that can be adsorbed onto SGO was determined to be 1250 μmol/g at pH 4 and 25 °C using the Langmuir model. Thermodynamic studies reveal that the process of levofloxacin adsorption onto SGO is endothermic and spontaneous in nature. Taking into consideration the results of adsorption, desorption and regeneration studies, it is proposed that SGO can be applied as an economic viable agent for the adsorptive removal of levofloxacin from the aqueous environment.