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Fatima K, Varela S, Fatima Y, Lindsay D, Gray M, Cairns A. Impact of sleep on educational outcome of Indigenous Australian children: A systematic review. Aust J Rural Health 2024; 32:672-683. [PMID: 38923728 DOI: 10.1111/ajr.13156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The association between quality sleep and improved cognition is well reported in literature. However, very few studies have been undertaken to evaluate the impact of poor sleep on educational outcomes in Indigenous Australian children. OBJECTIVES The objective of this review was to explore the association between sleep and educational outcomes of Indigenous children. METHODS For this systematic review, a literature search covering research articles in academic databases and grey literature sources was conducted to retrieve studies published until March 2022. Eight online e-databases (PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, CINAHL, SCOPUS, HealthinfoNet, PsycINFO, Cochrane and Google Scholar) were searched for data extraction and two appraisal tools (NIH and CREATE) were used for quality assessment. Studies that explored any aspect of sleep health in relation to educational/academic outcomes in school going Indigenous Australian children aged 5-18 were included in this study. All review articles and studies that focused on physical/ mental disabilities or parent perceptions of sleep and educational outcomes were excluded. A convergent integrated approach was used to collate and synthesize information. RESULTS Only three studies (two cross-sectional and one longitudinal) met the eligibility criteria out of 574 articles. The sample size ranged from 21-50 of 6 to 13 year old children. A strong relationship was indicated between sleep quantity and educational outcomes, in two of the three studies. One study related the sleep fragmentation/shorter sleep schedules of short sleep class and early risers with poorer reading (B = -30.81 to -37.28, p = 0.006 to 0.023), grammar (B = -39.79 to -47.89, p = 0.012-0.013) and numeracy (B = -37.93 to -50.15, p = 0.003 to 0.022) skills compared with long sleep and normative sleep class whereas another reported no significant relation between sleep and educational outcomes. CONCLUSION The review highlights the need for more research to provide evidence of potentially modifiable factors such as sleep and the impact these may have on academic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadija Fatima
- Faculty of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sharon Varela
- Murtupuni Centre for Rural and Remote Health, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yaqoot Fatima
- Poche Centre for Indigenous Health, The University of Queensland, Toowong, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Malama Gray
- Centre for Rural and Remote Health, James Cook University, Atherton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alice Cairns
- Centre for Rural and Remote Health, James Cook University, Atherton, Queensland, Australia
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Semenza DC, Silver IA, Stansfield R, Bamwine P. Local gun violence, mental health, and sleep: A neighborhood analysis in one hundred US Cities. Soc Sci Med 2024; 351:116929. [PMID: 38733888 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.116929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE Community gun violence significantly shapes public health and collective well-being. Understanding how gun violence is associated with community health outcomes like mental health and sleep is crucial for developing interventions to mitigate disparities exacerbated by violence exposure. OBJECTIVE This study examines the associations between community gun violence , insufficient sleep, and poor mental health across neighborhoods in the United States. METHODS We utilized a novel database covering nearly 16,000 neighborhoods in 100 US cities from 2014 through 2019. Correlated trait fixed-effects models were employed to conduct all analyses while considering various neighborhood covariates such as concentrated disadvantage, demographic composition, population density, and proximity to trauma centers. RESULTS Our analysis revealed that greater gun violence is associated with both insufficient sleep and poor mental health in subsequent years. There is a reciprocal relationship between poor mental health and insufficient sleep, with each partially mediating the other's association with community gun violence. Notably, gun violence exhibits the strongest direct association with poor sleep rather than with poor mental health. We found a consistent reciprocal relationship between sleep and mental health at the community level. CONCLUSIONS The findings highlight a complex interplay between community violence, sleep, and mental health, underlining the importance of reducing community violence through numerous long-term interventions to address health disparities across the US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Semenza
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Criminal Justice, Rutgers University - Camden, NJ, USA; Department of Urban-Global Public Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; New Jersey Gun Violence Research Center, Rutgers University, NJ, USA.
| | - Ian A Silver
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Richard Stansfield
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Criminal Justice, Rutgers University - Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Patricia Bamwine
- College of Social Work, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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3
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Bartlett GR, Magson NM, Richardson CE, Rapee RM, Fardouly J, Oar EL. The meditating role of sleep in the longitudinal associations between peer victimization and internalizing symptoms: A cross-lagged panel analysis. Dev Psychopathol 2024; 36:878-892. [PMID: 36855808 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579423000159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Adolescence is a time of heightened vulnerability for both peer victimization (PV) and internalizing symptoms. While the positive association between them is well established, there is little understanding of the mechanisms underpinning this relationship. To address this gap, the current study aimed to investigate sleep hygiene and school night sleep duration as individual and sequential mediators of the relationship between PV and both depressive and social anxiety symptoms during pre- to mid-adolescence. The study drew upon a community sample of 528 Australian youth aged 10-12 years at baseline (M age = 11.19, SD = .55; 51.1% boys) and data were collected over five annual measurement occasions. Direct and indirect longitudinal and bidirectional associations were examined using cross-lagged panel analysis. There was no evidence of sequential mediation through both sleep hygiene and sleep duration to depression and social anxiety. Instead, the findings show that sleep hygiene mediated the prospective association between PV and both depressive and social anxiety symptoms, and between PV and sleep duration. Overall, sleep hygiene represents a modifiable transdiagnostic factor that can be targeted to break the cycle of PV, inadequate sleep, and internalizing symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian R Bartlett
- Centre for Emotional Health, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Natasha M Magson
- Centre for Emotional Health, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Cele E Richardson
- Centre for Emotional Health, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
- School of Psychological Science, Centre for Sleep Science, University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ronald M Rapee
- Centre for Emotional Health, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Jasmine Fardouly
- Centre for Emotional Health, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ella L Oar
- Centre for Emotional Health, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
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Pagán AF, Ricker BT, Cooley JL, Cummings C, Sanchez CR. ADHD Symptoms and Sleep Problems During Middle Childhood: The Indirect Effect of Peer Victimization. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2024:10.1007/s10578-024-01666-6. [PMID: 38376574 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-024-01666-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
The present cross-sectional study evaluated whether traditional and/or cyber peer victimization served as mechanisms linking ADHD symptoms to sleep disturbance and sleep impairment in a sample of 284 third- through fifth-grade students (51.9% boys; 50.4% Hispanic/Latine) from two elementary schools in the United States. ADHD symptoms were assessed using teacher ratings. Children provided reports of their traditional and cyber victimization as well as their sleep disturbance and impairment. Results from path analysis models revealed significant indirect effects of traditional victimization on the links from ADHD symptoms to sleep disturbance and impairment. There was also a significant indirect effect of cyber victimization on the link from ADHD symptoms to sleep impairment. These findings suggest that experiences of traditional and cyber peer victimization may need to be addressed among children exhibiting ADHD symptoms in order to mitigate their risk for sleep problems and downstream effects on other domains of psychosocial functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio F Pagán
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Brianna T Ricker
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - John L Cooley
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.
| | - Caroline Cummings
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Carlos R Sanchez
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
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Fava NM, Meldrum RC, Villar MG, Zucker RA, Trucco EM. Adverse childhood experiences, sleep problems, low self-control, and adolescent delinquency: A longitudinal serial mediation analysis. Dev Psychopathol 2023; 35:1868-1877. [PMID: 35678388 PMCID: PMC9732146 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579422000530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Several studies link adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) to delinquency. Yet, developmental sequalae accounting for this association remain unclear, with previous research limited by cross-sectional research designs and investigations of singular mediating processes. To redress these shortcomings, this study examines the longitudinal association between ACEs and delinquency as mediated by both sleep problems and low self-control, two factors which past research implicates as potentially important for understanding how ACEs contribute to antisocial behavior. Data collected from 480 adolescents (71.3% boys; 86.3% White) and their parents participating in the Michigan Longitudinal Study was used to conduct a serial mediation analysis. The association between ACEs (prior to age 11) and delinquency in late adolescence was found to operate indirectly via sleep problems in early adolescence and low self-control in middle adolescence. Nonetheless, a direct association between ACEs and later delinquency remained. Pathways through which ACEs contribute to later delinquency are complex and multiply determined. Findings indicate that early behavioral interventions, including improving sleep and self-control, could reduce later delinquency. Still, more research is needed to identify additional avenues through which the ACEs-delinquency association unfolds across development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Fava
- Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
- Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ryan C Meldrum
- Criminology and Criminal Justice, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Michelle G Villar
- Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Robert A Zucker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Elisa M Trucco
- Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
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Bakth FN, Chen M, Wang Y. Adolescents' experiences of peer ethnic/racial victimization and school engagement in everyday life: sleep as a moderator. Sleep Health 2023; 9:322-330. [PMID: 36872166 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Stressful ethnic/racial experiences, such as peer ethnic/racial victimization, may harm adolescents' adjustment. Using a daily diary design, the current study examined how same-night and previous-night sleep may moderate the within-person associations between peer ethnic/racial victimization and school engagement. METHODS The analytic sample consisted of 133 ninth graders (Mage = 14.54 years old; 44% Black, 21% White, 16% Latinx, 5% Native, 4% Asian, and 9% other). Adolescents reported their peer ethnic/racial victimization experiences and school engagement every day for 14 consecutive days. Sleep was measured objectively by actigraphy watches daily during the 14 days. RESULTS Multilevel analyses identified significant interactions between peer ethnic/racial victimization and same-night time in bed and latency for next-day engagement. The negative association between victimization and next-day school engagement was only significant when adolescents had shorter time in bed and longer latency than their typical levels that night, supporting the recovery role of sleep (ie, same-night sleep helps adolescents recover from victimization). There was also a significant interaction between previous-night time in bed and today's peer ethnic/racial victimization for same-day school engagement. The negative association between victimization and same-day school engagement was only significant when adolescents had shorter time in bed than their typical levels the previous night, supporting a preparatory hypothesis of sleep (ie, sleep helps prepare adolescents for next-day victimization). Neither previous-night nor same-night sleep efficiency moderated the association between victimization and school engagement. CONCLUSIONS Findings highlighted sleep as an important bioregulatory protective factor that may alleviate the challenges associated with ethnic/racial victimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizun N Bakth
- Department of Developmental Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Mingzhang Chen
- Human Development and Family Studies, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Yijie Wang
- Human Development and Family Studies, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.
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Taking the good with the bad?: Social Media and Online Racial Discrimination Influences on Psychological and Academic Functioning in Black and Hispanic Youth. J Youth Adolesc 2023; 52:245-257. [PMID: 36229754 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-022-01689-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Though increasing attention is being paid to adolescents' social media use, racially/ethnically-marginalized youth remain under-represented in that literature, and the effect of social media and its mechanism on these youth remain unclear. This study examined the effects of social media use on Black and Hispanic youth's psychological and academic functioning, with an attempt to investigate the role of online racial discrimination in accounting for these associations. Participants consisted of 356 Black and Hispanic youth (Mage = 16.01 years, SD = 1.60), and 78% female. The findings revealed a positive association between social media use and academic self-efficacy. A negative indirect association also emerged where social media use was associated with more exposure to vicarious, but not individual, online racial discrimination, which was related to more depressive symptoms and in turn lower academic self-efficacy. There was no direct effect of social media use on Black and Hispanic youth's anxiety symptoms, but its effect occurred indirectly via both individual and vicarious online racial discrimination. There was no evidence of group differences between Black and Hispanic youth. The findings confirm that social media is a space that proffers positive and negative effects on adolescents' psychological and academic functioning, suggesting the need for unique protections for racially/ethnically marginalized youth as they explore these online environments.
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De Lise F, Bacaro V, Crocetti E. The Social Side of Sleep: A Systematic Review of the Longitudinal Associations between Peer Relationships and Sleep Quality. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20032017. [PMID: 36767384 PMCID: PMC9916135 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In adolescence, peer relationships become crucial since youths start to rely on their peers for support. Thus, multiple facets of adolescents' well-being are affected by their peer relationships. In this vein, one of the central well-being aspects that could be affected by the peer relationships of adolescents is sleep quality. Nevertheless, it is still unclear how multiple peer relationship factors (i.e., positive, negative, emotional, and behavioral issues related to peer relationships) are intertwined with adolescents' sleep quality. For this reason, this systematic review with meta-analysis aims to summarize longitudinal studies to uncover how the interplay between peer relationship factors and adolescents' sleep quality unfolds over time. Nineteen longitudinal studies involving a total of 21,232 adolescents were included. Overall, findings from this review showed that (a) positive peer relationships and sleep quality were not associated over time; (b) negative peer relationships and sleep quality were bidirectionally associated over time; (c) few studies evaluated the bidirectional relations between emotional and behavioral issues and sleep quality, showing links with sleep schedule and duration, but not with sleep quality. Meta-analytic results were discussed, considering their implications.
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9
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Hasan MM, Tariqujjaman M, Fatima Y, Haque MR. Geographical variation in the association between physical violence and sleep disturbance among adolescents: A population-based, sex-stratified analysis of data from 89 countries. Sleep Health 2023; 9:151-158. [PMID: 36670040 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2022.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine geographical variations in involvement in physical violence and sleep disturbance among adolescents. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Eighty-nine low- to middle-income and high-income countries PARTICIPANTS: Adolescents 13-17 years of age. MEASUREMENTS Multiple binary logistic regression analyses and meta-analyses were performed to assess the link between physical violence (number of physical fights) and sleep disturbance ("mostly" or "always" experienced worry-induced sleep loss). RESULTS Among 296,212 adolescents, 8.9% reported sleep disturbance (male: 7.5%, female: 9.6%), with the highest prevalence among adolescents from the Eastern Mediterranean region (14.1%) and high-income countries (14.1%). Overall, sleep disturbance prevalence increased gradually with the increased episodes of physical violence. Adolescents who were involved in physical violence once, 2-3 times, and 4+ times were respectively 18%, 26%, and 77% more likely than their counterparts to experience sleep disturbance (1 time: OR 1.18, 95% CI 1.13-1.24; 2-3 times: 1.26, 1.20-1.34; 4+ times: 1.77, 1.66-1.88). The association between physical violence and sleep disturbance was observed in all regions and country-income groups, with the highest odds of sleep disturbance among adolescents experiencing 4+ times of physical violence in the European region (2.34, 1.17-4.67) and upper-middle-income countries (1.91, 1.73-2.11). The association of physical violence with sleep disturbance by sex was significant in all regions and country-income groups, except the European region. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to physical violence is associated with increased odds of sleep disturbances in adolescents. School and community-level interventions, vigilance, and programs to promote violence-free environments may improve the sleep health of adolescents exposed to physical violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mehedi Hasan
- Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, Queensland, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course (The Life Course Centre), The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, Queensland, Australia; Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Tariqujjaman
- Department of Statistics, The University of Dhaka, Bangladesh; Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Yaqoot Fatima
- Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, Queensland, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course (The Life Course Centre), The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, Queensland, Australia; Centre for Rural and Remote Health, James Cook University, Mount Isa, Queensland, Australia
| | - Md Rabiul Haque
- Department of Population Science, The University of Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Kim J, Park GR, Sutin AR. Adolescent sleep quality and quantity and educational attainment: a test of multiple mechanisms using sibling difference models. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2022; 63:1644-1657. [PMID: 36016475 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to determine whether and how sleep quality and quantity during adolescence are related to educational attainment in adulthood. This study also investigates whether this relationship varies by gender. METHODS Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, the present study employed a sibling fixed effect approach that takes into account unobserved family background factors such as genetics and social environments. Gender-stratified analyses were conducted to consider the potential gendered relationship between adolescent sleep and educational attainment. RESULTS Controlling for unobserved family-level heterogeneity attenuated the associations between adolescent sleep characteristics and educational attainment, albeit in different ways for boys and girls. Gender-stratified models suggest that, for boys, only the association between short sleep duration and educational attainment was robust to adjustment for sibling fixed effects. In contrast, for girls, among three sleep quality measures, only trouble falling or staying asleep remained significantly associated with educational attainment even after controlling for unobserved family heterogeneity. Sibling fixed effects estimates suggest that short sleep duration (6 or fewer hours per night) was negatively associated with years of schooling only among boys (b = -0.443), whereas trouble falling or staying asleep was associated with a reduction in years of schooling only among girls (b = -0.556). The mechanisms underlying the observed associations also differed by gender. For boys, the association between short sleep duration and educational attainment was partially explained by a combination of educational, social, and psychological factors. Only intermediate educational factors explained part of the association between trouble falling or staying asleep and educational attachment among girls. CONCLUSIONS The study's finding that the relationship between adolescent sleep characteristics and educational attainment and the mechanisms underlying this relationship differ by gender calls attention to the need for gender-specific interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinho Kim
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Center for Demography of Health and Aging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Gum-Ryeong Park
- Department of Health, Aging and Society, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Health Care Policy Research, Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Angelina R Sutin
- College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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Associations of sleep problems with non-physical bullying perpetration and victimization among adolescents: A cross-lagged panel study. Sleep Health 2022; 9:144-150. [PMID: 36402728 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2022.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current study attempted to explore the possible temporal direction of the relationship between sleep problems and non-physical bullying perpetration as well as non-physical bullying victimization among adolescents. DESIGN The study used a longitudinal panel survey design with a 6-month interval. SETTING A cluster random sampling method was conducted to recruit students from junior high schools in Northern Taiwan. PARTICIPANTS Eight hundred twenty-two students (46.6% were boys) completed a survey at 2 waves. MEASUREMENT Adolescents reported their sleep problems, non-physical bullying perpetration, and non-physical bullying victimization in both waves. RESULTS The results from cross-lagged panel models revealed that sleep problems at time 1 significantly predicted non-physical bullying victimization at time 2, but not in the opposite direction. In addition, non-physical bullying perpetration at time 1 significantly predicted sleep problems at time 2, but not in the opposite direction. No significant differences emerged between male and female adolescents in the cross-lagged model of sleep problems with non-physical bullying perpetration and non-physical bullying victimization. CONCLUSION This study advances the literature by revealing that sleep problems may be a consequence, not a precursor, of adolescent non-physical bullying perpetration and a precursor, not a consequence, of non-physical bullying victimization. Intervention programs aimed at preventing adolescents from being non-physically bullied may consider improving their sleep quality. Reducing adolescents' non-physical bullying perpetration may also improve sleep quality along the way.
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Pathways from Exposure to Community Violence to Bullying Victimization among African American Adolescents in Chicago's Southside. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19159453. [PMID: 35954809 PMCID: PMC9367819 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The present study proposes and examines the pathways from exposure to community violence to bullying victimization through the influences of depression, exposure to peer delinquency, and drug use among 638 African American adolescents (aged 12-22) from low-resourced neighborhoods in Chicago's Southside. The study found that African American adolescents who were exposed to community violence were likely at risk of bullying victimization, depression, exposure to peer delinquency, and drug use. Depression can heighten the risk of bullying victimization. These findings have implications for future research.
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de Moraes CL, Dos Santos ÉB, Reichenheim ME, Taquette SR, Stochero L, Marques ES. Perceived Experiences of Community Violence Among Adolescents: A School Survey From Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP14588-NP14609. [PMID: 33938298 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211005132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Community violence (CV) is a global public health problem due to its high frequency and severe consequences. Although CV is one of the leading causes of death among adolescents, little is known about the everyday CV situations that do not lead to death. This study aimed to estimate the frequency of exposure to and involvement in CV situations among adolescent students from public and private schools in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. This was a cross-sectional study of 693 individuals in their second year of high school selected through stratified multistage random sampling. Information about their exposure to and involvement in CV was collected through a self-completed multidimensional questionnaire in the classrooms. For approximately 30% of the adolescents, someone close to them had been murdered, and 40% had already seen the corpse of a victim of homicide. Seventeen percent reported having been directly involved in CV situations. Approximately 38%, 13%, and 25% had been victims of robberies, interpersonal aggression, and death threats to either themselves or their relatives, respectively. Many of these situations occurred more than once. In general, CV was more frequently reported by boys and by those who did not live with both parents. Adolescents from higher economic classes experienced more interpersonal aggression and felt a greater need to carry a gun. Those who belonged to the lower economic classes and studied in public schools were more exposed to lethal violence than other students. The results call attention to the very high percentage of adolescent students that are involved in CV situations as well as to the differences in violence rates among population subgroups. Such findings should be considered when planning CV prevention and management actions in schools and other socialization spaces for adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia L de Moraes
- Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Social Medicine, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Medical School, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Érika B Dos Santos
- Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Social Medicine, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Michael E Reichenheim
- Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Social Medicine, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Stella R Taquette
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciane Stochero
- Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Social Medicine, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Emanuele S Marques
- Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Social Medicine, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Neighborhood Disadvantage Is Associated with Lower Quality Sleep and More Variability in Sleep Duration among Urban Adolescents. J Urban Health 2022; 99:102-115. [PMID: 34988778 PMCID: PMC8866582 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-021-00570-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Differential social and contextual environments may contribute to adolescent sleep disparities, yet most prior studies are limited to self-reported sleep data and have not been conducted at a national level, limiting the variation in neighborhood contexts. This study examined the association between neighborhood disadvantage and objective measures of adolescent sleep. A racially and geographically diverse sample of American adolescents (N = 682) wore wrist-worn accelerometers, "actigraphs," for ≥ 5 nights. Neighborhood disadvantage was calculated using a standardized index of neighborhood characteristics (proportion of female-headed households, public assistance recipients, households in poverty, adults without high school degrees, and unemployed). Adolescents in more disadvantaged neighborhoods spent more time awake after falling asleep (4.0 min/night, p < .05), a greater percentage of nighttime sleep intervals awake (1%, p < .01), and had less consistent sleep duration (11.6% higher standard deviation, p < .05). Sleep duration and timing did not differ across neighborhood groups. These findings demonstrate that adolescents who live in more disadvantaged neighborhoods have lower quality, less consistent sleep.
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Porcaro F, Cutrera R. Editorial: Insights in pediatric pulmonology 2021. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:1093793. [PMID: 36507150 PMCID: PMC9727373 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.1093793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Porcaro
- Pediatric Pulmonology & Respiratory Intermediate Care Unit, Sleep, and Long Term Ventilation Unit, Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Renato Cutrera
- Pediatric Pulmonology & Respiratory Intermediate Care Unit, Sleep, and Long Term Ventilation Unit, Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Zeringue MM, Erath SA, El-Sheikh M. Exposure to peer aggression and adolescent sleep problems: Moderation by parental acceptance. JOURNAL OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY : JFP : JOURNAL OF THE DIVISION OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY OF THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (DIVISION 43) 2021; 35:897-905. [PMID: 33900101 PMCID: PMC9670038 DOI: 10.1037/fam0000713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Many adolescents experience or witness aggression by peers at school. The purpose of the current study was to examine associations between exposure to peer aggression (i.e., peer victimization and witnessing school violence) and sleep problems and whether these associations are moderated by parental acceptance. Participants included 272 adolescents attending high school (M age = 17.27 years; 49% female; 59% White/European American, 41% Black/African American). Adolescents reported on exposure to peer aggression, parental acceptance, and two key sleep domains: sleep quality problems and daytime sleepiness. Results indicated that exposure to peer aggression was directly associated with poor sleep quality and sleepiness. Furthermore, peer victimization and witnessing school violence interacted with parental acceptance to predict sleep quality. Specifically, exposure to peer aggression was associated with sleep quality problems at higher (but not lower) levels of parental acceptance. The lowest levels of sleep quality problems were apparent at low levels of peer aggression and high levels of parental acceptance, but parental acceptance did not protect adolescents with high exposure to peer aggression against sleep problems. Findings illustrate the importance of considering moderators of effects and the conjoint roles of family and peer processes when considering individual differences in adolescents' sleep. Future research should examine whether parental strategies targeted to address peer victimization are protective against the detrimental effects of exposure to peer aggression. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Testa A, Semenza DC, Jackson DB. Violent victimisation trajectories from adolescence through adulthood: consequences for sleep problems. J Epidemiol Community Health 2021; 76:140-145. [PMID: 34353868 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2021-217356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Violent victimisation is a stressful experience that has been linked with sleep problems among children, adolescents and adults. However, prior research has not assessed how victimisation trajectories across different stages of the life-course correspond to sleep outcomes. The present study assesses how trajectories of violent victimisation from adolescence to middle adulthood correspond to sleep behaviours in adulthood. METHODS Data are from fives waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (N=6015). Semi-parametric group-based trajectory modelling was used to estimate violent victimisation trajectories from adolescence to middle adulthood. Multinomial logistic regression was used to assess the association between sleep quantity and quality across violent victimisation trajectories. RESULTS The findings demonstrate that the relationship between violent victimisation and sleep in adulthood is not consistent across all victimisation trajectories. Rather, sleep quality and quantity are the worst among those who persistently experience violent victimisation from adolescence through adulthood. CONCLUSION Persistent exposure to violence can be a particularly damaging experience with consequences for sleep quantity and quality. Establishing interventions that reduce violent victimisation across the life-course and promote positive sleep behaviours among those with a history of victimisation are important public health measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Testa
- Department of Criminology & Criminal Justice, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel C Semenza
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Criminal Justice, Rutgers University Camden, Camden, New Jersey, USA
| | - Dylan B Jackson
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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South EC, MacDonald J, Reina V. Association Between Structural Housing Repairs for Low-Income Homeowners and Neighborhood Crime. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2117067. [PMID: 34287632 PMCID: PMC9435958 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.17067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance The root causes of violent crime in Black urban neighborhoods are structural, including residential racial segregation and concentrated poverty. Previous work suggests that simple and scalable place-based environmental interventions can overcome the legacies of neighborhood disinvestment and have implications for health broadly and crime specifically. Objective To assess whether structural repairs to the homes of low-income owners are associated with a reduction in nearby crime. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study using difference-in-differences analysis included data from the City of Philadelphia Basic Systems Repair Program (BSRP) from January 1, 2006, through April 30, 2013. The unit of analysis was block faces (single street segments between 2 consecutive intersecting streets) with or without homes that received the BSRP intervention. The blocks of homes that received BSRP services were compared with the blocks of eligible homes that were still on the waiting list. Data were analyzed from December 1, 2019, to February 28, 2021. Exposures The BSRP intervention includes a grant of up to $20 000 provided to low-income owners for structural repairs to electrical, plumbing, heating, and roofing damage. Eligible homeowners must meet income guidelines, which are set by the US Department of Housing and Urban Development and vary yearly. Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcome was police-reported crime across 7 major categories of violent and nonviolent crimes (homicide, assault, burglary, theft, robbery, disorderly conduct, and public drunkenness). Results A total of 13 632 houses on 6732 block faces received the BSRP intervention. Owners of these homes had a mean (range) age of 56.5 (18-98) years, were predominantly Black (10 952 [78.6%]) or Latino (1658 [11.9%]) individuals, and had a mean monthly income of $993. These census tracts compared with those without BSRP intervention had a substantially larger Black population (49.5% vs 12.2%; |D| = 0.406) and higher unemployment rate (17.3% vs 9.3%; |D| = 0.357). The main regression analysis demonstrated that the addition to a block face of a property that received a BSRP intervention was associated with a 21.9% decrease in the expected count of total crime (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 0.78; 95% CI, 0.76-0.80; P < .001), 19.0% decrease in assault (IRR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.79-0.84; P < .001), 22.6% decrease in robbery (IRR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.75-0.80; P < .001), and 21.9% decrease in homicide (IRR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.71-0.86; P < .001). When restricting the analysis to blocks with properties that had ever received a BSRP intervention, a total crime reduction of 25.4% was observed for each additional property (IRR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.73-0.77; P < .001). A significant dose-dependent decrease in total crime was found such that the magnitude of association increased with higher numbers of homes participating in the BSRP on a block. Conclusions and Relevance This study found that the BSRP intervention was associated with a modest but significant reduction in crime. These findings suggest that intentional and targeted financial investment in structural, scalable, and sustainable place-based interventions in neighborhoods that are still experiencing the lasting consequences of structural racism and segregation is a vital step toward achieving health equity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia C. South
- Urban Health Lab, Department of Emergency
Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia
- Leonard Davis Institute, University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - John MacDonald
- Leonard Davis Institute, University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Department of Criminology, School of Arts and
Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Vincent Reina
- Department of City and Regional Planning,
Weitzman School of Design, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
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Zhang Y, Chen Y, Zhang W. Community Violence Exposure and Externalizing Problem Behavior Among Chinese High School Students: The Moderating Role of Parental Knowledge. Front Psychol 2021; 12:612237. [PMID: 33959066 PMCID: PMC8095249 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.612237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescents' community violence exposure (CVE) has been demonstrated with a range of behavioral and psychological problems, but the processes that explain these correlations are not clear. In our 2017 study, the mediating role of deviant peer affiliation in the relationship between CVE and externalizing problem behaviors has been confirmed. However, the moderating effect of parental factors is still unclear. Therefore, a new group (high school group) was adopted in this study to further explore the moderating effect of parental knowledge based on also confirming the mediating effect of deviant peer affiliation. Stratified-cluster sampling was used to recruit 1,797 volunteers who completed questionnaires on CVE, deviant peer affiliation, parental knowledge, and externalizing problem behaviors. The results of the structural equation modeling were: on the basis of our previous research, we further analyzed the mediating role of deviant peer affiliation, and the mediated association was moderated by parental knowledge. Especially when the school climate is added as a covariate, the moderating effect of parental knowledge has changed, that is, the positive association between CVE and externalizing problem behaviors was much stronger for adolescents who reported lower levels of parental knowledge than for those who reported higher levels of parental knowledge. The results support the assumptions of social learning theory and have implications for interventions of community violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Zhang
- School of Psychology & Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- School of Psychology & Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Psychology & Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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20
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Roza TH, Yano VAN, Roza SA, Santo JB, Cunha JMD. Bullying Victimization and Friendship as Influences on Sleep Difficulty among Brazilian Adolescents. J Genet Psychol 2021; 182:348-360. [PMID: 33818310 DOI: 10.1080/00221325.2021.1905597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Bullying victimization is associated with poor health-related outcomes, including sleeping problems. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of bullying victimization on sleep difficulty, and the moderating effect of the number of close friends on this association, also exploring differences across genders. The study was based on a nationally-representative survey on adolescent health conducted in Brazilian schools, involving a total of 109,104 participants, enrolled at the 9th year in 2012. The measures used in the analysis included socio-demographic characteristics, bullying victimization, sleep difficulty, and number of close friends. In the multilevel models, reporting more peer victimization was associated with more sleep difficulties (b = .18, t = 50.17, p < .05), with girls reporting more sleep difficulties in association with peer victimization than boys. Reporting having more friends was inversely linked to sleep difficulties (b = -.08, t = -15.26, p < .05), and the association between peer victimization and sleep difficulties was significantly buffered by the number of friends. Moreover, in a three way interaction, there was a marginally significant difference in the effect of friends on the link between victimization and sleep difficulties between boys and girls (b = .02, t = 1.86, p = .06), with the buffering effect of friendships being negligible among girls as opposed to boys. The results indicate a significant association between bullying victimization and sleep difficulties, which seems to be more pronounced among girls, also suggesting that the number of close friends may buffer this association, mainly for boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Henrique Roza
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental (CPE) and Centro de Pesquisa Clínica (CPC), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA) , Porto Alegre , Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM) , Porto Alegre , Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , Brazil
| | - Vitor Atsushi Nozaki Yano
- Graduate Program of Education, Departamento de Teoria e Fundamentos da Educação, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR) , Curitiba , Brazil
| | - Sarah Aline Roza
- Graduate Program of Education, Departamento de Teoria e Fundamentos da Educação, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR) , Curitiba , Brazil
| | - Jonathan Bruce Santo
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska at Omaha , Omaha , Nebraska , United States
| | - Josafá Moreira da Cunha
- Graduate Program of Education, Departamento de Teoria e Fundamentos da Educação, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR) , Curitiba , Brazil
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21
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Wickersham A, Sugg HVR, Epstein S, Stewart R, Ford T, Downs J. Systematic Review and Meta-analysis: The Association Between Child and Adolescent Depression and Later Educational Attainment. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2021; 60:105-118. [PMID: 33130250 PMCID: PMC7779367 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2020.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The association between depression and educational attainment in young people is unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis examines the longitudinal association between depression and subsequent attainment, and its potential effect modifiers and mediators. METHOD We searched Embase, PsycINFO, PubMed, ERIC, and the British Education Index from inception to October 23, 2019, conducted citation searching, and contacted authors for articles. Eligible studies reported on the longitudinal association between depression in children and adolescents 4 to 18 years of age and later educational attainment. Two reviewers independently conducted screening, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment. Correlation coefficients were pooled in meta-analysis, and effect modifiers were explored using meta-regression and stratification. Other evidence on confounders, modifiers, and mediators was narratively synthesized. The PROSPERO record for the study is CRD42019123068. RESULTS A total of 31 studies were included, of which 22 were pooled in meta-analysis. There was a small but statistically significant association between depression and lower subsequent attainment (pooled Fisher z = -0.19, 95% CI = -0.22 to -0.16, I2 = 62.9%). A total of 15 studies also reported an enduring effect after adjusting for various confounders. No statistically significant effect modifiers were identified. Social and school problems may mediate between depression and low attainment. CONCLUSION Depression was associated with lower educational attainment, but further research is needed to establish mechanisms. Nonetheless, there is a clear need for mental health and educational support among children and adolescents with depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Wickersham
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom.
| | - Holly V R Sugg
- University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Epstein
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom; South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Stewart
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom; South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Johnny Downs
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom; South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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22
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South EC, Stillman K, Buckler DG, Wiebe D. Association of Gun Violence With Emergency Department Visits for Stress-Responsive Complaints. Ann Emerg Med 2020; 77:469-478. [PMID: 33342597 DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2020.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE We evaluate the association between living near a neighborhood shooting and emergency department (ED) utilization for stress-responsive complaints. METHODS In this location-based before-and-after neighborhood study, we examined variability in ED encounter volume for stress-responsive complaints after neighborhood shooting incidents around 2 academic hospitals. We included patients residing within 1/8- and 1/2-mile-diameter buffers around a shooting (place) if their ED encounter occurred 7, 30, or 60 days before or after the shooting (time). Prespecified outcomes were stress-responsive complaints (chest pain, lightheadedness, syncope, hypertension, shortness of breath, asthma, anxiety, depression, and substance use) based on prior literature for stress-responsive diseases. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate the odds of presentation to the ED with a stress-responsive complaint after, compared with before, a neighborhood shooting incident. RESULTS Between January 2013 and December 2014, 513 shooting incidents and 19,906 encounters for stress-responsive complaints were included in the analysis. Mean age was 50.3 years (SD 22.3 years), 61.5% were women, and 91% were black. We found increased odds of presenting with syncope in 2 place-time buffers: 30 days in the 1/8-mile buffer (odds ratio 2.61; 99% confidence interval 1.2 to 5.67) and 60 days in 1/8-mile buffer (odds ratio 1.56; 99% confidence interval 0.99 to 2.46). No other chief complaints met our statistical threshold for significance. CONCLUSION This study evaluated the relationship between objectively measured gun violence exposure and short-term health effect at a microspatial scale. Overall, this was a study with largely negative results, and we did not find any consistent dose-response pattern in time or space regarding neighborhood shootings and stress-responsive presentations to the ED. Theoretic links make this relationship plausible, however, and further investigation is needed to understand the short-term health consequences of violence exposure, and whether those vary based on the circumstances that are experienced inherently by residents of a given neighborhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia C South
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Penn Urban Health Lab, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
| | - Kaytlena Stillman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - David G Buckler
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Penn Urban Health Lab, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Douglas Wiebe
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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23
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Ayala-Grosso C, Torrico F, Ledezma-Ruiz M, Busolo-Pons M. Chronic Stress in Cognitive Processes: Cortisol Dynamic Range of Secretion Is Associated with Perception of Unsafety Environment in a Venezuelan Population. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 82:S299-S312. [PMID: 33285631 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding diurnal secretion of cortisol in association with behavioral attitudes as a result of perception of unsafety environment is a main interest in prospective studies establishing the impact of chronic stress in cognitive processes. Adaptive secretion of cortisol, a biomarker of the hypothalamic-hypophysis-adrenal (HPA) axis, has been correlated with perception of uncertainty in surroundings as a consequence of perseverative cognition and unconscious thoughts. OBJECTIVE To determine whether diurnal secretion pattern of cortisol was associated with behavioral attitudes indexes generated from answers to standardized questionnaires from Panamerican Health Organization/World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO) agencies. METHODS Saliva cortisol dynamic range was evaluated by immuno-essay. Cortisol awakening response (CAR) and total secreted cortisol was established in a cross-sectional study of four saliva samples per day from volunteers (n = 135) between 19 and 65 years old. RESULTS Saliva cortisol dynamic range followed a significant decay along the day. Reduction of social interaction and increase of defensive behavioral attitude was associated with older groups of age. In this study, two subgroups of subjects with a steeper cortisol secretion (slope significant non-zero), and flatter cortisol secretion (slope no significant non-zero) were detected. Noticeable, we determined an association between measurements of cortisol secretion from subjects with a flatter cortisol dynamic range and behavioral defensive and inhibition of social interaction indexes. CONCLUSION These findings suggested chronical dysregulation of HPA axis as a result of perseverative cognitive perception of unsafety environment which may be precedent to cognitive impairment in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Ayala-Grosso
- Unit of Cellular Therapy, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas IVIC, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Fátima Torrico
- Unit of Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Margot Ledezma-Ruiz
- Unit of Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Maria Busolo-Pons
- Unit of Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
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Baiden P, Tadeo SK, Tonui BC, Seastrunk JD, Boateng GO. Association between insufficient sleep and suicidal ideation among adolescents. Psychiatry Res 2020; 287:112579. [PMID: 31627959 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the association between insufficient sleep and suicidal ideation among adolescents. Data for this study came from the 2017 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System. A sample of 13,659 adolescents aged 14-18 years (51.8% female) were analyzed using logistic regression with suicidal ideation as the outcome variable and insufficient sleep as the main explanatory variable. Of the 13,659 adolescents, 2,409 representing 17.6% experienced suicidal ideation during the past 12 months and three out of four adolescents (75.2%) had insufficient sleep on an average school night. Controlling for all other predictors, the odds of experiencing suicidal ideation were 1.35 times higher for adolescents who had insufficient sleep relative to those who had sufficient sleep on an average school night (AOR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.16-1.58). Other factors associated with suicidal ideation include female gender, sexual minority, history of traditional bullying and cyberbullying victimization, feeling sad or hopeless, being slightly or very overweight, and substance use. Physical activity was inversely associated with suicidal ideation. School counselors, clinicians, and practitioners should consider adequate sleep as an important intervention in suicide prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Baiden
- The University of Texas at Arlington, School of Social Work, 211 S. Cooper St., Box 19129, Arlington, TX, 76019, United States.
| | - Savarra K Tadeo
- The University of Texas at Arlington, School of Social Work, 211 S. Cooper St., Box 19129, Arlington, TX, 76019, United States
| | - Betty C Tonui
- The University of Texas at Arlington, School of Social Work, 211 S. Cooper St., Box 19129, Arlington, TX, 76019, United States
| | - Jaylon D Seastrunk
- The University of Texas at Arlington, Department of Psychology, 501 Nedderman Dr, Box 19528, Arlington, TX, 76019, United States
| | - Godfred O Boateng
- The University of Texas at Arlington, Public Health Program, Department of Kinesiology, 500 W. Nedderman Dr, Box 19407, Arlington, TX, 76019, United States
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Scolese A, Willie TC, Falb KL, Sipsma H, Campos PA, Olavarrieta CD, Gupta J. Intimate Partner Violence Against Low-Income Women in Mexico City and Associations with Child School Attendance: A Latent Class Analysis Using Cross-sectional Data. Matern Child Health J 2020; 24:360-368. [PMID: 31916142 PMCID: PMC8208588 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-020-02877-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Few studies have investigated how intimate partner violence (IPV), and patterns of IPV experiences, may impact children's school attendance in low- and middle-income countries. METHODS Using baseline data from a sub-sample of 659 women in Mexico City enrolled in a randomized controlled trial who reported having a child under age 18 and in school, multilevel latent class analysis (LCA) was used to classify women based on their reported IPV experiences. Multilevel risk regression analyses examined associations between latent class membership and IPV-related disruptions in children's schooling. Latent classes were identified in a prior study. RESULTS Overall, 23.3% of women reported their child's school attendance was disrupted due to IPV. LCA identified four distinct classes of IPV experiences: Low Physical and Sexual Violence (39.1%); Low Physical and High Sexual Violence class (14.8%), High Physical and Low Sexual Violence and Injuries (36.5%); and High Physical and Sexual Violence and Injuries (9.6%). Compared with women in the Low Physical and Sexual Violence class, women in the High Physical and Sexual Violence and Injuries class and women in the High Physical and Low Sexual Violence and Injuries class were at greater risk of IPV disrupting children's school attendance (ARR 3.39, 95% CI 2.34, 4.92; ARR 2.22, 95% CI 1.54, 3.19, respectively). No other statistically significant associations emerged. DISCUSSION High disruptions in children's school attendance due to IPV were reported and were differentially related to patterns of IPV experiences. Findings underscore the need to understand underlying mechanisms. Future work integrating both violence against women and violence against children is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Scolese
- Department of Global and Community Health, College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA.
| | - Tiara C Willie
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | | | - Paola Abril Campos
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Jhumka Gupta
- Department of Global and Community Health, College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
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Magalhães JRFD, Gomes NP, Mota RS, Santos RMD, Pereira Á, Oliveira JFD. Repercussions of family violence: oral history of adolescents. Rev Bras Enferm 2020; 73:e20180228. [PMID: 32049243 DOI: 10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To know the repercussions of the experience of family violence from the oral history of adolescents. METHOD Qualitative study based on the Oral History method, conducted from interviews with adolescents enrolled in a public school in Salvador, State of Bahia, Brazil. The data were systematized according to the thematic analysis and supported by theoretical references on family violence and adolescence. RESULTS Family violence implies physical illness associated with the damage caused by physical aggression and somatization of violent events, as well as compromising mental health, provoking feelings of deep sadness, self-injury behavior and suicidal ideation. All of these factors impair interpersonal relationships, school performance, as well as making them more vulnerable to alcohol intake. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS The study indicates signs suggestive of grievance, from which the professionals should proceed the investigation in order to refute or confirm the experience of the phenomenon, as well as intervene in the cases.
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Kliewer W, Robins JL, Borre A. Community Violence Exposure, Sleep Disruption, and Insulin Resistance in Low-Income Urban Adolescents. Int J Behav Med 2019; 26:437-442. [PMID: 31264100 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-019-09801-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to violence, which is experienced at disproportionally higher levels by black versus white youth, is associated with disruptions in sleep and elevated cardiovascular risk. Further, poor sleep hygiene is associated with insulin resistance. However, research to date examining disruptions in sleep and cardiovascular risk in African-American adolescents has not taken the impact of exposure to violence into account, nor considered how gender might affect patterns of association. The present study addressed this gap by testing a path model linking exposure to community violence, sleep disruption, and insulin resistance in a sample of African-American adolescents and evaluating model fit across gender. METHOD African-American adolescents (N = 107; 56% female; Mage = 14.29, SD = 1.17) completed structured interviews at home and provided a blood sample after fasting overnight. RESULTS The model fit connecting exposure to violence with sleep disruption and insulin resistance, adjusting for depressive symptoms and body mass index z score, was excellent. Multiple group analysis indicated gender differences in model fit. Path analysis revealed significant positive associations between exposure to violence and sleep disruption and sleep disruption and insulin resistance for females but not males. CONCLUSION These data indicate that low-income, urban African-American female adolescents who witness violence and experience sleep disruptions may already be at elevated risk for health problems compared with their male counterparts. Additional research should attempt to replicate and explicate the underlying reasons for the gender differences observed here, with the goal of improving health and disrupting the path leading to health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Kliewer
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Box 842018, Richmond, VA, 23284-2018, USA.
| | - Jo Lynne Robins
- Department of Family and Community Health, School of Nursing Box 980567, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298-0567, USA
| | - Alicia Borre
- Psychology Department, Hampton University, MLK Building, Room 238, Hampton, VA, 23668, USA
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Small LA, Parchment TM, Bahar OS, Osuji HL, Chomanczuk AH, Bhana A. South African adult caregivers as "protective shields": Serving as a buffer between stressful neighborhood conditions and youth risk behaviors. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 47:1850-1864. [PMID: 31441506 PMCID: PMC7082847 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Low-income youths in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, face elevated risks to their well-being from exposure to neighborhood conditions correlated with engaging in risky behaviors. These risks can be mitigated through adult caregivers who serve as protective shields, buffering adverse conditions. However, this protective role is dependent on the caregivers' mental health and well-being. This secondary analysis uses baseline data from 475 child-caregiver dyads in an HIV-prevention program to examine the mediating effects of caregiver mental health on the relationship between neighborhood conditions and child risk-behaviors. Multivariate analyses identify the direct and indirect effects of neighborhood stressors and caregiver mental health on child risk-behavior. Findings suggest that caregivers mitigate the impact of neighborhood conditions on their children, but caregivers' mental health is directly affected by neighborhood conditions. Therefore, caregivers' mental health and well-being must be considered key elements in developing youth risk-behavior interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latoya A. Small
- Department of Social Welfare—Luskin, School of Public Affairs University of California, Los Angeles
| | | | - Ozge Sensoy Bahar
- Brown School– Washington University in St. Louis., St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Hadiza L. Osuji
- McSilver Institute for Poverty Policy and Research New York University Silver School of Social Work, New York, New York
| | | | - Arvin Bhana
- University of KwaZulu-Natal Centre for Rural Health
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Agrawal P, Neisler J, Businelle MS, Kendzor DE, Hernandez DC, Odoh C, Reitzel LR. Exposure to Violence and Sleep Inadequacies among Men and Women Living in a Shelter Setting. HEALTH BEHAVIOR RESEARCH 2019; 2. [PMID: 34164609 DOI: 10.4148/2572-1836.1051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exposure to violence may explain sleep inadequacies reported by homeless adults, with women being potentially more susceptible to violence and sleep disturbances than men. This study examined the association between violence and sleep inadequacies among homeless adults and explored differences by sex. Methods Adult participants were recruited from a shelter (N=194; 71.1% men, Mage = 43.8±12.2). Participants self-reported victimization and/or witnessing violence (mugging, fight, and/or sexual assault) at the shelter, sleep duration (over an average 24 hours), insufficient sleep (days without sufficient rest/sleep), and unintentional daytime sleep (days with unintentional sleep) in the past month. Linear regressions were used to estimate associations between violence and sleep inadequacies, controlling for sex, age, race, months homeless, and depression. Moderation by sex was examined via an interaction term following mean-centering of variables. Results Overall, 20.6% of participants (n=40) reported victimization since moving to the shelter. In the last month, participants reported witnessing an average of 2.9±5.1 acts of violence. Over the same timeframe, participants reported 6.9±2.0 hours of sleep nightly, 11.2±10.7 days of insufficient sleep, and 6.2±8.8 days with unintentional daytime sleep. In adjusted analyses, witnessing violence was associated with insufficient sleep (p=.001). Men and women differed only in age and race in unadjusted analyses; sex was not a significant moderator of any association between violence and sleep in adjusted analyses. Conclusions Links between witnessing violence and sleep inadequacies should be considered in shelter health promotion efforts. Successful efforts to minimize violence may reduce insufficient sleep amongst both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Agrawal
- The University of Houston, Department of Psychological, Health, & Learning Sciences, and the University of Houston, HEALTH Research Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Julie Neisler
- The University of Houston, Department of Psychological, Health, & Learning Sciences, and the University of Houston, HEALTH Research Institute Houston, Texas
| | - Michael S Businelle
- The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine and The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma Tobacco Research Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Darla E Kendzor
- The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine and The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma Tobacco Research Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Daphne C Hernandez
- The University of Houston, Department of Health, & Health Performance, and The University of Houston, HEALTH Research Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Chisom Odoh
- The University of Houston, Department of Psychological, Health, & Learning Sciences, and the University of Houston, HEALTH Research Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Lorraine R Reitzel
- The University of Houston, Department of Psychological, Health, & Learning Sciences, and the University of Houston, HEALTH Research Institute, Houston, Texas
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Jackson DB, Posick C, Vaughn MG. New Evidence Of The Nexus Between Neighborhood Violence, Perceptions Of Danger, And Child Health. Health Aff (Millwood) 2019; 38:746-754. [DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2018.05127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dylan B. Jackson
- Dylan B. Jackson is an assistant professor of criminal justice at the University of Texas at San Antonio
| | - Chad Posick
- Chad Posick is an associate professor of criminology and criminal justice at Georgia Southern University, in Statesboro
| | - Michael G. Vaughn
- Michael G. Vaughn is a professor of social work at Saint Louis University, in Missouri, and a visiting professor at Yonsei University, in Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Chang LY, Wu CC, Lin LN, Chang HY, Yen LL. Age and sex differences in the effects of peer victimization on depressive symptoms: Exploring sleep problems as a mediator. J Affect Disord 2019; 245:553-560. [PMID: 30439680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peer victimization contributes to an elevated risk of adolescent depression. Although theoretical evidence has noted that peer victimization may disrupt sleep and subsequently increase levels of depressive symptoms, this pathway has never been tested. This study explores a novel mechanism leading from peer victimization to depressive symptoms through sleep problems and considers whether the direct and indirect pathways vary by age and sex of adolescents. METHODS Data were from 4072 adolescents (2042 males, 2030 females; age range 14-19 years) residing in northern Taiwan. Mediation analyses were first conducted to understand the mediating role of sleep problems in the association between peer victimization and depressive symptoms for males and females, respectively. Moderated mediation analyses were then applied to test age differences in the direct and indirect pathways from peer victimization to depressive symptoms. RESULTS Sleep problems mediated the association between peer victimization and depressive symptoms in adolescent females but not in males. Age further moderated the indirect pathway from peer victimization to depressive symptoms through sleep problems, such that the mediating effects of sleep problems increased with age and were only significant in older females. No age differences were observed for the direct effects of peer victimization on depressive symptoms in either males or females. LIMITATIONS Study was not designed to infer causality and all variables were assessed by self-report measures. CONCLUSIONS Our analyses revealed age and sex differences in the link from peer victimization to depressive symptoms through sleep problems. Efforts to reduce depressive symptoms in adolescent females who have experienced peer victimization may be made more effective by targeting sleep problems, especially in older female adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Yin Chang
- Institute of Health Behaviors and Community Sciences, School of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Room 622, 6F, No. 17, Xu-Zhou Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-Chen Wu
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Linen Nymphas Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Yi Chang
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Lan Yen
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan; Institute of Health Policy and Management, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Agostini A, Lushington K, Dorrian J. The relationships between bullying, sleep, and health in a large adolescent sample. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s41105-018-0197-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Life Satisfaction, Interpersonal Relationships, and Learning Influence Withdrawal from School: A Study among Junior High School Students in Japan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15102309. [PMID: 30347810 PMCID: PMC6210206 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15102309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
School absenteeism, particularly among junior high school students, has increased annually in Japan. This study demonstrates the relationship between subjective adjustment to school life and students’ absenteeism. Data were collected from 17,378 junior high school students in Japan. A longitudinal design was used for the study. Teachers were asked to distribute the Adaptation Scale for School Environments on Six Spheres (ASSESS) questionnaire to junior high school students and ask the students to fill out the questionnaire at the beginning of the 2014 academic year in April 2014, and the relationship between their subjective adjustment and absenteeism as measured by the total number of absent days during the 2014 academic year was evaluated by logistic regression and a survival analysis model. Low life satisfaction was associated with absences. The corresponding odds ratio (OR) was higher for seventh graders (OR 3.29, confidence interval (CI): 2.41–4.48, hazard ratio (HR) 5.57, CI: 3.51–8.84) than for students in other grades. Interpersonal relationships were significantly related to absenteeism for seventh and eighth graders in the group with scores less than 39 points. Lower adjustment to learning seemed to be related to absenteeism for seventh and eighth graders. For effective interventions, a well-designed study that uses detailed information regarding life-related covariates is necessary.
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Sleep it off: Bullying and sleep disturbances in adolescents. J Adolesc 2018; 68:87-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Mikhail JN, Nemeth LS, Mueller M, Pope C, NeSmith EG. The Social Determinants of Trauma: A Trauma Disparities Scoping Review and Framework. J Trauma Nurs 2018; 25:266-281. [DOI: 10.1097/jtn.0000000000000388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Perceived school safety, perceived neighborhood safety, and insufficient sleep among adolescents. Sleep Health 2018; 4:429-435. [PMID: 30241657 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine whether perceptions of school safety and neighborhood safety are associated with insufficient sleep during adolescence. DESIGN The Florida Youth Substance Abuse Survey (FYSAS) is a cross-sectional study of adolescents. SETTING The state of Florida. PARTICIPANTS Middle-school and high-school students (n = 7,958) attending public schools in 2017. MEASUREMENTS Based on National Sleep Foundation recommendations, sleep was categorized as insufficient (less than 7 hours) or sufficient (7 or more hours) using self-reports of average sleep duration on school nights. Self-reports of perceived safety at school and perceived safety in one's neighborhood were modeled as predictors of insufficient sleep in logistic regression models when accounting for several covariates. RESULTS Adjusting for model covariates, the odds of insufficient sleep among adolescents who feel unsafe both at school and in their neighborhood are 129% greater relative to adolescents who feel safe in both contexts. In comparison, the odds of insufficient sleep among adolescents who feel unsafe only at school are 39% greater relative to adolescents who feel safe both at school and in their neighborhood, and the odds of insufficient sleep among adolescents who feel unsafe only in their neighborhood are 71% greater relative to adolescents who feel safe both at school and in their neighborhood. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study indicate that efforts to improve the safety of salient social contexts in which adolescents develop may reduce the likelihood of insufficient sleep faced by a large portion of school-aged children.
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Jackson DB, Leal WE, Posick C, Vaughn MG, Olivan M. The Role of Adolescent Victimization in Energy Drink Consumption: Monitoring the Future, 2010–2016. J Community Health 2018; 43:1137-1144. [DOI: 10.1007/s10900-018-0532-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Hambrick EP, Rubens SL, Brawner TW, Taussig HN. Do sleep problems mediate the link between adverse childhood experiences and delinquency in preadolescent children in foster care? J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2018; 59:140-149. [PMID: 28862324 PMCID: PMC5775045 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with multiple mental and physical health problems. Yet, mechanisms by which ACEs confer risk for specific problems are largely unknown. Children in foster care typically have multiple ACEs and high rates of negative sequelae, including delinquent behaviors. Mechanisms explaining this link have not been explored in this population. Impaired sleep has been identified as a potential mechanism by which ACEs lead to delinquency in adolescents, because inadequate sleep may lead to poor executive function and cognitive control - known risk factors for delinquency. METHODS Interviews were conducted with 516 maltreated children in foster care, ages 9-11 years, and their caregivers regarding child exposure to ACEs, sleep problems, engagement in delinquent acts, symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, and current psychotropic medication use. ACEs data were also obtained from child welfare case records. RESULTS After controlling for age, gender, race/ethnicity, placement type (residential, kin, foster), length of time in placement, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and current psychotropic medication use, sleep partially mediated the association between ACEs and delinquency. CONCLUSIONS Although delinquency is likely multiply determined in this population, improving sleep may be one important strategy to reduce delinquency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin P. Hambrick
- Department of Psychology, University of Missouri–Kansas City,The Kempe Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Child Abuse and Neglect, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine
| | | | | | - Heather N. Taussig
- The Kempe Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Child Abuse and Neglect, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine,Graduate School of Social Work, University of Denver
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Shaheen AM, Hammad S, Haourani EM, Nassar OS. Factors Affecting Jordanian School Adolescents' Experience of Being Bullied. J Pediatr Nurs 2018; 38:e66-e71. [PMID: 29037771 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to identify the Jordanian school adolescents' experience of being bullied, and to examine its association with selected socio-demographic variables. DESIGN AND METHODS This cross sectional descriptive study used multi-stages cluster sampling technique to recruit a sample of in-school adolescents in Jordan (N=436). The Personal Experiences Checklist was used to measure the experience of bullying. Descriptive statistics and parametric tests were used in the analysis. RESULTS Relational-verbal bullying was the most common form of bullying while cyber bullying was the least common type. Male adolescents experienced bullying more than females. In addition, adolescents belonging to low-income families experienced bullying more than those from moderate-income families. Finally, being bullied was negatively correlated with academic performance of students. CONCLUSIONS This study indicated that risk factors for bullying are multifaceted which necessitate the development of prevention and intervention strategies to combat bullying taking into consideration these factors. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Schools should introduce environmental changes to discourage bullying and establish a policy with specific guidelines of what constitutes bullying behavior and expected disciplinary procedures. Staff training on information about the definition of bullying, current trends, and the effects of bullying is also recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer M Shaheen
- Dept. of Community Health Nursing, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
| | - Sawsan Hammad
- Dept. of Community Health Nursing, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Eman M Haourani
- Dept. of Community Health Nursing, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Omayyah S Nassar
- Dept. of Maternal & Child Health Nursing, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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"I feel that life is meaningless": Vietnamese adolescents' experiences of and reflections about interpersonal violence. Glob Ment Health (Camb) 2018; 5:e12. [PMID: 29868232 PMCID: PMC5981651 DOI: 10.1017/gmh.2017.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The experiences of and reflections on interpersonal violence and victimisation among adolescents living in low- and middle-income countries are poorly understood. The aim was to describe Vietnamese adolescents' reflections on their experiences of victimisation. METHOD A self-completed, cross-sectional survey investigating exposure to violence among high school students in Hanoi, Vietnam was conducted during 2013-2014. The last section invited participants to write about any of the matters covered in the questionnaire. Thematic analysis was conducted on these free-text comments. RESULTS A total of 73/76 eligible students participated in the pilot and 1616/1745 in the main survey. Of these, a total of 239 records with free-text comments were analysed. Students described experiences of violence occurring at home, at school and in the community. Experiences of violence led to sadness, loneliness, having extremely negative thoughts about the value of life, and suicidal ideas. Adolescents' experiences occurred in the context of poor parent-adolescent and teacher-student relationships, particularly concerning dissatisfaction with academic performance. Adolescents wanted to be trusted, to be given more autonomy, and to improve their relationships with parents and teachers. CONCLUSIONS Vietnamese adolescents experience various forms of victimisation, which are detrimental to their health and wellbeing. Understanding of their experiences of and perceptions of violence and its impact on their health and wellbeing is important in the prevention of violence against young people in Vietnam.
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Chang LY, Chang HY, Lin LN, Wu CC, Yen LL. Transitions in sleep problems from late adolescence to young adulthood: A longitudinal analysis of the effects of peer victimization. Aggress Behav 2018; 44:69-82. [PMID: 28857191 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is a developmental period with high vulnerability to sleep problems. However, research identifying distinct patterns and underlying determinants of sleep problems is scarce. This study investigated discrete subgroups of, changes in, and stability of sleep problems. We also examined whether peer victimization influenced sleep problem subgroups and transitions in patterns of sleep problems from late adolescence to young adulthood. Sex differences in the effects of peer victimization were also explored. In total, 1,455 male and 1,399 female adolescents from northern Taiwan participated in this longitudinal study. Latent transition analysis was used to examine changes in patterns of sleep problems and the effects of peer victimization on these changes. We identified three subgroups of sleep problems in males and two in females, and found that there was a certain level of instability in patterns of sleep problems during the study period. For both sexes, those with greater increases in peer victimization over time were more likely to change from being a good sleeper to a poor sleeper. The effects of peer victimization on baseline status of sleep problems, however, was only significant for males, with those exposed to higher levels of peer victimization more likely to be poor sleepers at baseline. Our findings reveal an important role of peer victimization in predicting transitions in patterns of sleep problems. Intervention programs aimed at decreasing peer victimization may help reduce the development and escalation of sleep problems among adolescents, especially in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Yin Chang
- Institute of Population Health Sciences; National Health Research Institutes; Zhunan Town Miaoli County Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Yi Chang
- Institute of Population Health Sciences; National Health Research Institutes; Zhunan Town Miaoli County Taiwan
| | - Linen Nymphas Lin
- Department of Psychiatry; En Chu Kong Hospital; New Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Psychology; Chung Yuan Christian University; Taoyuan Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chen Wu
- Institute of Population Health Sciences; National Health Research Institutes; Zhunan Town Miaoli County Taiwan
| | - Lee-Lan Yen
- Institute of Population Health Sciences; National Health Research Institutes; Zhunan Town Miaoli County Taiwan
- Institute of Health Policy and Management; College of Public Health; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
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Asad N, Karmaliani R, McFarlane J, Bhamani SS, Somani Y, Chirwa E, Jewkes R. The intersection of adolescent depression and peer violence: baseline results from a randomized controlled trial of 1752 youth in Pakistan. Child Adolesc Ment Health 2017; 22:232-241. [PMID: 32680419 DOI: 10.1111/camh.12249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression and peer violence are global issues impacting youth. We are presenting baseline data as part of a cluster randomized control trial underway, on adolescent depression, and associated factors among boys and girls in schools. METHOD Cluster randomized control trial is underway for measuring the effectiveness of school-based play intervention program of the NGO Right to Play, in a sample of 1752 grade 6 youth in 40 public schools of Hyderabad, Pakistan. Students responded to Child Depression Inventory (CDI-2), the Peer Victimization Scale (PVS), the Peer Perpetration Scale (PPS), and investigator-driven seven-item School Performance Scale. RESULTS We report baseline assessments to examine the prevalence of depressive symptoms, and associated occurrence of peer perpetration and victimization. Boys report significantly more depressive symptoms as well as perpetration and victimization compared to girls (p ≤ .0001). Our analysis indicates that among boys, depression was found associated with greater age, food insecurity, poorer school performance and working for money, as well as being beaten at home and witnessing beating of their mother by their father or other relatives. Among girls, depression was associated with a younger age, greater food insecurity and poorer school performance. Depression was also associated with a great likelihood of engagement in peer violence, experience of punishment at home, and witnessing their father fighting with other men or beating their mother. CONCLUSIONS Engagement in violent behaviors, exposure to violent acts and poverty surfaces as detrimental to mental health in youth age groups, suggesting strong measures to address youth violence, and poverty reduction for positive mental health outcomes in school age children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nargis Asad
- Department of Psychiatry, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, 3500, Pakistan
| | - Rozina Karmaliani
- School of Nursing & Midwifery, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Yasmeen Somani
- School of Nursing & Midwifery, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Esnat Chirwa
- South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Rachel Jewkes
- South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
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Carneiro JB, Gomes NP, Estrela FM, Santana JDD, Mota RS, Erdmann AL. Domestic violence: repercussions for women and children. ESCOLA ANNA NERY 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/2177-9465-ean-2016-0346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Objectives: To know the meanings attributed by women regarding the repercussions of the experience of domestic violence. Method: Qualitative study, based on the Grounded Theory method. Data were collected in two sticks of domestic and family violence against the Brazilian Northeast woman. An interview was conducted with 37 participants, who composed two sample groups. Results: The study demonstrates that the physical and mental health of women and their children are compromised, expressed through visible marks such as bruises and cuts, in addition to low self-esteem, sadness, fear and depression. There are also repercussions for the social relations of women as a consequence of social isolation and non-qualification for the labor market, and of children, related to the decrease in school performance, introspection and vulnerability to drug use. Conclusion: It is necessary to sensitize health professionals to the recognition of cases and promote educational actions, thus transcending the invisibility barrier of domestic violence.
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Perceived Neighborhood Safety Is Associated with Poor Sleep Health among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men in Paris, France. J Urban Health 2017; 94:399-407. [PMID: 28439769 PMCID: PMC5481216 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-017-0148-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have examined sleep health among men who have sex with men (MSM), but no studies have examined associations of neighborhood characteristics and sleep health among this population. The purpose of this study was to examine associations between perceived neighborhood safety and sleep health among a sample of MSM in Paris, France. We placed broadcast advertisements on a popular smartphone application for MSM in October 2016 to recruit users in the Paris (France) metropolitan area (n = 580). Users were directed to complete a web-based survey, including previously used items measuring perceptions of neighborhood safety, validated measures of sleep health, and socio-demographics. Modified Poisson models were used to estimate risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the associations between perceived neighborhood safety and the following outcomes: (1) poor sleep quality, (2) short sleep duration, and (3) self-reported sleep problems. Poor sleep health was common in our sample; e.g., 30.1% reported poor sleep quality and 44.7% reported problems falling asleep. In multivariate regression models, perceived neighborhood safety was associated with poor sleep quality, short sleep duration, and having sleep problems. For example, reporting living in a neighborhood perceived as unsafe during the daytime (vs. safe) was associated with poor sleep quality (aRR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.01, 2.52), short sleep duration (aRR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.26, 2.94), problems falling asleep (aRR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.17, 2.11), and problems staying awake in the daytime (aRR, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.05, 4.43). Interventions to increase neighborhood safety may improve sleep health among MSM.
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Examining the Contemporaneous, Short-Term, and Long-Term Effects of Secondary Exposure to Violence on Adolescent Substance Use. J Youth Adolesc 2017; 46:1933-1952. [PMID: 28534150 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-017-0694-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between secondary exposure to violence-defined as witnessing violence in the home, community, or school-and adolescent substance use is well-documented. Yet, multi-wave empirical studies examining this relationship are sparse. In addition, studies have only begun to examine whether this relationship varies by the situational components of the violent event. Using data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN), this study examines the contemporaneous, short-term, and long-term effects of secondary exposure to violence on substance use, and whether witnessing violence in which a weapon is present has a different impact on adolescent substance use than does witnessing violence without a weapon. Hierarchical logistic regression models on a racially and ethnically diverse sample of 1670 youth (51.5% female) residing in 79 neighborhoods indicated that: (1) the effects of secondary exposure to violence on alcohol and marijuana use were enduring, albeit attenuated, over time; (2) the effect of secondary exposure to violence on illicit drug use was suppressed in the short-term but significant in the long-term; (3) witnessing violence without a weapon was salient for alcohol and marijuana use at all time points; and (4) witnessing violence with a weapon impacted illicit drug use in the long-term. The results suggest that addressing the consequences of secondary exposure to violence requires prolonged intervention efforts and that the study of secondary exposure to violence requires a more nuanced approach that accounts for situational aspects of the violent event.
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The role of sleep problems in the relationship between peer victimization and antisocial behavior: A five-year longitudinal study. Soc Sci Med 2017; 173:126-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Radcliff Z, Baylor A, Rybarczyk B. Adopted youth and sleep difficulties. PEDIATRIC HEALTH MEDICINE AND THERAPEUTICS 2016; 7:165-175. [PMID: 29388635 PMCID: PMC5683292 DOI: 10.2147/phmt.s119958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sleep is a critical component of healthy development for youth, with cascading effects on youth’s biological growth, psychological well-being, and overall functioning. Increased sleep difficulties are one of many disruptions that adopted youth may face throughout the adoption process. Sleep difficulties have been frequently cited as a major concern by adoptive parents and hypothesized in the literature as a problem that may affect multiple areas of development and functioning in adopted youth. However, there is limited research exploring this relationship. Using a biopsychosocial framework, this paper reviews the extant literature to explore the development, maintenance, and impact of sleep difficulties in adopted youth. Finally, implications for future research and clinical interventions are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zach Radcliff
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Allison Baylor
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Bruce Rybarczyk
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Sosnowski DW, Kliewer W, Lepore SJ. The Role of Sleep in the Relationship Between Victimization and Externalizing Problems in Adolescents. J Youth Adolesc 2016; 45:1744-54. [PMID: 27216201 PMCID: PMC5826765 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-016-0506-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Victimization is linked to externalizing outcomes in adolescents and recent theorizing suggests that sleep plays a role in this relationship; however, there is little evidence examining sleep as a mediator. This study examines associations between victimization experiences and changes in aggression, delinquency, and drug use. Data were obtained from three waves of a school-based study with middle-school youth (n = 785; 55 % female; 20 % African American; M = 12.32, SD = .51 years at T1), and path analyses were used to test the key hypotheses. Analyses controlling for major life events, demographic factors, and school site revealed that victimization indirectly affected delinquency and drug use, but not aggression, through its relationship with sleep problems. Further, the effects of sleep problems on drug use were specific to females. These data suggest that intervening to address sleep problems resulting from victimization may serve to reduce some forms of externalizing behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Sosnowski
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 842018, Richmond, VA, 23284-2018, USA.
| | - Wendy Kliewer
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 842018, Richmond, VA, 23284-2018, USA
| | - Stephen J Lepore
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Temple University, 1301 Cecil B. Moore Ave., Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
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van Geel M, Goemans A, Vedder PH. The relation between peer victimization and sleeping problems: A meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev 2016; 27:89-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Schwartz D, Kelly BM, Mali LV, Duong MT. Exposure to Violence in the Community Predicts Friendships with Academically Disengaged Peers During Middle Adolescence. J Youth Adolesc 2016; 45:1786-99. [PMID: 27138174 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-016-0485-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Adolescents who have been exposed to violence in the community often experience subsequent difficulties with academic achievement. Because competence in the classroom is a salient developmental task during the adolescent years, outcomes in this critical context can then have broader implications for social and psychological functioning. In the current study, we tested a hypothesized progression in which the association between violence exposure and deficient achievement is presumed to potentiate friendships with academically disengaged peers. We followed 415 urban adolescents (53 % girls; average age of 14.6 years) for a one-year period, with two annual assessment of psychosocial functioning. Exposure to violence in the community and academic engagement were assessed with a self-report inventory; reciprocated friendships were assessed with a peer interview; and achievement was indexed based on a review of school records. Consistent with our hypotheses, neighborhood violence was associated with deficient classroom achievement. Poor achievement, in turn, mediated associations between community violence exposure and low academic engagement among friends. Our findings highlight pathways though which exposure to community violence potentially predicts later dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Schwartz
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | | | - Luiza V Mali
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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