1
|
Usher A, Babraj J. Impact of sprint interval training on post-fatigue mitochondrial rate in professional boxers. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05594-0. [PMID: 39227429 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05594-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Professional boxing is a sport that requires a high aerobic capacity to prevent fatigue and allow athletes to perform over 4-12 rounds. Typically, athletes will go into a heavy training period in a pre-bout camp lasting 6 to 9 weeks. This study investigates the impact of 3 weeks of repeated Wingate sprint interval training, performed on standard gym ergometer bikes, on skeletal muscle endurance and mitochondrial function. METHODS Ten male professional boxers (age: 26 ± 4 years, height: 175 ± 5 cm, weight: 70 ± 5 kg) participated in the study. Baseline testing involved a NIRS monitor attached to the rectus femoris muscle prior to an incremental time to exhaustion test on a treadmill. After the treadmill test participants underwent a series of arterial occlusions to determine mitochondrial function post-volitional exhaustion. Participants then continued their own training for 3 weeks and then repeated baseline testing. After the second testing session, participants undertook three weekly sprint sessions consisting of 3 × 30 s maximal sprints with 60 s recovery. Testing was repeated 3 weeks later. RESULTS The time to exhaustion increased by > 6% after 3 weeks of sprint interval training as compared to baseline and control (p < 0.05). Skeletal muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) at exhaustion was increased by 5.5% after 3 weeks of sprint interval training as compared to baseline and control (p = 0.008). Skeletal muscle mitochondrial rate post exhaustion was increased by 160% after 3 weeks of sprint interval training as compared to baseline and control (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The study demonstrated that SIT led to increased incremental time to exhaustion, higher SmO2 levels at volitional exhaustion and increased mitochondrial rates in professional boxers. These findings suggest that SIT should be an integral part of a boxe's conditioning regimen to improve performance and safety within the ring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Usher
- Dept of Sport and Exercise Science, Abertay University, Bell St, Dundee, DD1 1HG, Scotland.
| | - John Babraj
- Dept of Sport and Exercise Science, Abertay University, Bell St, Dundee, DD1 1HG, Scotland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alvares TS, Soares RN. Tissue desaturation is not a major determinant of aging-related impairment in skeletal muscle reactive hyperemia: a retrospective analysis. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2024; 327:R362-R368. [PMID: 39005082 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00130.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Near-infrared spectroscopy combined with vascular occlusion test (NIRS-VOT) is a reactive hyperemia technique for in vivo evaluation of skeletal muscle microvascular reactivity. Previous studies using NIRS-VOT have been shown to be able to detect impairments in microvascular function in high-risk cardiovascular disease populations, such as older individuals. It has been demonstrated that older individuals have slower reactive hyperemia compared with young individuals. Importantly, older individuals also show less desaturation during ischemia compared with young individuals. Based on these findings, it has been suggested that the slower reactive hyperemia observed in older individuals is explained by the lower desaturation during blood flow occlusion (reduced ischemic stimulus). This retrospective analysis compared reactive hyperemia in 36 young and 47 older tissue desaturation-matched individuals that underwent 5-min blood flow occlusion. Overall, we showed that older individuals have impaired reactive hyperemia compared with young when matching for the degree of desaturation and blood flow occlusion time. These findings provide evidence that lower tissue desaturation during ischemia is not a major determinant of impaired reactive hyperemia in older individuals.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Previous findings have suggested that aging-related impairment in skeletal muscle reactive hyperemia is majorly influenced by a lower degree of tissue desaturation during ischemia in older individuals compared with young individuals. In a retrospective analysis including 83 tissue desaturation-matched individuals, we show that the degree of tissue desaturation is not a major determinant of aging-related impairments in reactive hyperemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rogerio Nogueira Soares
- Division of Kinesiology, Health, and Sports Studies, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Schamne JC, DE Souza Dos Santos P, Cavalcante VHV, Gonçalves F, Bertuzzi R, Pereira G, Dos Santos Paiva E, Okuno NM, Lima-Silva AE. Caffeine Attenuates Exacerbated Central Fatigue during Moderate-Intensity Cycling Exercise in Women with Fibromyalgia. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2024; 56:1782-1794. [PMID: 38768034 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the development of fatigability during a moderate-intensity cycling exercise between women with fibromyalgia (FM) and control women (CON) after acute ingestion of caffeine and placebo. METHODS Ten FM and 10 CON women performed a 30-min moderate-intensity cycling exercise 1 h after the ingestion of a capsule containing either caffeine or a placebo. Fatigability and its central and peripheral determinants were determined via changes from pre- to post-15 and post-30 min of exercise in maximal voluntary isometric contractions, voluntary activation (VA), and quadriceps potentiated twitch torque ( Qtw-pot ), respectively. Heart rate, muscle oxygen saturation, perceptive responses, mood state, localized and widespread pain, and sleepiness were also monitored during and after exercise. RESULTS There was a time versus group interaction for maximal voluntary isometric contraction and VA ( P < 0.001) but not for Qtw-pot ( P = 0.363), indicating a greater rate of fatigability development, mainly caused by central mechanisms, in the FM than in the CON group. There was also a main effect of condition for VA ( P = 0.011), indicating that caffeine attenuates central mechanisms of fatigability in both groups. Caffeine ingestion also increased muscle oxygenation, perceived vigor, and energy, and decreased leg muscle pain, sleepiness, and perceived fatigue in both groups. However, caffeine improved perceived pleasure/displeasure and exercise adherence likelihood only in the FM group. CONCLUSIONS Compared with CON, women with FM present a greater rate of fatigability during exercise, mainly of central origin. Caffeine seems to be a promising bioactive to counteract the central mechanisms of fatigability and improve the exercise experience among FM women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Felippi Gonçalves
- Human Performance Research Group, Federal University of Technology-Parana (UTFPR), Curitiba, PR, BRAZIL
| | - Romulo Bertuzzi
- Endurance Performance Research Group (GEDAE-USP), School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, BRAZIL
| | - Gleber Pereira
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Parana (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, BRAZIL
| | - Eduardo Dos Santos Paiva
- Rheumatology, Internal Medicine Department, Federal University of Parana (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, BRAZIL
| | - Nilo Massaru Okuno
- Physical Education Department, State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Ponta Grossa, PR, BRAZIL
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Arnold JI, Yogev A, Nelson H, van Hooff M, Koehle MS. Muscle reoxygenation is slower after higher cycling intensity, and is faster and more reliable in locomotor than in accessory muscle sites. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1449384. [PMID: 39206382 PMCID: PMC11349675 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1449384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Wearable near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) can be used during dynamic exercise to reflect the balance of muscle oxygen delivery and uptake. This study describes the behaviour and reliability of postexercise reoxygenation with NIRS as a function of exercise intensity at four muscle sites during an incremental cycling test. We discuss physiological components of faster and slower reoxygenation kinetics in the context of sport science and clinical applications. We hypothesised that reoxygenation would be slower at higher intensity, and that locomotor muscles would be faster than accessory muscles. We quantified test-retest reliability and agreement for each site. Methods Twenty-one trained cyclists performed two trials of an incremental cycling protocol with 5-min work stages and 1-min rest between stages. NIRS was recorded from the locomotor vastus lateralis and rectus femoris muscles, and accessory lumbar paraspinal and lateral deltoid muscles. Reoxygenation time course was analysed as the half-recovery time (HRT) from the end of work to half of the peak reoxygenation amplitude during rest. Coefficient of variability (CV) between participants, standard error of the measurement (SEM) within participants, and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for test-retest reliability were evaluated at 50%, 75%, and 100% peak workloads. A linear mixed-effects model was used to compare differences between workloads and muscle sites. Results HRT was slower with increasing workload in the VL, RF, and PS, but not DL. VL had the fastest reoxygenation (lowest HRT) across muscle sites at all workloads (HRT = 8, 12, 17 s at 50%, 75%, 100% workload, respectively). VL also had the greatest reliability and agreement. HRT was sequentially slower between muscle sites in the order of VL < RF < PS < DL, and reliability was lower than for the VL. Discussion This study highlights the potential for using wearable NIRS on multiple muscle sites during exercise. Reoxygenation kinetics differ between local muscle sites with increasing intensity. Moderate-to-good reliability in the VL support its increasing use in sport science and clinical applications. Lower reliability in other muscle sites suggest they are not appropriate to be used alone, but may add information when combined to better reflect systemic intensity and fatigue during exercise at different intensities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jem I. Arnold
- School of Kinesiology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Assaf Yogev
- School of Kinesiology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hannah Nelson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Martijn van Hooff
- Department of Sports and Exercise, Máxima Medical Centre, Veldhoven, Netherlands
| | - Michael S. Koehle
- School of Kinesiology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- Division of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Parenteau F, Denis A, Roberts M, Comtois AS, Bergdahl A. A polyphenol-rich cranberry supplement improves muscle oxidative capacity in healthy adults. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2024; 49:1047-1054. [PMID: 38626462 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2023-0633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
Cranberries are rich in polyphenols, have a high antioxidant capacity, and may protect against exercise-induced free radical production. Mitochondria are known producers of free radical in skeletal muscle, and preventing overproduction of radicals may be a viable approach to improve muscle health. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a polyphenol-rich cranberry extract (CE) on muscle oxidative capacity and oxygenation metrics in healthy active adults. 17 participants (9 males and 8 females) were tested at: (i) baseline, (ii) 2 h following an acute CE dose (0.7 g/kg of body mass), and (iii) after 4 weeks of daily supplement consumption (0.3 g/kg of body mass). At each time point, muscle oxidative capacity was determined using near-infrared spectroscopy to measure the recovery kinetics of muscle oxygen consumption following a 15-20 s contraction of the vastus lateralis. Cranberry supplementation over 28 days significantly improved muscle oxidative capacity (k-constant, 2.8 ± 1.8 vs. 3.9 ± 2.2; p = 0.02). This was supported by a greater rate of oxygen depletion during a sustained cuff occlusion (-0.04 ± 0.02 vs. -0.07 ± 0.03; p = 0.02). Resting muscle oxygen consumption was not affected by cranberry consumption. Our results suggest that cranberry supplementation may play a role in improving mitochondrial health, which could lead to better muscle oxidative capacity in healthy active adult populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francis Parenteau
- Department of Health, Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Antoine Denis
- Department of Health, Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Mary Roberts
- Department of Health, Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Alain Steve Comtois
- Département des Sciences de l'activité physique, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Andreas Bergdahl
- Department of Health, Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Perlet MR, Hosick PA, Licameli N, Matthews EL. Microvascular Reactivity Is Greater Following Blood Flow Restriction Resistance Exercise Compared with Traditional Resistance Exercise. J Strength Cond Res 2024:00124278-990000000-00488. [PMID: 39074191 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Perlet, MR, Hosick, PA, Licameli, N, and Matthews, EL. Microvascular reactivity is greater following blood flow restriction resistance exercise compared with traditional resistance exercise. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2024-Chronic blood flow restriction (BFR) resistance exercise can improve muscular strength, hypertrophy, and microvasculature function, but the acute microvascular effects are unknown. We aimed to test the effects of acute BFR resistance exercise on postexercise microvascular reactivity in an exercising muscle and nonexercising muscle compared with traditional resistance exercise (TRE). Twenty-five adults (men = 14, women = 11, age: 22 ± 3 years, body mass: 71.69 ± 14.49 kg, height: 170 ± 10 cm) completed barbell back squat 1-repetition maximum (1RM) testing followed by 2 randomized and counterbalanced resistance exercise visits separated by ≥48 hours. The 2 visits involved either BFR (4 sets of 30-15-15-15 repetitions at 30% 1RM, with 60-second rest intervals) or TRE (4 sets of 10 repetitions at 70% 1RM, 60-second rest intervals). During each exercise visit, a pre- and postbarbell back squat vascular occlusion test was performed using near-infrared spectroscopy to measure skeletal muscle oxygen (SmO2) in the vastus lateralis (VL) and flexor carpi radialis (FCR). Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA found an interaction effect (p = 0.020) for SmO2 reactivity in the VL. Post hoc analysis found greater reactive hyperemia postexercise in the VL for the BFR condition (p < 0.001) but not the TRE condition (p ≥ 0.05). There were no time, condition, or interaction effects (all p > 0.05) for the same analysis in the FCR. This analysis suggests that BFR, but not TRE, lead to acutely improved microvasculature function. Moreover, it suggests that the effects of BFR resistance exercise are local to the exercised or occluded limb and not systemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Perlet
- Department of Exercise Science and Physical Education, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey; and
| | - Peter A Hosick
- Department of Exercise Science and Physical Education, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey; and
| | | | - Evan L Matthews
- Department of Exercise Science and Physical Education, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey; and
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Corral-Pérez J, Marín-Galindo A, Costilla M, Casals C, Muñoz-López A, Sánchez-Sixto A, Sañudo B, Ponce-González JG. Reliability of near-infrared spectroscopy in measuring muscle oxygenation during squat exercise. J Sci Med Sport 2024:S1440-2440(24)00247-0. [PMID: 39054175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2024.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Monitoring of changes in skeletal muscle oxygenation during exercise has increased in recent years. Tissue oxygenation, which is related to fatigue and muscle hypertrophy, is often measured using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine the test-retest reliability of a non-portable NIRS (NIRO200Nx) during the full-squat exercise and recovery in young healthy men. DESIGN Twenty-five male participants (21.8 ± 2.6 years) were recruited for this original research. Each participant completed an 8-repetition test with a load that elicited a velocity of 1 m·s-1. The test was conducted twice, with a 48-hour washout period between sessions. METHODS The NIRS measured the changes of oxygenated-Hemoglobin (O2Hb), deoxygenated-Hemoglobin (HHb) and Tissue Oxygenation Index (TOI) in both Vastus Lateralis and Vastus Medialis during rest, exercise, and recovery. Coefficient of Variation (CV), Standard Error Measurement (SEM) and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) were used to evaluate the reliability of the data. Significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS The results indicated that TOI had good to acceptable absolute reliability (CVTOI = 2.7-10.2 %). A good relative relativity for the overall test was found for Vastus Medialis O2Hb (ICC = 0.851), HHb (ICC = 0.852), and TOI (ICC = 0.864), and Vastus Lateralis O2Hb (ICC = 0.898), HHb (ICC = 0.899), and TOI (ICC = 0.897). CONCLUSIONS We conclude that NIRO200Nx is a reliable instrument for measuring muscle oxygen saturation through the TOI parameter in not-to-failure dynamic resistance exercises (1 set of 8 reps against ∼40 % 1 repetition maximum). Tissue oxygenation assessment could be a new way of individualizing exercise through dynamic resistance exercises.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Corral-Pérez
- ExPhy Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Universidad de Cádiz, Spain.
| | - Alberto Marín-Galindo
- ExPhy Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Universidad de Cádiz, Spain.
| | - Manuel Costilla
- ExPhy Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Universidad de Cádiz, Spain.
| | - Cristina Casals
- ExPhy Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Universidad de Cádiz, Spain.
| | - Alejandro Muñoz-López
- Departamento de Motricidad Humana y Rendimiento Deportivo, University of Seville, Seville, Spain.
| | | | - Borja Sañudo
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Seville, Spain.
| | - Jesús Gustavo Ponce-González
- ExPhy Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Universidad de Cádiz, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pugh CF, Paton CD, Ferguson RA, Driller MW, Martyn Beaven C. Acute physiological responses of blood flow restriction between high-intensity interval repetitions in trained cyclists. Eur J Sport Sci 2024; 24:777-787. [PMID: 38874956 PMCID: PMC11235839 DOI: 10.1002/ejsc.12107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Blood flow restriction (BFR) is increasingly being used to enhance aerobic performance in endurance athletes. This study examined physiological responses to BFR applied in recovery phases within a high-intensity interval training (HIIT) session in trained cyclists. Eleven competitive road cyclists (mean ± SD, age: 28 ± 7 years, body mass: 69 ± 6 kg, peak oxygen uptake: 65 ± 9 mL · kg-1 · min-1) completed two randomised crossover conditions: HIIT with (BFR) and without (CON) BFR applied during recovery phases. HIIT consisted of six 30-s cycling bouts at an intensity equivalent to 85% of maximal 30-s power (523 ± 93 W), interspersed with 4.5-min recovery. BFR (200 mmHg, 12 cm cuff width) was applied for 2-min in the early recovery phase between each interval. Pulmonary gas exchange (V̇O2, V̇CO2, and V̇E), tissue oxygen saturation index (TSI), heart rate (HR), and serum vascular endothelial growth factor concentration (VEGF) were measured. Compared to CON, BFR increased V̇CO2 and V̇E during work bouts (both p < 0.05, dz < 0.5), but there was no effect on V̇O2, TSI, or HR (p > 0.05). In early recovery, BFR decreased TSI, V̇O2, V̇CO2, and V̇E (all p < 0.05, dz > 0.8) versus CON, with no change in HR (p > 0.05). In late recovery, when BFR was released, V̇O2, V̇CO2, V̇E, and HR increased, but TSI decreased versus CON (all p < 0.05, dz > 0.8). There was a greater increase in VEGF at 3-h post-exercise in BFR compared to CON (p < 0.05, dz > 0.8). Incorporating BFR into HIIT recovery phases altered physiological responses compared to exercise alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles F. Pugh
- Te Huataki Waiora School of HealthUniversity of WaikatoHamiltonNew Zealand
| | - Carl D. Paton
- School of Health and Sport ScienceTe PukengaThe Eastern Institute of TechnologyNapierNew Zealand
| | - Richard A. Ferguson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health SciencesLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughUK
| | - Matthew W. Driller
- Sport, Performance and Nutrition Research GroupSchool of Allied Health, Human Services and SportLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - C. Martyn Beaven
- Te Huataki Waiora School of HealthUniversity of WaikatoHamiltonNew Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bielitzki R, Behrens M, Behrendt T, Malczewski V, Mittlmeier T, Schega L. Low-load Resistance Exercise with Perceptually Primed Practical Blood Flow Restriction Induces Similar Motor Performance Fatigue, Physiological Changes, and Perceptual Responses Compared to Traditional Blood Flow Restriction in Males and Females. J Sports Sci Med 2024; 23:326-341. [PMID: 38841639 PMCID: PMC11149072 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2024.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
In the recent past, practical blood flow restriction (pBFR) using non-pneumatic, usually elastic cuffs has been established as a cost-effective alternative to traditional blood flow restriction (BFR) using pneumatic cuffs, especially for training in large groups. This study investigated whether low-load resistance exercise with perceptually primed pBFR using an elastic knee wrap is suitable to induce similar motor performance fatigue as well as physiological and perceptual responses compared to traditional BFR using a pneumatic nylon cuff in males and females. In a randomized, counterbalanced cross-over study, 30 healthy subjects performed 4 sets (30-15-15-15 repetitions) of unilateral knee extensions at 20% of their one-repetition-maximum. In the pBFR condition, each individual was perceptually primed to a BFR pressure corresponding to 60% of their arterial occlusion pressure. Before and after exercise, maximal voluntary torque, maximal muscle activity, and cuff pressure-induced discomfort were assessed. Moreover, physiological (i.e., muscle activity, muscle oxygenation) and perceptual responses (i.e., effort and exercise-induced leg muscle pain) were recorded during exercise. Moderate correlations with no differences between pBFR and BFR were found regarding the decline in maximal voluntary torque and maximal muscle activity. Furthermore, no to very strong correlations between conditions, with no differences, were observed for muscle activity, muscle oxygenation, and perceptual responses during exercise sets. However, cuff pressure-induced discomfort was lower in the pBFR compared to the BFR condition. These results indicate that low-load resistance exercise combined with perceptually primed pBFR is a convenient and less discomfort inducing alternative to traditional BFR. This is especially relevant for BFR training with people who have a low cuff-induced discomfort tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Bielitzki
- Department of Sport Science, Institute III, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Martin Behrens
- University of Applied Sciences for Sport and Management Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Tom Behrendt
- Department of Sport Science, Institute III, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Victoria Malczewski
- Department of Sport Science, Institute III, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Mittlmeier
- Department of Traumatology, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Lutz Schega
- Department of Sport Science, Institute III, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Skotzke P, Schwindling S, Meyer T. Side differences and reproducibility of the Moxy muscle oximeter during cycling in trained men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05514-2. [PMID: 38809481 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05514-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Portable near-infrared spectroscopy devices allow measurements of muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) in real time and non-invasively. To use NIRS for typical applications including intensity control and load monitoring, the day-to-day variability needs to be known to interpret changes confidently. This study investigates the absolute and relative test-retest reliability of the Moxy Monitor and investigates side differences of SmO2 at the vastus lateralis muscle of both legs in cyclists. METHODS Twelve trained cyclists and triathletes completed 3 incremental step tests with 5 min step duration starting at 1.0 W/kg with an increase of 0.5 W/kg separated by 2-7 days. SmO2 was averaged over the last minute of each stage. For all power outputs, the intra-class coefficient (ICC), the standard error of measurement (SEM) and the minimal detectable change (MDC) were calculated. Dominant and non-dominant leg SmO2 were compared using a three-factor ANOVA and limits of agreement (LoA). RESULTS ANOVA showed no significant systematic differences between trials and side. For both legs and all intensities, the ICC ranged from 0.79 to 0.92, the SEM from 5 to 9% SmO2 and the MDC from 14 to 18% SmO2. The bias and LoA between both legs were -2.0% ± 19.9% SmO2. CONCLUSION Relative reliability of SmO2 was numerically good to excellent according to current standards. However, it depends on the specific analytical goal whether the test-retest reliability is deemed sufficient. Wide LoA indicate side differences in muscle oxygenation during exercise unexplained by leg dominance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Skotzke
- Institute of Sport and Preventive Medicine, University of Saarland, Campus B8.2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Sascha Schwindling
- Institute of Sport and Preventive Medicine, University of Saarland, Campus B8.2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Tim Meyer
- Institute of Sport and Preventive Medicine, University of Saarland, Campus B8.2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nemoto S, Nakabo T, Tashiro N, Kishino A, Yoshikawa A, Nakamura D, Geshi E. Relationship among muscle strength, muscle endurance, and skeletal muscle oxygenation dynamics during ramp incremental cycle exercise. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11676. [PMID: 38778135 PMCID: PMC11111797 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61529-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Peak oxygen uptake (VO2), evaluated as exercise tolerance, is a strong predictor of life prognosis regardless of health condition. Several previous studies have reported that peak VO2 is higher in those with a greater decrease in muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) in the active muscles during incremental exercise. However, the skeletal muscle characteristics of individuals exhibiting a greater decrease in SmO2 during active muscle engagement in incremental exercise remain unclear. This study aimed to clarify the relationship among muscle strength, muscle endurance, and skeletal muscle oxygenation dynamics in active leg muscles during incremental exercise. Twenty-four healthy young men were included and categorized into the non-moderate-to-high muscular strength and endurance group (those with low leg muscle strength, endurance, or both; n = 11) and the moderate-to-high muscular strength and endurance group (those with both moderate-to-high leg muscle strength and endurance; n = 13). All participants underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing combined with near-infrared spectroscopy to assess whole-body peak VO2 and the change in SmO2 at the lateral vastus lateralis from rest to each exercise stage as skeletal muscle oxygenation dynamics. A linear mixed-effects model, with the change in SmO2 from rest to each stage as the dependent variable, individual participants as random effects, and group and exercise load as fixed effects, revealed significant main effects for both group (P = 0.001) and exercise load (P < 0.001) as well as a significant interaction between the two factors (P < 0.001). Furthermore, multiple-comparison test results showed that the change in SmO2 from rest to 40%-100% peak VO2 was significantly higher in the moderate-to-high muscular strength and endurance group than in the non-moderate-to-high muscular strength and endurance group. Maintaining both muscle strength and endurance at moderate or higher levels contributes to high skeletal muscle oxygenation dynamics (i.e., greater decrease in SmO2) during moderate- or high-intensity exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Nemoto
- Department of Physical Therapy, Showa University School of Nursing and Rehabilitation Sciences, 1865 Tokaichiba-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8555, Japan.
| | - Tohru Nakabo
- Department of Physical Therapy, Showa University School of Nursing and Rehabilitation Sciences, 1865 Tokaichiba-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8555, Japan
| | - Naonori Tashiro
- Division of Health Science Education, Showa University School of Nursing and Rehabilitation Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Asami Kishino
- Department of Physical Therapy, Showa University School of Nursing and Rehabilitation Sciences, 1865 Tokaichiba-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8555, Japan
| | - Akira Yoshikawa
- Division of Health Science Education, Showa University School of Nursing and Rehabilitation Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Daisuke Nakamura
- Department of Physical Therapy, Showa University School of Nursing and Rehabilitation Sciences, 1865 Tokaichiba-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8555, Japan
| | - Eiichi Geshi
- Office of Institutional Research, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Perrey S, Quaresima V, Ferrari M. Muscle Oximetry in Sports Science: An Updated Systematic Review. Sports Med 2024; 54:975-996. [PMID: 38345731 PMCID: PMC11052892 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01987-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the last 5 years since our last systematic review, a significant number of articles have been published on the technical aspects of muscle near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), the interpretation of the signals and the benefits of using the NIRS technique to measure the physiological status of muscles and to determine the workload of working muscles. OBJECTIVES Considering the consistent number of studies on the application of muscle oximetry in sports science published over the last 5 years, the objectives of this updated systematic review were to highlight the applications of muscle oximetry in the assessment of skeletal muscle oxidative performance in sports activities and to emphasize how this technology has been applied to exercise and training over the last 5 years. In addition, some recent instrumental developments will be briefly summarized. METHODS Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews guidelines were followed in a systematic fashion to search, appraise and synthesize existing literature on this topic. Electronic databases such as Scopus, MEDLINE/PubMed and SPORTDiscus were searched from March 2017 up to March 2023. Potential inclusions were screened against eligibility criteria relating to recreationally trained to elite athletes, with or without training programmes, who must have assessed physiological variables monitored by commercial oximeters or NIRS instrumentation. RESULTS Of the identified records, 191 studies regrouping 3435 participants, met the eligibility criteria. This systematic review highlighted a number of key findings in 37 domains of sport activities. Overall, NIRS information can be used as a meaningful marker of skeletal muscle oxidative capacity and can become one of the primary monitoring tools in practice in conjunction with, or in comparison with, heart rate or mechanical power indices in diverse exercise contexts and across different types of training and interventions. CONCLUSIONS Although the feasibility and success of the use of muscle oximetry in sports science is well documented, there is still a need for further instrumental development to overcome current instrumental limitations. Longitudinal studies are urgently needed to strengthen the benefits of using muscle oximetry in sports science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Perrey
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, University of Montpellier, IMT Mines Ales, Montpellier, France
| | - Valentina Quaresima
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Marco Ferrari
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jones B, Waterworth S, Tallent J, Rogerson M, Morton C, Moran J, Southall-Edwards R, Cooper CE, McManus C. Cold-Water Immersion and Lower Limb Muscle Oxygen Consumption as Measured by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Trained Endurance Athletes. J Athl Train 2024; 59:317-324. [PMID: 37347152 PMCID: PMC10976338 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-0532.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Cold-water immersion (CWI) has been reported to reduce tissue metabolism postimmersion, but physiological data are lacking regarding the muscle metabolic response to its application. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a noninvasive optical technique that can inform muscle hemodynamics and tissue metabolism. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of CWI at 2 water temperatures (10°C and 15°C) on NIRS-calculated measurements of muscle oxygen consumption (mVO2). DESIGN Crossover study. SETTING University sports rehabilitation center. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS A total of 11 male National Collegiate Athletic Association Division II long-distance runners (age = 23.4 ± 3.4 years, height = 1.8 ± 0.1 m, mass = 68.8 ± 10.7 kg, mean adipose tissue thickness = 6.7 ± 2.7 mm). INTERVENTION(S) Cold-water immersion at 10°C and 15°C for 20 minutes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) We calculated mVO2 preimmersion and postimmersion at water temperatures of 10°C and 15°C. Changes in tissue oxyhemoglobin (O2Hb), deoxyhemoglobin (HHb), total hemoglobin (tHb), hemoglobin difference (Hbdiff), and tissue saturation index (TSI %) were measured during the 20-minute immersion at both temperatures. RESULTS We observed a decrease in mVO2 after immersion at both 10°C and 15°C (F1,9 = 27.7801, P = .001). During the 20-minute immersion at both temperatures, we noted a main effect of time for O2Hb (F3,27 = 14.227, P = .001), HHb (F3,27 = 5.749, P = .009), tHb (F3,27 = 24.786, P = .001), and Hbdiff (F3,27 = 3.894, P = .020), in which values decreased over the course of immersion. Post hoc pairwise comparisons showed that these changes occurred within the final 5 minutes of immersion for tHb and O2Hb. CONCLUSIONS A 20-minute CWI at 10°C and 15°C led to a reduction in mVO2. This was greater after immersion at 10°C. The reduction in mVO2 suggests a decrease in muscle metabolic activity (ie, O2 use after CWI). Calculating mVO2 via the NIRS-occlusion technique may offer further insight into muscle metabolic responses beyond what is attainable from observing the NIRS primary signals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Jones
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - Sally Waterworth
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - Jamie Tallent
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - Mike Rogerson
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - Chris Morton
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - Jason Moran
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | | | - Chris E. Cooper
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - Chris McManus
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang H, Yang Z. Research on dynamic comfort maintenance by measuring lower limb edema and seat pressure during simulated seated sleep in flight. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND ERGONOMICS 2024; 30:72-83. [PMID: 37401853 DOI: 10.1080/10803548.2023.2232635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Objectives. Seated sleep during flight can bring significant discomfort to passengers. The objective of this research was to study passengers' dynamic comfort maintenance strategies in lower limb postural shifting during seated sleep in flight. Methods. Studies on seated sleep postures and sitting comfort were conducted. First, 40 participants were recruited to the observational research for collecting typical leg postures during seated sleep. Then, an experiment was conducted with the participants simulating seated sleep in the aircraft seat. The changes in lower limb edema and seat pressure in different postures were measured with a bioelectrical impedance device, near-infrared spectroscopy device and pressure mapping device. Results. Six postures were selected through the observational research. The experiment showed that tissues of the thighs and buttocks suffer alternate higher compression by shifting between the six postures. Lower limb edema is higher when the shanks are forward, while the tissue under the ischial tuberosity suffers higher compression when the shanks are neutral. Conclusion. Six motivations for passengers to shift each sitting posture to achieve dynamic comfort were summarized, which helps obtain alternating rest in different body parts. The suggestion of a leg position adjustment system was also proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huizhong Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Department of Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Usher A, Babraj J. Use of NIRS to explore skeletal muscle oxygenation during different training sessions in professional boxing. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:595-606. [PMID: 37656280 PMCID: PMC10858063 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05305-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The physiological examination of boxing has been limited to systemic response in amateur athletes. The demands of professional boxing have been overlooked, despite the different competition format. We sought to determine the physiological demands placed on skeletal muscle in professional boxing. METHODS Ten male professional boxers (age 26 ± 5 years, height 177 ± 4 cm, weight 71 ± 6 kg) were recruited for this observational study. On different days, the athletes completed 6 × 3 min rounds of pad, bag or spar-based training with 1 min recovery between each round. Prior to each session, participants put on a heart rate monitor and near-infrared spectroscopy attached to the belly of the rectus femoris muscle to record heart rate and muscle oxygenation. RESULTS There were significantly less punches thrown in sparring compared to other training modalities (p < 0.001). Skeletal muscle oxygenation across training modalities consisted of a delay, fast desaturation and steady state. Across rounds there was a significant increase in time delay for desaturation (p = 0.016), rate of fast desaturation (p < 0.001) and duration of fast desaturation (p = 0.019). There was a significant difference in sparring for the heart rate where skeletal muscle oxygenation changes occurred compared to pads or bag sessions (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The findings highlight differences in the skeletal muscle response to the different training modalities. Practitioners need to be aware of the muscular demands of each session to allow optimal adaptation across a training camp. Training needs to allow the skeletal muscle to achieve a new oxygenation steady state rapidly to promote efficient performance across rounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Usher
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Abertay University, Bell St, Dundee, DD1 1HG, Scotland.
| | - John Babraj
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Abertay University, Bell St, Dundee, DD1 1HG, Scotland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Marko D, Vymyslický P, Miřátský P, Bahenský P, Malý T, Vobr R, Krajcigr M. Effect of Floss Band on Anaerobic Exercise and Muscle Tissue Oxygenation. J Sport Rehabil 2024; 33:99-105. [PMID: 38176399 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2023-0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Flossing is still a relatively new technique that has yielded varied results in the research literature; therefore, it requires further investigation. Previous research has shown that thigh tissue flossing might improve performance in countermovement jump, sprint time, maximum voluntary contraction, and rate of force development. DESIGN The present study aims to investigate the effect of the floss band on performance during the Wingate test (30-WAT), muscle oxygen saturation (SpO2), and total hemoglobin in vastus lateralis. METHODS Twenty-two students of physical education and sport (11 men and 11 women) were randomly selected to complete either the Wingate test with the application of a floss band in warm-up or the Wingate test without the use of a floss band, followed by the alternative 24 hours apart. RESULTS Throughout the testing, the floss band did not affect performance values during the Wingate test (relative peak power, relative average power, and fatigue index). However, there was a medium to large effect difference during 1 minute prior to 30-WAT (PRE), during the 30-WAT, and 10-minute recovery (REC) in values of SpO2 and total hemoglobin. Use of floss band displayed a higher SpO2 during PRE, 30-WAT, and REC by ∼13.55%, d < 2; ∼19.06%, d = 0.89; and ∼8.55%, d = 0.59, respectively. CONCLUSION Collectively, these findings indicate that the application of thigh flossing during warm-up has no effect on 30-WAT performance; however, SpO2 was significantly increased in all stages of testing. This could lead to potential improvement in repeated anaerobic exercise due to increased blood flow. Increased muscle oxygen saturation can also lead to improved tissue healing as oxygen supply is essential for tissue repair, wound healing, and pain management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Marko
- Research Sport Center, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Education, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Patrik Vymyslický
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Sports, Physical Training and Education, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Miřátský
- Research Sport Center, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Bahenský
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Education, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Malý
- Research Sport Center, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Vobr
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Education, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Krajcigr
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Education, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sendra-Pérez C, Encarnación-Martínez A, Oficial-Casado F, Salvador-Palmer R, Priego-Quesada JI. A comparative analysis of mathematical methods for detecting lactate thresholds using muscle oxygenation data during a graded cycling test. Physiol Meas 2023; 44:125013. [PMID: 38081136 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/ad1457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Objective. Threshold determination for improving training and sports performance is important for researchers and trainers, who currently use different methods for determining lactate, ventilatory or muscle oxygenation (SmO2) thresholds. Our study aimed to compare the identification of the intensity at the first and second thresholds using lactate and SmO2data by different mathematical methods in different muscles during a graded cycling test.Approach. Twenty-six cyclists (15 males and 11 females; 23 ±6 years, 1.71 ± 0.09 m, 64.3 ± 8.8 Kg and 12 ± 3 training hours per week) performed a graded test on the cycle ergometer. Power output and saturation of muscle oxygen in four muscles (vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior) were measured, along with systemic lactate concentration.Main Results. Our results showed that any method was reliable for determining the first muscle oxygenation threshold (MOT1) when comparing the lactate threshold in any muscle. However, the best method for determining the second muscle oxygenation threshold (MOT2) was the Exp-Dmax (p< 0.01; ICC = 0.79-0.91) in all muscles. In particular, the vastus lateralis muscle showed the highest intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC = 0.91, CI95% [0.81, 0.96]). However, results varied per sex across all muscles analyzed.Significance. Although the first muscle oxygenation threshold could not be determined using mathematical methods in all the muscles analyzed, the Exp-Dmax method presented excellent results in detecting the second systemic threshold in the vastus lateralis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sendra-Pérez
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alberto Encarnación-Martínez
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
- Red Española de Investigación del Rendimiento Deportivo en Ciclismo y Mujer (REDICYM), Consejo Superior de Deportes (CSD), Ontinyent (Valencia), Spain
| | - Fran Oficial-Casado
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rosario Salvador-Palmer
- Red Española de Investigación del Rendimiento Deportivo en Ciclismo y Mujer (REDICYM), Consejo Superior de Deportes (CSD), Ontinyent (Valencia), Spain
- Biophysics and Medical Physics Group, Department of Physiology, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose I Priego-Quesada
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
- Red Española de Investigación del Rendimiento Deportivo en Ciclismo y Mujer (REDICYM), Consejo Superior de Deportes (CSD), Ontinyent (Valencia), Spain
- Biophysics and Medical Physics Group, Department of Physiology, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Succi PJ, Dinyer-McNeely TK, Voskuil CC, Abel MG, Clasey JL, Bergstrom HC. Responses to Exercise at the Critical Heart Rate vs. the Power Output Associated With the Critical Heart Rate. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:2362-2372. [PMID: 37369084 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Succi, PJ, Dinyer-McNeely, TK, Voskuil, CC, Abel, MG, Clasey, JL, and Bergstrom, HC. Responses to exercise at the critical heart rate vs. the power output associated with the critical heart rate. J Strength Cond Res 37(12): 2362-2372, 2023-This study examined the physiological (volume of oxygen consumption [V̇ o2 ], heart rate [HR], power output [PO], respiration rate [RR], muscle oxygen saturation [%SmO 2 ]), neuromuscular (electromyographic and mechanomyographic amplitude [EMG AMP and MMG AMP] and mean power frequency [EMG MPF and MMG MPF]), and perceptual (rating of perceived exertion [RPE]) responses during exercise anchored at the critical heart rate (CHR) vs. the PO associated with CHR (PCHR). Nine subjects (mean ± SD ; age = 26 ± 3 years) performed a graded exercise test and 4 constant PO trials to exhaustion at 85-100% of peak PO (PP) to derive CHR and PCHR on a cycle ergometer. Responses were recorded during trials at CHR (173 ± 9 b·min -1 , time to exhaustion [T Lim ] = 45.5 ± 20.2 minutes) and PCHR (198 ± 58 W, T Lim = 21.0 ± 17.8 minutes) and normalized to their respective values at PP in 10% intervals. There were significant ( p ≤ 0.05) mode (CHR vs. PCHR) × time (10%-100% T Lim ) interactions for all variables ( p < 0.001-0.036) except MMG AMP ( p > 0.05). Post hoc analyses indicated differences across time for CHR V̇ o2 (%change = -22 ± 16%), PCHR V̇ o2 (19 ± 5%), CHR RR (24 ± 23%), PCHR RR (45 ± 14%), CHR PO (-33 ± 11%), PCHR HR (22 ± 5%), CHR RPE (22 ± 14%), PCHR RPE (39 ± 6%), CHR %SmO 2 (41 ± 33%), PCHR %SmO 2 (-18 ± 40%), CHR EMG AMP (-13 ± 15%), PCHR EMG AMP (13 ± 13%), CHR EMG MPF (9 ± 8%), CHR MMG MPF (7 ± 11%), and PCHR MMG MPF (-3 ± 14%). The critical heart rate was more sustainable than PCHR but required adjustments in PO which traversed intensity domains and caused dissociations of the responses previously observed in exercise anchored to PO. These dissociations indicated the demands to exercise varied with anchoring scheme and provides an important consideration for practitioners prescribing endurance exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale J Succi
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Taylor K Dinyer-McNeely
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health & Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma; and
| | - Caleb C Voskuil
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Mark G Abel
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Jody L Clasey
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Haley C Bergstrom
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yáñez-Sepúlveda R, Olivares-Arancibia J, Cortés-Roco G, Vasquez-Bonilla A, Monsalves-Álvarez M, Alvear-Órdenes I, Tuesta M. Association between Fractional Oxygen Extraction from Resting Quadriceps Muscle and Body Composition in Healthy Men. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:149. [PMID: 37987485 PMCID: PMC10660468 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8040149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to associate body composition with fractional oxygen extraction at rest in healthy adult men. Fourteen healthy adults (26.93 ± 2.49 years) from Chile participated. Body composition was assessed with octopole bioimpedance, and resting muscle oxygenation was evaluated in the vastus lateralis quadriceps with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) during a vascular occlusion test, analyzing the muscleVO2, resaturation velocity during reactive hyperemia via the muscle saturation index (%TSI), and the area above the curve of HHb (AACrep). It was observed that the total and segmented fat mass are associated with lower reoxygenation velocities during hyperemia (p = 0.008; β = 0.678: p = 0.002; β = 0.751), and that the total and segmented skeletal muscle mass are associated with higher reoxygenation velocities during hyperemia (p = 0.020; β = -0.614: p = 0.027; β = -0.587). It was also observed that the total and segmented fat mass were associated with a higher area above the curve of HHb (AACrep) during hyperemia (p = 0.007; β = 0.692: p = 0.037; β = 0.564), and that total and segmented skeletal muscle mass was associated with a lower area above the curve of HHb (AACrep) during hyperemia (p = 0.007; β = -0.703: p = 0.017; β = -0.632). We concluded that fat mass is associated with lower resaturation rates and lower resting fractional O2 extraction levels. In contrast, skeletal muscle mass is associated with higher resaturation rates and fractional O2 extraction during reactive hyperemia. The AACrep may be relevant in the evaluation of vascular adaptations to exercise and metabolic health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Yáñez-Sepúlveda
- Faculty Education and Social Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile;
| | - Jorge Olivares-Arancibia
- Grupo AFySE, Investigación en Actividad Física y Salud Escolar, Escuela de Pedagogía en Educación Física, Facultad de Educación, Universidad de las Américas, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | | | | | | | - Ildefonso Alvear-Órdenes
- Applied Physiology Laboratory (FISAP), Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, 24001 León, Spain;
| | - Marcelo Tuesta
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Laboratory, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile;
- Laboratory of Sport Sciences, Centro de Medicina Deportiva Sports MD, Viña del Mar 2521156, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Whyte E, Thomas S, Marzolini S. Muscle oxygenation of the paretic and nonparetic legs during and after exercise in chronic stroke: Implications for mobility. PM R 2023; 15:1239-1248. [PMID: 36459570 DOI: 10.1002/pmrj.12927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxygen delivery and demand are reduced in the paretic leg of individuals after stroke. However, it is unknown how muscle oxygenation, the balance between delivery and utilization of oxygen at the muscle, is altered post-stroke during aerobic exercise and how it relates to mobility. OBJECTIVE To monitor muscle oxygenation changes between the paretic and nonparetic legs of individuals after stroke during treadmill exercise and the 6-minute walk test and analyze the association with mobility. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Cardiac rehabilitation program. PATIENTS Eleven male participants were enrolled in the study. Ten men (30.8 ± 4.1 months post-stroke; age 63.9 ± 13.9 years) with hemiparetic gait pattern finished the study. METHODS OR INTERVENTIONS Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Muscle oxygenation was measured with near-infrared spectroscopy placed on the vastus lateralis of each leg during treadmill exercise at the first ventilatory threshold and during a 6-minute walk test. RESULTS The desaturation slope during treadmill exercise was significantly steeper (p = .047) in the paretic (-0.7 ± 0.6%/s) compared to the nonparetic leg (-0.3 ± 0.2%/s). There was no other significant difference between legs. The 6-minute walk test distance was not correlated with 6-minute walk test muscle oxygenation in either leg (paretic: r = 0.20, p = 0.590; nonparetic: r = 0.42, p = .232). CONCLUSIONS At the onset of treadmill exercise, the paretic leg was unable to effectively match the oxygen demand and extraction of the nonparetic leg, suggesting the need for an immediate cardiovascular warmup prior to initiating moderate intensity exercise in this population. Because the exercise desaturation rate is thought to indicate increased anaerobic metabolism and lactate production, efforts to delay rapid desaturation could improve the sustainability of activities of daily living and exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Whyte
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute - University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Scott Thomas
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute - University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan Marzolini
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute - University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kowalski T, Kasiak PS, Rebis K, Klusiewicz A, Granda D, Wiecha S. Respiratory muscle training induces additional stress and training load in well-trained triathletes-randomized controlled trial. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1264265. [PMID: 37841319 PMCID: PMC10576561 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1264265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Respiratory muscle training (RMT) has been investigated in the context of improved athletic performance and pulmonary function. However, psychophysiological costs of RMT remain understudied. Voluntary isocapnic hyperpnoea (VIH) and inspiratory pressure threshold loading (IPTL) are widely applied RMT methods. The main purposes of this study were to assess whether RMT induces additional load on well-trained triathletes and determine differences in RMT-induced load between sexes and applied methods. Materials and Methods: 16 well-trained triathletes (n = 16, 56% males) underwent 6 weeks of VIH or IPTL program with progressive overload. Blood markers, subjective measures, cardiac indices, near-infrared spectroscopy indices, inspiratory muscle fatigue, and RMT-induced training load were monitored pre-, in and post-sessions. We used multiple ANOVA to investigate effects of sex, training method, and time on measured parameters. Results: There were significant interactions for acid-base balance (p = 0.04 for sex, p < 0.001 for method), partial carbon dioxide pressure (p = 0.03 for sex, p < 0.001 for method), bicarbonate (p = 0.01 for method), lactate (p < 0.001 for method), RMT-induced training load (p = 0.001 for method for single session, p = 0.03 for method per week), average heart rate (p = 0.03 for sex), maximum heart rate (p = 0.02 for sex), intercostales muscle oxygenation (p = 0.007 for testing week), and intercostales muscle oxygenation recovery (p = 0.003 for testing week and p = 0.007 for method). Conclusion: We found that RMT induced additional load in well-trained triathletes. Elicited changes in monitored variables depend on sex and training method. VIH significantly increased subjective training load measures. IPTL was associated with disbalance in blood gasometry, increase in lactate, and reports of headaches and dizziness. Both methods should be applied with consideration in high-performance settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Kowalski
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Sport—National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Kinga Rebis
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Sport—National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Klusiewicz
- Department of Physical Education and Health in Biala Podlaska, Faculty in Biala Podlaska, Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Biala Podlaska, Poland
| | - Dominika Granda
- Department of Nutrition Physiology and Dietetics, Institute of Sport—National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Szczepan Wiecha
- Department of Physical Education and Health in Biala Podlaska, Faculty in Biala Podlaska, Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Biala Podlaska, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhang H, Meng L, Yang Z. Biomechanical mechanism driving typical postural shifts of lower limbs during sleeping in an aircraft seat. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:2023-2039. [PMID: 37147512 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05220-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the biomechanical mechanisms driving passengers' lower-limb postural shifts during seated sleep on a flight to prevent negative effects on passengers' physical health. Twenty subjects participated in an observational study and a subsequent experiment on fatigue development and tissue oxygenation changes during seated sleep in an economy-class aircraft seat. Three of the most frequently used postures, which involved four targeted muscles of the legs and the thigh-buttock region, were selected and examined in the experiment with the following measures: muscle electromyogram, tissue oxygenation, and body contact pressure distribution. The results showed that the fatigue of the tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius and the compression of the region under the medial tuberosities were relieved by alternations among the three positions-position 1 (placing the shanks forwards), position 2 (placing the shanks neutrally), and position 3 (placing the shanks backwards). This research reveals the mechanical properties of the biomechanical factors functioning in lower-limb postural shifts during seated sleep and provides design optimization strategies for economy-class aircraft seats to reduce the negative effects on passenger health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huizhong Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Meng
- College of Art, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, China.
| | - Zhi Yang
- Department of Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Stephens S, Jaffri A, Saliba S. Local microvascular tissue oxygenation of the intrinsic foot muscles in patients with diabetes: A cross-sectional case-comparison study. Foot (Edinb) 2023; 56:102035. [PMID: 37167703 DOI: 10.1016/j.foot.2023.102035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foot-related complications including impaired peripheral circulation and lower limb ulceration are severe consequences for those with diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to assess differences in tissue oxygenation and oxygen utilization of the plantar surface intrinsic foot muscles between diabetic participants and healthy comparisons following short foot exercise and a standard walking protocol. METHODS Eighteen participants, 9 with diabetes and 9 healthy age- and sex-matched comparisons, completed two interventions in a randomized order. For the short foot exercise intervention, participants completed 5 sets of 15 intrinsic foot muscle contractions. For the walking intervention, participants completed a modified six-minute walk test. Tissue oxygenation variables including oxygenated hemoglobin, deoxygenated hemoglobin, and tissue saturation index were measured using near-infrared spectroscopy in quiet stance and during intrinsic foot muscle contraction cycles following each intervention. Means, standard deviations, 95 % confidence intervals, mean differences, and Cohen's d effect sizes were calculated for each tissue oxygenation variable. RESULTS The results of this study indicated no significant group differences in quiet standing tissue oxygenation measures at baseline and following each intervention. Participants in the diabetic group had significantly less change in tissue saturation index during intrinsic foot muscle contractions compared to healthy participants after the short foot exercise intervention (ES= 4.00, P = .0002) and walking intervention (ES= 1.33, P = .015). CONCLUSIONS By utilizing wireless NIRS and novel research methodology, this study was able to explore changes in plantar surface tissue oxygenation of the intrinsic foot muscles following a targeted short foot exercise intervention as well as a standard walking protocol in patients diagnosed with diabetes compared to age- and sex- matched individuals without diabetes. We identified that diabetic participants presented with less oxygen utilization during intrinsic foot muscle contractions performed following both exercise interventions compared to their healthy age- and sex- matched comparisons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Stephens
- University of Virginia, Department of Kinesiology, Charlottesville, VA, United States.
| | - Abbis Jaffri
- Creighton University, School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Susan Saliba
- University of Virginia, Department of Kinesiology, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Yogev A, Arnold J, Nelson H, Clarke DC, Guenette JA, Sporer BC, Koehle MS. Comparing the reliability of muscle oxygen saturation with common performance and physiological markers across cycling exercise intensity. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1143393. [PMID: 37601168 PMCID: PMC10436610 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1143393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Wearable near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) measurements of muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) demonstrated good test-retest reliability at rest. We hypothesized SmO2 measured with the Moxy monitor at the vastus lateralis (VL) would demonstrate good reliability across intensities. For relative reliability, SmO2 will be lower than volume of oxygen consumption (V̇O2) and heart rate (HR), higher than concentration of blood lactate accumulation ([BLa]) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). We aimed to estimate the reliability of SmO2 and common physiological measures across exercise intensities, as well as to quantify within-participant agreement between sessions. Methods Twenty-one trained cyclists completed two trials of an incremental multi-stage cycling test with 5 min constant workload steps starting at 1.0 watt per kg bodyweight (W·kg-1) and increasing by 0.5 W kg-1 per step, separated by 1 min passive recovery intervals until maximal task tolerance. SmO2, HR, V̇O2, [BLa], and RPE were recorded for each stage. Continuous measures were averaged over the final 60 s of each stage. Relative reliability at the lowest, median, and highest work stages was quantified as intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Absolute reliability and within-subject agreement were quantified as standard error of the measurement (SEM) and minimum detectable change (MDC). Results Comparisons between trials showed no significant differences within each exercise intensity for all outcome variables. ICC for SmO2 was 0.81-0.90 across exercise intensity. ICC for HR, V̇O2, [BLa], and RPE were 0.87-0.92, 0.73-0.97, 0.44-0.74, 0.29-0.70, respectively. SEM (95% CI) for SmO2 was 5 (3-7), 6 (4-9), and 7 (5-10)%, and MDC was 12%, 16%, and 18%. Discussion Our results demonstrate good-to-excellent test-retest reliability for SmO2 across intensity during an incremental multi-stage cycling test. V̇O2 and HR had excellent reliability, higher than SmO2. [BLa] and RPE had lower reliability than SmO2. Muscle oxygen saturation measured by wearable NIRS was found to have similar reliability to V̇O2 and HR, and higher than [BLa] and RPE across exercise intensity, suggesting that it is appropriate for everyday use as a non-invasive method of monitoring internal load alongside other metrics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Assaf Yogev
- Environmental Physiology Laboratory, The University of British Columbia, School of Kinesiology, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jem Arnold
- Environmental Physiology Laboratory, The University of British Columbia, School of Kinesiology, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hannah Nelson
- Environmental Physiology Laboratory, The University of British Columbia, School of Kinesiology, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David C. Clarke
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology and Sports Analytics Group, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Jordan A. Guenette
- Deptartment of Physical Therapy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Research, The University of British Columbia and St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ben C. Sporer
- Department of Family Practice, Vancouver Whitecaps FC, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Division of Sport & Exercise Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Michael S. Koehle
- Environmental Physiology Laboratory, The University of British Columbia, School of Kinesiology, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology and Sports Analytics Group, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- Division of Sport & Exercise Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Schäfer H, Teschler M, Mooren FC, Schmitz B. Altered tissue oxygenation in patients with post COVID-19 syndrome. Microvasc Res 2023; 148:104551. [PMID: 37201676 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2023.104551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post COVID-19 syndrome (PCS) is a complex condition with partly substantial impact on patients' social and professional life and overall life quality. Currently, the underlying cause(s) of PCS are unknown. Since PCS-specific symptoms could be associated with systemic alterations in tissue oxygen supply, we aimed to investigate changes in tissue oxygenation in patients with PCS. METHODS A case-control study including 30 PCS patients (66.6 % males, 48.6 ± 11.2 years, mean time after (first) acute infection: 324 days), 16 cardiologic patients (CVD) (65.5 % males, 56.7 ± 6.3 years) and 11 young healthy controls (55 % males, 28.5 ± 7.4 years) was conducted. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to assess changes in tissue oxygenation during an arterial occlusion protocol on the non-dominant forearm (brachioradialis, 760/850 nm, 5 Hz). The protocol included 10-min rest, a 2-min baseline measurement followed by a 3-min ischemic period (upper-arm cuff, 50 mmHg above resting systolic blood pressure) and a 3-min reoxygenation period. PCS patients were grouped by presence of arterial hypertension and elevated BMI to assess the impact of risk factors. RESULTS No differences in mean tissue oxygenation in the pre-occlusion phase existed between groups (p ≥ 0.566). During ischemia, comparisons of linear regressions slopes revealed slower oxygen desaturation for PCS patients (-0.064 %/s) compared to CVD patients (-0.08 %/s) and healthy subjects (-0.145 %/s) (p < 0.001). After cuff release, slowest speed for reoxygenation was detected in PCS patients at 0.84 %/s compared to CVD patients (1.04 %/s) and healthy controls (CG: 2.07 %/s) (p < 0.001). The differences between PCS patients and CVD patients during ischemia remained significant also after correction for risk factors. Analyses of complications during acute infection, persistence of PCS symptoms (time after acute infection), or PCS severity (number of lead symptoms) as confounding factors did not reveal a significant effect. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that the rate of tissue oxygen consumption is persistently altered in PCS and that PCS patients show an even slower decline in tissue oxygenation during occlusion than CVD patients. Our observations may at least partly explain PCS-specific symptoms such as physical impairment and fatigue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Schäfer
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten 58455, Germany; DRV Clinic Königsfeld, Center for Medical Rehabilitation, Ennepetal 58256, Germany
| | - Marc Teschler
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten 58455, Germany; DRV Clinic Königsfeld, Center for Medical Rehabilitation, Ennepetal 58256, Germany
| | - Frank C Mooren
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten 58455, Germany; DRV Clinic Königsfeld, Center for Medical Rehabilitation, Ennepetal 58256, Germany
| | - Boris Schmitz
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten 58455, Germany; DRV Clinic Königsfeld, Center for Medical Rehabilitation, Ennepetal 58256, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Muscle oxygenation is associated with bilateral strength asymmetry during isokinetic testing in sport teams. Sci Sports 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2022.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
|
27
|
Espinosa-Ramírez M, Riquelme S, Araya F, Rodríguez G, Figueroa-Martínez F, Gabrielli L, Viscor G, Reid WD, Contreras-Briceño F. Effectiveness of Respiratory Muscles Training by Voluntary Isocapnic Hyperpnea Versus Inspiratory Threshold Loading on Intercostales and Vastus Lateralis Muscles Deoxygenation Induced by Exercise in Physically Active Adults. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020219. [PMID: 36829497 PMCID: PMC9953077 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory muscle training (RMT) improves physical performance, although it is still debated whether this effect depends on the type of training. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of two different types of RMT, i.e., voluntary isocapnic hyperpnea (VIH) and inspiratory threshold loading (ITL), on the deoxygenation of intercostal (ΔSmO2-m. intercostales) and vastus lateralis (ΔSmO2-m. vastus lateralis) muscles during exercise. Twenty-four participants performed eight weeks of RMT by: (i) VIH (3 days·week-1 for 12 min at 60% maximal voluntary ventilation) or (ii) ITL (5 sets·week-1 of 30 breaths·minute-1 at 60% maximal inspiratory pressure). Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) included ΔSmO2 (the change from baseline to end of test) of intercostal and vastus lateralis muscles. After RMT, both groups showed decreased ΔSmO2-m. intercostales (VIH = 12.8 ± 14.6%, p = 0.04 (effect size, ES = 0.59), and ITL = 8.4 ± 9.8%, p = 0.04 (ES = 0.48)), without a coincident change of ∆SmO2-m. vastus lateralis. ITL training induced higher V˙O2-peak absolute values than VIH (mean Δ post-pre, ITL = 229 ± 254 mL·min-1 [95% CI 67-391] vs. VIH, 39 ± 153 mL·min-1 [95% CI -58-136.0], p = 0.01). In conclusion, both RMT improved the balance between supply and oxygen consumption levels of m. intercostales during CPET, with ITL also inducing an increase of aerobic capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maximiliano Espinosa-Ramírez
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna #4860, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Santiago Riquelme
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna #4860, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Felipe Araya
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna #4860, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Guido Rodríguez
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna #4860, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Fernanda Figueroa-Martínez
- Laboratory of Voice, Department of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna #4860, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Luigi Gabrielli
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta #367, Santiago 8380000, Chile
| | - Ginés Viscor
- Physiology Section, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - W. Darlene Reid
- Department of Physical Therapy and Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2A2, Canada
| | - Felipe Contreras-Briceño
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna #4860, Santiago 7820436, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta #367, Santiago 8380000, Chile
- Physiology Section, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Millennium Institute for Intelligent Healthcare Engineering, Av. Vicuña Mackenna #4860, Santiago 7820436, Chile
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-9-82288153
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Biddulph B, Morris JG, Lewis M, Hunter K, Sunderland C. Reliability of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy with and without Compression Tights during Exercise and Recovery Activities. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:sports11020023. [PMID: 36828308 PMCID: PMC9965473 DOI: 10.3390/sports11020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is widely used in sports science research, despite the limited reliability of available data. The aim of the present study was to assess the reliability of NIRS with and without compression tights. Thirteen healthy active males, (age 21.5 ± 2.7 years, body mass 82.1 ± 11.2 kg, BMI 24.6 ± 3.2 kg·m-2) completed four trials (two control trials and two trials using compression tights) over a 28-day period. During each trial, participants completed 20 min each of laying supine, sitting, walking (4 km·h-1), jogging, and sitting following the jogging. An NIRS device was attached to the muscle belly of the vastus lateralis and gastrocnemius and recorded tissue saturation index (TSI), muscle oxygenation, and muscle deoxygenation. Systematic bias and 95% limits of agreement (LOA) and coefficient of variation (CV) were used to report reliability measures for each activity type. For TSI, systematic bias (LOA) at the gastrocnemius during the control and tights trial ranged from -0.4 to 1.7% (4.4 to 10.3%) and -1.9 to 3.5% (8.1 to 12.0%), respectively. For the vastus lateralis, the systematic bias (LOA) for the control trial ranged from -2.4 to 1.0% (5.1 to 6.9%) and for the tights trial was -0.8 to 0.6% (7.0 to 9.5%). For TSI, the CV during the control trial ranged from 1.7 to 4.0% for the gastrocnemius and 1.9 to 2.6% for the vastus lateralis. During the tights trials, the CV ranged from 3.0 to 4.5% for the gastrocnemius and 2.6 to 3.5% for the vastus lateralis. The CV for muscle oxygenation during the control and tights trials for the gastrocnemius was 2.7 to 6.2% and 1.0 to 8.8% and for the vastus lateralis was 0.6 to 4.0% and 4.0 to 4.5%, respectively. The relative reliability was poorer in the tights trials, but if the aim was to detect a 5% difference in TSI, NIRS would be sufficiently reliable. However, the reliability of muscle oxygenation and deoxygenation varies considerably with activity type, and this should be considered when determining whether to employ NIRS in research studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brett Biddulph
- Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, Department of Sport Science, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - John G Morris
- Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, Department of Sport Science, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | | | - Kirsty Hunter
- Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, Department of Sport Science, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Caroline Sunderland
- Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, Department of Sport Science, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)1158486379
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Evaluation of Muscle Oxygen Dynamics in Children's Gait and Its Relationship with the Physiological Cost Index. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11020221. [PMID: 36673589 PMCID: PMC9858938 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11020221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The response of muscle oxygen saturation, which is an index for the energy metabolism of muscles during walking in children, and its relationship to the physiological cost index, which indicates walking efficiency, are unknown. This study aimed to evaluate muscle oxygen saturation in lower extremity muscles during walking in children, its changes with age, and the relationship between the physiological cost index. The oxygen saturation was measured by the amount of change during a two-minute walk, and the physiological cost index was calculated from the change in heart rate before and after exercise and walking speed. Results were compared for each muscle, and the correlation between the two was examined. Changes in muscle oxygen saturation were greater in the lower leg muscles, significantly greater in the tibialis anterior at six to seven years, and in the gastrocnemius medial head at eight to ten years. The physiological cost index was significantly correlated with changes in muscle oxygen saturation in the tibialis anterior (r = 0.44, p < 0.001). The lower leg muscles were metabolically active in children’s gait, and their response varied with age. Moreover, the muscle oxygenation dynamics of the tibialis anterior may influence walking efficiency.
Collapse
|
30
|
Yogev A, Arnold J, Nelson H, Clarke DC, Guenette JA, Sporer BC, Koehle MS. The effect of severe intensity bouts on muscle oxygen saturation responses in trained cyclists. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1086227. [PMID: 36909360 PMCID: PMC9995910 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1086227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) quantifies muscle oxygenation (SmO2) during exercise. Muscle oxygenation response to self-paced, severe-intensity cycling remains unclear. Observing SmO2 can provide cycling professionals with the ability to assess muscular response, helping optimize decision-making. We aimed to describe the effect of self-paced severe intensity bouts on SmO2, measured noninvasively by a wearable NIRS sensor on the vastus lateralis (VL) muscle, and examine its reliability. We hypothesized a greater desaturation response with each bout, whereas, between trials, good reliability would be observed. Fourteen recreationally trained, and trained cyclists completed a ramp test to determine the power output (PO) at the respiratory compensation point (RCP). Athletes completed two subsequent visits of 50-minute sessions that included four severe-intensity bouts done at 5% above RCP PO. Muscle oxygenation in the VL was monitored using a wearable NIRS device. Measures included mean PO, heart-rate (HR), cadence, and SmO2 at bout onset, during work (work SmO2), and ΔSmO2. The bouts were compared using a one-way repeated measures ANOVA. For significant differences, a Fisher's least square difference post-hoc analysis was used. A two-way repeated measures ANOVA was used using trial and bout as main factors. Intraclass correlations (ICC) were used to quantify relative reliability for mean work, and standard error of the measurement (SEM) was used to quantify absolute agreement of mean work SmO2. Both PO and cadence showed no effect of bout or trial. Heart-rate at bout 2 (168 ± 8 bpm) and 4 (170 ± 7 bpm) were higher than bout 1 (160 ± 6 bpm). Onset SmO2 (%) response significantly increased in the final two bouts of the session. Mean work SmO2 increased across bouts, with the highest value displayed in bout 4 (36 ± 22%). ΔSmO2 showed a smaller desaturation response during bout 4 (27 ± 10%) compared to bout 3 (31 ± 10%). Mean work SmO2 ICC showed good reliability (ICC = 0.87), and SEM was 12% (CI 9-15%). We concluded that a non-invasive, affordable, wearable NIRS sensor demonstrated the heterogeneous muscle oxygenation response during severe intensity cycling bouts with good reliability in trained cyclists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Assaf Yogev
- Environmental Physiology Laboratory, The University of British Columbia, School of Kinesiology, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jem Arnold
- Environmental Physiology Laboratory, The University of British Columbia, School of Kinesiology, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hannah Nelson
- Environmental Physiology Laboratory, The University of British Columbia, School of Kinesiology, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David C Clarke
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology and Sports Analytics Group, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Jordan A Guenette
- Deptartment of Physical Therapy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Research, The University of British Columbia and St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ben C Sporer
- Department of Family Practice, Vancouver Whitecaps FC, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Division of Sports Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Michael S Koehle
- Environmental Physiology Laboratory, The University of British Columbia, School of Kinesiology, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology and Sports Analytics Group, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada.,Division of Sports Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ellis C, Burns D. All about oxygen: using near-infrared spectroscopy to understand bioenergetics. ADVANCES IN PHYSIOLOGY EDUCATION 2022; 46:685-692. [PMID: 36201307 DOI: 10.1152/advan.00106.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The interchange among the energy-providing phosphagen, glycolytic, and aerobic systems during exercise is often poorly understood by beginning students in exercise physiology. Exercise is oftentimes thought of as being aerobic or anaerobic, with the body progressing sequentially from one system to the next, although the energy systems work synergistically to produce energy from the onset of exercise, and all ultimately use oxygen. Traditional methods of teaching these concepts using only indirect calorimetry and a metabolic cart can be misleading. Relatively inexpensive noninvasive monitors of muscle oxygenation levels ([Formula: see text]) provide a useful tool to help students better understand the contribution and timing of these three systems of ATP generation and convey the concept that ultimately all energy production in the human body is oxygen dependent. In this laboratory, students use near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to visualize oxygen utilization by skeletal muscle during exercise by devising three exercise unique protocols, with each designed to stress a different energy system. Students then perform their protocols while using NIRS to measure and analyze [Formula: see text]. Students generate graphs with collected data, allowing them to visualize and appreciate oxygen consumption during all three protocols as well as elevated oxygen consumption after exercise. The students learn that any exercise is really all about oxygen.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Traditional methods of teaching bioenergetics using indirect calorimetry and a metabolic cart may be misleading. Recent advances in technology have made near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) a relatively inexpensive, noninvasive means of monitoring muscle oxygen levels during exercise. In this laboratory activity, NIRS devices are used for hands-on exploration of the synergistic nature of the energy systems, allowing students to appreciate the synergistic nature of the energy systems and how all exercise is really all about oxygen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carrie Ellis
- Sport and Exercise Physiology Department, DeSales University, Center Valley, Pennsylvania
| | - Douglas Burns
- Sport and Exercise Physiology Department, DeSales University, Center Valley, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Influence of fat percentage on muscle oxygen uptake and metabolic power during repeated-sprint ability of footballers. APUNTS SPORTS MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apunsm.2022.100395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
33
|
Seeley AD, Caldwell AR, Cahalin LP, Ahn S, Perry AC, Arwari B, Jacobs KA. Seven days of ischemic preconditioning augments hypoxic exercise ventilation and muscle oxygenation in recreationally trained males. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2022; 323:R457-R466. [PMID: 35968897 PMCID: PMC9529270 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00335.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This investigation sought to assess whether single or repeated bouts of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) could improve oxyhemoglobin saturation ([Formula: see text]) and/or attenuate reductions in muscle tissue saturation index (TSI) during submaximal hypoxic exercise. Fifteen healthy young men completed submaximal graded exercise under four experimental conditions: 1) normoxia (NORM), 2) hypoxia (HYP) [oxygen fraction of inspired air ([Formula: see text]) = 0.14, ∼3,200 m], 3) hypoxia preceded by a single session of IPC (IPC1-HYP), and 4) hypoxia preceded by seven sessions of IPC, one a day for 7 consecutive days (IPC7-HYP). IPC7-HYP heightened minute ventilation (V̇e) at 80% HYP peak cycling power output (Wpeak) (+10.47 ± 3.35 L·min-1, P = 0.006), compared with HYP, as a function of increased breathing frequency. Both IPC1-HYP (+0.17 ± 0.04 L·min-1, P < 0.001) and IPC7-HYP (+0.16 ± 0.04 L·min-1, P < 0.001) elicited greater oxygen consumption (V̇o2) across exercise intensities compared with NORM, whereas V̇o2 was unchanged with HYP alone. [Formula: see text] was unchanged by either IPC condition at any exercise intensity, yet the reduction of muscle TSI during resting hypoxic exposure was attenuated by IPC7-HYP (+9.9 ± 3.6%, P = 0.040) compared with HYP, likely as a function of reduced local oxygen extraction. Considering all exercise intensities, IPC7-HYP attenuated reductions of TSI with HYP (+6.4 ± 1.8%, P = 0.001). Seven days of IPC heightens ventilation, posing a threat to ventilatory efficiency, during high-intensity submaximal hypoxic exercise and attenuates reductions in hypoxic resting and exercise muscle oxygenation in healthy young men. A single session of IPC may be capable of modulating hypoxic ventilation; however, our present population was unable to demonstrate this with certainty.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Afton D Seeley
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Sciences, School of Education and Human Development, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
- Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
| | - Aaron R Caldwell
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
- Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
| | - Lawrence P Cahalin
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Coral Gables, Florida
| | - Soyeon Ahn
- Department of Educational and Psychological Studies, School of Education and Human Development, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida
| | - Arlette C Perry
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Sciences, School of Education and Human Development, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida
| | - Brian Arwari
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Sciences, School of Education and Human Development, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida
| | - Kevin A Jacobs
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Sciences, School of Education and Human Development, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Tan R, Pennell A, Price KM, Karl ST, Seekamp-Hicks NG, Paniagua KK, Weiderman GD, Powell JP, Sharabidze LK, Lincoln IG, Kim JM, Espinoza MF, Hammer MA, Goulding RP, Bailey SJ. Effects of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation on Performance and Muscle Oxygenation during Resistance Exercise in Men. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14183703. [PMID: 36145080 PMCID: PMC9504620 DOI: 10.3390/nu14183703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to assess the effects of acute and short-term nitrate (NO3−)-rich beetroot juice (BR) supplementation on performance outcomes and muscle oxygenation during bench press and back squat exercise. Fourteen recreationally active males were assigned in a randomized, double-blind, crossover design to supplement for 4 days in two conditions: (1) NO3−-depleted beetroot juice (PL; 0.10 mmol NO3− per day) and (2) BR (11.8 mmol NO3− per day). On days 1 and 4 of the supplementation periods, participants completed 2 sets of 2 × 70%1RM interspersed by 2 min of recovery, followed by one set of repetitions-to-failure (RTF) at 60%1RM for the determination of muscular power, velocity, and endurance. Quadriceps and pectoralis major tissue saturation index (TSI) were measured throughout exercise. Plasma [NO3−] and nitrite ([NO2−]) were higher after 1 and 4 days of supplementation with BR compared to PL (p < 0.05). Quadriceps and pectoralis major TSI were not different between conditions (p > 0.05). The number of RTF in bench press was 5% greater after acute BR ingestion compared to PL (PL: 23 ± 4 vs. BR: 24 ± 5, p < 0.05). There were no differences between BR and PL for RTF for back squat or power and velocity for back squat or bench press (p > 0.05). These data improve understanding on the ergogenic potential of BR supplementation during resistance exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Tan
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA 90263, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-3105067041
| | - Adam Pennell
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA 90263, USA
| | - Katherine M. Price
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA 90263, USA
| | - Sean T. Karl
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA 90263, USA
| | | | | | - Grant D. Weiderman
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA 90263, USA
| | - Joanna P. Powell
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA 90263, USA
| | - Luka K. Sharabidze
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA 90263, USA
| | | | - Justin M. Kim
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA 90263, USA
| | | | - Maya A. Hammer
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA 90263, USA
| | - Richie P. Goulding
- Laboratory for Myology, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen J. Bailey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Pulmonary gas exchange analysis was compared to changes in muscle oxygen saturation as measured by near-infrared spectroscopy. First, ventilatory thresholds determined by common gas exchange analysis and breakpoints in muscle oxygen saturation were assessed for agreement during exercise with increasing intensity. Secondly, the relationship between muscle oxygen saturation as a surrogate for local oxygen extraction and peak oxygen uptake was assessed. In order to lend robustness to future NIRS testing on a broader scale, considering its potential for simple and cost-effective application, the question of a running versus a cycling modality was integrated into the design. Ten participants, of whom five were recreationally trained cyclists and five recreationally trained runners, were tested; each during a cycling test and a running test with increasing intensity to voluntary exhaustion. Muscle oxygen saturation and pulmonary gas exchange measurements were conducted. Bland-Altman analysis showed a moderate degree of agreement between both muscle oxygen saturation breakpoint 1 and muscle oxygen saturation breakpoint 2 and corresponding ventilatory threshold 1 and ventilatory threshold 2, for both cycling and running disciplines; generally speaking, muscle oxygen saturation breakpoints underestimated ventilatory thresholds. Additionally, a strong relationship could be seen between peak oxygen uptake and the minimally attained muscle oxygen saturation during cycling exercise. Muscle oxygen saturation measured using NIRS was determined to be a suitable method to assess ventilatory thresholds by finding breakpoints in muscle oxygen saturation, and muscle oxygen saturation minimum was linked to peak oxygen uptake.
Collapse
|
36
|
Mang ZA, Realzola RA, Ducharme J, Bellissimo GF, Beam JR, Mermier C, de Castro Magalhaes F, Kravitz L, Amorim FT. The effect of repetition tempo on cardiovascular and metabolic stress when time under tension is matched during lower body exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:1485-1495. [PMID: 35394146 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04941-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of repetition tempo on cardiovascular and metabolic stress when time under tension (TUT) and effort are matched during sessions of lower body resistance training (RT). METHODS In a repeated-measures, cross-over design, 11 recreationally trained females (n = 5) and males (n = 6) performed 5 sets of belt squats under the following conditions: slow-repetition tempo (SLOW; 10 reps with 4-s eccentric and 2-s concentric) and traditional-repetition tempo (TRAD; 20 reps with 2-s eccentric and 1-s concentric). TUT (60 s) was matched between conditions and external load was adjusted so that lifters were close to concentric muscular failure at the end of each set. External load, total volume load (TVL), impulse (IMP), blood lactate, ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), HR, and muscle oxygenation were measured. RESULTS Data indicated that TVL (p < 0.001), blood lactate (p = 0.017), RPE (p = 0.015), and HR (p < 0.001) were significantly greater during TRAD while external load (p = 0.030) and IMP (p = 0.002) were significantly greater during SLOW. Whether it was expressed as minimal values or change scores, muscle oxygenation was not different between protocols. CONCLUSION When TUT is matched, TVL, cardiovascular stress, metabolic stress, and perceived exertion are greater when faster repetition tempos are used. In contrast, IMP and external load are greater when slower repetition tempos are used.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Mang
- Department of Health, Exercise and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico Albuquerque, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
| | - Rogelio A Realzola
- Department of Health, Exercise and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico Albuquerque, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Jeremy Ducharme
- Department of Health, Exercise and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico Albuquerque, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | - Jason R Beam
- School of Fitness Education, Santa Fe Community College, Santa Fe, NM, 87508, USA
| | - Christine Mermier
- Department of Health, Exercise and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico Albuquerque, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Flavio de Castro Magalhaes
- Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brazil
| | - Len Kravitz
- Department of Health, Exercise and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico Albuquerque, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Fabiano T Amorim
- Department of Health, Exercise and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico Albuquerque, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Benavente C, Feriche B, Olcina G, Schoenfeld BJ, Camacho-Cardenosa A, Almeida F, Martínez-Guardado I, Timon R, Padial P. Inter-set rest configuration effect on acute physiological and performance-related responses to a resistance training session in terrestrial vs simulated hypoxia. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13469. [PMID: 35607454 PMCID: PMC9123884 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Metabolic stress is considered a key factor in the activation of hypertrophy mechanisms which seems to be potentiated under hypoxic conditions.This study aimed to analyze the combined effect of the type of acute hypoxia (terrestrial vs simulated) and of the inter-set rest configuration (60 vs 120 s) during a hypertrophic resistance training (RT) session on physiological, perceptual and muscle performance markers. Methods Sixteen active men were randomized into two groups based on the type of hypoxia (hypobaric hypoxia, HH: 2,320 m asl; vs normobaric hypoxia, NH: FiO2 of 15.9%). Each participant completed in a randomly counterbalanced order the same RT session in four separated occasions: two under normoxia and two under the corresponding hypoxia condition at each prescribed inter-set rest period. Volume-load (load × set × repetition) was calculated for each training session. Muscle oxygenation (SmO2) of the vastus lateralis was quantified during the back squat exercise. Heart rate (HR) was monitored during training and over the ensuing 30-min post-exercise period. Maximal blood lactate concentration (maxLac) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were determined after the exercise and at the end of the recovery period. Results Volume-load achieved was similar in all environmental conditions and inter-set rest period length did not appreciably affect it. Shorter inter-set rest periods displayed moderate increases in maxLac, HR and RPE responses in all conditions. Compared to HH, NH showed a moderate reduction in the inter-set rest-HR (ES > 0.80), maxLac (ES > 1.01) and SmO2 (ES > 0.79) at both rest intervals. Conclusions Results suggest that the reduction in inter-set rest intervals from 120 s to 60 s provide a more potent perceptual, cardiovascular and metabolic stimulus in all environmental conditions, which could maximize hypertrophic adaptations in longer periods of training. The abrupt exposure to a reduced FiO2 at NH seems to reduce the inter-set recovery capacity during a traditional hypertrophy RT session, at least during a single acute exposition. These results cannot be extrapolated to longer training periods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Benavente
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Belén Feriche
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Guillermo Olcina
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Brad J. Schoenfeld
- Department of Health Sciences, CUNY Lehman College, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Filipa Almeida
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ismael Martínez-Guardado
- Faculty of Education, BRABE Group, Department of Psychology. Faculty of Life and Nature Sciences, University of Nebrija, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Timon
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Paulino Padial
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Evaluating Arterial Blood Flow Limitation Using Muscle Oxygenation and Cycling Power. Clin J Sport Med 2022; 32:e268-e275. [PMID: 34009787 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000000942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the combination of measuring muscle oxygenation with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and cycling power during provocative incremental exercise for the detection of iliac arterial blood flow limitation (IAFL) in an otherwise healthy, well-trained cyclist. DESIGN Case report and methodological pilot study. SETTING University research setting. PATIENT A well-trained amateur competitive male cyclist, aged 31 years, presenting with symptoms consistent with IAFL, but in whom diagnostic imaging was equivocal. INTERVENTIONS Four ramp incremental cycling tests performed on separate days to exercise intolerance, in a randomized order, in either typical race position (RP) or modified upright position (UP). MAIN OUTCOME A novel ratio of unilateral cycling power to NIRS-derived muscle oxygenation termed "power-deoxygenation factor" was measured during provocative incremental exercise and compared with other NIRS-derived measures of vascular responsiveness and performance outcomes across the 2 body position conditions. RESULTS The power-deoxygenation factor was able to show clinically important, progressive differences between the affected and unaffected limbs, coinciding with worsening performance impairments related to the body position that were not detected with traditional measures of vascular responsiveness taken after exercise. CONCLUSIONS This method was used to detect bilateral differences consistent with IAFL in a cyclist where traditional diagnostic criteria were equivocal, but subsequent intraoperative findings confirmed the diagnosis. A similar screening test could be performed noninvasively and without requiring specialized medical care. Future work should investigate the validity and sensitivity of this methodology to improve the ability to identify and monitor athletes with IAFL.
Collapse
|
39
|
Tangchaisuriya P, Chuensiri N, Tanaka H, Suksom D. Physiological Adaptations to High-Intensity Interval Training Combined with Blood Flow Restriction in Masters Road Cyclists. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:830-840. [PMID: 34967801 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE High-intensity interval training (HIIT) and blood flow restriction (BFR) training have been used to enhance athletic performance and cardiovascular health. Combining these training modalities might be an effective training modality for masters athletes who seek to enhance athletic performance and to reduce cardiovascular risks. METHODS Fifty masters road cyclists age 35-49 yr were randomly assigned to the continuous exercise training (n = 16), continuous plus HIIT (n = 17), and continuous plus BFR training combined with HIIT (BFRIT; n = 17) for 12 wk. Both HIIT and BFRIT were performed on a cycle ergometer twice a week. RESULTS Maximal oxygen consumption (V̇O2max) increased in the HIIT and BFRIT groups (P < 0.05). This was accompanied by significant improvements in maximal cardiac output and stroke volume (P < 0.05). Forty-kilometer time trial performance improved in all three groups (P < 0.05). Peak power output increased in both HIIT and BFRIT groups (P < 0.05). Flow-mediated dilation in both brachial and popliteal arteries increased in all three groups (all P < 0.05). There were no significant changes in carotid intima-media thickness and arterial stiffness in any of the groups. Total lean mass, muscle cross-sectional area and thickness in rectus femoris and vastus lateralis, and peak torque of isokinetic knee extension increased only in the BFRIT group (all P < 0.05). Tissue saturation index decreased only in the BFRIT group (P < 0.05). Changes in 40-km time trial performance were associated with corresponding changes in V̇O2max (r = -0.312, P = 0.029) and peak isokinetic extensor torque (r = -0.432, P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Including HIIT particularly with BFR in the routine continuous training may be more effective in enhancing performance and physiological functions in masters road cyclists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hirofumi Tanaka
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Gandia-Soriano A, Salas-Montoro JA, Javaloyes A, Lorente-Casaus C, Zabala M, Priego Quesada JI, Mateo March M. Validity and reliability of two NIRS devices to measure resting hemoglobin in elite cyclists. Int J Sports Med 2022; 43:875-880. [PMID: 35439835 DOI: 10.1055/a-1828-8499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A new method to monitor internal training load from muscle oxygen saturation using near-infrared spectroscopy could be of practical application for research and training purposes. This technology has been validated in different scientific fields, including sport science, and Humon Hex and Moxy are two leading brands. However, its relationship with hemoglobin has not been studied. Forty-eight professional cyclists, 19 men and 29 women, underwent a blood test to measure hemoglobin in the early morning. Immediately afterwards, hemoglobin and muscle oxygenation were monitored at rest by Moxy and Humon Hex on their right quadriceps (where the skinfold was measured). Venous blood hemoglobin was higher than the measurement for both devices (p < 0.001). Both hemoglobin (p < 0.001) and muscle oxygen saturation measurements (p < 0.05) were higher in Humon Hex than for Moxy, and there was a reasonable reproducibility (ICC=0.35 for hemoglobin and 0.26 for muscle oxygen saturation). Skinfold had an inverse relationship with hemoglobin measurement (r = -0.85 p < 0.001 for Humon Hex and r = -0.75 p < 0.001 for Moxy). These findings suggest that resting hemoglobin data provided by these devices are not coincident with those of blood sample, and skinfold has an inverse relationship with blood hemoglobin measurement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Gandia-Soriano
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Biophysics and Medical Physics Group (GIFIME), Valencia, Spain
| | - José-Antonio Salas-Montoro
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, University of Granada, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Lorente-Casaus
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Biophysics and Medical Physics Group (GIFIME), Valencia, Spain
| | - Mikel Zabala
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, University of Granada, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Granada, Spain
| | - Jose Ignacio Priego Quesada
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Biophysics and Medical Physics Group (GIFIME), Valencia, Spain.,Consejo Superior de Deportes (CSD), Red Española de Investigación del Rendimiento Deportivo en Ciclismo y Mujer (REDICYM), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Research Group in Sport Biomechanics (GIBD), Valencia, Spain
| | - Manuel Mateo March
- BMX, Spanish Cycling Federation, Alicante, Spain.,Sports Science, Universidad Miguel Hernandez de Elche, Elche, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Yogev A, Arnold J, Clarke D, Guenette JA, Sporer BC, Koehle MS. Comparing the Respiratory Compensation Point With Muscle Oxygen Saturation in Locomotor and Non-locomotor Muscles Using Wearable NIRS Spectroscopy During Whole-Body Exercise. Front Physiol 2022; 13:818733. [PMID: 35431982 PMCID: PMC9007235 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.818733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between the muscle deoxygenation breakpoint (Deoxy-BP) measured with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), and the respiratory compensation point (RCP) has been well established. This relationship has also been reported using wearable NIRS, however not in locomotor and non-locomotor muscles simultaneously during whole-body cycling exercise. Our aim was to measure muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) using wearable NIRS sensors, and to compare the Deoxy-BPs at each muscle with RCP during a ramp cycling exercise test. Twenty-two trained female and male cyclists completed a ramp exercise test to task intolerance on a cycling ergometer, at a ramp rate of 1 W every 2 s (30 W/min). SmO2 was recorded at the subjects' right vastus lateralis (VL) and right lateral deltoid. SmO2 and the Deoxy-BPs were assessed using a piecewise double-linear regression model. Ventilation (V̇E) and gas exchange were recorded, and RCP was determined from V̇E and gas exchange using a V-slope method and confirmed by two physiologists. The SmO2 profiles of both muscles and gas exchange responses are reported as V̇O2, power output (W), and time of occurrence (TO). SmO2 profiles at both muscles displayed a near-plateau or breakpoint response near the RCP. No differences were detected between the mean RCP and mean Deoxy-BP from either the locomotor or non-locomotor muscles; however, a high degree of individual variability was observed in the timing and order of occurrence of the specific breakpoints. These findings add insight into the relationships between ventilatory, locomotor, and non-locomotor muscle physiological breakpoints. While identifying a similar relationship between these breakpoints, individual variability was high; hence, caution is advised when using wearable NIRS to estimate RCP in an incremental ramp test.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Assaf Yogev
- Environmental Physiology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jem Arnold
- Environmental Physiology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Dave Clarke
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology and Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Jordan A Guenette
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Providence Health Care Research Institute, Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ben C Sporer
- Vancouver Whitecaps FC, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Division of Sport Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Michael S Koehle
- Environmental Physiology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Division of Sport Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Contreras-Briceño F, Espinosa-Ramirez M, Keim-Bagnara V, Carreño-Román M, Rodríguez-Villagra R, Villegas-Belmar F, Viscor G, Gabrielli L, Andía ME, Araneda OF, Hurtado DE. Determination of the Respiratory Compensation Point by Detecting Changes in Intercostal Muscles Oxygenation by Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12030444. [PMID: 35330195 PMCID: PMC8954259 DOI: 10.3390/life12030444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate if the changes in oxygen saturation levels at intercostal muscles (SmO2-m.intercostales) assessed by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) using a wearable device could determine the respiratory compensation point (RCP) during exercise. Fifteen healthy competitive triathletes (eight males; 29 ± 6 years; height 167.6 ± 25.6 cm; weight 69.2 ± 9.4 kg; V˙O2-máx 58.4 ± 8.1 mL·kg−1·min−1) were evaluated in a cycle ergometer during the maximal oxygen-uptake test (V˙O2-máx), while lung ventilation (V˙E), power output (watts, W) and SmO2-m.intercostales were measured. RCP was determined by visual method (RCPvisual: changes at ventilatory equivalents (V˙E·V˙CO2−1, V˙E·V˙O2−1) and end-tidal respiratory pressure (PetO2, PetCO2) and NIRS method (RCPNIRS: breakpoint of fall in SmO2-m.intercostales). During exercise, SmO2-m.intercostales decreased continuously showing a higher decrease when V˙E increased abruptly. A good agreement between methods used to determine RCP was found (visual vs NIRS) at %V˙O2-máx, V˙O2, V˙E, and W (Bland-Altman test). Correlations were found to each parameters analyzed (r = 0.854; r = 0.865; r = 0.981; and r = 0,968; respectively. p < 0.001 in all variables, Pearson test), with no differences (p < 0.001 in all variables, Student’s t-test) between methods used (RCPvisual and RCPNIRS). We concluded that changes at SmO2-m.intercostales measured by NIRS could adequately determine RCP in triathletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Contreras-Briceño
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Health Science, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (M.E.-R.); (V.K.-B.); (M.C.-R.); (R.R.-V.); (F.V.-B.); (L.G.)
- Physiology Section, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta #367, Santiago 8380000, Chile
- Biomedical Imaging Center, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-22-3541512
| | - Maximiliano Espinosa-Ramirez
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Health Science, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (M.E.-R.); (V.K.-B.); (M.C.-R.); (R.R.-V.); (F.V.-B.); (L.G.)
- Biomedical Imaging Center, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile;
| | - Vicente Keim-Bagnara
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Health Science, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (M.E.-R.); (V.K.-B.); (M.C.-R.); (R.R.-V.); (F.V.-B.); (L.G.)
| | - Matías Carreño-Román
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Health Science, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (M.E.-R.); (V.K.-B.); (M.C.-R.); (R.R.-V.); (F.V.-B.); (L.G.)
| | - Rafael Rodríguez-Villagra
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Health Science, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (M.E.-R.); (V.K.-B.); (M.C.-R.); (R.R.-V.); (F.V.-B.); (L.G.)
| | - Fernanda Villegas-Belmar
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Health Science, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (M.E.-R.); (V.K.-B.); (M.C.-R.); (R.R.-V.); (F.V.-B.); (L.G.)
| | - Ginés Viscor
- Physiology Section, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Luigi Gabrielli
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Health Science, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (M.E.-R.); (V.K.-B.); (M.C.-R.); (R.R.-V.); (F.V.-B.); (L.G.)
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta #367, Santiago 8380000, Chile
| | - Marcelo E. Andía
- Biomedical Imaging Center, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile;
| | - Oscar F. Araneda
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology of Biomechanics and Physiology of Effort (LIBFE), Kinesiology School, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620001, Chile;
| | - Daniel E. Hurtado
- Department of Structural and Geotechnical Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile;
- Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Nava RC, McKenna Z, Fennel Z, Berkemeier Q, Ducharme J, de Castro Magalhães F, Amorim FT, Mermier C. Repeated sprint exercise in hypoxia stimulates HIF-1-dependent gene expression in skeletal muscle. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:1097-1107. [PMID: 35190865 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04909-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Our aim was to determine the effect of repeated sprint exercise in hypoxia on HIF-1 and HIF-1-regulated genes involved in glycolysis, mitochondrial turnover and oxygen transport. We also determined whether genes upregulated by exercise in hypoxia were dependent on the activation of HIF-1 in an in vitro model of exercise in hypoxia. METHODS Eight endurance athletes performed bouts of repeated sprint exercise in control and hypoxic conditions. Skeletal muscle was sampled pre, post and 3 h post-exercise. HIF-1α protein and HIF1A, PDK1, GLUT4, VEGFA, BNIP3, PINK1 and PGC1A mRNA were measured. C2C12 myotubes were exposed to hypoxia and muscle contraction following treatment with a HIF-1α inhibitor to determine whether hypoxia-sensitive gene expression was dependent on HIF-1α. RESULTS Sprint exercise in hypoxia increased HIF-1α protein expression immediately post-exercise [fold change (FC) = 3.5 ± 2.0]. Gene expression of PDK1 (FC = 2.1 ± 1.2), BNIP3 (FC = 2.4 ± 1.4) and VEGFA (FC = 2.7 ± 1.7) increased 3 h post-exercise in hypoxia but not control. PGC1A mRNA increased 3 h post-exercise in control (FC = 5.16) and hypoxia (FC = 5.7 ± 4.1) but there was no difference between the trials. Results from the in vitro experiment showed that hypoxia plus contraction also increased PDK1, BNIP3, and VEGFA gene expression. These responses were inhibited when HIF-1 protein activity was suppressed. CONCLUSION Repeated sprint exercise in hypoxia upregulates some genes involved in glycolytic metabolism, mitochondrial turnover, and oxygen transport. HIF-1α is necessary for the expression of these genes in skeletal muscle cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Carlos Nava
- Department of Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Zachary McKenna
- Department of Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Zachary Fennel
- Department of Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Quint Berkemeier
- Department of Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Jeremy Ducharme
- Department of Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Flávio de Castro Magalhães
- Department of Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM), Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Trigueiro Amorim
- Department of Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Christine Mermier
- Department of Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Hooff M, Meijer EJ, Scheltinga MRM, Savelberg HHCM, Schep G. Test–retest reliability of skeletal muscle oxygenation measurement using near‐infrared spectroscopy during exercise in patients with sport‐related iliac artery flow limitation. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2022; 42:114-126. [PMID: 35075811 PMCID: PMC9306874 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The ankle‐brachial index is an accurate tool for detecting claudication in atherosclerotic patients. However, this technique fails to identify subtle flow limitations of the iliac arteries (FLIA) in endurance athletes. Near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a noninvasive technique that measures skeletal muscle tissue oxygenation status. The aim of the present study is to examine the absolute and relative test–retest reliability of NIRS and evaluate its potential as a diagnostic tool in FLIA. NIRS‐derived exercise variables were analyzed during exercise and recovery in FLIA 17 patients and 19 healthy controls. The relative reliability of absolute variables (such as the maximal value) were slight to yet predominantly substantial (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC], ICC range: 0.06–0.76) with good to excellent absolute reliability (absolute limits of agreement [ALoA], ALoA range: 0.8 ± 10.2 to 0.7 ± 13.1; coefficient of variation [CV], CV range: 5%–11%). Absolute values encompassing signal amplitudes showed moderate to almost perfect relative reliability (ICC range: 0.51–0.89) and poor to good absolute reliability (ALoA range: −1.3 ± 7.0 to −2.5 ± 15.7; CV range: 15%–32%). Kinetic variables showed moderate to almost perfect relative reliability for most recovery kinetics variables (ICC range: 0.54–0.86) with fair to good absolute reliability (ALoA range: 0.4 ± 12.2 to 3.9 ± 37.9; CV range: 18%–27%). Particularly, kinetic variables showed significant differences between patients and healthy subjects. NIRS is found to be a reliable method for examining muscle tissue oxygenation variables. Given the significant differences in especially recovery kinetics between normal subjects and patients, NIRS may contribute to diagnosing FLIA in endurance athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martijn Hooff
- Department of Sports and Exercise Máxima Medical Centre Veldhoven Noord‐Brabant The Netherlands
- Department of Movement and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences Maastricht University Maastricht Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Eduard J. Meijer
- Department of Clinical Physics Máxima Medical Centre Veldhoven Noord‐Brabant The Netherlands
| | - Marc R. M. Scheltinga
- Department of Clinical Physics Máxima Medical Centre Veldhoven Noord‐Brabant The Netherlands
- Department of Vascular Surgery Máxima Medical Centre Veldhoven Noord‐Brabant The Netherlands
| | - Hans H. C. M. Savelberg
- Department of Movement and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences Maastricht University Maastricht Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Goof Schep
- Department of Sports and Exercise Máxima Medical Centre Veldhoven Noord‐Brabant The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Salas-Montoro JA, Mateo March M, Sánchez-Muñoz C, Zabala M. Determination of second lactate threshold using near-infrared spectroscopy in elite cyclists. Int J Sports Med 2022; 43:721-728. [PMID: 35021246 DOI: 10.1055/a-1738-0252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The use of near-infrared spectroscopy could be an interesting alternative to other invasive or expensive methods to estimate the second lactate threshold. Our objective was to compare the intensities of the muscle oxygen saturation breakpoint obtained with the Humon Hex and the second lactate threshold in elite cyclists. Ninety cyclists performed a maximal graded exercise test. Blood capillary lactate was obtained at the end of steps and muscle oxygenation was continuously monitored. There were no differences (p>0.05) between muscle oxygen oxygenation breakpoint and second lactate threshold neither in power nor in heart rate, nor when these values were relativized as a percentage of maximal aerobic power or maximum heart rate. There were also no differences when men and women were studied separately. Both methods showed a highly correlation in power (r=0.914), percentage of maximal aerobic power (r=0.752), heart rate (r=0.955), and percentage of maximum heart rate (r=0.903). Bland-Altman resulted in a mean difference of 0.05±0.27 W·kg-1, 0.91±4.93%, 0.63±3.25 bpm, and 0.32±1.69% for power, percentage of maximal aerobic power, heart rate and percentage of maximum heart rate respectively. These findings suggest that Humon may be a non-invasive and low-cost alternative to estimate the second lactate threshold intensity in elite cyclists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José-Antonio Salas-Montoro
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Manuel Mateo March
- Health Psichology, Sport Research Centre, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Alicante, Spain.,BMX, Spanish Cycling Federation, Alicante, Spain
| | - Cristóbal Sánchez-Muñoz
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (University of Granada), Granada, Spain
| | - Mikel Zabala
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (University of Granada), Granada, Spain.,Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Pramkratok W, Songsupap T, Yimlamai T. Repeated sprint training under hypoxia improves aerobic performance and repeated sprint ability by enhancing muscle deoxygenation and markers of angiogenesis in rugby sevens. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:611-622. [PMID: 34977961 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04861-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of repeated sprint (RS) training in hypoxia on aerobic performance, repeated sprint ability (RSA), and muscle oxygenation in Rugby Sevens. METHODS Fourteen Rugby Sevens players were randomly allocated into hypoxic (RSH, FIO2 = 14.5%, n = 7) or normoxic (RSN, FIO2 = 20.9%, n = 7) groups. Both groups underwent RS training consisting of 3 sets of 6-s × 10 sprints at 140% of velocity at peak oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]) on a motorized treadmill, 3 days/week for 6 weeks in addition to usual training. Hematological variables, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) concentrations were measured. Aerobic performance, RSA, and muscle oxygenation during the running-based anaerobic sprint (RAS) test were analyzed. RESULTS RSH caused no changes in hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit but significant improvements in [Formula: see text] (7.5%, p = 0.03, ES = 1.07), time to exhaustion (17.6%, p = 0.05, ES = 0.92), and fatigue index (FI, - 12.3%, p = 0.01, ES = 1.39) during the RSA test compared to baseline but not RSN. While ∆deoxygenated hemoglobin was significantly increased both after RSH and RSN (p < 0.05), ∆tissue saturation index (- 56.1%, p = 0.01, ES = 1.35) and ∆oxygenated hemoglobin (- 54.7%, p = 0.04, ES = 0.97) were significantly decreased after RSH. These changes were concomitant with increased levels of HIF-1α and VEGF in serum after RSH with a strong negative correlation between ∆FI and ∆deoxygenated hemoglobin after RSH (r = - 0.81, p = 0.03). CONCLUSION There was minimal benefit from adding RSH to standard Rugby Sevens training, in eliciting improvements in aerobic performance and resistance to fatigue, possibly by enhanced muscle deoxygenation and increased serum HIF-1α and VEGF concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wadee Pramkratok
- Department of Sports Science, Faculty of Sports Science, Chulalongkorn University, Rama 1 Road, Pathumwan District, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Tongthong Songsupap
- Department of Sports Science, Faculty of Science, Chandrakasem Rajabhat University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Tossaporn Yimlamai
- Department of Sports Science, Faculty of Sports Science, Chulalongkorn University, Rama 1 Road, Pathumwan District, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Dalamitros AA, Semaltianou E, Toubekis AG, Kabasakalis A. Muscle Oxygenation, Heart Rate, and Blood Lactate Concentration During Submaximal and Maximal Interval Swimming. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:759925. [PMID: 34966893 PMCID: PMC8711718 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.759925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the relationship between three testing procedures during different intensity interval efforts in swimming. Twelve national-level swimmers of both genders executed, on different occasions and after a standardized warm-up, a swimming protocol consisting of either a submaximal (Submax: 8 efforts of 50 m) or a maximal interval (Max: 4 efforts of 15 m), followed by two series of four maximal 25 m efforts. Near-infrared spectroscopy in terms of muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2), heart rate (HR), and blood lactate concentration (BLa) were analyzed at three testing points: after the Submax or the Max protocol (TP1), after the 1st 4 × 25-m (TP2), and after the 2nd maximal 4 × 25-m set (TP3). BLa and HR showed significant changes during all testing points in both protocols (P ≤ 0.01; ES range: 0.45–1.40). SmO2 was different only between TP1 and TP3 in both protocols (P ≤ 0.05–0.01; ES range: 0.36–1.20). A large correlation during the Max protocol between SmO2 and HR (r: 0.931; P ≤ 0.01), and also between SmO2 and BLa was obtained at TP1 (r: 0.722; P ≤ 0.05). A range of moderate-to-large correlations was revealed for SmO2/HR, and BLa/HR for TP2 and TP3 after both protocols (r range: 0.595–0.728; P ≤ 0.05) were executed. SmO2 is a novel parameter that can be used when aiming for a comprehensive evaluation of competitive swimmers' acute responses to sprint interval swimming, in conjunction with HR and BLa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios A Dalamitros
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Semaltianou
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Argyris G Toubekis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Kabasakalis
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
The use of muscle near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to assess the aerobic training loads of world-class rowers. Biol Sport 2021; 38:713-719. [PMID: 34937982 PMCID: PMC8670802 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2021.103571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were (1) to characterize the changes in oxygenation derived from muscle near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) during aerobic constant-load exercise with intensities close to Maximal Lactate Steady-State (MLSS) and (2) to establish reference values in the world-class rowers, for such workload often included in rowing training programs. Eight senior world-class rowers performed an incremental progressive submaximal exercise test and a 30-minute test on a rowing ergometer. The power corresponding to intensive aerobic training (84±1% of the anaerobic threshold) was adopted as an exercise load in the 30-minute test. The NIRS device was fixed on the vastus lateralis muscle which was active during rowing to record muscle O2 saturation (SmO2) and total hemoglobin concentration (THb) at rest and during exercise. Statistically significant increments in blood lactate (LA) and heart rate (HR) were observed, with 1.18±0.61 mmol/l and 10±5 beats/min, respectively, in 30th minute compared to 10th minute in 30-minute test. SmO2 decreased significantly by 2.9±1.4%, whereas THb did not change. The examinations may suggested the low diagnostic value of THb in constant-load exercise. In each subject, SmO2 was gradually reduced during the intense aerobic exercise. During workload close to MLSS, the SmO2 of the vastus lateralis ranged from 14.0±3.13 to 11.1±2.81% in 10 and 30 minutes respectively, with a reduction in muscle oxygenation (ΔSmO2) exceeding 50%. The non-invasive nature of the NIRS measurement and the continuous monitoring of SmO2 values are useful in the practice of monitoring training in terms of aerobic training loads.
Collapse
|
49
|
Whyte E, Thomas S, Marzolini S. Muscle Oxygenation of the Paretic and Nonparetic Legs During and After Arterial Occlusion in Chronic Stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2021; 31:106265. [PMID: 34954600 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.106265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen delivery and demand are reduced in the paretic leg post-stroke, reflecting decreased vascular function and reduced muscle quantity and quality. However, it is unknown how muscle oxygenation, the balance between muscle oxygen delivery and utilization, is altered in chronic stroke during and after occlusion-induced ischemia. OBJECTIVES The objective was to determine muscle oxygen consumption rate, microvascular responsiveness and reactive hyperemia in the paretic and nonparetic legs during and after arterial occlusion post-stroke. MATERIALS AND METHODS Muscle oxygen saturation was measured with near-infrared spectroscopy on the vastus lateralis of each leg during 3-minute arterial occlusion and recovery (3 min). Muscle oxygen consumption was derived from the desaturation slope during ischemia, microvascular responsiveness was derived from the resaturation slope after ischemia and reactive hyperemia was derived from the area under the curve above baseline after ischemia. RESULTS Eleven subjects (91% male; 32.2±6.1 months post-stroke; age 62.9±13.6 years) with a hemiparetic gait pattern participated. There was no significant between-leg muscle oxygenation difference at rest (paretic: 64.9±16.6%; nonparetic: 70.6±15.6%, p = 0.13). Muscle oxygen consumption in the paretic leg (-0.53±0.24%/s) was significantly reduced compared to the nonparetic leg (-0.70±0.36%/s; p = 0.03). Microvascular responsiveness was significantly reduced in the paretic leg compared to the nonparetic leg (paretic: 4.6±1.8%/s; nonparetic: 5.7±1.6%/s, p = 0.04). Reactive hyperemia was not significantly different between legs (paretic:4384±2341%·s; nonparetic: 3040±2216%·s, p = 0.07). CONCLUSION Muscle oxygen consumption and microvascular responsiveness are impaired in the paretic compared to the nonparetic leg, suggesting both reduced skeletal muscle aerobic function and reduced ability to maximally perfuse muscle tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Whyte
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; KITE Research Institute-Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Scott Thomas
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; KITE Research Institute-Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Susan Marzolini
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; KITE Research Institute-Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Heart and Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Broeder CE, Flores V, Julian B, Wojan F, Tauber R, Schubert L, Salacinski A, Ivy JL. Nitric oxide enhancement supplement containing beet nitrite and nitrate benefits high intensity cycle interval training. Curr Res Physiol 2021; 4:183-191. [PMID: 34746837 PMCID: PMC8562140 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphys.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of a beet nitric oxide enhancing (NOE) supplement comprised of nitrite and nitrate on cycling performance indices in trained cyclists. METHODS Subjects completed a lactate threshold test and a high-intensity interval (HIIT) protocol at 50% above functional threshold power with or without oral NOE supplement. RESULTS NOE supplementation enhanced lactate threshold by 7.2% (Placebo = 191.6 ± 37.3 W, NOE = 205.3 ± 39.9; p = 0.01; Effect Size (ES) = 0.40). During the HIIT protocol, NOE supplementation improved time to exhaustion 18% (Placebo = 1251 ± 562s, NOE = 1474 ± 504s; p = 0.02; ES = 0.42) and total energy expended 22.3% (Placebo = 251 ± 48.6 kJ, NOE = 306.6 ± 55.2 kJ; p = 0.01; ES = 1.079). NOE supplementation increased the intervals completed (Placebo = 7.00 ± 2.5, NOE = 8.14 ± 2.4; p = 0.03; ES = 0.42) and distance cycled (Placebo = 10.9 ± 4.0 km, NOE = 13.5 ± 3.9 km; p = 0.01; ES = 0.65). Also, target power was achieved at a higher cadence during the HIIT work and rest periods (p = 0.02), which enhanced muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) recovery. Time-to-fatigue was negatively correlated with the degree of SmO2, desaturation during the HIIT work interval segment (r = -0.67; p 0.008), while both SmO2 desaturation and the SmO2 starting work segment saturation level correlated with a cyclist's kJ expended (SmO2 desaturation: r = -0.51, p = 0.06; SmO2 starting saturation: r = 0.59, p = 0.03). CONCLUSION NOE supplementation containing beet nitrite and nitrate enhanced submaximal (lactate threshold) and HIIT maximal effort work. The NOE supplementation resulted in a cyclist riding at higher cadence rates with lower absolute torque values at the same power during both the work and rest periods, which in-turn delayed over-all fatigue and improved total work output.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig E Broeder
- Exercising Nutritionally, LLC, United States.,Northern Illinois University, United States
| | | | - Bill Julian
- Exercising Nutritionally, LLC, United States
| | - Frank Wojan
- Exercising Nutritionally, LLC, United States.,University of Texas at Austin, United States
| | | | | | - Amanda Salacinski
- Exercising Nutritionally, LLC, United States.,Westfield State University, United States
| | - John L Ivy
- University of Texas at Austin, United States
| |
Collapse
|