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Song D, Guo Y, Wang Y, Tang L. Low risk of hepatitis B virus reactivation in membranous nephropathy patients with resolved infection undergoing rituximab-based regimens without antiviral prophylaxis. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 139:112731. [PMID: 39068756 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients with resolved hepatitis B virus infection undergoing rituximab are at risk of hepatitis B virus reactivation without antiviral prophylaxis. However, the risk in such patients treated with rituximab-based regimens for membranous nephropathy is not clear. We evaluated the risk of hepatitis B virus reactivation in membranous nephropathy patients with resolved infection undergoing rituximab-based regimens without antiviral prophylaxis. METHODS Clinical data of 51 membranous nephropathy patients with resolved hepatitis B virus infection undergoing rituximab-based regimens without antiviral prophylaxis were retrospectively analyzed. Among these, 21 patients were followed for more than 1 year after rituximab discontinuation. The clinical data collected aimed to assess patients' responses and the risk of hepatitis B virus reactivation during and after rituximab treatment. RESULTS 30/51 (58.8 %) patients reached complete or partial remission at 12 months. None of the patients experienced HBsAg seroreversion during rituximab treatment. Alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and total bilirubin levels, as well as the numbers of patients who exceeded the upper limits of normal for alkaline phosphatase and prothrombin time, did not show any statistically significant difference during rituximab-based therapy. Neither did the anti-HBs level, the number of patients with protective anti-HBs titers exceeding 10 U/L, nor the levels of CD19+ B cells, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and natural killer cells. Among the 21 patients followed for 12 (ranging from 12 to 19) months after rituximab discontinuation, no hepatitis B virus reactivation was observed. The mean anti-HBs level and the number of patients with anti-HBs titers over 10 U/L did not show any statistically significant difference during the extended follow-up of 33 patient-years. Neither did the CD4+ T cell, CD8+ T cell, nor the natural killer cell counts. One patient presented with an ALT level that exceeded the baseline value by three times and reached above 100 U/L, accompanied by elevations in AST, GGT, and ALP levels. Meanwhile, the anti-HBs titer was 816.09 U/L, and HBsAg was negative. CONCLUSION The administration of rituximab-based regimens in membranous nephropathy patients with hepatitis B virus resolved infection leads to a low risk of hepatitis B virus reactivation without antiviral prophylaxis. Patient's immune status, drug combination, rituximab strategy should be fully evaluated when considering antiviral prophylaxis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxu Song
- Department of Nephropathy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 East Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China.
| | - Yanhong Guo
- Department of Nephropathy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 East Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Yulin Wang
- Department of Nephropathy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 East Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Lin Tang
- Department of Nephropathy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 East Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China.
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Narmada BC, Khakpoor A, Shirgaonkar N, Narayanan S, Aw PPK, Singh M, Ong KH, Owino CO, Ng JWT, Yew HC, Binte Mohamed Nasir NS, Au VB, Sng R, Kaliaperumal N, Khine HHTW, di Tocco FC, Masayuki O, Naikar S, Ng HX, Chia SL, Seah CXY, Alnawaz MH, Wai CLY, Tay AYL, Mangat KS, Chew V, Yu W, Connolly JE, Periyasamy G, Plissonnier ML, Levrero M, Lim SG, DasGupta R. Single-cell landscape of functionally cured chronic hepatitis B patients reveals activation of innate and altered CD4-CTL-driven adaptive immunity. J Hepatol 2024; 81:42-61. [PMID: 38423478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2024.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) loss or functional cure (FC) is considered the optimal therapeutic outcome for patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). However, the immune-pathological biomarkers and underlying mechanisms of FC remain unclear. In this study we comprehensively interrogate disease-associated cell states identified within intrahepatic tissue and matched PBMCs (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) from patients with CHB or after FC, at the resolution of single cells, to provide novel insights into putative mechanisms underlying FC. METHODS We combined single-cell transcriptomics (single-cell RNA sequencing) with multiparametric flow cytometry-based immune phenotyping, and multiplexed immunofluorescence to elucidate the immunopathological cell states associated with CHB vs. FC. RESULTS We found that the intrahepatic environment in CHB and FC displays specific cell identities and molecular signatures that are distinct from those found in matched PBMCs. FC is associated with the emergence of an altered adaptive immune response marked by CD4 cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and an activated innate response represented by liver-resident natural killer cells, specific Kupffer cell subtypes and marginated neutrophils. Surprisingly, we found MHC class II-expressing hepatocytes in patients achieving FC, as well as low but persistent levels of covalently closed circular DNA and pregenomic RNA, which may play an important role in FC. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides conceptually novel insights into the immuno-pathological control of HBV cure, and opens exciting new avenues for clinical management, biomarker discovery and therapeutic development. We believe that the discoveries from this study, as it relates to the activation of an innate and altered immune response that may facilitate sustained, low-grade inflammation, may have broader implications in the resolution of chronic viral hepatitis. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS This study dissects the immuno-pathological cell states associated with functionally cured chronic hepatitis B (defined by the loss of HBV surface antigen or HBsAg). We identified the sustained presence of very low viral load, accessory antigen-presenting hepatocytes, adaptive-memory-like natural killer cells, and the emergence of helper CD4 T cells with cytotoxic or effector-like signatures associated with functional cure, suggesting previously unsuspected alterations in the adaptive immune response, as well as a key role for the innate immune response in achieving or maintaining functional cure. Overall, the insights generated from this study may provide new avenues for the development of alternative therapies as well as patient surveillance for better clinical management of chronic hepatitis B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balakrishnan Chakrapani Narmada
- Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Cancer Evolution, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), 60 Biopolis St., #02-01 Genome, Singapore 138672; Experimental Drug Development Centre, A∗STAR, 10 Biopolis Way, Chromos, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | - Atefeh Khakpoor
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Niranjan Shirgaonkar
- Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Cancer Evolution, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), 60 Biopolis St., #02-01 Genome, Singapore 138672
| | - Sriram Narayanan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A∗STAR, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Pauline Poh Kim Aw
- Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Cancer Evolution, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), 60 Biopolis St., #02-01 Genome, Singapore 138672
| | - Malay Singh
- Bioinformatics Institute, A∗STAR, 30 Biopolis Street, Matrix, Singapore 138671, Singapore
| | - Kok Haur Ong
- Bioinformatics Institute, A∗STAR, 30 Biopolis Street, Matrix, Singapore 138671, Singapore
| | - Collins Oduor Owino
- Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Cancer Evolution, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), 60 Biopolis St., #02-01 Genome, Singapore 138672; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jane Wei Ting Ng
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hui Chuing Yew
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Veonice Bijin Au
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A∗STAR, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Reina Sng
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A∗STAR, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Nivashini Kaliaperumal
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A∗STAR, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Htet Htet Toe Wai Khine
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Otsuka Masayuki
- Translational Immunology Institute (TII), SingHealth-DukeNUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Shamita Naikar
- Translational Immunology Institute (TII), SingHealth-DukeNUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Hui Xin Ng
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Su Li Chia
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Myra Hj Alnawaz
- Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Chris Lee Yoon Wai
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Amy Yuh Ling Tay
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kamarjit Singh Mangat
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Valerie Chew
- Translational Immunology Institute (TII), SingHealth-DukeNUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Weimiao Yu
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A∗STAR, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Singapore; Bioinformatics Institute, A∗STAR, 30 Biopolis Street, Matrix, Singapore 138671, Singapore
| | - John Edward Connolly
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A∗STAR, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Singapore; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Giridharan Periyasamy
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, A∗STAR, 10 Biopolis Way, Chromos, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | | | - Massimo Levrero
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Lyon, France; Department of Hepatology, Hôpital Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France; University of Lyon Claude Bernard 1 (UCLB1), Lyon, France; Department of Medicine SCIAC and the Italian Institute of Technology (IIT) Center for Life Nanosciences (CLNS), University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Seng Gee Lim
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A∗STAR, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Singapore; Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore.
| | - Ramanuj DasGupta
- Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Cancer Evolution, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), 60 Biopolis St., #02-01 Genome, Singapore 138672.
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Horta AL, Gigley J, Boutet M, Lavau G, Weiss LM, Huang H. Memory-like NK Cells Are a Critical Component of Vaccine-Induced Immunity to Trypanosoma cruzi Infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:617-631. [PMID: 38197653 PMCID: PMC10872457 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Chagas disease by Trypanosoma cruzi infection is a major public health issue. The available therapeutic agents have limited efficacy and significant side effects. A reliable vaccine would reduce the threat of T. cruzi infections and prevent Chagas disease. Understanding the immune response to this infection would improve vaccine design. We previously demonstrated that adoptively transferred NK cells from mice immunized with highly attenuated T. cruzi, GFP-DDDHA strain, provided potent protection in naive recipients against secondary lethal challenge with various wild-type (WT) strains. To understand the importance of NK cells in protecting mice against T. cruzi infection, we performed an in-depth characterization of NK cell phenotype, responses, and memory-like traits during acute infections due to GFP-DDDHA and WT strains and in immunized mice during a recall response to a WT lethal challenge. NK cells robustly expanded and became more mature and cytolytic during the GFP-DDDHA strain immunization. NK cells in immunized mice responded more robustly after WT lethal challenge than during an acute primary WT infection. In addition, protection by immunization with the GFP-DDDHA strain is significantly weakened in NK cell-deficient mice and did not prevent parasitemia from WT lethal challenge, indicating that NK cells with memory-like traits were a critical component for early control of WT lethal challenge. Prior T. cruzi vaccine development studies have not included studies of this rapid NK response. These findings provide insights into overcoming existing challenges in developing a safe and effective vaccine to prevent this infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline L. Horta
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Jason Gigley
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, United States of America
| | - Marie Boutet
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Gregoire Lavau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Louis M. Weiss
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Huan Huang
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
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Jost S, Lucar O, Lee E, Yoder T, Kroll K, Sugawara S, Smith S, Jones R, Tweet G, Werner A, Tomezsko PJ, Dugan HL, Ghofrani J, Rascle P, Altfeld M, Müller-Trutwin M, Goepfert P, Reeves RK. Antigen-specific memory NK cell responses against HIV and influenza use the NKG2/HLA-E axis. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eadi3974. [PMID: 38064568 PMCID: PMC11104516 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adi3974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Multiple studies have broadened the roles of natural killer (NK) cells functioning as purely innate lymphocytes by demonstrating that they are capable of putative antigen-specific immunological memory against multiple infectious agents including HIV-1 and influenza. However, the mechanisms underlying antigen specificity remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that antigen-specific human NK cell memory develops upon exposure to both HIV and influenza, unified by a conserved and epitope-specific targetable mechanism largely dependent on the activating CD94/NKG2C receptor and its ligand HLA-E. We validated the permanent acquisition of antigen specificity by individual memory NK cells by single-cell cloning. We identified elevated expression of KLRG1, α4β7, and NKG2C as biomarkers of antigen-specific NK cell memory through complex immunophenotyping. Last, we uncovered individual HLA-E-restricted peptides that may constitute the dominant NK cell response in HIV-1- and influenza-infected persons in vivo. Our findings clarify the mechanisms contributing to antigen-specific memory NK cell responses and suggest that they could be potentially targeted therapeutically for vaccines or other therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Jost
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Innate and Comparative Immunology, Center for Human Systems Immunology, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27703, USA
| | - Olivier Lucar
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Esther Lee
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Innate and Comparative Immunology, Center for Human Systems Immunology, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27703, USA
| | - Taylor Yoder
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kyle Kroll
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Innate and Comparative Immunology, Center for Human Systems Immunology, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27703, USA
| | - Sho Sugawara
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Innate and Comparative Immunology, Center for Human Systems Immunology, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27703, USA
| | - Scott Smith
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rhianna Jones
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Innate and Comparative Immunology, Center for Human Systems Immunology, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27703, USA
| | - George Tweet
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alexandra Werner
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Phillip J. Tomezsko
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Haley L. Dugan
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Joshua Ghofrani
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Philippe Rascle
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Innate and Comparative Immunology, Center for Human Systems Immunology, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27703, USA
| | | | - Michaela Müller-Trutwin
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Cité, HIV, Inflammation and Persistence Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Paul Goepfert
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - R. Keith Reeves
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Innate and Comparative Immunology, Center for Human Systems Immunology, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27703, USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Hojjatipour T, Sharifzadeh Z, Maali A, Azad M. Chimeric antigen receptor-natural killer cells: a promising sword against insidious tumor cells. Hum Cell 2023; 36:1843-1864. [PMID: 37477869 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-023-00948-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are a critical component of innate immunity, particularly in initial cancer recognition and inhibition of additional tumor growth or metastasis propagation. NK cells recognize transformed cells without prior sensitization via stimulatory receptors and rapidly eradicate them. However, the protective tumor microenvironment facilitates tumor escaping via induction of an exhaustion state in immune cells, including NK cells. Hence, genetic manipulation of NK cells for specific identification of tumor-associated antigens or a more robust response against tumor cells is a promising strategy for NK cells' tumoricidal augmentation. Regarding the remarkable achievement of engineered CAR-T cells in treating hematologic malignancies, there is evolving interest in CAR-NK cell recruitment in cancer immunotherapy. Innate functionality of NK cells, higher safety, superior in vivo maintenance, and the off-the-shelf potential move CAR-NK-based therapy superior to CAR-T cells treatment. In this review, we have comprehensively discussed the recent genetic manipulations of CAR-NK cell manufacturing regarding different domains of CAR constructs and their following delivery systems into diverse sources of NK cells. Then highlight the preclinical and clinical investigations of CAR-NK cells and examine the current challenges and prospects as an optimistic remedy in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Hojjatipour
- Department of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Students Research Center, School of Allied Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Amirhosein Maali
- Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciecnes, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Mehdi Azad
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedicine, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, 3419759811, Iran.
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Astorga-Gamaza A, Perea D, Sanchez-Gaona N, Calvet-Mirabent M, Gallego-Cortés A, Grau-Expósito J, Sanchez-Cerrillo I, Rey J, Castellví J, Curran A, Burgos J, Navarro J, Suanzes P, Falcó V, Genescà M, Martín-Gayo E, Buzon MJ. KLRG1 expression on natural killer cells is associated with HIV persistence, and its targeting promotes the reduction of the viral reservoir. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101202. [PMID: 37741278 PMCID: PMC10591043 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection induces immunological dysfunction, which limits the elimination of HIV-infected cells during treated infection. Identifying and targeting dysfunctional immune cells might help accelerate the purging of the persistent viral reservoir. Here, we show that chronic HIV infection increases natural killer (NK) cell populations expressing the negative immune regulator KLRG1, both in peripheral blood and lymph nodes. Antiretroviral treatment (ART) does not reestablish these functionally impaired NK populations, and the expression of KLRG1 correlates with active HIV transcription. Targeting KLRG1 with specific antibodies significantly restores the capacity of NK cells to kill HIV-infected cells, reactivates latent HIV present in CD4+ T cells co-expressing KLRG1, and reduces the intact HIV genomes in samples from ART-treated individuals. Our data support the potential use of immunotherapy against the KLRG1 receptor to impact the viral reservoir during HIV persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Astorga-Gamaza
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Perea
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nerea Sanchez-Gaona
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Calvet-Mirabent
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Gallego-Cortés
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judith Grau-Expósito
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ildefonso Sanchez-Cerrillo
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Joan Rey
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Castellví
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adrian Curran
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquin Burgos
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Navarro
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Suanzes
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicenç Falcó
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Meritxell Genescà
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrique Martín-Gayo
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain; Infectious Diseases CIBER (CIBERINFECC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria J Buzon
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
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7
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Dou X, Peng M, Jiang R, Li W, Zhang X. Upregulated CD8 + MAIT cell differentiation and KLRD1 gene expression after inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccination identified by single-cell sequencing. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1174406. [PMID: 37654490 PMCID: PMC10466403 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1174406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The primary strategy for reducing the incidence of COVID-19 is SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Few studies have explored T cell subset differentiation and gene expressions induced by SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Our study aimed to analyze T cell dynamics and transcriptome gene expression after inoculation with an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine by using single-cell sequencing. Methods Single-cell sequencing was performed after peripheral blood mononuclear cells were extracted from three participants at four time points during the inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccination process. After library preparation, raw read data analysis, quality control, dimension reduction and clustering, single-cell T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing, TCR V(D)J sequencing, cell differentiation trajectory inference, differentially expressed genes, and pathway enrichment were analyzed to explore the characteristics and mechanisms of postvaccination immunodynamics. Results Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccination promoted T cell proliferation, TCR clone amplification, and TCR diversity. The proliferation and differentiation of CD8+ mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells were significantly upregulated, as were KLRD1 gene expression and the two pathways of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay, and translational initiation. Conclusion Upregulation of CD8+ MAIT cell differentiation and KLRD1 expression after inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccination was demonstrated by single-cell sequencing. We conclude that the inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine elicits adaptive T cell immunity to enhance early immunity and rapid response to the targeted virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Dou
- Medical Laboratory of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mian Peng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ruiwei Jiang
- Medical Laboratory of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weiqin Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiuming Zhang
- Medical Laboratory of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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Hoblos R, Kefalakes H. Immunology of hepatitis D virus infection: General concepts and present evidence. Liver Int 2023; 43 Suppl 1:47-59. [PMID: 36074070 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Infection with the hepatitis D virus induces the most severe form of chronic viral hepatitis, affecting over 12 million people worldwide. Chronic HDV infection leads to rapid development of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in ~70% of patients within 15 years of infection. Recent evidence suggests that an interplay of different components of the immune system are contributing to viral control and may even be implicated in liver disease pathogenesis. This review will describe general concepts of antiviral immune response and elicit the present evidence concerning the interplay of the hepatitis D virus with the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Hoblos
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Helenie Kefalakes
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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9
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Premnath N, Madanat YF. Novel Investigational Agents and Pathways That May Influence the Future Management of Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:2958. [PMID: 37296920 PMCID: PMC10252053 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15112958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute Myeloid leukemia (AML) is a clinically heterogeneous disease with a 5-year overall survival of 32% between 2012 to 2018. The above number severely dwindles with age and adverse risk of disease, presenting opportunities for new drug development and is an area of dire unmet need. Basic science and clinical investigators across the world have been working on many new and old molecule formulations and combination strategies to improve outcomes in this disease. In this review, we discuss select promising novel agents in various stages of clinical development for patients with AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Premnath
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA;
| | - Yazan F. Madanat
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA;
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
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10
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Powers SB, Ahmed NG, Jose R, Brezgiel M, Aryal S, Bowman WP, Mathew PA, Mathew SO. Differential Expression of LLT1, SLAM Receptors CS1 and 2B4 and NCR Receptors NKp46 and NKp30 in Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043860. [PMID: 36835271 PMCID: PMC9959214 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) represents the most common pediatric cancer. Most patients (85%) develop B-cell ALL; however, T-cell ALL tends to be more aggressive. We have previously identified 2B4 (SLAMF4), CS1 (SLAMF7) and LLT1 (CLEC2D) that can activate or inhibit NK cells upon the interaction with their ligands. In this study, the expression of 2B4, CS1, LLT1, NKp30 and NKp46 was determined. The expression profiles of these immune receptors were analyzed in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of B-ALL and T-ALL subjects by single-cell RNA sequencing data obtained from the St. Jude PeCan data portal that showed increased expression of LLT1 in B-ALL and T-ALL subjects. Whole blood was collected from 42 pediatric ALL subjects at diagnosis and post-induction chemotherapy and 20 healthy subjects, and expression was determined at the mRNA and cell surface protein level. A significant increase in cell surface LLT1 expression in T cells, monocytes and NK cells was observed. Increased expression of CS1 and NKp46 was observed on monocytes of ALL subjects at diagnosis. A decrease of LLT1, 2B4, CS1 and NKp46 on T cells of ALL subjects was also observed post-induction chemotherapy. Furthermore, mRNA data showed altered expression of receptors in ALL subjects pre- and post-induction chemotherapy treatment. The results indicate that the differential expression of the receptors/ligand may play a role in the T-cell- and NK-cell-mediated immune surveillance of pediatric ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila B. Powers
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Nourhan G. Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Roslin Jose
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Marissa Brezgiel
- Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Subhash Aryal
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - W. Paul Bowman
- Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- Cook Children’s Medical Center, 801 7th Avenue, Fort Worth, TX 76104, USA
| | - Porunelloor A. Mathew
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Stephen O. Mathew
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- Correspondence:
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11
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Anderko RR, Mailliard RB. Mapping the interplay between NK cells and HIV: therapeutic implications. J Leukoc Biol 2023; 113:109-138. [PMID: 36822173 PMCID: PMC10043732 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiac007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Although highly effective at durably suppressing plasma HIV-1 viremia, combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) treatment regimens do not eradicate the virus, which persists in long-lived CD4+ T cells. This latent viral reservoir serves as a source of plasma viral rebound following treatment interruption, thus requiring lifelong adherence to ART. Additionally, challenges remain related not only to access to therapy but also to a higher prevalence of comorbidities with an inflammatory etiology in treated HIV-1+ individuals, underscoring the need to explore therapeutic alternatives that achieve sustained virologic remission in the absence of ART. Natural killer (NK) cells are uniquely positioned to positively impact antiviral immunity, in part due to the pleiotropic nature of their effector functions, including the acquisition of memory-like features, and, therefore, hold great promise for transforming HIV-1 therapeutic modalities. In addition to defining the ability of NK cells to contribute to HIV-1 control, this review provides a basic immunologic understanding of the impact of HIV-1 infection and ART on the phenotypic and functional character of NK cells. We further delineate the qualities of "memory" NK cell populations, as well as the impact of HCMV on their induction and subsequent expansion in HIV-1 infection. We conclude by highlighting promising avenues for optimizing NK cell responses to improve HIV-1 control and effect a functional cure, including blockade of inhibitory NK receptors, TLR agonists to promote latency reversal and NK cell activation, CAR NK cells, BiKEs/TriKEs, and the role of HIV-1-specific bNAbs in NK cell-mediated ADCC activity against HIV-1-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee R. Anderko
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
| | - Robbie B. Mailliard
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
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12
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Roles of natural killer cells in immunity to cancer, and applications to immunotherapy. Nat Rev Immunol 2023; 23:90-105. [PMID: 35637393 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-022-00732-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 144.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Great strides have been made in recent years towards understanding the roles of natural killer (NK) cells in immunity to tumours and viruses. NK cells are cytotoxic innate lymphoid cells that produce inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. By lysing transformed or infected cells, they limit tumour growth and viral infections. Whereas T cells recognize peptides presented by MHC molecules, NK cells display receptors that recognize stress-induced autologous proteins on cancer cells. At the same time, their functional activity is inhibited by MHC molecules displayed on such cells. The enormous potential of NK cells for immunotherapy for cancer is illustrated by their broad recognition of stressed cells regardless of neoantigen presentation, and enhanced activity against tumours that have lost expression of MHC class I owing to acquired resistance mechanisms. As a result, many efforts are under way to mobilize endogenous NK cells with therapeutics, or to provide populations of ex vivo-expanded NK cells as a cellular therapy, in some cases by equipping the NK cells with chimeric antigen receptors. Here we consider the key features that underlie why NK cells are emerging as important new additions to the cancer therapeutic arsenal.
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13
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Nishiyama S, Wright AE, Lotan I, Mikami T, Paul F, Aoki M, Levy M. Upregulated complement receptors correlate with Fc gamma receptor 3A-positive natural killer and natural killer-T cells in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:296. [PMID: 36503481 PMCID: PMC9743562 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02661-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Inhibition of terminal complement in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) using eculizumab helps prevent relapses, but the exact mechanism of action of the drug remains unclear. Similarly, genetic variants in the Fc Gamma receptor 3A (FCGR3A), also known as CD16, are correlated with outcomes in NMOSD, but the immune cells expressing those CD16 are unknown. We compared CD16 expression on immune cells modulated by complement activity in natural killer (NK) cells and natural killer-T (NKT) cells in NMOSD to disease and normal-healthy controls. METHODS Peripheral blood cell (PBMC) samples from 45 patients with NMOSD with aquaporin 4 (AQP4)-IgG, 18 disease controls, and 19 normal controls were analyzed for CD16 expression and complement receptors in vitro. RESULTS At baseline, the number of NKT cells was increased in NMOSD (p < 0.001), but the proportion that was CD16 positive was lower compared to normal and disease controls (p = 0.0012). NK cell count was normal, but the ratio that was CD16 positive was also significantly lower (p < 0.001). In both NK cells and NKT cells from NMOSD, C5 complement receptor expression was much higher than normal and disease controls (p < 0.001 for both). We also evaluated activation markers CD69 and CD83, which were also significantly higher in NK and NKT cells from NMOSD patients. FCGR3A p158 V/V genotype group in NMOSD patients showed decreased NK cell proportion with activation, and fewer CD16-expressing NKT cells than the F/F genotype group. DISCUSSION Our results support an immunopathogenesis model in which complement pathway activation in NK/NKT cells upregulates CD16 expression that binds to antibody/antigen complexes. In the context of NMOSD, these complement-sensitive cells may be responsible for the escalating autoimmune activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Nishiyama
- grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Building 114, 16th St., Room 3150, Charlestown, MA 02129 Boston, USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,grid.69566.3a0000 0001 2248 6943Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi Japan
| | - Amy E. Wright
- grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Building 114, 16th St., Room 3150, Charlestown, MA 02129 Boston, USA
| | - Itay Lotan
- grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Building 114, 16th St., Room 3150, Charlestown, MA 02129 Boston, USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Takahisa Mikami
- grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Building 114, 16th St., Room 3150, Charlestown, MA 02129 Boston, USA ,grid.67033.310000 0000 8934 4045Department of Neurology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA USA
| | - Friedemann Paul
- grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Masashi Aoki
- grid.69566.3a0000 0001 2248 6943Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi Japan
| | - Michael Levy
- grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Building 114, 16th St., Room 3150, Charlestown, MA 02129 Boston, USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
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14
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Forkel H, Grabarczyk P, Depke M, Troschke-Meurer S, Simm S, Hammer E, Michalik S, Hentschker C, Corleis B, Loyal L, Zumpe M, Siebert N, Dorhoi A, Thiel A, Lode H, Völker U, Schmidt CA. BCL11B depletion induces the development of highly cytotoxic innate T cells out of IL-15 stimulated peripheral blood αβ CD8+ T cells. Oncoimmunology 2022; 11:2148850. [PMID: 36507091 PMCID: PMC9728472 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2022.2148850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BCL11B, an essential transcription factor for thymopoiesis, regulates also vital processes in post-thymic lymphocytes. Increased expression of BCL11B was recently correlated with the maturation of NK cells, whereas reduced BCL11B levels were observed in native and induced T cell subsets displaying NK cell features. We show that BCL11B-depleted CD8+ T cells stimulated with IL-15 acquired remarkable innate characteristics. These induced innate CD8+ (iiT8) cells expressed multiple innate receptors like NKp30, CD161, and CD16 as well as factors regulating migration and tissue homing while maintaining their T cell phenotype. The iiT8 cells effectively killed leukemic cells spontaneously and neuroblastoma spheroids in the presence of a tumor-specific monoclonal antibody mediated by CD16 receptor activation. These iiT8 cells integrate the innate natural killer cell activity with adaptive T cell longevity, promising an interesting therapeutic potential. Our study demonstrates that innate T cells, albeit of limited clinical applicability given their low frequency, can be efficiently generated from peripheral blood and applied for adoptive transfer, CAR therapy, or combined with therapeutic antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Forkel
- Internal Medicine Clinic C, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Piotr Grabarczyk
- Internal Medicine Clinic C, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Maren Depke
- Internal Medicine Clinic C, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sascha Troschke-Meurer
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stefan Simm
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Elke Hammer
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stephan Michalik
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christian Hentschker
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Björn Corleis
- Institute for Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lucie Loyal
- Si-M/“Der Simulierte Mensch” a science framework of Technische Universität Berlin and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maxi Zumpe
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nikolai Siebert
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anca Dorhoi
- Institute for Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Andreas Thiel
- Si-M/“Der Simulierte Mensch” a science framework of Technische Universität Berlin and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Lode
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe Völker
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christian A. Schmidt
- Internal Medicine Clinic C, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany,CONTACT Christian A. Schmidt Internal Medicine Clinic C, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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15
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Wu C, Liang JA, Brenchley JM, Shin T, Fan X, Mortlock RD, Abraham D, Allan DS, Thomas ML, Hong S, Dunbar CE. Barcode clonal tracking of tissue-resident immune cells in rhesus macaque highlights distinct clonal distribution pattern of tissue NK cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:994498. [PMID: 36605190 PMCID: PMC9808525 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.994498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue resident (TR) immune cells play important roles in facilitating tissue homeostasis, coordinating immune responses against infections and tumors, and maintaining immunological memory. While studies have shown these cells are distinct phenotypically and functionally from cells found in the peripheral blood (PB), the clonal relationship between these populations across tissues has not been comprehensively studied in primates or humans. We utilized autologous transplantation of rhesus macaque hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells containing high diversity barcodes to track the clonal distribution of T, B, myeloid and natural killer (NK) cell populations across tissues, including liver, spleen, lung, and gastrointestinal (GI) tract, in comparison with PB longitudinally post-transplantation, in particular we focused on NK cells which do not contain endogenous clonal markers and have not been previously studied in this context. T cells demonstrated tissue-specific clonal expansions as expected, both overlapping and distinct from blood T cells. In contrast, B and myeloid cells showed a much more homogeneous clonal pattern across various tissues and the blood. The clonal distribution of TR NK was more heterogenous between individual animals. In some animals, as we have previously reported, we observed large PB clonal expansions in mature CD56-CD16+ NK cells. Notably, we found a separate set of highly expanded PB clones in CD16-CD56- (DN) NK subset that were also contributing to TR NK cells in all tissues examined, both in TR CD56-CD16+ and DN populations but absent in CD56+16- TR NK across all tissues analyzed. Additionally, we observed sets of TR NK clones specific to individual tissues such as lung or GI tract and sets of TR NK clones shared across liver and spleen, distinct from other tissues. Combined with prior functional data that suggests NK memory is restricted to liver or other TR NK cells, these clonally expanded TR NK cells may be of interest for future investigation into NK cell tissue immunological memory, with implications for development of NK based immunotherapies and an understanding of NK memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanfeng Wu
- Translational Stem Cell Biology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jialiu A. Liang
- Translational Stem Cell Biology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jason M. Brenchley
- Barrier Immunity Section, Lab of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Taehoon Shin
- Translational Stem Cell Biology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Xing Fan
- Translational Stem Cell Biology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ryland D. Mortlock
- Translational Stem Cell Biology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Diana M. Abraham
- Translational Stem Cell Biology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - David S.J. Allan
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Marvin L. Thomas
- Division of Veterinary Resources, Office of Research Services, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - So Gun Hong
- Translational Stem Cell Biology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Cynthia E. Dunbar
- Translational Stem Cell Biology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States,*Correspondence: Cynthia E. Dunbar,
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16
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Joshi S, Sharabi A. Targeting myeloid-derived suppressor cells to enhance natural killer cell-based immunotherapy. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 235:108114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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17
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Aviles-Padilla K, Angelo LS, Fan D, Paust S. CXCR6 + and NKG2C + Natural Killer Cells Are Distinct With Unique Phenotypic and Functional Attributes Following Bone Marrow Transplantation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:886835. [PMID: 35844621 PMCID: PMC9277058 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.886835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactivation of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a life-threatening complication in transplant patients. Natural Killer (NK) cells are the first lymphocyte lineage to reconstitute following an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). Amongst them, NK cell Group 2 isoform C/Killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily C, member 2 (NKG2C)-expressing NK cells contribute significantly to patient protection upon HCMV reactivation. NKG2C+ NK cells are capable of immunological memory, albeit NK cell memory is not restricted to them. Hepatic C-X-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 6 (CXCR6)-expressing NK cells also mediate memory responses in mice and humans. Small numbers of them circulate and can thus be studied in peripheral blood samples. We hypothesize that NKG2C+ and CXCR6+ NK cell subsets are distinct. To test our hypothesis, we used multi-parametric flow cytometry to determine the phenotypes and effector functions of CD56bright vs. CD56dim and NKG2C+ vs. CXCR6+ human NK cell subsets in the peripheral blood (PB) of pediatric transplant recipients monthly while monitoring patients for HCMV reactivation. Interestingly, we did not find any NKG2C+CXCR6+ NK cells in the transplant recipients' peripheral blood, suggesting that NKG2C+ and CXCR6+ NK cells are distinct. Also, NKG2C-CXCR6- NK cells, rather than NKG2C+ NK cells, made up most NK cells post-transplant, even in transplant recipients with HCMV viremia. In contrast to NKG2C+ NK cells, CXCR6+ NK cells appeared phenotypically less differentiated but were highly proliferative and produced IFN-γ and TNF α . Our findings contribute to our understanding of post-transplant NK cell development and its implications for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Aviles-Padilla
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Laura S. Angelo
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Dwight Fan
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States,The Developing Investigative Scholar’s Program (DISP), Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Hospital and Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Silke Paust
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States,The Developing Investigative Scholar’s Program (DISP), Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Hospital and Rice University, Houston, TX, United States,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Silke Paust,
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18
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Sugawara S, Reeves RK, Jost S. Learning to Be Elite: Lessons From HIV-1 Controllers and Animal Models on Trained Innate Immunity and Virus Suppression. Front Immunol 2022; 13:858383. [PMID: 35572502 PMCID: PMC9094575 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.858383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) has drastically changed the lives of people living with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), long-term treatment has been associated with a vast array of comorbidities. Therefore, a cure for HIV-1 remains the best option to globally eradicate HIV-1/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). However, development of strategies to achieve complete eradication of HIV-1 has been extremely challenging. Thus, the control of HIV-1 replication by the host immune system, namely functional cure, has long been studied as an alternative approach for HIV-1 cure. HIV-1 elite controllers (ECs) are rare individuals who naturally maintain undetectable HIV-1 replication levels in the absence of ART and whose immune repertoire might be a desirable blueprint for a functional cure. While the role(s) played by distinct human leukocyte antigen (HLA) expression and CD8+ T cell responses expressing cognate ligands in controlling HIV-1 has been widely characterized in ECs, the innate immune phenotype has been decidedly understudied. Comparably, in animal models such as HIV-1-infected humanized mice and simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV)-infected non-human primates (NHP), viremic control is known to be associated with specific major histocompatibility complex (MHC) alleles and CD8+ T cell activity, but the innate immune response remains incompletely characterized. Notably, recent work demonstrating the existence of trained innate immunity may provide new complementary approaches to achieve an HIV-1 cure. Herein, we review the known characteristics of innate immune responses in ECs and available animal models, identify gaps of knowledge regarding responses by adaptive or trained innate immune cells, and speculate on potential strategies to induce EC-like responses in HIV-1 non-controllers.
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19
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Gao F, Zhou Z, Lin Y, Shu G, Yin G, Zhang T. Biology and Clinical Relevance of HCMV-Associated Adaptive NK Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:830396. [PMID: 35464486 PMCID: PMC9022632 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.830396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are an important component of the innate immune system due to their strong ability to kill virally infected or transformed cells without prior exposure to the antigen (Ag). However, the biology of human NK (hNK) cells has largely remained elusive. Recent advances have characterized several novel hNK subsets. Among them, adaptive NK cells demonstrate an intriguing specialized antibody (Ab)-dependent response and several adaptive immune features. Most adaptive NK cells express a higher level of NKG2C but lack an intracellular signaling adaptor, FcϵRIγ (hereafter abbreviated as FcRγ). The specific expression pattern of these genes, with other signature genes, is the result of a specific epigenetic modification. The expansion of adaptive NK cells in vivo has been documented in various viral infections, while the frequency of adaptive NK cells among peripheral blood mononuclear cells correlates with improved prognosis of monoclonal Ab treatment against leukemia. This review summarizes the discovery and signature phenotype of adaptive NK cells. We also discuss the reported association between adaptive NK cells and pathological conditions. Finally, we briefly highlight the application of adaptive NK cells in adoptive cell therapy against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Gao
- Immuno-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhengwei Zhou
- Immuno-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ying Lin
- Immuno-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guang Shu
- Immuno-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Gang Yin
- Immuno-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tianxiang Zhang
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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20
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Duan S, Liu S. Targeting NK Cells for HIV-1 Treatment and Reservoir Clearance. Front Immunol 2022; 13:842746. [PMID: 35371060 PMCID: PMC8967654 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.842746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) can inhibit the replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and reduce viral loads in the peripheral blood to undetectable levels. However, the presence of latent HIV-1 reservoirs prevents complete HIV-1 eradication. Several drugs and strategies targeting T cells are now in clinical trials, but their effectiveness in reducing viral reservoirs has been mixed. Interestingly, innate immune natural killer (NK) cells, which are promising targets for cancer therapy, also play an important role in HIV-1 infection. NK cells are a unique innate cell population with features of adaptive immunity that can regulate adaptive and innate immune cell populations; therefore, they can be exploited for HIV-1 immunotherapy and reservoir eradication. In this review, we highlight immunotherapy strategies for HIV infection that utilize the beneficial properties of NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqin Duan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuwen Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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21
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Rocca Y, Pouxvielh K, Marotel M, Benezech S, Jaeger B, Allatif O, Bendriss-Vermare N, Marçais A, Walzer T. Combinatorial Expression of NK Cell Receptors Governs Cell Subset Reactivity and Effector Functions but Not Tumor Specificity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:1802-1812. [PMID: 35288470 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
NK cell receptors allow NK cells to recognize targets such as tumor cells. Many of them are expressed on a subset of NK cells, independently of each other, which creates a vast diversity of receptor combinations. Whether these combinations influence NK cell antitumor responses is not well understood. We addressed this question in the C57BL/6 mouse model and analyzed the individual effector response of 444 mouse NK cell subsets, defined by combinations of 12 receptors, against tumor cell lines originating from different tissues and mouse strains. We found a wide range of reactivity among NK subsets, but the same hierarchy of responses was observed for the different tumor types, showing that the repertoire of NK cell receptors does not encode for different tumor specificities but for different intrinsic reactivities. The coexpression of CD27, NKG2A, and DNAM-1 identified subsets with relative cytotoxic specialization, whereas reciprocally, CD11b and KLRG1 defined the best IFN-γ producers. The expression of educating receptors Ly49C, Ly49I, and NKG2A was also strongly correlated with IFN-γ production, but this effect was suppressed by unengaged receptors Ly49A, Ly49F, and Ly49G2. Finally, IL-15 coordinated NK cell effector functions, but education and unbound inhibitory receptors retained some influence on their response. Collectively, these data refine our understanding of the mechanisms governing NK cell reactivity, which could help design new NK cell therapy protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamila Rocca
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5308, Lyon, France.,Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Kevin Pouxvielh
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5308, Lyon, France
| | - Marie Marotel
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5308, Lyon, France
| | - Sarah Benezech
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5308, Lyon, France
| | - Baptiste Jaeger
- Faculty of Medicine, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; and.,Faculty of Science, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Omran Allatif
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5308, Lyon, France
| | - Nathalie Bendriss-Vermare
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Antoine Marçais
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5308, Lyon, France;
| | - Thierry Walzer
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5308, Lyon, France;
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22
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Understanding natural killer cell biology from a single cell perspective. Cell Immunol 2022; 373:104497. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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23
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Herrera L, Martin‐Inaraja M, Santos S, Inglés‐Ferrándiz M, Azkarate A, Perez‐Vaquero MA, Vesga MA, Vicario JL, Soria B, Solano C, De Paz R, Marcos A, Ferreras C, Perez‐Martinez A, Eguizabal C. Identifying SARS-CoV-2 'memory' NK cells from COVID-19 convalescent donors for adoptive cell therapy. Immunology 2022; 165:234-249. [PMID: 34775592 PMCID: PMC8652867 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 disease is the manifestation of syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, which is causing a worldwide pandemic. This disease can lead to multiple and different symptoms, being lymphopenia associated with severity one of the most persistent. Natural killer cells (NK cells) are part of the innate immune system, being fighting against virus-infected cells one of their key roles. In this study, we determined the phenotype of NK cells after COVID-19 and the main characteristic of SARS-CoV-2-specific-like NK population in the blood of convalescent donors. CD57+ NKG2C+ phenotype in SARS-CoV-2 convalescent donors indicates the presence of 'memory'/activated NK cells as it has been shown for cytomegalovirus infections. Although the existence of this population is donor dependent, its expression may be crucial for the specific response against SARS-CoV-2, so that, it gives us a tool for selecting the best donors to produce off-the-shelf living drug for cell therapy to treat COVID-19 patients under the RELEASE clinical trial (NCT04578210).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Herrera
- Research UnitBasque Center for Blood Transfusion and Human TissuesOsakidetza, GaldakaoSpain
- Cell Therapy, Stem Cells and Tissues GroupBiocruces Bizkaia Health Research InstituteBarakaldoSpain
| | - Myriam Martin‐Inaraja
- Research UnitBasque Center for Blood Transfusion and Human TissuesOsakidetza, GaldakaoSpain
- Cell Therapy, Stem Cells and Tissues GroupBiocruces Bizkaia Health Research InstituteBarakaldoSpain
| | - Silvia Santos
- Research UnitBasque Center for Blood Transfusion and Human TissuesOsakidetza, GaldakaoSpain
- Cell Therapy, Stem Cells and Tissues GroupBiocruces Bizkaia Health Research InstituteBarakaldoSpain
| | - Marta Inglés‐Ferrándiz
- Research UnitBasque Center for Blood Transfusion and Human TissuesOsakidetza, GaldakaoSpain
- Cell Therapy, Stem Cells and Tissues GroupBiocruces Bizkaia Health Research InstituteBarakaldoSpain
| | - Aida Azkarate
- Research UnitBasque Center for Blood Transfusion and Human TissuesOsakidetza, GaldakaoSpain
- Cell Therapy, Stem Cells and Tissues GroupBiocruces Bizkaia Health Research InstituteBarakaldoSpain
| | - Miguel A. Perez‐Vaquero
- Research UnitBasque Center for Blood Transfusion and Human TissuesOsakidetza, GaldakaoSpain
- Cell Therapy, Stem Cells and Tissues GroupBiocruces Bizkaia Health Research InstituteBarakaldoSpain
| | - Miguel A. Vesga
- Research UnitBasque Center for Blood Transfusion and Human TissuesOsakidetza, GaldakaoSpain
- Cell Therapy, Stem Cells and Tissues GroupBiocruces Bizkaia Health Research InstituteBarakaldoSpain
| | - Jose L. Vicario
- HistocompatibilityCentro de Transfusión de MadridMadridSpain
| | - Bernat Soria
- Instituto de BioingenieríaUniversidad Miguel Hernández de ElcheAlicanteSpain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital General y Universitario de Alicante (ISABIAL)AlicanteSpain
| | - Carlos Solano
- Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia/Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria INCLIVAValenciaSpain
- School of MedicineUniversity of ValenciaSpain
| | - Raquel De Paz
- Hematology DepartmentUniversity Hospital La PazMadridSpain
| | - Antonio Marcos
- Hematology DepartmentUniversity Hospital La PazMadridSpain
| | - Cristina Ferreras
- Hospital La Paz Institute for Health ResearchIdiPAZUniversity Hospital La PazMadridSpain
| | - Antonio Perez‐Martinez
- Hospital La Paz Institute for Health ResearchIdiPAZUniversity Hospital La PazMadridSpain
- Pediatric Hemato‐Oncology DepartmentUniversity Hospital La PazMadridSpain
- Faculty of MedicineUniversidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
| | - Cristina Eguizabal
- Research UnitBasque Center for Blood Transfusion and Human TissuesOsakidetza, GaldakaoSpain
- Cell Therapy, Stem Cells and Tissues GroupBiocruces Bizkaia Health Research InstituteBarakaldoSpain
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24
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Niknam MR, Attari F. The Potential Applications of Stem Cells for Cancer Treatment. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 17:26-42. [DOI: 10.2174/1574888x16666210810100858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
:
Scientists encounter many obstacles in traditional cancer therapies, including the side effects
on the healthy cells, drug resistance, tumor relapse, the short half-life of employed drugs in
the blood circulation, and the improper delivery of drugs toward the tumor site. The unique traits of
stem cells (SCs) such as self-renewal, differentiation, tumor tropism, the release of bioactive
molecules, and immunosuppression have opened a new window for utilizing SCs as a novel tool in
cancer treatment. In this regard, engineered SCs can secrete anti-cancer proteins or express enzymes
used in suicide gene therapy which locally induce apoptosis in neoplastic cells via the bystander
effect. These cells also stand as proper candidates to serve as careers for drug-loaded nanoparticles
or to play suitable hosts for oncolytic viruses. Moreover, they harbor great potential to be
employed in immunotherapy and combination therapy. However, tactful strategies should be devised
to allow easier transplantation and protection of SCs from in vivo immune responses. In spite
of the great hope concerning SCs application in cancer therapy, there are shortcomings and challenges
to be addressed. This review tends to elaborate on recent advances on the various applications
of SCs in cancer therapy and existing challenges in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malikeh Rad Niknam
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farnoosh Attari
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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25
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Rascle P, Jacquelin B, Petitdemange C, Contreras V, Planchais C, Lazzerini M, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Le Grand R, Mouquet H, Huot N, Müller-Trutwin M. NK-B cell cross talk induces CXCR5 expression on natural killer cells. iScience 2021; 24:103109. [PMID: 34622162 PMCID: PMC8479784 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
B cell follicles (BCFs) in lymph nodes (LNs) are generally exempt of CD8+ T and NK cells. African green monkeys (AGMs), a natural host of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), display NK cell-mediated viral control in BCF. NK cell migration into BCF in chronically SIVagm-infected AGM is associated with CXCR5+ NK cells. We aimed to identify the mechanism leading to CXCR5 expression on NK cells. We show that CXCR5+ NK cells in LN were induced following SIVagm infection. CXCR5+ NK cells accumulated preferentially in BCF with proliferating B cells. Autologous NK-B cell co-cultures in transwell chambers induced CXCR5+ NK cells. Transcriptome analysis of CXCR5+ NK cells revealed expression of bcl6 and IL6R. IL-6 induced CXCR5 on AGM and human NK cells. IL6 mRNA was detected in LN at higher levels during SIVagm than SIVmac infection and often produced by plasma cells. Our study reveals a mechanism of B cell-dependent NK cell regulation. IL-6 can induce CXCR5 on NK cells CXCR5+ NK cells expressed high levels of bcl6 and IL6R More IL-6+ plasmablast/plasma cells in lymph nodes in SIVagm than SIVmac infection B cells participate in the regulation of NK cell migration into BCF
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Rascle
- Institut Pasteur, HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Béatrice Jacquelin
- Institut Pasteur, HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Caroline Petitdemange
- Institut Pasteur, HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Vanessa Contreras
- CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT, IBFJ, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, Paris, France
| | - Cyril Planchais
- Institut Pasteur, Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Paris, France.,INSERM U1222, Paris, France
| | - Marie Lazzerini
- Institut Pasteur, HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Nathalie Dereuddre-Bosquet
- CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT, IBFJ, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, Paris, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT, IBFJ, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, Paris, France
| | - Hugo Mouquet
- Institut Pasteur, Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Paris, France.,INSERM U1222, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Huot
- Institut Pasteur, HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Michaela Müller-Trutwin
- Institut Pasteur, HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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26
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García-García I, Guerra-García P, Ferreras C, Borobia AM, Carcas AJ, Queiruga-Parada J, Vicario JL, Mirones I, Solano C, Eguizabal C, Soria B, Pérez-Martínez A. A phase I/II dose-escalation multi-center study to evaluate the safety of infusion of natural killer cells or memory T cells as adoptive therapy in coronavirus pneumonia and/or lymphopenia: RELEASE study protocol. Trials 2021; 22:674. [PMID: 34600562 PMCID: PMC8487326 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05625-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Moderate/severe cases of COVID-19 present a dysregulated immune system with T cell lymphopenia and a hyper-inflammatory state. This is a study protocol of an open-label, multi-center, double-arm, randomized, dose-finding phase I/II clinical trial to evaluate the safety, tolerability, alloreactivity, and efficacy of the administration of allogeneic memory T cells and natural killer (NK) cells in COVID-19 patients with lymphopenia and/or pneumonia. The aim of the study is to determine the safety and the efficacy of the recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D) of this treatment for patients with moderate/severe COVID-19. METHODS In the phase I trial, 18 patients with COVID-19-related pneumonia and/or lymphopenia with no oxygen requirement or with an oxygen need of ≤ 2.5 liters per minute (lpm) in nasal cannula will be assigned to two arms, based on the biology of the donor and the patient. Treatment of arm A consists of the administration of escalating doses of memory T cells, plus standard of care (SoC). Treatment of arm B consists of the administration of escalating doses of NK cells, plus SoC. In the phase II trial, a total of 182 patients with COVID-19-related pneumonia and/or lymphopenia requiring or not oxygen supplementation but without mechanical ventilation will be allocated to arm A or B, considering HLA typing. Within each arm, they will be randomized in a 1:1 ratio. In arm A, patients will receive SoC or RP2D for memory T cells plus the SoC. In arm B, patients will receive SoC or RP2D for NK cells plus the SoC. DISCUSSION We hypothesized that SARS-CoV-2-specific memory T-lymphocytes obtained from convalescent donors recovered from COVID-19 can be used as a passive cell immunotherapy to treat pneumonia and lymphopenia in moderate/severe patients. The lymphopenia induced by COVID-19 constitutes a therapeutic window that may facilitate donor engraftment and viral protection until recovery. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04578210 . First Posted : October 8, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- I García-García
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - P Guerra-García
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- Pediatric Hemato-oncology Department, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, IdiPAZ, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Ferreras
- Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, IdiPAZ, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - A M Borobia
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, IdiPAZ, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - A J Carcas
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, IdiPAZ, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Queiruga-Parada
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - J L Vicario
- Regional Blood Transfusion Centre, Madrid, Spain
| | - I Mirones
- Pediatric Hemato-oncology Department, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Solano
- Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia/Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria INCLIVA, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - C Eguizabal
- Research Unit, Basque Center for Blood Transfusion and Human Tissues, Osakidetza, Galdakao, Bizkaia, Spain
- Cell Therapy, Stem Cells and Tissues Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - B Soria
- Institute of Bioengineering, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Alicante, Spain
- Health Research Institute-ISABIAL, Alicante University Hospital, Alicante, Spain
- University Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - A Pérez-Martínez
- Pediatric Hemato-oncology Department, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain.
- Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, IdiPAZ, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain.
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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27
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Lujan RA, Vrba SM, Hickman HD. Antiviral Activities of Group I Innate Lymphoid Cells. J Mol Biol 2021; 434:167266. [PMID: 34562465 PMCID: PMC8938296 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Even before the adaptive immune response initiates, a potent group of innate antiviral cells responds to a wide range of viruses to limit replication and virus-induced pathology. Belonging to a broader family of recently discovered innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), antiviral group I ILCs are composed of conventional natural killer cells (cNK) and tissue-resident ILCs (ILC1s) that can be distinguished based on their location as well as by the expression of key cell surface markers and transcription factors. Functionally, blood-borne cNK cells recirculate throughout the body and are recruited into the tissue at sites of viral infection where they can recognize and lyse virus-infected cells. In contrast, ILC1s are poised in uninfected barrier tissues and respond not through lysis but with the production of antiviral cytokines. From their frontline tissue locations, ILC1s can even induce an antiviral state in uninfected tissue to preempt viral replication. Mounting evidence also suggests that ILC1s may have enhanced secondary responses to viral infection. In this review, we discuss recent findings demonstrating that ILC1s provide several critical layers of innate antiviral immunity and the mechanisms (when known) underlying protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon A Lujan
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sophia M Vrba
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Heather D Hickman
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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28
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Maucourant C, Nonato Queiroz GA, Corneau A, Leandro Gois L, Meghraoui-Kheddar A, Tarantino N, Bandeira AC, Samri A, Blanc C, Yssel H, Rios Grassi MF, Vieillard V. NK Cell Responses in Zika Virus Infection Are Biased towards Cytokine-Mediated Effector Functions. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:1333-1343. [PMID: 34408012 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that has emerged as a global concern because of its impact on human health. ZIKV infection during pregnancy can cause microcephaly and other severe brain defects in the developing fetus and there have been reports of the occurrence of Guillain-Barré syndrome in areas affected by ZIKV. NK cells are activated during acute viral infections and their activity contributes to a first line of defense because of their ability to rapidly recognize and kill virus-infected cells. To provide insight into NK cell function during ZIKV infection, we have profiled, using mass cytometry, the NK cell receptor-ligand repertoire in a cohort of acute ZIKV-infected female patients. Freshly isolated NK cells from these patients contained distinct, activated, and terminally differentiated, subsets expressing higher levels of CD57, NKG2C, and KIR3DL1 as compared with those from healthy donors. Moreover, KIR3DL1+ NK cells from these patients produced high levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α, in the absence of direct cytotoxicity, in response to in vitro stimulation with autologous, ZIKV-infected, monocyte-derived dendritic cells. In ZIKV-infected patients, overproduction of IFN-γ correlated with STAT-5 activation (r = 0.6643; p = 0.0085) and was mediated following the recognition of MHC class 1-related chain A and chain B molecules expressed by ZIKV-infected monocyte-derived dendritic cells, in synergy with IL-12 production by the latter cells. Together, these findings suggest that NK cells contribute to the generation of an efficacious adaptive anti-ZIKV immune response that could potentially affect the outcome of the disease and/or the development of persistent symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Maucourant
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC, Inserm U1135, CNRS ERL 8255, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Paris, France
| | | | - Aurelien Corneau
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, Plateforme de Cytométrie, UMS30-LUMIC, Faculté de Médecine Pierre et Marie Curie, Site Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; and
| | - Luana Leandro Gois
- FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil.,Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Aida Meghraoui-Kheddar
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC, Inserm U1135, CNRS ERL 8255, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Paris, France
| | - Nadine Tarantino
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC, Inserm U1135, CNRS ERL 8255, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Paris, France
| | | | - Assia Samri
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC, Inserm U1135, CNRS ERL 8255, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Blanc
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, Plateforme de Cytométrie, UMS30-LUMIC, Faculté de Médecine Pierre et Marie Curie, Site Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; and
| | - Hans Yssel
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC, Inserm U1135, CNRS ERL 8255, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Paris, France
| | | | - Vincent Vieillard
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC, Inserm U1135, CNRS ERL 8255, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Paris, France;
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Natural killer cells in first-episode psychosis: an innate immune signature? Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:5297-5306. [PMID: 33456051 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-01008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence majorly implicates immune dysfunction in the etiology of psychotic disorders. In particular, altered numbers and functions of natural killer (NK) cells have been described in psychosis, but interpretation has often been confounded by a number of biases, including treatment. Eighty-one first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients who subsequently received a diagnosis of either schizophrenia (SZ; n = 30) or bipolar disorder (BP; n = 31) over a five-year follow-up period were investigated for their NK cell phenotype and compared to 61 healthy controls (HCs). We found a similar proportion of CD3-CD56+ NK cells in FEP patients and HCs. The frequency of NK cells expressing the late cell activation marker HLA-DR was significantly increased in FEP patients compared to HCs, especially in patients with BP (p < 0.0001) and, to a lesser degree, in patients with SZ (p = 0.0128). Interestingly, the expression of the activating NKG2C receptor, known to be associated with infections, was higher in patients with SZ and BP than in HCs (p < 0.0001) and correlated with HLA-DR expression, altogether defining adaptive NK cells. In terms of NK cell function, we observed a suppressed capacity of SZ-derived NK cells to mount cytotoxic responses in the presence of target cells, while NK cells from patients with BP show an inability to produce IFN-γ, a cytokine pivotal to NK function. This study strongly suggests major dysfunction of NK cells in FEP with functioning impairment correlated with psychotic, manic, and depressive symptoms in subsequently diagnosed patients with SZ and BP.
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30
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Kaweme NM, Zhou F. Optimizing NK Cell-Based Immunotherapy in Myeloid Leukemia: Abrogating an Immunosuppressive Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2021; 12:683381. [PMID: 34220833 PMCID: PMC8247591 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.683381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are prominent cytotoxic and cytokine-producing components of the innate immune system representing crucial effector cells in cancer immunotherapy. Presently, various NK cell-based immunotherapies have contributed to the substantial improvement in the reconstitution of NK cells against advanced-staged and high-risk AML. Various NK cell sources, including haploidentical NK cells, adaptive NK cells, umbilical cord blood NK cells, stem cell-derived NK cells, chimeric antigen receptor NK cells, cytokine-induced memory-like NK cells, and NK cell lines have been identified. Devising innovative approaches to improve the generation of therapeutic NK cells from the aforementioned sources is likely to enhance NK cell expansion and activation, stimulate ex vivo and in vivo persistence of NK cells and improve conventional treatment response of myeloid leukemia. The tumor-promoting properties of the tumor microenvironment and downmodulation of NK cellular metabolic activity in solid tumors and hematological malignancies constitute a significant impediment in enhancing the anti-tumor effects of NK cells. In this review, we discuss the current NK cell sources, highlight ongoing interventions in enhancing NK cell function, and outline novel strategies to circumvent immunosuppressive factors in the tumor microenvironment to improve the efficacy of NK cell-based immunotherapy and expand their future success in treating myeloid leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fuling Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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31
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Capuano C, Pighi C, Battella S, De Federicis D, Galandrini R, Palmieri G. Harnessing CD16-Mediated NK Cell Functions to Enhance Therapeutic Efficacy of Tumor-Targeting mAbs. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13102500. [PMID: 34065399 PMCID: PMC8161310 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Natural Killer (NK) cells play a major role in cancer immunotherapy based on tumor-targeting mAbs. NK cell-mediated tumor cell killing and cytokine secretion are powerfully stimulated upon interaction with IgG-opsonized tumor cells, through the aggregation of FcγRIIIA/CD16 IgG receptor. Advances in basic and translational NK cell biology have led to the development of strategies that, by improving mAb-dependent antitumor responses, may overcome the current limitations of antibody therapy attributable to tolerance, immunosuppressive microenvironment, and genotypic factors. This review provides an overview of the immunotherapeutic strategies being pursued to improve the efficacy of mAb-induced NK antitumor activity. The exploitation of antibody combinations, antibody-based molecules, used alone or combined with adoptive NK cell therapy, will be uncovered. Within the landscape of NK cell heterogeneity, we stress the role of memory NK cells as promising effectors in the next generation of immunotherapy with the aim to obtain long-lasting tumor control. Abstract Natural killer (NK) cells hold a pivotal role in tumor-targeting monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based activity due to the expression of CD16, the low-affinity receptor for IgG. Indeed, beyond exerting cytotoxic function, activated NK cells also produce an array of cytokines and chemokines, through which they interface with and potentiate adaptive immune responses. Thus, CD16-activated NK cells can concur to mAb-dependent “vaccinal effect”, i.e., the development of antigen-specific responses, which may be highly relevant in maintaining long-term protection of treated patients. On this basis, the review will focus on strategies aimed at potentiating NK cell-mediated antitumor functions in tumor-targeting mAb-based regimens, represented by (a) mAb manipulation strategies, aimed at augmenting recruitment and efficacy of NK cells, such as Fc-engineering, and the design of bi- or trispecific NK cell engagers and (b) the possible exploitation of memory NK cells, whose distinctive characteristics (enhanced responsiveness to CD16 engagement, longevity, and intrinsic resistance to the immunosuppressive microenvironment) may maximize therapeutic mAb antitumor efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Capuano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (C.P.); (S.B.); (D.D.F.)
| | - Chiara Pighi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (C.P.); (S.B.); (D.D.F.)
| | - Simone Battella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (C.P.); (S.B.); (D.D.F.)
- ReiThera Srl, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Davide De Federicis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (C.P.); (S.B.); (D.D.F.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Ricciarda Galandrini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (C.P.); (S.B.); (D.D.F.)
- Correspondence: (R.G.); (G.P.)
| | - Gabriella Palmieri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (C.P.); (S.B.); (D.D.F.)
- Correspondence: (R.G.); (G.P.)
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32
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Zalfa C, Paust S. Natural Killer Cell Interactions With Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment and Implications for Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:633205. [PMID: 34025641 PMCID: PMC8133367 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.633205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex and heterogeneous environment composed of cancer cells, tumor stroma, a mixture of tissue-resident and infiltrating immune cells, secreted factors, and extracellular matrix proteins. Natural killer (NK) cells play a vital role in fighting tumors, but chronic stimulation and immunosuppression in the TME lead to NK cell exhaustion and limited antitumor functions. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous group of myeloid cells with potent immunosuppressive activity that gradually accumulate in tumor tissues. MDSCs interact with innate and adaptive immune cells and play a crucial role in negatively regulating the immune response to tumors. This review discusses MDSC-mediated NK cell regulation within the TME, focusing on critical cellular and molecular interactions. We review current strategies that target MDSC-mediated immunosuppression to enhance NK cell cytotoxic antitumor activity. We also speculate on how NK cell-based antitumor immunotherapy could be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silke Paust
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
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33
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Perera Molligoda Arachchige AS. Human NK cells: From development to effector functions. Innate Immun 2021; 27:212-229. [PMID: 33761782 PMCID: PMC8054151 DOI: 10.1177/17534259211001512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells are the major lymphocyte subset of the innate immune system that mediates antiviral and anti-tumor responses. It is well established that they develop mechanisms to distinguish self from non-self during the process of NK cell education. Unlike T and B cells, natural killer cells lack clonotypic receptors and are activated after recognizing their target via germline-encoded receptors through natural cytotoxicity, cytokine stimulation, and Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Subsequently, they utilize cytotoxic granules, death receptor ligands, and cytokines to perform their effector functions. In this review, we provide a general overview of human NK cells, as opposed to murine NK cells, discussing their ontogeny, maturation, receptor diversity, types of responses, and effector functions. Furthermore, we also describe recent advances in human NK cell biology, including tissue-resident NK cell populations, NK cell memory, and novel approaches used to target NK cells in cancer immunotherapy.
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34
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Palgen JL, Feraoun Y, Dzangué-Tchoupou G, Joly C, Martinon F, Le Grand R, Beignon AS. Optimize Prime/Boost Vaccine Strategies: Trained Immunity as a New Player in the Game. Front Immunol 2021; 12:612747. [PMID: 33763063 PMCID: PMC7982481 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.612747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Most vaccines require multiple doses to induce long-lasting protective immunity in a high frequency of vaccines, and to ensure strong both individual and herd immunity. Repetitive immunogenic stimulations not only increase the intensity and durability of adaptive immunity, but also influence its quality. Several vaccine parameters are known to influence adaptive immune responses, including notably the number of immunizations, the delay between them, and the delivery sequence of different recombinant vaccine vectors. Furthermore, the initial effector innate immune response is key to activate and modulate B and T cell responses. Optimization of homologous and heterologous prime/boost vaccination strategies requires a thorough understanding of how vaccination history affects memory B and T cell characteristics. This requires deeper knowledge of how innate cells respond to multiple vaccine encounters. Here, we review how innate cells, more particularly those of the myeloid lineage, sense and respond differently to a 1st and a 2nd vaccine dose, both in an extrinsic and intrinsic manner. On one hand, the presence of primary specific antibodies and memory T cells, whose critical properties change with time after priming, provides a distinct environment for innate cells at the time of re-vaccination. On the other hand, innate cells themselves can exert enhanced intrinsic antimicrobial functions, long after initial stimulation, which is referred to as trained immunity. We discuss the potential of trained innate cells to be game-changers in prime/boost vaccine strategies. Their increased functionality in antigen uptake, antigen presentation, migration, and as cytokine producers, could indeed improve the restimulation of primary memory B and T cells and their differentiation into potent secondary memory cells in response to the boost. A better understanding of trained immunity mechanisms will be highly valuable for harnessing the full potential of trained innate cells, to optimize immunization strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Palgen
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,School of Medical Sciences, Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, Cellular Genomics Futures Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yanis Feraoun
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Gaëlle Dzangué-Tchoupou
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Candie Joly
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Frédéric Martinon
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Beignon
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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35
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Huot N, Rascle P, Petitdemange C, Contreras V, Stürzel CM, Baquero E, Harper JL, Passaes C, Legendre R, Varet H, Madec Y, Sauermann U, Stahl-Hennig C, Nattermann J, Saez-Cirion A, Le Grand R, Keith Reeves R, Paiardini M, Kirchhoff F, Jacquelin B, Müller-Trutwin M. SIV-induced terminally differentiated adaptive NK cells in lymph nodes associated with enhanced MHC-E restricted activity. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1282. [PMID: 33627642 PMCID: PMC7904927 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21402-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play a critical understudied role during HIV infection in tissues. In a natural host of SIV, the African green monkey (AGM), NK cells mediate a strong control of SIVagm infection in secondary lymphoid tissues. We demonstrate that SIVagm infection induces the expansion of terminally differentiated NKG2alow NK cells in secondary lymphoid organs displaying an adaptive transcriptional profile and increased MHC-E-restricted cytotoxicity in response to SIV Env peptides while expressing little IFN-γ. Such NK cell differentiation was lacking in SIVmac-infected macaques. Adaptive NK cells displayed no increased NKG2C expression. This study reveals a previously unknown profile of NK cell adaptation to a viral infection, thus accelerating strategies toward NK-cell directed therapies and viral control in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Huot
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation et Persistance, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Rascle
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation et Persistance, Paris, France ,grid.508487.60000 0004 7885 7602Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Petitdemange
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation et Persistance, Paris, France
| | - Vanessa Contreras
- CEA-Université Paris Sud-Inserm, U1184, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | | | - Eduard Baquero
- grid.462718.eInstitut Pasteur, Unité de Virologie Structurale, Paris, France
| | - Justin L. Harper
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Caroline Passaes
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation et Persistance, Paris, France
| | - Rachel Legendre
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, Department of Computational Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Hugo Varet
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Biomics Platform, Center for Technological Resources and Research (C2RT), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Yoann Madec
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535 Institut Pasteur; Epidemiology of Emerging Diseases Unit, Paris, France
| | - Ulrike Sauermann
- grid.418215.b0000 0000 8502 7018Deutsches Primatenzentrum - Leibniz Institut für Primatenforschung, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christiane Stahl-Hennig
- grid.418215.b0000 0000 8502 7018Deutsches Primatenzentrum - Leibniz Institut für Primatenforschung, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jacob Nattermann
- grid.452463.2Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Bonn, Germany
| | - Asier Saez-Cirion
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation et Persistance, Paris, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- CEA-Université Paris Sud-Inserm, U1184, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - R. Keith Reeves
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XCenter for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA ,grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA
| | | | - Beatrice Jacquelin
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation et Persistance, Paris, France
| | - Michaela Müller-Trutwin
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation et Persistance, Paris, France
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36
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Cho H, Kim KH, Lee H, Kim CG, Chung H, Choi YS, Park SH, Cheong JW, Min YH, Shin EC, Kim JS. Adaptive Natural Killer Cells Facilitate Effector Functions of Daratumumab in Multiple Myeloma. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:2947-2958. [PMID: 33602683 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-3418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the different roles of heterogeneous natural killer (NK)-cell subpopulations in multiple myeloma and to identify NK-cell subsets that support the robust anti-myeloma activity of daratumumab via antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We performed single-cell RNA sequencing of NK cells from patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) and delineated adaptive NK cells in their bone marrow (BM). We further characterized the distinct immunophenotypic features and functions of adaptive NK cells by multicolor flow cytometry in 157 patients with NDMM. RESULTS Adaptive NK cells exhibit a significantly lower level of CD38 expression compared with conventional NK cells, suggesting that they may evade daratumumab-induced fratricide. Moreover, adaptive NK cells exert robust daratumumab-mediated effector functions ex vivo, including cytokine production and degranulation, compared with conventional NK cells. The composition of adaptive NK cells in BM determines the daratumumab-mediated ex vivo functional activity of BM NK cells in patients with NDMM. Unlike conventional NK cells, sorted adaptive NK cells from the BM of patients with NDMM exert substantial cytotoxic activity against myeloma cells in the presence of daratumumab. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that adaptive NK cells are an important mediator of ADCC in multiple myeloma and support direct future efforts to better predict and improve the treatment outcome of daratumumab by selectively employing adaptive NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsoo Cho
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hwan Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoyoung Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Gon Kim
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Haerim Chung
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Seok Choi
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hyung Park
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - June-Won Cheong
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Hong Min
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin Seok Kim
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Hofmann M, Thimme R. Hepatitis B vaccine and NK cells: a new player in memory. Gut 2021; 70:229-230. [PMID: 32669288 PMCID: PMC7815630 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-321151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maike Hofmann
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Freiburg University Hospital, Freiburg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Robert Thimme
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Freiburg University Hospital, Freiburg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
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38
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Terrén I, Orrantia A, Vitallé J, Astarloa-Pando G, Zenarruzabeitia O, Borrego F. Modulating NK cell metabolism for cancer immunotherapy. Semin Hematol 2020; 57:213-224. [PMID: 33256914 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes with potent antitumor functions and, therefore, multiple NK cell-based cancer immunotherapies have been developed and are currently being tested. However, there is a necessity to find new means to improve these therapies, and immunometabolism represents an attractive target. NK cell effector functions are intricately linked to their metabolism, and modulating the latter could be the key to release their full potential. In this review, we have summarized how NK cell metabolism is regulated during some processes, such as maturation, viral infection, and cytokine stimulation. Additionally, we provide an overview of how NK cell metabolism is affected by current therapeutic approaches aimed to promote NK cell expansion and/or to increase their effector functions. We have also recapitulated several strategies that could help alleviating the metabolic impairment that characterizes tumor-infiltrating NK cells, and thus increase or restore their effector functions. Furthermore, we have reviewed several therapeutic approaches targeting cancer metabolism that could synergize with NK cell-based cancer immunotherapies, and thus enhance their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñigo Terrén
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Immunopathology Group, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Ane Orrantia
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Immunopathology Group, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Joana Vitallé
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Immunopathology Group, Barakaldo, Spain
| | | | - Olatz Zenarruzabeitia
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Immunopathology Group, Barakaldo, Spain.
| | - Francisco Borrego
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Immunopathology Group, Barakaldo, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
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39
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Khadke S, Ahmed N, Ahmed N, Ratts R, Raju S, Gallogly M, de Lima M, Sohail MR. Harnessing the immune system to overcome cytokine storm and reduce viral load in COVID-19: a review of the phases of illness and therapeutic agents. Virol J 2020; 17:154. [PMID: 33059711 PMCID: PMC7558250 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01415-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, previously named 2019-nCov), a novel coronavirus that emerged in China in December 2019 and was declared a global pandemic by World Health Organization by March 11th, 2020. Severe manifestations of COVID-19 are caused by a combination of direct tissue injury by viral replication and associated cytokine storm resulting in progressive organ damage. DISCUSSION We reviewed published literature between January 1st, 2000 and June 30th, 2020, excluding articles focusing on pediatric or obstetric population, with a focus on virus-host interactions and immunological mechanisms responsible for virus associated cytokine release syndrome (CRS). COVID-19 illness encompasses three main phases. In phase 1, SARS-CoV-2 binds with angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)2 receptor on alveolar macrophages and epithelial cells, triggering toll like receptor (TLR) mediated nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-ƙB) signaling. It effectively blunts an early (IFN) response allowing unchecked viral replication. Phase 2 is characterized by hypoxia and innate immunity mediated pneumocyte damage as well as capillary leak. Some patients further progress to phase 3 characterized by cytokine storm with worsening respiratory symptoms, persistent fever, and hemodynamic instability. Important cytokines involved in this phase are interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. This is typically followed by a recovery phase with production of antibodies against the virus. We summarize published data regarding virus-host interactions, key immunological mechanisms responsible for virus-associated CRS, and potential opportunities for therapeutic interventions. CONCLUSION Evidence regarding SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology and pathogenesis is rapidly evolving. A better understanding of the pathophysiology and immune system dysregulation associated with CRS and acute respiratory distress syndrome in severe COVID-19 is imperative to identify novel drug targets and other therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumanth Khadke
- Our Lady of Fatima University, 120 MacArthur Highway, 1440, Valenzuela, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Nayla Ahmed
- Section of Hospital Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center - Geisel School of Medicine, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, 03766, USA
| | - Nausheen Ahmed
- Section of Hematology Oncology, Bone Marrow Transplant and Cellular Therapy, University Of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Ryan Ratts
- Section of Hospital Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center - Geisel School of Medicine, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, 03766, USA
- Section of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center - Geisel School of Medicine, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, 03766, USA
| | - Shine Raju
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center - Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Molly Gallogly
- Section of Hematology Oncology, Stem Cell Transplant and Cellular Therapeutics, University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center - Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Marcos de Lima
- Section of Hematology Oncology, Stem Cell Transplant and Cellular Therapeutics, University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center - Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Muhammad Rizwan Sohail
- Section of Infectious Diseases and Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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40
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Herrmann T, Karunakaran MM, Fichtner AS. A glance over the fence: Using phylogeny and species comparison for a better understanding of antigen recognition by human γδ T-cells. Immunol Rev 2020; 298:218-236. [PMID: 32981055 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Both, jawless and jawed vertebrates possess three lymphocyte lineages defined by highly diverse antigen receptors: Two T-cell- and one B-cell-like lineage. In both phylogenetic groups, the theoretically possible number of individual antigen receptor specificities can even outnumber that of lymphocytes of a whole organism. Despite fundamental differences in structure and genetics of these antigen receptors, convergent evolution led to functional similarities between the lineages. Jawed vertebrates possess αβ and γδ T-cells defined by eponymous αβ and γδ T-cell antigen receptors (TCRs). "Conventional" αβ T-cells recognize complexes of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I and II molecules and peptides. Non-conventional T-cells, which can be αβ or γδ T-cells, recognize a large variety of ligands and differ strongly in phenotype and function between species and within an organism. This review describes similarities and differences of non-conventional T-cells of various species and discusses ligands and functions of their TCRs. A special focus is laid on Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells whose TCRs act as sensors for phosphorylated isoprenoid metabolites, so-called phosphoantigens (PAg), associated with microbial infections or altered host metabolism in cancer or after drug treatment. We discuss the role of butyrophilin (BTN)3A and BTN2A1 in PAg-sensing and how species comparison can help in a better understanding of this human Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell subset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Herrmann
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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41
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes of the innate immune system that are capable of killing virally infected and/or cancerous cells. Nearly 20 years ago, NK cell-mediated immunotherapy emerged as a safe and effective treatment approach for patients with advanced-stage leukaemia. Subsequently, the field of NK cell-based cancer therapy has grown exponentially and currently constitutes a major area of immunotherapy innovation. In general, the development of NK cell-directed therapies has two main focal points: optimizing the source of therapeutic NK cells for adoptive transfer and enhancing NK cell cytotoxicity and persistence in vivo. A wide variety of sources of therapeutic NK cells are currently being tested clinically, including haploidentical NK cells, umbilical cord blood NK cells, stem cell-derived NK cells, NK cell lines, adaptive NK cells, cytokine-induced memory-like NK cells and chimeric antigen receptor NK cells. A plethora of methods to augment the cytotoxicity and longevity of NK cells are also under clinical investigation, including cytokine-based agents, NK cell-engager molecules and immune-checkpoint inhibitors. In this Review, we highlight the variety of ways in which diverse NK cell products and their auxiliary therapeutics are being leveraged to target human cancers. We also identify future avenues for NK cell therapy research.
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42
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Frank K, Paust S. Dynamic Natural Killer Cell and T Cell Responses to Influenza Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:425. [PMID: 32974217 PMCID: PMC7461885 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses have perplexed scientists for over a hundred years. Yearly vaccines limit their spread, but they do not prevent all infections. Therapeutic treatments for those experiencing severe infection are limited; further advances are held back by insufficient understanding of the fundamental immune mechanisms responsible for immunopathology. NK cells and T cells are essential in host responses to influenza infection. They produce immunomodulatory cytokines and mediate the cytotoxic response to infection. An imbalance in NK and T cell responses can lead to two outcomes: excessive inflammation and tissue damage or insufficient anti-viral functions and uncontrolled infection. The main cause of death in influenza patients is the former, mediated by hyperinflammatory responses termed “cytokine storm.” NK cells and T cells contribute to cytokine storm, but they are also required for viral clearance. Many studies have attempted to distinguish protective and pathogenic components of the NK cell and T cell influenza response, but it has become clear that they are dynamic and integrated processes. This review will analyze how NK cell and T cell effector functions during influenza infection affect the host response and correlate with morbidity and mortality outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla Frank
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States.,The Skaggs Graduate Program in Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Silke Paust
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States.,The Skaggs Graduate Program in Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
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43
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Roe K. A proposed treatment for pathogenic enveloped viruses having high rates of mutation or replication. Scand J Immunol 2020; 92:e12928. [PMID: 32640050 PMCID: PMC7361161 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Several enveloped viruses, particularly some RNA viruses, have high rates of mutation or replication, which can make them virulent pathogens in humans and other mammals. A proposed treatment could use synthesized proteins to mask pathogenic viral surface proteins to quickly induce an immune attack on specific enveloped viruses by using existing immune cells. One treatment could inject dual‐protein ligand masks into patients' bloodstreams to mask pathogenic surface proteins used to infect mammalian cells. The mammalian immune system already uses an analogous, more complex structure called a pentraxin to neutralize some pathogens by connecting their surface proteins to immune cells. And several types of antiviral peptides have already experimentally demonstrated effectiveness in blocking various viral pathogen infections. These treatments offer advantages, especially for currently untreatable viral pathogens. Furthermore, using dual‐protein ligands and the antigenic memory of some sub‐populations of NK cells would also allow the creation of defacto vaccines based on a host's NK cells, instead of vaccines utilizing CD4 and CD8 α:β T cells, which are limited by the requirement of MHC presentation of the target antigens to α:β T cells. Targeted NK cell vaccines could attack host cells latently or actively infected by intracellular pathogens, even host cells having pathogen downregulated MHC antigen presentation. Eight postulates concerning the effects of pathogen mutation, or change in phenotype from genetic recombination or rearrangement, and replication rates on pathogen vs host dominance are also listed, which should be applicable to viral and non‐viral pathogens.
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44
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Hertoghs N, Schwedhelm KV, Stuart KD, McElrath MJ, De Rosa SC. OMIP-064: A 27-Color Flow Cytometry Panel to Detect and Characterize Human NK Cells and Other Innate Lymphoid Cell Subsets, MAIT Cells, and γδ T Cells. Cytometry A 2020; 97:1019-1023. [PMID: 32415811 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This 27-color flow cytometry panel was developed in order to assess immunological changes over the course of an immunization and challenge regimen in two experimental malaria vaccine trials. The aim of the study was to find correlates of vaccine-induced protection. Several studies have indicated that protection against malaria appears to involve immune responses at various immunological sites, with liver-resident responses playing an essential role. As it is not feasible to monitor the immune responses within the liver in humans, this panel is developed with the aim to thoroughly characterize the immune responses over time in blood in addition to detecting changes that might reflect what happens in other immunological sites like the liver. The focus of this panel is to detect several innate lymphoid cell populations, including NK cells and their activation status. Moreover, unconventional T cells like mucosal associated invariant T cells and γδ T cells are assessed in the panel. © 2020 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Hertoghs
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Katharine V Schwedhelm
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, 98109, USA
| | - Kenneth D Stuart
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Margaret Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, 98109, USA
| | - Stephen C De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, 98109, USA
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Zhao NQ, Ferreira AM, Grant PM, Holmes S, Blish CA. Treated HIV Infection Alters Phenotype but Not HIV-Specific Function of Peripheral Blood Natural Killer Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:829. [PMID: 32477342 PMCID: PMC7235409 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are the predominant antiviral cells of the innate immune system, and may play an important role in acquisition and disease progression of HIV. While untreated HIV infection is associated with distinct alterations in the peripheral blood NK cell repertoire, less is known about how NK phenotype is altered in the setting of long-term viral suppression with antiretroviral therapy (ART), as well as how NK memory can impact functional responses. As such, we sought to identify changes in NK cell phenotype and function using high-dimensional mass cytometry to simultaneously analyze both surface and functional marker expression of peripheral blood NK cells in a cohort of ART-suppressed, HIV+ patients and HIV- healthy controls. We found that the NK cell repertoire following IL-2 treatment was altered in individuals with treated HIV infection compared to healthy controls, with increased expression of markers including NKG2C and CD2, and decreased expression of CD244 and NKp30. Using co-culture assays with autologous, in vitro HIV-infected CD4 T cells, we identified a subset of NK cells with enhanced responsiveness to HIV-1-infected cells, but no differences in the magnitude of anti-HIV NK cell responses between the HIV+ and HIV− groups. In addition, by profiling of NK cell receptors on responding cells, we found similar phenotypes of HIV-responsive NK cell subsets in both groups. Lastly, we identified clusters of NK cells that are altered in individuals with treated HIV infection compared to healthy controls, but found that these clusters are distinct from those that respond to HIV in vitro. As such, we conclude that while chronic, treated HIV infection induces a reshaping of the IL-2-stimulated peripheral blood NK cell repertoire, it does so in a way that does not make the repertoire more HIV-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Q Zhao
- Immunology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Anne-Maud Ferreira
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Philip M Grant
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Susan Holmes
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Catherine A Blish
- Immunology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, United States
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Nikzad R, Angelo LS, Aviles-Padilla K, Le DT, Singh VK, Bimler L, Vukmanovic-Stejic M, Vendrame E, Ranganath T, Simpson L, Haigwood NL, Blish CA, Akbar AN, Paust S. Human natural killer cells mediate adaptive immunity to viral antigens. Sci Immunol 2020; 4:4/35/eaat8116. [PMID: 31076527 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aat8116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive immune responses are defined as antigen sensitization-dependent and antigen-specific responses leading to establishment of long-lived immunological memory. Although natural killer (NK) cells have traditionally been considered cells of the innate immune system, mounting evidence in mice and nonhuman primates warrants reconsideration of the existing paradigm that B and T cells are the sole mediators of adaptive immunity. However, it is currently unknown whether human NK cells can exhibit adaptive immune responses. We therefore tested whether human NK cells mediate adaptive immunity to virally encoded antigens using humanized mice and human volunteers. We found that human NK cells displayed vaccination-dependent, antigen-specific recall responses in vitro, when isolated from livers of humanized mice previously vaccinated with HIV-encoded envelope protein. Furthermore, we discovered that large numbers of cytotoxic NK cells with a tissue-resident phenotype were recruited to sites of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) skin test antigen challenge in VZV-experienced human volunteers. These NK-mediated recall responses in humans occurred decades after initial VZV exposure, demonstrating that NK memory in humans is long-lived. Our data demonstrate that human NK cells exhibit adaptive immune responses upon vaccination or infection. The existence of human memory NK cells may allow for the development of vaccination-based approaches capable of establishing potent NK-mediated memory functions contributing to host protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Nikzad
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Laura S Angelo
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kevin Aviles-Padilla
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Duy T Le
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Graduate Program in Immunology at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vipul K Singh
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lynn Bimler
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Graduate Program in Immunology at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Elena Vendrame
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Thanmayi Ranganath
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Laura Simpson
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nancy L Haigwood
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Catherine A Blish
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Arne N Akbar
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, UK
| | - Silke Paust
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. .,Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Graduate Program in Immunology at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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47
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TIGIT is upregulated by HIV-1 infection and marks a highly functional adaptive and mature subset of natural killer cells. AIDS 2020; 34:801-813. [PMID: 32028328 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our objective was to investigate the mechanisms that govern natural killer (NK)-cell responses to HIV, with a focus on specific receptor--ligand interactions involved in HIV recognition by NK cells. DESIGN AND METHODS We first performed a mass cytometry-based screen of NK-cell receptor expression patterns in healthy controls and HIV individuals. We then focused mechanistic studies on the expression and function of T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT). RESULTS The mass cytometry screen revealed that TIGIT is upregulated on NK cells of untreated HIV women, but not in antiretroviral-treated women. TIGIT is an inhibitory receptor that is thought to mark exhausted NK cells; however, blocking TIGIT did not improve anti-HIV NK-cell responses. In fact, the TIGIT ligands CD112 and CD155 were not upregulated on CD4 T cells in vitro or in vivo, providing an explanation for the lack of benefit from TIGIT blockade. TIGIT expression marked a unique subset of NK cells that express significantly higher levels of NK-cell-activating receptors (DNAM-1, NTB-A, 2B4, CD2) and exhibit a mature/adaptive phenotype (CD57, NKG2C, LILRB1, FcRγ, Syk). Furthermore, TIGIT NK cells had increased responses to mock-infected and HIV-infected autologous CD4 T cells, and to PMA/ionomycin, cytokine stimulation and the K562 cancer cell line. CONCLUSION TIGIT expression is increased on NK cells from untreated HIV individuals. Although TIGIT does not participate directly to the response to HIV-infected cells, it marks a population of mature/adaptive NK cells with increased functional responses.
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48
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Abstract
The continuous interactions between host and pathogens during their coevolution have shaped both the immune system and the countermeasures used by pathogens. Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that are considered central players in the antiviral response. Not only do they express a variety of inhibitory and activating receptors to discriminate and eliminate target cells but they can also produce immunoregulatory cytokines to alert the immune system. Reciprocally, several unrelated viruses including cytomegalovirus, human immunodeficiency virus, influenza virus, and dengue virus have evolved a multitude of mechanisms to evade NK cell function, such as the targeting of pathways for NK cell receptors and their ligands, apoptosis, and cytokine-mediated signaling. The studies discussed in this article provide further insights into the antiviral function of NK cells and the pathways involved, their constituent proteins, and ways in which they could be manipulated for host benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Mancini
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada;,
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Silvia M. Vidal
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada;,
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
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49
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50
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Harris LD, Khayumbi J, Ongalo J, Sasser LE, Tonui J, Campbell A, Odhiambo FH, Ouma SG, Alter G, Gandhi NR, Day CL. Distinct Human NK Cell Phenotypes and Functional Responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Adults From TB Endemic and Non-endemic Regions. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:120. [PMID: 32266170 PMCID: PMC7105570 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), which leads to an estimated 1. 5 million deaths worldwide each year. Although the immune correlates of protection against Mtb infection and TB disease have not been well-defined, natural killer (NK) cells are increasingly recognized as a key component of the innate immune response to Mtb and as a link between innate and adaptive immunity. In this study, we evaluated NK cell phenotypic and functional profiles in QuantiFERON-TB (QFT)+ and QFT− adults in a TB endemic setting in Kisumu, Kenya, and compared their NK cell responses to those of Mtb-naïve healthy adult controls in the U.S. We used flow cytometry to define the phenotypic profile of NK cells and identified distinct CD56dim NK cell phenotypes that differentiated the Kenyan and U.S. groups. Additionally, among Kenyan participants, NK cells from QFT+ individuals with latent Mtb infection (LTBI) were characterized by significant downregulation of the natural cytotoxicity receptor NKp46 and the inhibitory receptor TIGIT, compared with QFT− individuals. Moreover, the distinct CD56dim phenotypic profiles in Kenyan individuals correlated with dampened NK cell responses to tumor cells and diminished activation, degranulation, and cytokine production following stimulation with Mtb antigens, compared with Mtb-naïve U.S. healthy adult controls. Taken together, these data provide evidence that the phenotypic and functional profiles of NK cells are modified in TB endemic settings and will inform future studies aimed at defining NK cell-mediated immune correlates that may be protective against acquisition of Mtb infection and progression to TB disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levelle D Harris
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jeremiah Khayumbi
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Joshua Ongalo
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Loren E Sasser
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Joan Tonui
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Angela Campbell
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | - Samuel Gurrion Ouma
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Neel R Gandhi
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Cheryl L Day
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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