1
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Feng K, Bendiwhobel Ushie B, Zhang H, Li S, Deng F, Wang H, Ning YJ. Pathogenesis and virulence of Heartland virus. Virulence 2024; 15:2348252. [PMID: 38712703 PMCID: PMC11085952 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2348252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Heartland virus (HRTV), an emerging tick-borne pathogenic bunyavirus, has been a concern since 2012, with an increasing incidence, expanding geographical distribution, and high pathogenicity in the United States. Infection from HRTV results in fever, thrombocytopenia, and leucopenia in humans, and in some cases, symptoms can progress to severe outcomes, including haemorrhagic disease, multi-organ failure, and even death. Currently, no vaccines or antiviral drugs are available for treatment of the HRTV disease. Moreover, little is known about HRTV-host interactions, viral replication mechanisms, pathogenesis and virulence, further hampering the development of vaccines and antiviral interventions. Here, we aimed to provide a brief review of HRTV epidemiology, molecular biology, pathogenesis and virulence on the basis of published article data to better understand this virus and provide clues for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Feng
- Hubei Jiangxia Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety and Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Benjamin Bendiwhobel Ushie
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety and Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Shu Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women & Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety and Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Hualin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety and Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yun-Jia Ning
- Hubei Jiangxia Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety and Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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2
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Wang J, Luo Y, Katiyar H, Liang C, Liu Q. The Antiviral Activity of Interferon-Induced Transmembrane Proteins and Virus Evasion Strategies. Viruses 2024; 16:734. [PMID: 38793616 PMCID: PMC11125860 DOI: 10.3390/v16050734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are antiviral cytokines that defend against viral infections by inducing the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Interferon-inducible transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) 1, 2, and 3 are crucial ISG products and members of the CD225 protein family. Compelling evidence shows that IFITMs restrict the infection of many unrelated viruses by inhibiting the virus-cell membrane fusion at the virus entry step via the modulation of lipid composition and membrane properties. Meanwhile, viruses can evade IFITMs' restrictions by either directly interacting with IFITMs via viral glycoproteins or by altering the native entry pathway. At the same time, cumulative evidence suggests context-dependent and multifaceted roles of IFITMs in modulating virus infections and cell signaling. Here, we review the diverse antiviral mechanisms of IFITMs, the viral antagonizing strategies, and the regulation of IFITM activity in host cells. The mechanisms behind the antiviral activity of IFITMs could aid the development of broad-spectrum antivirals and enhance preparedness for future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wang
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada; (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yuhang Luo
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada; (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Harshita Katiyar
- McGill Center for Viral Diseases, Lady Davis Institute, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada; (H.K.); (C.L.)
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Chen Liang
- McGill Center for Viral Diseases, Lady Davis Institute, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada; (H.K.); (C.L.)
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Qian Liu
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada; (J.W.); (Y.L.)
- McGill Center for Viral Diseases, Lady Davis Institute, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada; (H.K.); (C.L.)
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3
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Li M. Innate immune response against vector-borne bunyavirus infection and viral countermeasures. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1365221. [PMID: 38711929 PMCID: PMC11070517 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1365221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Bunyaviruses are a large group of important viral pathogens that cause significant diseases in humans and animals worldwide. Bunyaviruses are enveloped, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA viruses that infect a wide range of hosts. Upon entry into host cells, the components of viruses are recognized by host innate immune system, leading to the activation of downstream signaling cascades to induce interferons (IFNs) and other proinflammatory cytokines. IFNs bind to their receptors and upregulate the expression of hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Many ISGs have antiviral activities and confer an antiviral state to host cells. For efficient replication and spread, viruses have evolved different strategies to antagonize IFN-mediated restriction. Here, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the interactions between bunyaviruses and host innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghua Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
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4
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Du S, Wang Y, Wang J, Ma Y, Xu W, Shi X, Li L, Hao P, Liu Q, Liao M, Zhou B, Jin N, Wong YK, Hu L, Wang J, Liu W, Li C. IFITM3 inhibits severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus entry and interacts with viral Gc protein. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29491. [PMID: 38402626 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging tick-borne hemorrhagic fever disease with high fatality rate of 10%-20%. Vaccines or specific therapeutic measures remain lacking. Human interferon inducible transmembrane protein 3 (hIFITM3) is a broad-spectrum antiviral factor targeting viral entry. However, the antiviral activity of hIFITM3 against SFTS virus (SFTSV) and the functional mechanism of IFITM3 remains unclear. Here we demonstrate that endogenous IFITM3 provides protection against SFTSV infection and participates in the anti-SFTSV effect of type Ⅰ and Ⅲ interferons (IFNs). IFITM3 overexpression exhibits anti-SFTSV function by blocking Gn/Gc-mediated viral entry and fusion. Further studies showed that IFITM3 binds SFTSV Gc directly and its intramembrane domain (IMD) is responsible for this interaction and restriction of SFTSV entry. Mutation of two neighboring cysteines on IMD weakens IFITM3-Gc interaction and attenuates the antiviral activity of IFITM3, suggesting that IFITM3-Gc interaction may partly mediate the inhibition of SFTSV entry. Overall, our data demonstrate for the first time that hIFITM3 plays a critical role in the IFNs-mediated anti-SFTSV response, and uncover a novel mechanism of IFITM3 restriction of SFTSV infection, highlighting the potential of clinical intervention on SFTS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouwen Du
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Yuhang Wang
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Pingshan Translational Medicine Center, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Jiamin Wang
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Yidan Ma
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Wang Xu
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoshuang Shi
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Letian Li
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Pengfei Hao
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Quan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ming Liao
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Boping Zhou
- Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Ningyi Jin
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Yin K Wong
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lifen Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Jigang Wang
- Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Chang Li
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, P.R. China
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Marceau T, Braibant M. Role of Viral Envelope Proteins in Determining Susceptibility of Viruses to IFITM Proteins. Viruses 2024; 16:254. [PMID: 38400030 PMCID: PMC10892237 DOI: 10.3390/v16020254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) are a family of proteins which inhibit infections of various enveloped viruses. While their general mechanism of inhibition seems to be non-specific, involving the tightening of membrane structures to prevent fusion between the viral envelope and cell membrane, numerous studies have underscored the importance of viral envelope proteins in determining the susceptibility of viruses to IFITMs. Mutations in envelope proteins may lead to viral escape from direct interaction with IFITM proteins or result in indirect resistance by modifying the viral entry pathway, allowing the virus to modulate its exposure to IFITMs. In a broader context, the nature of viral envelope proteins and their interaction with IFITMs can play a crucial role in the context of adaptive immunity, leading to viral envelope proteins that are more susceptible to antibody neutralization. The precise mechanisms underlying these observations remain unclear, and further studies in this field could contribute to a better understanding of how IFITMs control viral infections.
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6
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Sievers BL, Cheng MTK, Csiba K, Meng B, Gupta RK. SARS-CoV-2 and innate immunity: the good, the bad, and the "goldilocks". Cell Mol Immunol 2024; 21:171-183. [PMID: 37985854 PMCID: PMC10805730 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-01104-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
An ancient conflict between hosts and pathogens has driven the innate and adaptive arms of immunity. Knowledge about this interplay can not only help us identify biological mechanisms but also reveal pathogen vulnerabilities that can be leveraged therapeutically. The humoral response to SARS-CoV-2 infection has been the focus of intense research, and the role of the innate immune system has received significantly less attention. Here, we review current knowledge of the innate immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and the various means SARS-CoV-2 employs to evade innate defense systems. We also consider the role of innate immunity in SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and in the phenomenon of long COVID.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark T K Cheng
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kata Csiba
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bo Meng
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Ravindra K Gupta
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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7
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Ali H, Naseem A, Siddiqui ZI. SARS-CoV-2 Syncytium under the Radar: Molecular Insights of the Spike-Induced Syncytia and Potential Strategies to Limit SARS-CoV-2 Replication. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6079. [PMID: 37763019 PMCID: PMC10531702 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12186079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection induces non-physiological syncytia when its spike fusogenic protein on the surface of the host cells interacts with the ACE2 receptor on adjacent cells. Spike-induced syncytia are beneficial for virus replication, transmission, and immune evasion, and contribute to the progression of COVID-19. In this review, we highlight the properties of viral fusion proteins, mainly the SARS-CoV-2 spike, and the involvement of the host factors in the fusion process. We also highlight the possible use of anti-fusogenic factors as an antiviral for the development of therapeutics against newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants and how the fusogenic property of the spike could be exploited for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim Ali
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Asma Naseem
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1DZ, UK
| | - Zaheenul Islam Siddiqui
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, NYU Grossman Long Island School of Medicine, New York, NY 11501, USA
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8
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Nair N, Osterhaus ADME, Rimmelzwaan GF, Prajeeth CK. Rift Valley Fever Virus-Infection, Pathogenesis and Host Immune Responses. Pathogens 2023; 12:1174. [PMID: 37764982 PMCID: PMC10535968 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley Fever Virus is a mosquito-borne phlebovirus causing febrile or haemorrhagic illness in ruminants and humans. The virus can prevent the induction of the antiviral interferon response through its NSs proteins. Mutations in the NSs gene may allow the induction of innate proinflammatory immune responses and lead to attenuation of the virus. Upon infection, virus-specific antibodies and T cells are induced that may afford protection against subsequent infections. Thus, all arms of the adaptive immune system contribute to prevention of disease progression. These findings will aid the design of vaccines using the currently available platforms. Vaccine candidates have shown promise in safety and efficacy trials in susceptible animal species and these may contribute to the control of RVFV infections and prevention of disease progression in humans and ruminants.
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9
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LaPointe A, Gale M, Kell AM. Orthohantavirus Replication in the Context of Innate Immunity. Viruses 2023; 15:1130. [PMID: 37243216 PMCID: PMC10220641 DOI: 10.3390/v15051130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Orthohantaviruses are rodent-borne, negative-sense RNA viruses that are capable of causing severe vascular disease in humans. Over the course of viral evolution, these viruses have tailored their replication cycles in such a way as to avoid and/or antagonize host innate immune responses. In the rodent reservoir, this results in life long asymptomatic infections. However, in hosts other than its co-evolved reservoir, the mechanisms for subduing the innate immune response may be less efficient or absent, potentially leading to disease and/or viral clearance. In the case of human orthohantavirus infection, the interaction of the innate immune response with viral replication is thought to give rise to severe vascular disease. The orthohantavirus field has made significant advancements in understanding how these viruses replicate and interact with host innate immune responses since their identification by Dr. Ho Wang Lee and colleagues in 1976. Therefore, the purpose of this review, as part of this special issue dedicated to Dr. Lee, was to summarize the current knowledge of orthohantavirus replication, how viral replication activates innate immunity, and how the host antiviral response, in turn, impacts viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Autumn LaPointe
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, 915 Camino de Salud NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Alison M. Kell
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, 915 Camino de Salud NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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Chen L, Li X, Deng Y, Bi Y, Yan Z, Yang Y, Zhang X, Li H, Xie J, Feng R. IFITM2 Presents Antiviral Response through Enhancing Type I IFN Signaling Pathway. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040866. [PMID: 37112847 PMCID: PMC10141943 DOI: 10.3390/v15040866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) helps cells fight viral infections by further inducing the expression of many downstream IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Human interferon-inducible transmembrane proteins (IFITM) are one of these ISGs. The antiviral function of human IFITM1, IFITM2, and IFITM3 are well known. In this study, we report that IFITM can significantly inhibit EMCV infectivity in HEK293 cells. Overexpression of IFITM proteins could promote IFN-β production. Meanwhile, IFITMs facilitated type I IFN signaling pathway adaptor MDA5 expression. We detected the binding of IFITM2 to MDA5 in a co-immunoprecipitation assay. It was also found that the ability of IFITM2 to activate IFN-β was significantly inhibited after interfering with MDA5 expression, suggesting that MDA5 may play an important role in the activation of the IFN-β signaling pathway by IFITM2. Moreover, the N-terminal domain plays an active role in the antiviral activity and the activation of IFN-β by IFITM2. These findings suggest that IFITM2 plays a vital role in antiviral signaling transduction. In addition, a positive feed-forward loop between IFITM2 and type I IFN establishes a key role for IFITM2 in enforcing innate immune responses.
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11
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Meischel T, Fritzlar S, Villalón-Letelier F, Smith JM, Brooks AG, Reading PC, Londrigan SL. Caveats of Using Overexpression Approaches to Screen Cellular Host IFITM Proteins for Antiviral Activity. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12040519. [PMID: 37111405 PMCID: PMC10145288 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12040519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ectopic protein overexpression in immortalised cell lines is a commonly used method to screen host factors for their antiviral activity against different viruses. However, the question remains as to what extent such artificial protein overexpression recapitulates endogenous protein function. Previously, we used a doxycycline-inducible overexpression system, in conjunction with approaches to modulate the expression of endogenous protein, to demonstrate the antiviral activity of IFITM1, IFITM2, and IFITM3 against influenza A virus (IAV) but not parainfluenza virus-3 (PIV-3) in A549 cells. We now show that constitutive overexpression of the same IFITM constructs in A549 cells led to a significant restriction of PIV-3 infection by all three IFITM proteins. Variable IFITM mRNA and protein expression levels were detected in A549 cells with constitutive versus inducible overexpression of each IFITM. Our findings show that overexpression approaches can lead to levels of IFITM1, IFITM2, and IFITM3 that significantly exceed those achieved through interferon stimulation of endogenous protein. We propose that exceedingly high levels of overexpressed IFITMs may not accurately reflect the true function of endogenous protein, thus contributing to discrepancies when attributing the antiviral activity of individual IFITM proteins against different viruses. Our findings clearly highlight the caveats associated with overexpression approaches used to screen cellular host proteins for antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Meischel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth St., Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Svenja Fritzlar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth St., Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Fernando Villalón-Letelier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth St., Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Jeffrey M. Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth St., Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Andrew G. Brooks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth St., Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Patrick C. Reading
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth St., Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth St., Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Sarah L. Londrigan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth St., Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-3-8344-5708
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12
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Suzuki Y. Interferon-induced restriction of Chikungunya virus infection. Antiviral Res 2023; 210:105487. [PMID: 36657882 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an enveloped RNA virus that causes Chikungunya fever (CHIKF), which is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected Aedes mosquitos. Although CHIKVF had been regarded as an endemic disease in limited regions of Africa and Asia, the recent global reemergence of CHIKV heightened awareness of this infectious disease, and CHIKV infection is currently considered an increasing threat to public health. However, no specific drug or licensed vaccine is available for CHIKV infection. As seen in other RNA virus infections, CHIKV triggers the interferon (IFN) response that plays a central role in host defense against pathogens. Experimental evidence has demonstrated that control of CHIVK replication by the IFN response is achieved by antiviral effector molecules called interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), whose expressions are upregulated by IFN stimulation. This review details the molecular basis of the IFN-mediated suppression of CHIKV, particularly the ISGs restricting CHIKV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youichi Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Japan.
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13
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Kota KP, Ziółkowska NE, Wei J, Peng J, Ordonez D, Raney C, Prigge J, Hooper JW, Awasthi M, Goebel SJ, Zabel BA, Nasar F, Lederman S, Bavari S. Development of a rapid image-based high-content imaging screening assay to evaluate therapeutic antibodies against the monkeypox virus. Antiviral Res 2023; 210:105513. [PMID: 36592670 PMCID: PMC9803393 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-based therapy is emerging as a critical therapeutic countermeasure to treat acute viral infections by offering rapid protection against clinical disease. The advancements in structural biology made it feasible to rationalize monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) by identifying key and, possibly, neutralizing epitopes of viral proteins for therapeutic purposes. A critical component in assessing mAbs during pandemics requires the development of rapid but detailed methods to detect and quantitate the neutralization activity. In this study, we developed and optimized two high-content image (HCI)-based assays: one to detect viral proteins by staining and the second to quantify cytopathic viral effects by a label-free phenotypic assay. These assays were employed to screen for therapeutic antibodies against the monkeypox virus (MPXV) using surrogate poxviruses such as vaccinia virus (VACV). Plaque-based neutralization results confirmed the HCI data. The phenotypic assay found pox virus-induced syncytia formation in various cells, and we were able to quantitate and use this phenotype to screen mAbs. The HCI identified several potent VACV-neutralizing antibodies that showed in vitro efficacy against both clades of MPXV. In addition, a combination study of ST-246/tecovirimat/TPOXX a single neutralizing antibody Ab-40, showed synergistic activity against VACV in an in-vitro neutralization assay. This rapid high-content method utilizing state-of-the-art technologies enabled the evaluation of hundreds of mAbs quickly to identify several potent anti-MPXV neutralizing mAbs for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jiayi Wei
- Tonix Pharmaceuticals Inc, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jay W. Hooper
- United States Army Medical Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sina Bavari
- Tonix Pharmaceuticals Inc, Frederick, MD, USA.
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14
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Confort MP, Duboeuf M, Thiesson A, Pons L, Marziali F, Desloire S, Ratinier M, Cimarelli A, Arnaud F. IFITMs from Naturally Infected Animal Species Exhibit Distinct Restriction Capacities against Toscana and Rift Valley Fever Viruses. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020306. [PMID: 36851520 PMCID: PMC9965546 DOI: 10.3390/v15020306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley Fever virus (RVFV) and Toscana virus (TOSV) are two pathogenic arthropod-borne viruses responsible for zoonotic infections in both humans and animals; as such, they represent a growing threat to public and veterinary health. Interferon-induced transmembrane (IFITM) proteins are broad inhibitors of a large panel of viruses belonging to various families and genera. However, little is known on the interplay between RVFV, TOSV, and the IFITM proteins derived from their naturally infected host species. In this study, we investigated the ability of human, bovine, and camel IFITMs to restrict RVFV and TOSV infection. Our results indicated that TOSV was extremely sensitive to inhibition by all the animal IFITMs tested, while RVFV was inhibited by human IFITM-2 and IFITM-3, but not IFITM-1, and exhibited a more heterogeneous resistance phenotype towards the individual bovine and camel IFITMs tested. Overall, our findings shed some light on the complex and differential interplay between two zoonotic viruses and IFITMs from their naturally infected animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Pierre Confort
- IVPC UMR754, INRAE, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, EPHE, PSL University, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Maëva Duboeuf
- IVPC UMR754, INRAE, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, EPHE, PSL University, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Adrien Thiesson
- IVPC UMR754, INRAE, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, EPHE, PSL University, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Léa Pons
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Nationale Supérieure de Lyon, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - Federico Marziali
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Nationale Supérieure de Lyon, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - Sophie Desloire
- IVPC UMR754, INRAE, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, EPHE, PSL University, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Maxime Ratinier
- IVPC UMR754, INRAE, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, EPHE, PSL University, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Andrea Cimarelli
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Nationale Supérieure de Lyon, F-69342 Lyon, France
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (F.A.); Tel.: +33-(0)-4-7272-8696 (A.C.); +33-4-3728-7612 (F.A.); Fax: +33-(0)-4-7272-8137 (A.C.); +33-4-3728-7605 (F.A.)
| | - Frédérick Arnaud
- IVPC UMR754, INRAE, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, EPHE, PSL University, F-69007 Lyon, France
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (F.A.); Tel.: +33-(0)-4-7272-8696 (A.C.); +33-4-3728-7612 (F.A.); Fax: +33-(0)-4-7272-8137 (A.C.); +33-4-3728-7605 (F.A.)
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15
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King CR, Mehle A. Retasking of canonical antiviral factors into proviral effectors. Curr Opin Virol 2022; 56:101271. [PMID: 36242894 PMCID: PMC10090225 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2022.101271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Under constant barrage by viruses, hosts have evolved a plethora of antiviral effectors and defense mechanisms. To survive, viruses must adapt to evade or subvert these defenses while still capturing cellular resources to fuel their replication cycles. Large-scale studies of the antiviral activities of cellular proteins and processes have shown that different viruses are controlled by distinct subsets of antiviral genes. The remaining antiviral genes are either ineffective in controlling infection, or in some cases, actually promote infection. In these cases, classically defined antiviral factors are retasked by viruses to enhance viral replication. This creates a more nuanced picture revealing the contextual nature of antiviral activity. The same protein can exert different effects on replication, depending on multiple factors, including the host, the target cells, and the specific virus infecting it. Here, we review numerous examples of viruses hijacking canonically antiviral proteins and retasking them for proviral purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cason R King
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Andrew Mehle
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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16
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Boshra H. An Overview of the Infectious Cycle of Bunyaviruses. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102139. [PMID: 36298693 PMCID: PMC9610998 DOI: 10.3390/v14102139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bunyaviruses represent the largest group of RNA viruses and are the causative agent of a variety of febrile and hemorrhagic illnesses. Originally characterized as a single serotype in Africa, the number of described bunyaviruses now exceeds over 500, with its presence detected around the world. These predominantly tri-segmented, single-stranded RNA viruses are transmitted primarily through arthropod and rodent vectors and can infect a wide variety of animals and plants. Although encoding for a small number of proteins, these viruses can inflict potentially fatal disease outcomes and have even developed strategies to suppress the innate antiviral immune mechanisms of the infected host. This short review will attempt to provide an overall description of the order Bunyavirales, describing the mechanisms behind their infection, replication, and their evasion of the host immune response. Furthermore, the historical context of these viruses will be presented, starting from their original discovery almost 80 years ago to the most recent research pertaining to viral replication and host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Boshra
- Global Urgent and Advanced Research and Development (GUARD), 911 Rue Principale, Batiscan, QC G0X 1A0, Canada
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17
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Wen S, Song Y, Li C, Jin N, Zhai J, Lu H. Positive Regulation of the Antiviral Activity of Interferon-Induced Transmembrane Protein 3 by S-Palmitoylation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:919477. [PMID: 35769480 PMCID: PMC9236556 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.919477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3), a small molecule transmembrane protein induced by interferon, is generally conserved in vertebrates, which can inhibit infection by a diverse range of pathogenic viruses such as influenza virus. However, the precise antiviral mechanisms of IFITM3 remain unclear. At least four post-translational modifications (PTMs) were found to modulate the antiviral effect of IFITM3. These include positive regulation provided by S-palmitoylation of cysteine and negative regulation provided by lysine ubiquitination, lysine methylation, and tyrosine phosphorylation. IFITM3 S-palmitoylation is an enzymatic addition of a 16-carbon fatty acid on the three cysteine residues within or adjacent to its two hydrophobic domains at positions 71, 72, and 105, that is essential for its proper targeting, stability, and function. As S-palmitoylation is the only PTM known to enhance the antiviral activity of IFITM3, enzymes that add this modification may play important roles in IFN-induced immune responses. This study mainly reviews the research progresses on the antiviral mechanism of IFITM3, the regulation mechanism of S-palmitoylation modification on its subcellular localization, stability, and function, and the enzymes that mediate the S-palmitoylation modification of IFITM3, which may help elucidate the mechanism by which this IFN effector restrict virus replication and thus aid in the design of therapeutics targeted at pathogenic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubo Wen
- Preventive Veterinary Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonose Prevention and Control, Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, China
| | - Yang Song
- Preventive Veterinary Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonose Prevention and Control, Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, China
| | - Chang Li
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Ningyi Jin
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Jingbo Zhai
- Preventive Veterinary Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonose Prevention and Control, Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, China
| | - Huijun Lu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
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18
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Stott-Marshall RJ, Foster TL. Inhibition of Arenavirus Entry and Replication by the Cell-Intrinsic Restriction Factor ZMPSTE24 Is Enhanced by IFITM Antiviral Activity. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:840885. [PMID: 35283811 PMCID: PMC8915953 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.840885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the absence of effective vaccines and treatments, annual outbreaks of severe human haemorrhagic fever caused by arenaviruses, such as Lassa virus, continue to pose a significant human health threat. Understanding the balance of cellular factors that inhibit or promote arenavirus infection may have important implications for the development of effective antiviral strategies. Here, we identified the cell-intrinsic zinc transmembrane metalloprotease, ZMPSTE24, as a restriction factor against arenaviruses. Notably, CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockout of ZMPSTE24 in human alveolar epithelial A549 cells increased arenavirus glycoprotein-mediated viral entry in pseudoparticle assays and live virus infection models. As a barrier to viral entry and replication, ZMPSTE24 may act as a downstream effector of interferon-induced transmembrane protein (IFITM) antiviral function; though through a yet poorly understood mechanism. Overexpression of IFITM1, IFITM2, and IFITM3 proteins did not restrict the entry of pseudoparticles carrying arenavirus envelope glycoproteins and live virus infection. Furthermore, gain-of-function studies revealed that IFITMs augment the antiviral activity of ZMPSTE24 against arenaviruses, suggesting a cooperative effect of viral restriction. We show that ZMPSTE24 and IFITMs affect the kinetics of cellular endocytosis, suggesting that perturbation of membrane structure and stability is likely the mechanism of ZMPSTE24-mediated restriction and cooperative ZMPSTE24-IFITM antiviral activity. Collectively, our findings define the role of ZMPSTE24 host restriction activity in the early stages of arenavirus infection. Moreover, we provide insight into the importance of cellular membrane integrity for productive fusion of arenaviruses and highlight a novel avenue for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Toshana L. Foster
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Wolfson Centre for Global Virus Research, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, United Kingdom
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19
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Abstract
Virus entry, consisting of attachment to and penetration into the host target cell, is the first step of the virus life cycle and is a critical 'do or die' event that governs virus emergence in host populations. Most antiviral vaccines induce neutralizing antibodies that prevent virus entry into cells. However, while the prevention of virus invasion by humoral immunity is well appreciated, considerably less is known about the immune defences present within cells (known as intrinsic immunity) that interfere with virus entry. The interferon-induced transmembrane (IFITM) proteins, known for inhibiting fusion between viral and cellular membranes, were once the only factors known to restrict virus entry. However, the progressive development of genetic and pharmacological screening platforms and the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic have galvanized interest in how viruses infiltrate cells and how cells defend against it. Several host factors with antiviral potential are now implicated in the regulation of virus entry, including cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H), lymphocyte antigen 6E (LY6E), nuclear receptor co-activator protein 7 (NCOA7), interferon-γ-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (GILT), CD74 and ARFGAP with dual pleckstrin homology domain-containing protein 2 (ADAP2). This Review summarizes what is known and what remains to be understood about the intrinsic factors that form the first line of defence against virus infection.
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20
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Alem F, Olanrewaju AA, Omole S, Hobbs HE, Ahsan N, Matulis G, Brantner CA, Zhou W, Petricoin EF, Liotta LA, Caputi M, Bavari S, Wu Y, Kashanchi F, Hakami RM. Exosomes originating from infection with the cytoplasmic single-stranded RNA virus Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) protect recipient cells by inducing RIG-I mediated IFN-B response that leads to activation of autophagy. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:220. [PMID: 34953502 PMCID: PMC8710069 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00732-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although multiple studies have demonstrated a role for exosomes during virus infections, our understanding of the mechanisms by which exosome exchange regulates immune response during viral infections and affects viral pathogenesis is still in its infancy. In particular, very little is known for cytoplasmic single-stranded RNA viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 and Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV). We have used RVFV infection as a model for cytoplasmic single-stranded RNA viruses to address this gap in knowledge. RVFV is a highly pathogenic agent that causes RVF, a zoonotic disease for which no effective therapeutic or approved human vaccine exist. Results We show here that exosomes released from cells infected with RVFV (designated as EXi-RVFV) serve a protective role for the host and provide a mechanistic model for these effects. Our results show that treatment of both naïve immune cells (U937 monocytes) and naïve non-immune cells (HSAECs) with EXi-RVFV induces a strong RIG-I dependent activation of IFN-B. We also demonstrate that this strong anti-viral response leads to activation of autophagy in treated cells and correlates with resistance to subsequent viral infection. Since we have shown that viral RNA genome is associated with EXi-RVFV, RIG-I activation might be mediated by the presence of packaged viral RNA sequences. Conclusions Using RVFV infection as a model for cytoplasmic single-stranded RNA viruses, our results show a novel mechanism of host protection by exosomes released from infected cells (EXi) whereby the EXi activate RIG-I to induce IFN-dependent activation of autophagy in naïve recipient cells including monocytes. Because monocytes serve as reservoirs for RVFV replication, this EXi-RVFV-induced activation of autophagy in monocytes may work to slow down or halt viral dissemination in the infected organism. These findings offer novel mechanistic insights that may aid in future development of effective vaccines or therapeutics, and that may be applicable for a better molecular understanding of how exosome release regulates innate immune response to other cytoplasmic single-stranded RNA viruses. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13578-021-00732-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhang Alem
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA.,Center for Infectious Disease Research (Formerly, National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases), George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Adeyemi A Olanrewaju
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA.,Center for Infectious Disease Research (Formerly, National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases), George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Samson Omole
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA.,Center for Infectious Disease Research (Formerly, National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases), George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Heather E Hobbs
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA.,Center for Infectious Disease Research (Formerly, National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases), George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Noor Ahsan
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA.,Center for Infectious Disease Research (Formerly, National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases), George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA.,Lentigen Technology, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Graham Matulis
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA.,Center for Infectious Disease Research (Formerly, National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases), George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Christine A Brantner
- Nanofabrication and Imaging Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Weidong Zhou
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA.,Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Emanuel F Petricoin
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA.,Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Lance A Liotta
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA.,Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Massimo Caputi
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | | | - Yuntao Wu
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA.,Center for Infectious Disease Research (Formerly, National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases), George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Ramin M Hakami
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA. .,Center for Infectious Disease Research (Formerly, National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases), George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA.
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21
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Interferon-Induced Transmembrane Proteins Inhibit Infection by the Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus and the Related Rhesus Monkey Rhadinovirus in a Cell-Specific Manner. mBio 2021; 12:e0211321. [PMID: 34933450 PMCID: PMC8689460 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02113-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) are broad-spectrum antiviral proteins that inhibit the entry of enveloped viruses. We analyzed the effect of IFITMs on the gamma-2 herpesviruses Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and the closely related rhesus monkey rhadinovirus (RRV). We used CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene knockout to generate A549 cells, human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF), and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) with combined IFITM1/2/3 knockout and identified IFITMs as cell-dependent inhibitors of KSHV and RRV infection in A549 cells and HFF but not HUVEC. IFITM overexpression revealed IFITM1 as the relevant IFITM that inhibits KSHV and RRV infection. Fluorescent KSHV particles did not pronouncedly colocalize with IFITM-positive compartments. However, we found that KSHV and RRV glycoprotein-mediated cell-cell fusion is enhanced upon IFITM1/2/3 knockout. Taken together, we identified IFITM1 as a cell-dependent restriction factor of KSHV and RRV that acts at the level of membrane fusion. Of note, our results indicate that recombinant IFITM overexpression may lead to results that are not representative for the situation at endogenous levels. Strikingly, we observed that the endotheliotropic KSHV circumvents IFITM-mediated restriction in HUVEC despite high IFITM expression, while influenza A virus (IAV) glycoprotein-driven entry into HUVEC is potently restricted by IFITMs even in the absence of interferon. Mechanistically, we found that KSHV colocalizes less with IFITM1 and IFITM2 in HUVEC than in A549 cells immediately after attachment, potentially contributing to the observed difference in restriction. IMPORTANCE IFITM proteins are the first line of defense against infection by many pathogens and may also have therapeutic importance, as they, among other effectors, mediate the antiviral effect of interferons. Neither their function against herpesviruses nor their mechanism of action is well understood. We report here that in some cells but not in, for example, primary umbilical vein endothelial cells, IFITM1 restricts KSHV and RRV and that, mechanistically, this is likely effected by reducing the fusogenicity of the cell membrane. Further, we demonstrate potent inhibition of IAV glycoprotein-driven infection of cells of extrapulmonary origin by high constitutive IFITM expression.
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22
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Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in numerous cellular processes. Increasing evidence suggests that some lncRNAs function in immunity through various complex mechanisms. However, implication of a large fraction of lncRNAs in antiviral innate immunity remains uncharacterized. Here, we identified a lncRNA called lncRNA IFITM4P that was transcribed from interferon induced transmembrane protein 4 pseudogene (IFITM4P), a pseudogene belonging to interferon induced transmembrane protein (IFITM) family. We found that expression of lncRNA IFITM4P was significantly induced by infection with several viruses including influenza A virus (IAV). Importantly, lncRNA IFITM4P acted as a positive regulator of innate antiviral immunity. Ectopic expression of lncRNA IFITM4P significantly suppressed IAV replication in vitro, whereas IFITM4P deficiency promoted the viral production. We further observed that expression of lncRNA IFITM4P was up-regulated by interferon (IFN) signaling during viral infection, and altering the expression of this lncRNA had significant effects on the mRNA levels of several IFITM family members including IFITM1, IFITM2 and IFITM3. Moreover, it was identified that lncRNA IFITM4P was a target of miR-24-3p that represses mRNA of IFITM1, IFITM2 and IFITM3. The experiments demonstrated that lncRNA IFITM4P was able to cross-regulate the expression of IFITM family members as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA), leading to increased stability of these IFITM mRNAs. Together, our results reveal that lncRNA IFITM4P, as a ceRNA, is involved in innate immunity against viral infection through the lncRNA IFITM4P-miR-24-3p- IFITM1/2/3 regulatory network. IMPORTANCE LncRNAs play important roles in various biological processes, but their involvement in host antiviral responses remains largely unknown. In this study, we revealed that the pseudogene IFITM4P belonging to IFITM family can transcribe a functional long noncoding RNA termed lncRNA IFITM4P. Importantly, results showed that lncRNA IFITM4P was involved in innate antiviral immunity, which resembles some interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Furthermore, lncRNA IFITM4P was identified as a target of miR-24-3p and acts as a ceRNA to inhibit the replication of IAV through regulating the mRNA levels of IFITM1, IFITM2 and IFITM3. These data provide a new insight into the role of a previously uncharacterized lncRNA encoded by a pseudogene in the host antiviral response, and a better understanding of the IFITM antiviral network.
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23
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Brezgin S, Kostyusheva A, Bayurova E, Volchkova E, Gegechkori V, Gordeychuk I, Glebe D, Kostyushev D, Chulanov V. Immunity and Viral Infections: Modulating Antiviral Response via CRISPR-Cas Systems. Viruses 2021; 13:1373. [PMID: 34372578 PMCID: PMC8310348 DOI: 10.3390/v13071373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections cause a variety of acute and chronic human diseases, sometimes resulting in small local outbreaks, or in some cases spreading across the globe and leading to global pandemics. Understanding and exploiting virus-host interactions is instrumental for identifying host factors involved in viral replication, developing effective antiviral agents, and mitigating the severity of virus-borne infectious diseases. The diversity of CRISPR systems and CRISPR-based tools enables the specific modulation of innate immune responses and has contributed impressively to the fields of virology and immunology in a very short time. In this review, we describe the most recent advances in the use of CRISPR systems for basic and translational studies of virus-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Brezgin
- National Medical Research Center of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Health, 127994 Moscow, Russia; (S.B.); (A.K.); (V.C.)
- Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical Biological Agency, 115522 Moscow, Russia
- Scientific Center for Genetics and Life Sciences, Division of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia
| | - Anastasiya Kostyusheva
- National Medical Research Center of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Health, 127994 Moscow, Russia; (S.B.); (A.K.); (V.C.)
| | - Ekaterina Bayurova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (I.G.)
| | - Elena Volchkova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Vladimir Gegechkori
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Ilya Gordeychuk
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (I.G.)
- Department of Organization and Technology of Immunobiological Drugs, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dieter Glebe
- National Reference Center for Hepatitis B Viruses and Hepatitis D Viruses, Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Dmitry Kostyushev
- National Medical Research Center of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Health, 127994 Moscow, Russia; (S.B.); (A.K.); (V.C.)
- Scientific Center for Genetics and Life Sciences, Division of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia
| | - Vladimir Chulanov
- National Medical Research Center of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Health, 127994 Moscow, Russia; (S.B.); (A.K.); (V.C.)
- Scientific Center for Genetics and Life Sciences, Division of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
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Guo X, Steinkühler J, Marin M, Li X, Lu W, Dimova R, Melikyan GB. Interferon-Induced Transmembrane Protein 3 Blocks Fusion of Diverse Enveloped Viruses by Altering Mechanical Properties of Cell Membranes. ACS NANO 2021; 15:8155-8170. [PMID: 33656312 PMCID: PMC8159881 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c10567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) potently inhibits entry of diverse enveloped viruses by trapping the viral fusion at a hemifusion stage, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we show that recombinant IFITM3 reconstituted into lipid vesicles induces negative membrane curvature and that this effect maps to its small amphipathic helix (AH). We demonstrate that AH (i) partitions into lipid-disordered domains where IAV fusion occurs, (ii) induces negative membrane curvature, and (iii) increases lipid order and membrane stiffness. These effects on membrane properties correlate with the fusion-inhibitory activity, as targeting the ectopically expressed AH peptide to the cytoplasmic leaflet of the cell plasma membrane diminishes IAV-cell surface fusion induced by exposure to acidic pH. Our results thus imply that IFITM3 inhibits the transition from hemifusion to full fusion by imposing an unfavorable membrane curvature and increasing the order and stiffness of the cytoplasmic leaflet of endosomal membranes. Our findings reveal a universal mechanism by which cells block entry of diverse enveloped viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Jan Steinkühler
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Mariana Marin
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Wuyuan Lu
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Rumiana Dimova
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Gregory B. Melikyan
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Corresponding author: Gregory B. Melikyan,
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25
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Host Cell Restriction Factors of Bunyaviruses and Viral Countermeasures. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050784. [PMID: 33925004 PMCID: PMC8146327 DOI: 10.3390/v13050784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Bunyavirales order comprises more than 500 viruses (generally defined as bunyaviruses) classified into 12 families. Some of these are highly pathogenic viruses infecting different hosts, including humans, mammals, reptiles, arthropods, birds, and/or plants. Host cell sensing of infection activates the innate immune system that aims at inhibiting viral replication and propagation. Upon recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by cellular pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), numerous signaling cascades are activated, leading to the production of interferons (IFNs). IFNs act in an autocrine and paracrine manner to establish an antiviral state by inducing the expression of hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Some of these ISGs are known to restrict bunyavirus infection. Along with other constitutively expressed host cellular factors with antiviral activity, these proteins (hereafter referred to as “restriction factors”) target different steps of the viral cycle, including viral entry, genome transcription and replication, and virion egress. In reaction to this, bunyaviruses have developed strategies to circumvent this antiviral response, by avoiding cellular recognition of PAMPs, inhibiting IFN production or interfering with the IFN-mediated response. Herein, we review the current knowledge on host cellular factors that were shown to restrict infections by bunyaviruses. Moreover, we focus on the strategies developed by bunyaviruses in order to escape the antiviral state developed by the infected cells.
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Zhang Y, Wang L, Zheng J, Huang L, Wang S, Huang X, Qin Q, Huang Y. Grouper Interferon-Induced Transmembrane Protein 1 Inhibits Iridovirus and Nodavirus Replication by Regulating Virus Entry and Host Lipid Metabolism. Front Immunol 2021; 12:636806. [PMID: 33767703 PMCID: PMC7985356 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.636806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) are novel viral restriction factors which inhibit numerous virus infections by impeding viral entry into target cells. To investigate the roles of IFITMs during fish virus infection, we cloned and characterized an IFITM1 homolog from orange spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) (EcIFITM1) in this study. EcIFITM1 encodes a 131-amino-acid polypeptide, which shares 64 and 43% identity with Seriola dumerili and Homo sapiens, respectively. The multiple sequence alignment showed that EcIFITM1 contained five domains, including NTD (aa 1–45), IMD (aa 46–67), CIL (aa 68–93), TMD (aa 94–119), and CTD (aa 120–131). In vitro, the level of EcIFITM1 mRNA expression was significantly up-regulated in response to Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV), or red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) infection. EcIFITM1 encoded a cytoplasmic protein, which was partly colocalized with early endosomes, late endosomes, and lysosomes. The ectopic expression of EcIFITM1 significantly inhibited the replication of SGIV or RGNNV, which was demonstrated by the reduced virus production, as well as the levels of viral gene transcription and protein expression. In contrast, knockdown of EcIFITM1 using small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) promoted the replication of both viruses. Notably, EcIFITM1 exerted its antiviral activity in the step of viral entry into the host cells. Furthermore, the results of non-targeted lipometabolomics showed that EcIFITM1 overexpression induced lipid metabolism remodeling in vitro. All of the detected ceramides were significantly increased following EcIFITM1 overexpression, suggesting that EcIFITM1 may suppress SGIV entry by regulating the level of ceramide in the lysosomal system. In addition, EcIFITM1 overexpression positively regulated both interferon-related molecules and ceramide synthesis-related genes. Taken together, our results demonstrated that EcIFITM1 exerted a bi-functional role, including immune regulation and lipid metabolism in response to fish virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zhang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liqun Wang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaying Zheng
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liwei Huang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaowen Wang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Huang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiwei Qin
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Youhua Huang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
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Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) is a cellular factor that reduces HIV-1 infectivity by an incompletely understood mechanism. We show here that viruses differing only in the envelope glycoprotein (Env) expressed on their surface have different sensitivities to IFITM3. Measurements of the sensitivity of viruses to neutralizing antibodies showed that IFITM3 increased the sensitivity of IFITM3-sensitive viruses to PG16, which targets the V1V2 loop, suggesting that IFITM3 promotes exposure of the PG16 epitope of IFITM3-sensitive viruses. Exchanges of V1V2 loops between the Env proteins of sensitive and resistant viruses revealed that V1V2 and V3 act together to modulate viral sensitivity to IFITM3. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments showed that IFITM3 interacted with both the precursor (gp160) and cleaved (gp120) forms of Env from IFITM3-sensitive viruses, but only with the precursor (gp160) form of Env from IFITM3-resistant viruses. This finding suggests that the interaction between the Env of resistant viruses and IFITM3 was inhibited once Env had been processed in the Golgi apparatus. This hypothesis was supported by immunofluorescence experiments, which showed a strong colocalization of IFITM3 with the Env of sensitive viruses, but only weak colocalization with the Env of resistant viruses on the plasma membrane of virus-producing cells. Together, these results indicate that IFITM3 interacts with Env, inducing conformational changes that may decrease viral infectivity. This antiviral action is, nevertheless, modulated by the nature of the Env, in particular its V1V2 and V3 loops, which after maturation may be able to escape this interaction.IMPORTANCE Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) is a cellular factor that reduces HIV-1 infectivity by an incompletely understood mechanism. This study aimed to elucidate the role of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) in determining viral susceptibility to IFITM3. We found that viruses differing only in Env expressed on their surface had different sensitivities to IFITM3. By comparing the Env proteins of viruses that were highly sensitive or resistant to IFITM3, we obtained new insight in the mechanisms by which HIV-1 escapes this protein. We showed that IFITM3 interacts with the Env protein of sensitive viruses in virion-producing cells, inducing conformational changes that may decrease viral infectivity. However, this antiviral action is modulated by the nature of Env, particularly the V1V2 and V3 loops, which may be able to escape this interaction after processing in the Golgi.
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Ren L, Du S, Xu W, Li T, Wu S, Jin N, Li C. Current Progress on Host Antiviral Factor IFITMs. Front Immunol 2020; 11:543444. [PMID: 33329509 PMCID: PMC7734444 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.543444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Host antiviral factor interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) are a kind of small-molecule transmembrane proteins induced by interferon. Their broad-spectrum antiviral activity and unique ability to inhibit viral invasion have made them a hot molecule in antiviral research in recent years. Since the first demonstration of their natural ability to resist viral infection in 1996, IFITMs have been reported to limit a variety of viral infections, including some major pathogens that seriously endanger human health and social stability, such as influenza A, Ebol, severe acute respiratory syndrome, AIDS, and Zika viruses, etc. Studies show that IFITMs mainly exert antiviral activity during virus entry, specifically interfering with the fusion of the envelope and the endosome membrane or forming fusion micropores to block the virus from entering the cytoplasm. However, their specific mechanism is still unclear. This article mainly reviews the research progress in the structure, evolution, function, and mechanism of IFITMs, which may provide a theoretical basis for clarifying the molecular mechanism of interaction between the molecules and viruses and the research and development of new antiviral drugs based on IFITMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linzhu Ren
- Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shouwen Du
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical Hospital of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wang Xu
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Tiyuan Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical Hospital of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shipin Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical Hospital of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ningyi Jin
- Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Chang Li
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
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29
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Interferon-Induced Transmembrane Protein 3 Is a Virus-Associated Protein Which Suppresses Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Replication by Blocking Viral Membrane Fusion. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01350-20. [PMID: 32999030 PMCID: PMC7925183 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01350-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), which is caused by PRRS virus (PRRSV), is of great economic significance to the swine industry. Due to the complicated immune escape mechanisms of PRRSV, there are no effective vaccines or therapeutic drugs currently available against PRRS. Identification of cellular factors and underlying mechanisms that establish an effective antiviral state against PRRSV can provide unique strategies for developing antiviral vaccines or drugs. As an interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene, the role of IFN-induced transmembrane 3 (IFITM3) in PRRSV infection has not been reported as of yet. In the present study, it was shown that IFITM3 can exert a potent anti-PRRSV effect, and PRRS virions are trafficked to IFITM3-containing cell vesicles, where viral membrane fusion is impaired by cholesterol accumulation that is induced by IFITM3. Additionally, both endogenous and exogenous IFITM3 are incorporated into newly assembled progeny virions, and this decreased their intrinsic infectivity. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection eliminates production of type I interferons (IFNs) in host cells, which triggers an antiviral immune response through the induction of downstream IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), thus escaping the fate of host-mediated clearance. The IFN-induced transmembrane 3 (IFITM3) has recently been identified as an ISG and plays a pivotal role against enveloped RNA viruses by restricting cell entry. However, the role of IFITM3 in PRRSV replication is unknown. The present study demonstrated that overexpression of IFITM3 suppresses PRRSV replication, while silencing of endogenous IFITM3 prominently promoted PRRSV replication. Additionally, it was shown that IFITM3 undergoes S-palmitoylation and ubiquitination modification, and both posttranslational modifications contribute to the anti-PRRSV activity of IFITM3. Further study showed that PRRSV particles are transported into endosomes and then into lysosomes during the early stages of infection, and confocal microscopy results revealed that PRRSV particles are transported to IFITM3-positive cellular vesicles. By using a single virus particle fluorescent labeling technique, we confirmed that IFITM3 can restrict PRRSV membrane fusion by inducing accumulation of cholesterol in cellular vesicles. Additionally, we found that both endogenous and exogenous IFITM3 are incorporated into newly producing PRRS virions and diminish viral intrinsic infectivity. By using cell coculture systems, we found that IFITM3 effectively restricted PRRSV intercellular transmission, which may have been caused by disrupted membrane fusion and reduced viral infectivity. In conclusion, our results demonstrate, for the first time, that swine IFITM3 interferes with the life cycle of PRRSV, and possibly other enveloped arteritis viruses, at multiple steps. IMPORTANCE Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), which is caused by PRRS virus (PRRSV), is of great economic significance to the swine industry. Due to the complicated immune escape mechanisms of PRRSV, there are no effective vaccines or therapeutic drugs currently available against PRRS. Identification of cellular factors and underlying mechanisms that establish an effective antiviral state against PRRSV can provide unique strategies for developing antiviral vaccines or drugs. As an interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene, the role of IFN-induced transmembrane 3 (IFITM3) in PRRSV infection has not been reported as of yet. In the present study, it was shown that IFITM3 can exert a potent anti-PRRSV effect, and PRRS virions are trafficked to IFITM3-containing cell vesicles, where viral membrane fusion is impaired by cholesterol accumulation that is induced by IFITM3. Additionally, both endogenous and exogenous IFITM3 are incorporated into newly assembled progeny virions, and this decreased their intrinsic infectivity.
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30
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Xing H, Ye L, Fan J, Fu T, Li C, Zhang S, Ren L, Bai J. IFITMs of African Green Monkey Can Inhibit Replication of SFTSV but Not MNV In Vitro. Viral Immunol 2020; 33:634-641. [PMID: 33185509 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2020.0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) are transmembrane proteins induced by interferon that can provide broad-spectrum antiviral activities. However, there are few reports on the antiviral activity of monkey-derived IFITMs. In this study, the IFITM1 and IFITM3 genes of African green monkey (AGM) were cloned and overexpressed in Vero cells, followed by infection with mouse norovirus (MNV) and severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV). The results showed that monkey IFITM1 and IFITM3 can be stably overexpressed in Vero cells. Both IFITM1 and IFITM3 from AGM could effectively restrict infection by SFTSV, and the viral inhibition rate of IFITM3 was more obvious compared with IFITM1. However, both monkey IFITM1 and IFITM3 had no significant effect on the replication of MNV. These results indicate that different IFITMs have different functions, which may be related to the structure of the host IFITMs and the types of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanwei Xing
- Institute of Biophysics, School of Science, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China.,PKU-Nanjing Joint Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanjing Raygen Health Molecular Medicine Technology Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China.,Non-Human Primate Research Center, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Ye
- Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junwen Fan
- China Beijing Animal Disease Control and Prevention Center, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Fu
- PKU-Nanjing Joint Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanjing Raygen Health Molecular Medicine Technology Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China.,Non-Human Primate Research Center, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chang Li
- Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Suhua Zhang
- Institute of Biophysics, School of Science, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Linzhu Ren
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jieying Bai
- PKU-Nanjing Joint Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanjing Raygen Health Molecular Medicine Technology Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China.,Non-Human Primate Research Center, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
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31
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Riad S, Xiang Y, AlDaif B, Mercer AA, Fleming SB. Rescue of a Vaccinia Virus Mutant Lacking IFN Resistance Genes K1L and C7L by the Parapoxvirus Orf Virus. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1797. [PMID: 32903701 PMCID: PMC7438785 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 interferons induce the upregulation of hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) that combat viral replication. The parapoxvirus orf virus (ORFV) induces acute pustular skin lesions in sheep and goats and can reinfect its host, however, little is known of its ability to resist IFN. Vaccinia virus (VACV) encodes a number of factors that modulate the IFN response including the host-range genes C7L and K1L. A recombinant VACV-Western Reserve (WR) strain in which the K1L and C7L genes have been deleted does not replicate in cells treated with IFN-β nor in HeLa cells in which the IFN response is constitutive and is inhibited at the level of intermediate gene expression. Furthermore C7L is conserved in almost all poxviruses. We provide evidence that shows that although ORFV is more sensitive to IFN-β compared with VACV, and lacks homologues of KIL and C7L, it nevertheless has the ability to rescue a VACV KIL- C7L- gfp+ mutant in which gfp is expressed from a late promoter. Co-infection of HeLa cells with the mutant and ORFV demonstrated that ORFV was able to overcome the block in translation of intermediate transcripts in the mutant virus, allowing it to progress to late gene expression and new viral particles. Our findings strongly suggest that ORFV encodes a factor(s) that, although different in structure to C7L or KIL, targets an anti-viral cellular mechanism that is a highly potent at killing poxviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherief Riad
- Virus Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Yan Xiang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Basheer AlDaif
- Virus Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Andrew A Mercer
- Virus Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Stephen B Fleming
- Virus Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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32
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Xie J, Bi Y, Xu S, Han Y, Idris A, Zhang H, Li X, Bai J, Zhang Y, Feng R. Host antiviral protein IFITM2 restricts pseudorabies virus replication. Virus Res 2020; 287:198105. [PMID: 32745511 PMCID: PMC7834200 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Type I IFN and IFITMs showed marked upregulation following PRV infection in PK15 cells. IFITM proteins restricted PRV infection by interfering virus binding and entry. IFITM2-mediated inhibition of PRV entry requires the cholesterol pathway.
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is one of the most destructive swine pathogens and leads to huge economic losses to the global pig industry. Type I interferons (IFNs) plays a pivotal role in the innate immune response to virus infection via induction of a series of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) expression. IFN-induced transmembrane (IFITM) proteins, a group of ISGs, are important host self-restriction factors, possessing a broad spectrum of antiviral effects. They are known confer resistance to a variety of RNA and DNA viruses. However, little is known about the role of IFITMs in PRV infection. In this study, we show that IFITM is crucial for controlling PRV infection and that IFITM proteins can interfere with PRV cell binding and entry. Furthermore, we showed that IFITM2-mediated inhibition of PRV entry requires the cholesterol pathway. Collectively, these results provide insight into the anti-PRV role of IFITM proteins and this inhibition possible associated with the change of cholesterol in the endosome, further underlying the importance of cholesterol in virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingying Xie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, No.1 Yingmencun, Lanzhou, 730070, China; Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Yingjie Bi
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Shujuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Yumei Han
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Adi Idris
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Haixia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Xiangrong Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Jialin Bai
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, No.1 Yingmencun, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
| | - Ruofei Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China.
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33
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Distinct Molecular Mechanisms of Host Immune Response Modulation by Arenavirus NP and Z Proteins. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070784. [PMID: 32708250 PMCID: PMC7412275 DOI: 10.3390/v12070784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endemic to West Africa and South America, mammalian arenaviruses can cross the species barrier from their natural rodent hosts to humans, resulting in illnesses ranging from mild flu-like syndromes to severe and fatal haemorrhagic zoonoses. The increased frequency of outbreaks and associated high fatality rates of the most prevalent arenavirus, Lassa, in West African countries, highlights the significant risk to public health and to the socio-economic development of affected countries. The devastating impact of these viruses is further exacerbated by the lack of approved vaccines and effective treatments. Differential immune responses to arenavirus infections that can lead to either clearance or rapid, widespread and uncontrolled viral dissemination are modulated by the arenavirus multifunctional proteins, NP and Z. These two proteins control the antiviral response to infection by targeting multiple cellular pathways; and thus, represent attractive targets for antiviral development to counteract infection. The interplay between the host immune responses and viral replication is a key determinant of virus pathogenicity and disease outcome. In this review, we examine the current understanding of host immune defenses against arenavirus infections and summarise the host protein interactions of NP and Z and the mechanisms that govern immune evasion strategies.
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34
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Yánez DC, Ross S, Crompton T. The IFITM protein family in adaptive immunity. Immunology 2019; 159:365-372. [PMID: 31792954 PMCID: PMC7078001 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon‐inducible transmembrane (IFITM) proteins are a family of small homologous proteins, localized in the plasma and endolysosomal membranes, which confer cellular resistance to many viruses. In addition, several distinct functions have been associated with different IFITM family members, including germ cell specification (IFITM1–IFITM3), osteoblast function and bone mineralization (IFITM5) and immune functions (IFITM1–3, IFITM6). IFITM1–3 are expressed by T cells and recent experiments have shown that the IFITM proteins are directly involved in adaptive immunity and that they regulate CD4+ T helper cell differentiation in a T‐cell‐intrinsic manner. Here we review the role of the IFITM proteins in T‐cell differentiation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana C Yánez
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,School of Medicine, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Susan Ross
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Tessa Crompton
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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35
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Interplay between Intrinsic and Innate Immunity during HIV Infection. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080922. [PMID: 31426525 PMCID: PMC6721663 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Restriction factors are antiviral components of intrinsic immunity which constitute a first line of defense by blocking different steps of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication cycle. In immune cells, HIV infection is also sensed by several pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), leading to type I interferon (IFN-I) and inflammatory cytokines production that upregulate antiviral interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Several studies suggest a link between these two types of immunity. Indeed, restriction factors, that are generally interferon-inducible, are able to modulate immune responses. This review highlights recent knowledge of the interplay between restriction factors and immunity inducing antiviral defenses. Counteraction of this intrinsic and innate immunity by HIV viral proteins will also be discussed.
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36
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Integrated Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analysis of Red Blood Cells from Rainbow Trout Challenged with VHSV Point Towards Novel Immunomodulant Targets. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7030063. [PMID: 31324030 PMCID: PMC6789484 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7030063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Teleost red blood cells (RBCs) are nucleated and therefore can propagate cellular responses to exogenous stimuli. RBCs can mount an immune response against a variety of fish viruses, including the viral septicemia hemorrhagic virus (VHSV), which is one of the most prevalent fish viruses resulting in aquaculture losses. In this work, RBCs from blood and head kidney samples of rainbow trout challenged with VHSV were analyzed via transcriptomic and proteomic analyses. We detected an overrepresentation of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to the type I interferon response and signaling in RBCs from the head kidney and related to complement activation in RBCs from blood. Antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen was overrepresented in RBCs from both tissues. DEGs shared by both tissues showed an opposite expression profile. In summary, this work has demonstrated that teleost RBCs can modulate the immune response during an in vivo viral infection, thus implicating RBCs as cell targets for the development of novel immunomodulants.
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IFITM3 Clusters on Virus Containing Endosomes and Lysosomes Early in the Influenza A Infection of Human Airway Epithelial Cells. Viruses 2019; 11:v11060548. [PMID: 31212878 PMCID: PMC6631848 DOI: 10.3390/v11060548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) have been shown to strongly affect influenza A virus (IAV) infectivity in tissue culture. Moreover, polymorphisms in IFITM3 have been associated with the severity of the disease in humans. IFITM3 appears to act early in the infection, but its mechanism of action and potential interactions with incoming IAV structures are not yet defined. Here, we visualized endogenous IFITM3 interactions with IAV in the human lung epithelial cell line A549 and in primary human airway epithelial cells employing stimulated emission depletion super-resolution microscopy. By applying an iterative approach for the cluster definition and computational cluster analysis, we found that IFITM3 reorganizes into clusters as IAV infection progresses. IFITM3 cluster formation started at 2-3 h post infection and increased over time to finally coat IAV-containing endosomal vesicles. This IAV-induced phenotype was due to the endosomal recruitment of IFITM3 rather than to an overall increase in the IFITM3 abundance. While the IAV-induced IFITM3 clustering and localization to endosomal vesicles was comparable in primary human airway epithelial cells and the human lung epithelial cell line A549, the endogenous IFITM3 signal was higher in primary cells. Moreover, we observed IFITM3 signals adjacent to IAV-containing recycling endosomes.
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Olejnik J, Hume AJ, Leung DW, Amarasinghe GK, Basler CF, Mühlberger E. Filovirus Strategies to Escape Antiviral Responses. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 411:293-322. [PMID: 28685291 PMCID: PMC5973841 DOI: 10.1007/82_2017_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This chapter describes the various strategies filoviruses use to escape host immune responses with a focus on innate immune and cell death pathways. Since filovirus replication can be efficiently blocked by interferon (IFN), filoviruses have evolved mechanisms to counteract both type I IFN induction and IFN response signaling pathways. Intriguingly, marburg- and ebolaviruses use different strategies to inhibit IFN signaling. This chapter also summarizes what is known about the role of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) in filovirus infection. These fall into three categories: those that restrict filovirus replication, those whose activation is inhibited by filoviruses, and those that have no measurable effect on viral replication. In addition to innate immunity, mammalian cells have evolved strategies to counter viral infections, including the induction of cell death and stress response pathways, and we summarize our current knowledge of how filoviruses interact with these pathways. Finally, this chapter delves into the interaction of EBOV with myeloid dendritic cells and macrophages and the associated inflammatory response, which differs dramatically between these cell types when they are infected with EBOV. In summary, we highlight the multifaceted nature of the host-viral interactions during filoviral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Olejnik
- Department of Microbiology and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, 620 Albany Street, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Adam J Hume
- Department of Microbiology and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, 620 Albany Street, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Daisy W Leung
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Gaya K Amarasinghe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Christopher F Basler
- Microbial Pathogenesis, Georgia State University, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Elke Mühlberger
- Department of Microbiology and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, 620 Albany Street, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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39
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Liao Y, Goraya MU, Yuan X, Zhang B, Chiu SH, Chen JL. Functional Involvement of Interferon-Inducible Transmembrane Proteins in Antiviral Immunity. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1097. [PMID: 31156602 PMCID: PMC6532022 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) play crucial roles in host defense against viral infections by inducing the expression of numerous IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) that can activate host antiviral immunity. Interferon-inducible transmembrane proteins (IFITMs), a family of small transmembrane proteins, are critical ISG products. Compelling evidence has implicated that IFITMs can establish an innate immune state to eliminate pathogens efficiently. IFITM proteins can impede broad-spectrum viral infection through various mechanisms. It is generally believed that IFITMs can block the viral entry by suppressing viral membrane fusion. However, some findings indicated that IFITMs might also inhibit viral gene expression and viral protein synthesis and thereby impair viral replication. IFITMs may incorporate into virions during viral assembly and thus reduce the infectivity of nascent virions. The precise inhibitory mechanism of IFITMs on viral infection and replication still requires further exploration. In this review, we highlight the recent findings regarding critical roles of IFITMs in host-virus interaction. We also discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying their functions in antiviral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liao
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mohsan Ullah Goraya
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xu Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Baoge Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shih-Hsin Chiu
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ji-Long Chen
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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40
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Smith SE, Busse DC, Binter S, Weston S, Diaz Soria C, Laksono BM, Clare S, Van Nieuwkoop S, Van den Hoogen BG, Clement M, Marsden M, Humphreys IR, Marsh M, de Swart RL, Wash RS, Tregoning JS, Kellam P. Interferon-Induced Transmembrane Protein 1 Restricts Replication of Viruses That Enter Cells via the Plasma Membrane. J Virol 2019; 93:e02003-18. [PMID: 30567988 PMCID: PMC6401438 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02003-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The acute antiviral response is mediated by a family of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), providing cell-intrinsic immunity. Mutations in genes encoding these proteins are often associated with increased susceptibility to viral infections. One family of ISGs with antiviral function is the interferon-inducible transmembrane proteins (IFITMs), of which IFITM3 has been studied extensively. In contrast, IFITM1 has not been studied in detail. Since IFITM1 can localize to the plasma membrane, we investigated its function with a range of enveloped viruses thought to infect cells by fusion with the plasma membrane. Overexpression of IFITM1 prevented infection by a number of Paramyxoviridae and Pneumoviridae, including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), mumps virus, and human metapneumovirus (HMPV). IFITM1 also restricted infection with an enveloped DNA virus that can enter via the plasma membrane, herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). To test the importance of plasma membrane localization for IFITM1 function, we identified blocks of amino acids in the conserved intracellular loop (CIL) domain that altered the subcellular localization of the protein and reduced antiviral activity. By screening reported data sets, 12 rare nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified in human IFITM1, some of which are in the CIL domain. Using an Ifitm1-/- mouse, we show that RSV infection was more severe, thereby extending the range of viruses restricted in vivo by IFITM proteins and suggesting overall that IFITM1 is broadly antiviral and that this antiviral function is associated with cell surface localization.IMPORTANCE Host susceptibility to viral infection is multifactorial, but early control of viruses not previously encountered is predominantly mediated by the interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) family. There are upwards of 300 of these genes, the majority of which do not have a clearly defined function or mechanism of action. The cellular location of these proteins may have an important effect on their function. One ISG located at the plasma membrane is interferon-inducible transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1). Here we demonstrate that IFITM1 can inhibit infection with a range of viruses that enter via the plasma membrane. Mutant IFITM1 proteins that were unable to localize to the plasma membrane did not restrict viral infection. We also observed for the first time that IFITM1 plays a role in vivo, and Ifitm1-/- mice were more susceptible to viral lung infection. These data contribute to our understanding of how ISGs prevent viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Smith
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- Kymab Ltd., Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - D C Busse
- Mucosal Infection and Immunity Group, Section of Virology, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - S Binter
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- Kymab Ltd., Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - S Weston
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - C Diaz Soria
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - B M Laksono
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Clare
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - S Van Nieuwkoop
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - M Clement
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - M Marsden
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - I R Humphreys
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - M Marsh
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - R L de Swart
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R S Wash
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- Kymab Ltd., Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - J S Tregoning
- Mucosal Infection and Immunity Group, Section of Virology, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - P Kellam
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- Mucosal Infection and Immunity Group, Section of Virology, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, London, United Kingdom
- Kymab Ltd., Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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41
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Li C, Zheng H, Wang Y, Dong W, Liu Y, Zhang L, Zhang Y. Antiviral Role of IFITM Proteins in Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection. Viruses 2019; 11:v11020126. [PMID: 30704088 PMCID: PMC6409519 DOI: 10.3390/v11020126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The proteins IFITM1, IFITM2, and IFITM3 are host effectors against a broad range of RNA viruses whose roles in classical swine fever virus (CSFV) infection had not yet been reported. We investigated the effect of these proteins on CSFV replication in mammalian cells. The proteins were overexpressed and silenced using lentiviruses. Confocal microscopy was used to determine the distribution of these proteins in the cells, and immunofluorescence colocalization analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between IFITMs and the CSFV endosomal pathway, including early endosomes, late endosomes, and lysosomes. IFITM1, IFITM2, or IFITM3 overexpression significantly inhibited CSFV replication, whereas protein knockdown enhanced CSFV replication. In porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs), IFITM1 was mainly located at the cell surface, whereas IFITM2 and IFITM3 were mainly located in the cytoplasm. Following CSFV infection, the distribution of IFITM1 changed. IFITM1, IFITM2, and IFITM3 colocalization with Lamp1, IFITM2 with Rab5 and Rab7, and IFITM3 with Rab7 were observed in CSFV-infected cells. Collectively, these results provide insights into the possible mechanisms associated with the anti-CSFV action of the IFITM family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Hongqing Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | | | - Wang Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Yaru Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Liang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Yanming Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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42
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Zhao X, Li J, Winkler CA, An P, Guo JT. IFITM Genes, Variants, and Their Roles in the Control and Pathogenesis of Viral Infections. Front Microbiol 2019; 9:3228. [PMID: 30687247 PMCID: PMC6338058 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) are a family of small proteins that localize in the plasma and endolysosomal membranes. IFITMs not only inhibit viral entry into host cells by interrupting the membrane fusion between viral envelope and cellular membranes, but also reduce the production of infectious virions or infectivity of progeny virions. Not surprisingly, some viruses can evade the restriction of IFITMs and even hijack the antiviral proteins to facilitate their infectious entry into host cells or promote the assembly of virions, presumably by modulating membrane fusion. Similar to many other host defense genes that evolve under the selective pressure of microorganism infection, IFITM genes evolved in an accelerated speed in vertebrates and many single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been identified in the human population, some of which have been associated with severity and prognosis of viral infection (e.g., influenza A virus). Here, we review the function and potential impact of genetic variation for IFITM restriction of viral infections. Continuing research efforts are required to decipher the molecular mechanism underlying the complicated interaction among IFITMs and viruses in an effort to determine their pathobiological roles in the context of viral infections in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesen Zhao
- Institute of Infectious Disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Jiarui Li
- Institute of Infectious Disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Cheryl A Winkler
- Basic Research Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Ping An
- Basic Research Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Ju-Tao Guo
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Hepatitis B Foundation, Doylestown, PA, United States
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43
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Functional Mapping of Regions Involved in the Negative Imprinting of Virion Particle Infectivity and in Target Cell Protection by Interferon-Induced Transmembrane Protein 3 against HIV-1. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01716-18. [PMID: 30355696 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01716-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) are a family of highly related antiviral factors that affect numerous viruses at two steps: in target cells by sequestering incoming viruses in endosomes and in producing cells by leading to the production of virions that package IFITMs and exhibit decreased infectivity. While most studies have focused on the former, little is known about the regulation of the negative imprinting of virion particle infectivity by IFITMs and about its relationship with target cell protection. Using a panel of IFITM3 mutants against HIV-1, we have explored these issues as well as others related to the biology of IFITM3, in particular virion packaging, stability, the relation to CD63/multivesicular bodies (MVBs), the modulation of cholesterol levels, and the relationship between negative imprinting of virions and target cell protection. The results that we have obtained exclude a role for cholesterol and indicate that CD63 accumulation does not directly relate to an antiviral behavior. We have defined regions that modulate the two antiviral properties of IFITM3 as well as novel domains that modulate protein stability and that, in so doing, influence the extent of its packaging into virions. The results that we have obtained, however, indicate that, even in the context of an IFITM-susceptible virus, IFITM3 packaging is not sufficient for negative imprinting. Finally, while most mutations concomitantly affect target cell protection and negative imprinting, a region in the C-terminal domain (CTD) exhibits a differential behavior, potentially highlighting the regulatory role that this domain may play in the two antiviral activities of IFITM3.IMPORTANCE IFITM proteins have been associated with the sequestration of incoming virions in endosomes (target cell protection) and with the production of virion particles that incorporate IFITMs and exhibit decreased infectivity (negative imprinting of virion infectivity). How the latter is regulated and whether these two antiviral properties are related remain unknown. By examining the behavior of a large panel of IFITM3 mutants against HIV-1, we determined that IFITM3 mutants are essentially packaged into virions proportionally to their intracellular levels of expression. However, even in the context of an IFITM-susceptible virus, IFITM3 packaging is not sufficient for the antiviral effects. Most mutations were found to concomitantly affect both antiviral properties of IFITM3, but one CTD mutant exhibited a divergent behavior, possibly highlighting a novel regulatory role for this domain. These findings thus advance our comprehension of how this class of broad antiviral restriction factors acts.
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44
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Suddala KC, Lee CC, Meraner P, Marin M, Markosyan RM, Desai TM, Cohen FS, Brass AL, Melikyan GB. Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 blocks fusion of sensitive but not resistant viruses by partitioning into virus-carrying endosomes. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007532. [PMID: 30640957 PMCID: PMC6347298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Late endosome-resident interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) inhibits fusion of diverse viruses, including Influenza A virus (IAV), by a poorly understood mechanism. Despite the broad antiviral activity of IFITM3, viruses like Lassa virus (LASV), are fully resistant to its inhibitory effects. It is currently unclear whether resistance arises from a highly efficient fusion machinery that is capable of overcoming IFITM3 restriction or the ability to enter from cellular sites devoid of this factor. Here, we constructed and validated a functional IFITM3 tagged with EGFP or other fluorescent proteins. This breakthrough allowed live cell imaging of virus co-trafficking and fusion with endosomal compartments in cells expressing fluorescent IFITM3. Three-color single virus and endosome tracking revealed that sensitive (IAV), but not resistant (LASV), viruses become trapped within IFITM3-positive endosomes where they underwent hemifusion but failed to release their content into the cytoplasm. IAV fusion with IFITM3-containing compartments could be rescued by amphotericin B treatment, which has been previously shown to antagonize the antiviral activity of this protein. By comparison, virtually all LASV particles trafficked and fused with endosomes lacking detectable levels of fluorescent IFITM3, implying that this virus escapes restriction by utilizing endocytic pathways that are distinct from the IAV entry pathways. The importance of virus uptake and transport pathways is further reinforced by the observation that LASV glycoprotein-mediated cell-cell fusion is inhibited by IFITM3 and other members of the IFITM family expressed in target cells. Together, our results strongly support a model according to which IFITM3 accumulation at the sites of virus fusion is a prerequisite for its antiviral activity and that this protein traps viral fusion at a hemifusion stage by preventing the formation of fusion pores. We conclude that the ability to utilize alternative endocytic pathways for entry confers IFITM3-resistance to otherwise sensitive viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna C Suddala
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Christine C Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Paul Meraner
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States of America
| | - Mariana Marin
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Ruben M Markosyan
- Rush University Medical Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Tanay M Desai
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Fredric S Cohen
- Rush University Medical Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Abraham L Brass
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States of America
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States of America
| | - Gregory B Melikyan
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
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45
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The Inhibition of HIV-1 Entry Imposed by Interferon Inducible Transmembrane Proteins Is Independent of Co-Receptor Usage. Viruses 2018; 10:v10080413. [PMID: 30087232 PMCID: PMC6115839 DOI: 10.3390/v10080413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon inducible transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) are one of several IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) that restrict entry of enveloped viruses, including flaviviruses, filoviruses and retroviruses. It has been recently reported that in U87 glioblastoma cells IFITM proteins inhibit HIV-1 entry in a co-receptor-dependent manner, that is, IFITM1 is more inhibitory on CCR5 tropic HIV-1 whereas IFITM2/3 confers a greater suppression of CXCR4 counterparts. However, how entry of HIV-1 with distinct co-receptor usage is modulated by different IFITM orthologs in physiologically relevant CD4+ T cells and monocytes/macrophages has not been investigated in detail. Here, we report that overexpression of IFITM1, 2 and 3 in human CD4+ HuT78 cells, SupT1 cells, monocytic THP-1 cells and U87 cells expressing CD4 and co-receptor CCR5 or CXCR4, suppressed entry of CXCR4 tropic viruses NL4.3 and HXB2, CCR5 tropic viruses AD8 and JRFL, dual tropic 89.6 virus, as well as a panel of 32 transmitted founder (T/F) viruses, with a consistent order of potency, that is, IFITM3 > IFITM2 > IFITM1. Consistent with previous reports, we found that some CCR5-using HIV-1 isolates, such as AD8 and JRFL, were relatively resistant to inhibition by IFITM2 and IFITM3, although the effect can be cell-type dependent. However, in no case have we observed that IFITM1 had a stronger inhibition on entry of any HIV-1 strains tested, including those of CCR5-using T/Fs. We knocked down the endogenous IFITMs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and purified CD4+ T cells and observed that, while this treatment did greatly enhance the multiple-round of HIV-1 replication but had modest effect to rescue the single-round HIV-1 infection, reinforcing our previous conclusion that the predominant effect of IFITMs on HIV-1 infection is in viral producer cells, rather than in target cells to block viral entry. Overall, our results argue against the idea that IFITM proteins distinguish co-receptors CCR5 and CXCR4 to inhibit entry but emphasize that the predominant role of IFITMs on HIV-1 is in producer cells that intrinsically impair the viral infectivity.
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46
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Loureiro ME, Zorzetto-Fernandes AL, Radoshitzky S, Chi X, Dallari S, Marooki N, Lèger P, Foscaldi S, Harjono V, Sharma S, Zid BM, López N, de la Torre JC, Bavari S, Zúñiga E. DDX3 suppresses type I interferons and favors viral replication during Arenavirus infection. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007125. [PMID: 30001425 PMCID: PMC6042795 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Several arenaviruses cause hemorrhagic fever (HF) diseases that are associated with high morbidity and mortality in humans. Accordingly, HF arenaviruses have been listed as top-priority emerging diseases for which countermeasures are urgently needed. Because arenavirus nucleoprotein (NP) plays critical roles in both virus multiplication and immune-evasion, we used an unbiased proteomic approach to identify NP-interacting proteins in human cells. DDX3, a DEAD-box ATP-dependent-RNA-helicase, interacted with NP in both NP-transfected and virus-infected cells. Importantly, DDX3 deficiency compromised the propagation of both Old and New World arenaviruses, including the HF arenaviruses Lassa and Junin viruses. The DDX3 role in promoting arenavirus multiplication associated with both a previously un-recognized DDX3 inhibitory role in type I interferon production in arenavirus infected cells and a positive DDX3 effect on arenavirus RNA synthesis that was dependent on its ATPase and Helicase activities. Our results uncover novel mechanisms used by arenaviruses to exploit the host machinery and subvert immunity, singling out DDX3 as a potential host target for developing new therapies against highly pathogenic arenaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Eugenia Loureiro
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Sheli Radoshitzky
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Xiaoli Chi
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Simone Dallari
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Nuha Marooki
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Psylvia Lèger
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Sabrina Foscaldi
- Centro de Virología Animal, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Vince Harjono
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Sonia Sharma
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Brian M. Zid
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Nora López
- Centro de Virología Animal, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Carlos de la Torre
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Sina Bavari
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Elina Zúñiga
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
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Interferon-Stimulated Gene (ISG)-Expression Screening Reveals the Specific Antibunyaviral Activity of ISG20. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.02140-17. [PMID: 29695422 PMCID: PMC6002717 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02140-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bunyaviruses pose a significant threat to human health, prosperity, and food security. In response to viral infections, interferons (IFNs) upregulate the expression of hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), whose cumulative action can potently inhibit the replication of bunyaviruses. We used a flow cytometry-based method to screen the ability of ∼500 unique ISGs from humans and rhesus macaques to inhibit the replication of Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus (BUNV), the prototype of both the Peribunyaviridae family and the Bunyavirales order. Candidates possessing antibunyaviral activity were further examined using a panel of divergent bunyaviruses. Interestingly, one candidate, ISG20, exhibited potent antibunyaviral activity against most viruses examined from the Peribunyaviridae, Hantaviridae, and Nairoviridae families, whereas phleboviruses (Phenuiviridae) largely escaped inhibition. Similar to the case against other viruses known to be targeted by ISG20, the antibunyaviral activity of ISG20 is dependent upon its functional RNase activity. Through use of an infectious virus-like particle (VLP) assay (based on the BUNV minigenome system), we confirmed that gene expression from all 3 viral segments is strongly inhibited by ISG20. Using in vitro evolution, we generated a substantially ISG20-resistant BUNV and mapped the determinants of ISG20 sensitivity/resistance. Taking all the data together, we report that ISG20 is a broad and potent antibunyaviral factor but that some bunyaviruses are remarkably ISG20 resistant. Thus, ISG20 sensitivity/resistance may influence the pathogenesis of bunyaviruses, many of which are emerging viruses of clinical or veterinary significance. IMPORTANCE There are hundreds of bunyaviruses, many of which cause life-threatening acute diseases in humans and livestock. The interferon (IFN) system is a key component of innate immunity, and type I IFNs limit bunyaviral propagation both in vitro and in vivo. Type I IFN signaling results in the upregulation of hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), whose concerted action generates an “antiviral state.” Although IFNs are critical in limiting bunyaviral replication and pathogenesis, much is still unknown about which ISGs inhibit bunyaviruses. Using ISG-expression screening, we examined the ability of ∼500 unique ISGs to inhibit Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus (BUNV), the prototypical bunyavirus. Using this approach, we identified ISG20, an interferon-stimulated exonuclease, as a potent inhibitor of BUNV. Interestingly, ISG20 possesses highly selective antibunyaviral activity, with multiple bunyaviruses being potently inhibited while some largely escape inhibition. We speculate that the ability of some bunyaviruses to escape ISG20 may influence their pathogenesis.
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Identification of Residues Controlling Restriction versus Enhancing Activities of IFITM Proteins on Entry of Human Coronaviruses. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01535-17. [PMID: 29263263 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01535-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) are restriction factors that inhibit the infectious entry of many enveloped RNA viruses. However, we demonstrated previously that human IFITM2 and IFITM3 are essential host factors facilitating the entry of human coronavirus (HCoV) OC43. In a continuing effort to decipher the molecular mechanism underlying IFITM differential modulation of HCoV entry, we investigated the roles of structural motifs important for IFITM protein posttranslational modifications, intracellular trafficking, and oligomerization in modulating the entry of five HCoVs. We found that three distinct mutations in IFITM1 or IFITM3 converted the host restriction factors to enhance entry driven by the spike proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and/or Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). First, replacement of IFITM3 tyrosine 20 with either alanine or aspartic acid to mimic unphosphorylated or phosphorylated IFITM3 reduced its activity to inhibit the entry of HCoV-NL63 and -229E but enhanced the entry of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Second, replacement of IFITM3 tyrosine 99 with either alanine or aspartic acid reduced its activity to inhibit the entry of HCoV-NL63 and SARS-CoV but promoted the entry of MERS-CoV. Third, deletion of the carboxyl-terminal 12 amino acid residues from IFITM1 enhanced the entry of MERS-CoV and HCoV-OC43. These findings suggest that these residues and structural motifs of IFITM proteins are key determinants for modulating the entry of HCoVs, most likely through interaction with viral and/or host cellular components at the site of viral entry to modulate the fusion of viral envelope and cellular membranes.IMPORTANCE The differential effects of IFITM proteins on the entry of HCoVs that utilize divergent entry pathways and membrane fusion mechanisms even when using the same receptor make the HCoVs a valuable system for comparative investigation of the molecular mechanisms underlying IFITM restriction or promotion of virus entry into host cells. Identification of three distinct mutations that converted IFITM1 or IFITM3 from inhibitors to enhancers of MERS-CoV or SARS-CoV spike protein-mediated entry revealed key structural motifs or residues determining the biological activities of IFITM proteins. These findings have thus paved the way for further identification of viral and host factors that interact with those structural motifs of IFITM proteins to differentially modulate the infectious entry of HCoVs.
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Li C, Du S, Tian M, Wang Y, Bai J, Tan P, Liu W, Yin R, Wang M, Jiang Y, Li Y, Zhu N, Zhu Y, Li T, Wu S, Jin N, He F. The Host Restriction Factor Interferon-Inducible Transmembrane Protein 3 Inhibits Vaccinia Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:228. [PMID: 29503647 PMCID: PMC5820317 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) establish dynamic host defense mechanisms by inducing various IFN-stimulated genes that encodes many antiviral innate immune effectors. IFN-inducible transmembrane (IFITM) proteins have been identified as intrinsic antiviral effectors, which block the entry of a broad spectrum of enveloped RNA viruses by interrupting virus-endosomal fusion. However, antiviral activity of IFITM proteins against mammalian DNA virus has not been demonstrated till date. Here, we sought to investigate the antiviral activities and mechanisms of interferon-inducible transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) protein against poxvirus infection. Analysis of expression kinetics of cell endogenous IFITM3 protein indicated that vaccinia virus (VACV) infection suppressed its translation, which was independent of IRF3 phosphorylation triggered by VACV. Although silencing of endogenous IFITM proteins did not affect their baseline antiviral effects in the cell, it has reduced the IFN-α-mediated inhibition of VACV infection, and also modulated VACV-induced cell death. Moreover, we discovered that overexpression of IFITM3 significantly restricted VACV infection, replication and proliferation mainly by interfering with virus entry processes prior to the virus nucleocapsid entry into the cytoplasm. Interestingly, IFITM3 overexpression showed an impact on virus binding. Furthermore, IFITM3 interfered with the cytosolic entry of virus through low pH-dependent fashion. Taken together, our findings provide the first evidence of exogenously expressed IFITM3 protein restricting infection of an enveloped DNA virus, thus expanding their antiviral spectrum. This study further explores the complex mechanism and provides novel insights into the interaction between virus infection and host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Li
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- 2nd Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shouwen Du
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
- 2nd Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mingyao Tian
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yuhang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Jieying Bai
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Peng Tan
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ronglan Yin
- Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine in Jilin Province, Changchun, China
| | - Maopeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Na Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yilong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Tiyuan Li
- 2nd Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shipin Wu
- 2nd Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ningyi Jin
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- 2nd Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fuchu He
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
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50
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Ribaudo M, Barik S. The nonstructural proteins of Pneumoviruses are remarkably distinct in substrate diversity and specificity. Virol J 2017; 14:215. [PMID: 29110727 PMCID: PMC5674761 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0881-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interferon (IFN) inhibits viruses by inducing several hundred cellular genes, aptly named ‘interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes’ (ISGs). The only two RNA viruses of the Pneumovirus genus of the Paramyxoviridae family, namely Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and Pneumonia Virus of Mice (PVM), each encode two nonstructural (NS) proteins that share no sequence similarity but yet suppress IFN. Since suppression of IFN underlies the ability of these viruses to replicate in the host cells, the mechanism of such suppression has become an important area of research. This Short Report is an important extension of our previous efforts in defining this mechanism. Results We show that, like their PVM counterparts, the RSV NS proteins also target multiple members of the ISG family. While significantly extending the substrate repertoire of the RSV NS proteins, these results, unexpectedly, also reveal that the target preferences of the NS proteins of the two viruses are entirely different. This is surprising since the two Pneumoviruses are phylogenetically close with similar genome organization and gene function, and the NS proteins of both also serve as suppressors of host IFN response. Conclusion The finding that the NS proteins of the two highly similar viruses suppress entirely different members of the ISG family raises intriguing questions of pneumoviral NS evolution and mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ribaudo
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, and Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA
| | - Sailen Barik
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, and Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA. .,3780 Pelham Drive, Mobile, AL, 36619, USA.
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