1
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Nwako JG, McCauley HA. Enteroendocrine cells regulate intestinal homeostasis and epithelial function. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2024; 593:112339. [PMID: 39111616 PMCID: PMC11401774 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2024.112339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/11/2024]
Abstract
Enteroendocrine cells (EECs) are well-known for their systemic hormonal effects, especially in the regulation of appetite and glycemia. Much less is known about how the products made by EECs regulate their local environment within the intestine. Here, we focus on paracrine interactions between EECs and other intestinal cells as they regulate three essential aspects of intestinal homeostasis and physiology: 1) intestinal stem cell function and proliferation; 2) nutrient absorption; and 3) mucosal barrier function. We also discuss the ability of EECs to express multiple hormones, describe in vitro and in vivo models to study EECs, and consider how EECs are altered in GI disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer G Nwako
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 111 Mason Farm Road, Molecular Biology Research Building 5341C, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Heather A McCauley
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 111 Mason Farm Road, Molecular Biology Research Building 5341C, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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2
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Way R, Templeton H, Ball D, Cheng MH, Tobet SA, Chen T. A microphysiological system for studying barrier health of live tissues in real time. COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING 2024; 3:142. [PMID: 39396075 PMCID: PMC11470921 DOI: 10.1038/s44172-024-00285-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/30/2024] [Indexed: 10/14/2024]
Abstract
Epithelial cells create barriers that protect many different components in the body from their external environment. Increased gut barrier permeability (leaky gut) has been linked to several chronic inflammatory diseases. Understanding the cause of leaky gut and effective interventions are elusive due to the lack of tools that maintain tissue's physiological environment while elucidating cellular functions under various stimuli ex vivo. Here we present a microphysiological system that records real-time barrier permeability of mouse colon in a physiological environment over extended durations. The system includes a microfluidic chamber; media composition that preserves microbiome and creates necessary oxygen gradients across the barrier; and integrated sensor electrodes for acquiring transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER). Our results demonstrate that the system can maintain tissue viability for up to 72 h. The TEER sensors can distinguish levels of barrier permeability when treated with collagenase and low pH media and detect different thickness in the tissue explant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Way
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Hayley Templeton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Daniel Ball
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Ming-Hao Cheng
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Stuart A Tobet
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Thomas Chen
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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3
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Poling HM, Sundaram N, Fisher GW, Singh A, Shiley JR, Nattamai K, Govindarajah V, Cortez AR, Krutko MO, Ménoret S, Anegon I, Kasendra M, Wells JM, Mayhew CN, Takebe T, Mahe MM, Helmrath MA. Human pluripotent stem cell-derived organoids repair damaged bowel in vivo. Cell Stem Cell 2024; 31:1513-1523.e7. [PMID: 39270642 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2024.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
The fundamental goal of tissue engineering is to functionally restore or improve damaged tissues or organs. Here we address this in the small bowel using an in vivo xenograft preclinical acute damage model. We investigated the therapeutic capacity of human intestinal organoids (HIOs), which are generated from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), to repair damaged small bowel. We hypothesized that the HIO's cellular complexity would allow it to sustain transmural engraftment. To test this, we developed a rodent injury model where, through luminal delivery, we demonstrated that fragmented HIOs engraft, proliferate, and persist throughout the bowel following repair. Not only was restitution of the mucosal layer observed, but significant incorporation was also observed in the muscularis and vascular endothelium. Further analysis characterized sustained cell type presence within the regenerated regions, retention of proximal regionalization, and the neo-epithelia's function. These findings demonstrate the therapeutic importance of mesenchyme for intestinal injury repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly M Poling
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Nambirajan Sundaram
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Garrett W Fisher
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Akaljot Singh
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Joseph R Shiley
- Pluripotent Stem Cell Core, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Kalpana Nattamai
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Vinothini Govindarajah
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Alexander R Cortez
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Maksym O Krutko
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Séverine Ménoret
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Inserm, CNRS, SFR Santé, Inserm UMS 016 CNRS UMS 3556, Nantes 44035, France; INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, Nantes Université, Nantes 44035, France
| | - Ignacio Anegon
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Inserm, CNRS, SFR Santé, Inserm UMS 016 CNRS UMS 3556, Nantes 44035, France
| | - Magdalena Kasendra
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - James M Wells
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA; Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Christopher N Mayhew
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA; Pluripotent Stem Cell Core, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Takanori Takebe
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Maxime M Mahe
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA; Nantes Université, Inserm, TENS UMR1235, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes 44035, France
| | - Michael A Helmrath
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA.
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4
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Sun Y, Ferreira F, Reid B, Zhu K, Ma L, Young BM, Hagan CE, Tsolis RM, Mogilner A, Zhao M. Gut epithelial electrical cues drive differential localization of enterobacteria. Nat Microbiol 2024; 9:2653-2665. [PMID: 39164392 PMCID: PMC11445056 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-024-01778-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Salmonella translocate to the gut epithelium via microfold cells lining the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE). How Salmonella localize to the FAE is not well characterized. Here we use live imaging and competitive assays between wild-type and chemotaxis-deficient mutants to show that Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) localize to the FAE independently of chemotaxis in an ex vivo mouse caecum infection model. Electrical recordings revealed polarized FAE with sustained outward current and small transepithelial potential, while the surrounding villus is depolarized with inward current and large transepithelial potential. The distinct electrical potentials attracted S. Typhimurium to the FAE while Escherichia coli (E. coli) localized to the villi, through a process called galvanotaxis. Chloride flux involving the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) generated the ionic currents around the FAE. Pharmacological inhibition of CFTR decreased S. Typhimurium FAE localization but increased E. coli recruitment. Altogether, our findings demonstrate that bioelectric cues contribute to S. Typhimurium targeting of specific gut epithelial locations, with potential implications for other enteric bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohui Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
| | - Fernando Ferreira
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Biologia Molecular e Ambiental (CBMA), Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Brian Reid
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Kan Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Coty R&D Technology and Innovation, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Briana M Young
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Catherine E Hagan
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Renée M Tsolis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Alex Mogilner
- Courant Institute and Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
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Kropp C, Tambosco K, Chadi S, Langella P, Claus SP, Martin R. Christensenella minuta protects and restores intestinal barrier in a colitis mouse model by regulating inflammation. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2024; 10:88. [PMID: 39294159 PMCID: PMC11411060 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-024-00540-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Christensenella minuta DSM 22607 has recently been suggested as a potential microbiome-based therapy for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) because it displays strong anti-inflammatory effects both in vitro and in vivo. Here, we aimed to decipher the mechanism(s) underlying the DSM 22607-mediated beneficial effects on the host in a mouse model of chemically induced acute colitis. We observed that C. minuta plays a key role in the preservation of the epithelial barrier and the management of DNBS-induced inflammation by inhibiting interleukin (IL)-33 and Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 8 (Tnfrsf8) gene expression. We also showed that DSM 22607 abundance was positively correlated with Akkermansia sp. and Dubosiella sp. and modulated microbial metabolites in the cecum. These results offer new insights into the biological and molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of C. minuta DSM 22607 by protecting the intestinal barrier integrity and regulating inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Kropp
- Micalis Institute, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, 68350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- YSOPIA Bioscience, 33076, Bordeaux, France
| | - Kevin Tambosco
- Micalis Institute, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, 68350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Sead Chadi
- Micalis Institute, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, 68350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Philippe Langella
- Micalis Institute, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, 68350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Rebeca Martin
- Micalis Institute, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, 68350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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6
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Snelson M, Vanuytsel T, Marques FZ. Breaking the Barrier: The Role of Gut Epithelial Permeability in the Pathogenesis of Hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep 2024; 26:369-380. [PMID: 38662328 PMCID: PMC11324679 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-024-01307-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW To review what intestinal permeability is and how it is measured, and to summarise the current evidence linking altered intestinal permeability with the development of hypertension. RECENT FINDINGS Increased gastrointestinal permeability, directly measured in vivo, has been demonstrated in experimental and genetic animal models of hypertension. This is consistent with the passage of microbial substances to the systemic circulation and the activation of inflammatory pathways. Evidence for increased gut permeability in human hypertension has been reliant of a handful of blood biomarkers, with no studies directly measuring gut permeability in hypertensive cohorts. There is emerging literature that some of these putative biomarkers may not accurately reflect permeability of the gastrointestinal tract. Data from animal models of hypertension support they have increased gut permeability; however, there is a dearth of conclusive evidence in humans. Future studies are needed that directly measure intestinal permeability in people with hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Snelson
- Hypertension Research Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Victorian Heart Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tim Vanuytsel
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Francine Z Marques
- Hypertension Research Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
- Victorian Heart Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
- Heart Failure Research Group, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
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7
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Radler JB, McBride AR, Saha K, Nighot P, Holmes GM. Regional Heterogeneity in Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Permeability and Mesenteric Perfusion After Thoracic Spinal Cord Injury. Dig Dis Sci 2024; 69:3236-3248. [PMID: 39001959 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-024-08537-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injury (SCI) disrupts intestinal barrier function, thereby increasing antigen permeation and leading to poor outcomes. Despite the intestinal tract's anatomic and physiologic heterogeneity, studies following SCI have not comprehensively addressed intestinal pathophysiology with regional specificity. AIMS AND METHODS We used an experimental model of high thoracic SCI to investigate (1) regional mucosal oxidative stress using dihydroethidium labeling; (2) regional paracellular permeability to small- and large-molecular probes via Ussing chamber; (3) regional intestinal tight junction (TJ) protein expression; and (4) hindgut perfusion via the caudal mesenteric artery. RESULTS Dihydroethidium staining was significantly elevated within duodenal mucosa at 3-day post-SCI. Molar flux of [14C]-urea was significantly elevated in duodenum and proximal colon at 3-day post-SCI, while molar flux of [3H]-inulin was significantly elevated only in duodenum at 3-day post-SCI. Barrier permeability was mirrored by a significant increase in the expression of pore-forming TJ protein claudin-2 in duodenum and proximal colon at 3-day post-SCI. Claudin-2 expression remained significantly elevated in proximal colon at 3-week post-SCI. Expression of the barrier-forming TJ protein occludin was significantly reduced in duodenum at 3-day post-SCI. Caudal mesenteric artery flow was unchanged by SCI at 3 days or 3 weeks despite significant reductions in mean arterial pressure. CONCLUSION These data show that T3-SCI provokes elevated mucosal oxidative stress, altered expression of TJ proteins, and elevated intestinal barrier permeability in the proximal intestine. In contrast, mucosal oxidative stress and intestinal barrier permeability were unchanged in the hindgut after SCI. This regional heterogeneity may result from differential sensitivity to reduced mesenteric perfusion, though further studies are required to establish a causal link. Understanding regional differences in intestinal pathophysiology is essential for developing effective treatments and standards of care for individuals with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson B Radler
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, 500 University Dr., H109, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Amanda R McBride
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, 500 University Dr., H109, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
- Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, 08103, USA
| | - Kushal Saha
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Prashant Nighot
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Gregory M Holmes
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, 500 University Dr., H109, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
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Fuentes J, Gregório SF, Fonseca F, Robles-Arozarena R, Martos-Sitcha JA, Moyano FJ. Effect of bile salts on intestinal epithelial function in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2024; 50:1777-1790. [PMID: 38916718 PMCID: PMC11286703 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-024-01369-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
In the context of modern aquaculture, the effort to reduce the reliance on fishmeal/marine ingredients in fish diets has led to the exploration of plant-based protein sources as potential substitutes, a dietary shift that disrupts the bile acid profile in fish. Therefore, bile salts are being sought as additives. However, artificially increased intestinal levels of bile acids may significantly impact mucosal function. Therefore, here, we explored the regulatory role in the intestine of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) of (i) chenodeoxycholic acid (CDC), (ii) a mixture formed by two bile acids, 3% cholic acid and 97% deoxycholic acid (MIX), and (iii) a conjugated bile salt sodium taurocholate (TC) in Ussing chambers with the epithelial voltage clamp technique. We tested the bile salts in a 50-500 μg/ml concentration range, and all of them promoted ion absorption. Yet, clear concentration-dependent and more pronounced effects on the ion transport were observed in the posterior intestine. On the other hand, bile salts had no or minor effects on tissue resistance. However, there are indications that the MIX could have adverse effects at high concentrations (500 μg/ml), promoting a threefold increase in tissue permeability measured using FITC-dextran (4 kD) regardless of the intestinal region, thus suggesting an alteration in intestinal permeability at high bile salt concentrations. The findings from our study emphasize the importance of considering intestinal function when contemplating the possible use of a particular bile salt as a dietary supplement. It appears that bile salts, whether acting individually or in combination, play a pivotal role in orchestrating nutrient absorption by influencing the function of epithelial ion transport. However further research is needed to fully grasp the region-dependent nuances of bile salt effects on ion transport and the ultimate consequences for nutrient absorption in the context of fish aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fuentes
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICMAN-CSIC), Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía, 11519, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
| | - S F Gregório
- Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - F Fonseca
- ARNET (Aquatic Network, Associated Laboratory), Centre for Marine and Environmental Research (CIMA), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | | | - J A Martos-Sitcha
- Departamento de Biología Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI-MAR), University of Cádiz, 11519, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - F J Moyano
- Departamento de Biologia y Geologia Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI-MAR), Universidad de Almeria, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120, Almería, Spain.
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Bauer I, Rimbach G, Cordeiro S, Bosy-Westphal A, Weghuber J, Ipharraguerre IR, Lüersen K. A comprehensive in-vitro/ in-vivo screening toolbox for the elucidation of glucose homeostasis modulating properties of plant extracts (from roots) and its bioactives. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1396292. [PMID: 38989154 PMCID: PMC11233739 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1396292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant extracts are increasingly recognized for their potential in modulating (postprandial) blood glucose levels. In this context, root extracts are of particular interest due to their high concentrations and often unique spectrum of plant bioactives. To identify new plant species with potential glucose-lowering activity, simple and robust methodologies are often required. For this narrative review, literature was sourced from scientific databases (primarily PubMed) in the period from June 2022 to January 2024. The regulatory targets of glucose homeostasis that could be modulated by bioactive plant compounds were used as search terms, either alone or in combination with the keyword "root extract". As a result, we present a comprehensive methodological toolbox for studying the glucose homeostasis modulating properties of plant extracts and its constituents. The described assays encompass in-vitro investigations involving enzyme inhibition (α-amylase, α-glucosidase, dipeptidyl peptidase 4), assessment of sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 activity, and evaluation of glucose transporter 4 translocation. Furthermore, we describe a patch-clamp technique to assess the impact of extracts on KATP channels. While validating in-vitro findings in living organisms is imperative, we introduce two screenable in-vivo models (the hen's egg test and Drosophila melanogaster). Given that evaluation of the bioactivity of plant extracts in rodents and humans represents the current gold standard, we include approaches addressing this aspect. In summary, this review offers a systematic guide for screening plant extracts regarding their influence on key regulatory elements of glucose homeostasis, culminating in the assessment of their potential efficacy in-vivo. Moreover, application of the presented toolbox might contribute to further close the knowledge gap on the precise mechanisms of action of plant-derived compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilka Bauer
- Division of Food Sciences, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Gerald Rimbach
- Division of Food Sciences, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sönke Cordeiro
- Institute of Physiology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Division of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Julian Weghuber
- Center of Excellence Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Wels, Austria
- FFoQSI—Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety & Innovation, Tulln, Austria
| | - Ignacio R. Ipharraguerre
- Division of Food Sciences, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Kai Lüersen
- Division of Food Sciences, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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10
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Jiang L, Hao Y, Li Q, Dai Z. Cinnamic Acid, Perillic Acid, and Tryptophan Metabolites Differentially Regulate Ion Transport and Serotonin Metabolism and Signaling in the Mouse Ileum In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6694. [PMID: 38928404 PMCID: PMC11203607 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Phytochemicals and tryptophan (Trp) metabolites have been found to modulate gut function and health. However, whether these metabolites modulate gut ion transport and serotonin (5-HT) metabolism and signaling requires further investigation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of selected phytochemicals and Trp metabolites on the ion transport and 5-HT metabolism and signaling in the ileum of mice in vitro using the Ussing chamber technique. During the in vitro incubation, vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) reduced (p < 0.05) the short-circuit current, and 100 μM chlorogenic acid (CGA) (p = 0.12) and perillic acid (PA) (p = 0.14) had a tendency to reduce the short-circuit current of the ileum. Compared with the control, PA and N-acetylserotonin treatment upregulated the expression of tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (Tph1), while 100 μM cinnamic acid, indolelactic acid (ILA), and 10 μM CGA or indoleacetaldehyde (IAld) treatments downregulated (p < 0.05) the mRNA levels of Tph1. In addition, 10 μM IAld or 100 μM ILA upregulated (p < 0.05) the expression of monoamine oxidase A (Maoa). However, 10 μM CGA or 100 μM PA downregulated (p < 0.05) Maoa expression. All selected phytochemicals and Trp metabolites upregulated (p < 0.05) the expression of Htr4 and Htr7 compared to that of the control group. VMA and CGA reduced (p < 0.05) the ratios of Htr1a/Htr7 and Htr4/Htr7. These findings may help to elucidate the effects of phytochemicals and Trp metabolites on the regulation of gut ion transport and 5-HT signaling-related gut homeostasis in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (L.J.); (Y.H.)
| | - Youling Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (L.J.); (Y.H.)
| | - Qianjun Li
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Zhaolai Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (L.J.); (Y.H.)
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11
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Billipp TE, Fung C, Webeck LM, Sargent DB, Gologorsky MB, Chen Z, McDaniel MM, Kasal DN, McGinty JW, Barrow KA, Rich LM, Barilli A, Sabat M, Debley JS, Wu C, Myers R, Howitt MR, von Moltke J. Tuft cell-derived acetylcholine promotes epithelial chloride secretion and intestinal helminth clearance. Immunity 2024; 57:1243-1259.e8. [PMID: 38744291 PMCID: PMC11168877 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Epithelial cells secrete chloride to regulate water release at mucosal barriers, supporting both homeostatic hydration and the "weep" response that is critical for type 2 immune defense against parasitic worms (helminths). Epithelial tuft cells in the small intestine sense helminths and release cytokines and lipids to activate type 2 immune cells, but whether they regulate epithelial secretion is unknown. Here, we found that tuft cell activation rapidly induced epithelial chloride secretion in the small intestine. This response required tuft cell sensory functions and tuft cell-derived acetylcholine (ACh), which acted directly on neighboring epithelial cells to stimulate chloride secretion, independent of neurons. Maximal tuft cell-induced chloride secretion coincided with immune restriction of helminths, and clearance was delayed in mice lacking tuft cell-derived ACh, despite normal type 2 inflammation. Thus, we have uncovered an epithelium-intrinsic response unit that uses ACh to couple tuft cell sensing to the secretory defenses of neighboring epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler E Billipp
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Connie Fung
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lily M Webeck
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Derek B Sargent
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Matthew B Gologorsky
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Zuojia Chen
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Margaret M McDaniel
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Darshan N Kasal
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John W McGinty
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kaitlyn A Barrow
- Center for Respiratory Biology and Therapeutics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lucille M Rich
- Center for Respiratory Biology and Therapeutics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Mark Sabat
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jason S Debley
- Center for Respiratory Biology and Therapeutics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chuan Wu
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Michael R Howitt
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jakob von Moltke
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
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12
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Bui G, Torres-Fuentes C, Pusceddu MM, Gareau MG, Marco ML. Milk and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei BL23 effects on intestinal responses in a murine model of colitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2024; 326:G659-G675. [PMID: 38591132 PMCID: PMC11376982 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00259.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Probiotic-containing fermented dairy foods have the potential to benefit human health, but the importance of the dairy matrix for efficacy remains unclear. We investigated the capacity of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei BL23 in phosphate-buffered saline (BL23-PBS), BL23-fermented milk (BL23-milk), and milk to modify intestinal and behavioral responses in a dextran sodium sulfate (DSS, 3% wt/vol) mouse model of colitis. Significant sex-dependent differences were found such that female mice exhibited more severe colitis, greater weight loss, and higher mortality rates. Sex differences were also found for ion transport ex vivo, colonic cytokine and tight junction gene expression, and fecal microbiota composition. Measurements of milk and BL23 effects showed BL23-PBS consumption improved weight recovery in females, whereas milk resulted in better body weight recovery in males. Occludin and Claudin-2 gene transcript levels indicated barrier function was impaired in males, but BL23-milk was still found to improve colonic ion transport in those mice. Proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory gene expression levels were increased in both male and female mice fed BL23, and to a more variable extent, milk, compared with controls. The female mouse fecal microbiota contained high proportions of Akkermansia (average of 18.1%) at baseline, and females exhibited more changes in gut microbiota composition following BL23 and milk intake. Male fecal microbiota harbored significantly more Parasutterella and less Blautia and Roseburia after DSS treatment, independent of BL23 or milk consumption. These findings show the complex interplay between dietary components and sex-dependent responses in mitigating inflammation in the digestive tract.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Sex-dependent responses to probiotic Lacticaseibacillus paracasei and milk and the potential of the dairy matrix to enhance probiotic protection against colitis in this context have not been previously explored. Female mice were more sensitive than males to colonic injury, and neither treatment effectively alleviated inflammation in both sexes. These sex-dependent responses may result from differences in the higher baseline proportions of Akkermansia in the gut microbiome of female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glory Bui
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States
| | - Cristina Torres-Fuentes
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Matteo M Pusceddu
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States
| | - Mélanie G Gareau
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States
| | - Maria L Marco
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States
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13
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Zhang SY, Ong WSY, Subelzu N, Gleeson JP. Validation of a Caco-2 microfluidic Chip model for predicting intestinal absorption of BCS Class I-IV drugs. Int J Pharm 2024; 656:124089. [PMID: 38599444 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Oral delivery is considered the most patient preferred route of drug administration, however, the drug must be sufficiently soluble and permeable to successfully formulate an oral formulation. There have been advancements in the development of more predictive solubility and dissolution tools, but the tools that has been developed for permeability assays have not been validated as extensively as the gold-standard Caco-2 Transwell assay. Here, we evaluated Caco-2 intestinal permeability assay in Transwells and a commercially available microfluidic Chip using 19 representative Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) Class I-IV compounds. For each selected compound, we performed a comprehensive viability test, quantified its apparent permeability (Papp), and established an in vitro in vivo correlation (IVIVC) to the human fraction absorbed (fa) in both culture conditions. Permeability differences were observed across the models as demonstrated by antipyrine (Transwell Papp: 38.5 ± 6.1 × 10-8 cm/s vs Chip Papp: 32.9 ± 11.3 × 10-8 cm/s) and nadolol (Transwell Papp: 0.6 ± 0.1 × 10-7 cm/s vs Chip Papp: 3 ± 1.2 × 10-7 cm/s). The in vitro in vivo correlation (IVIVC; Papp vs. fa) of the Transwell model (r2 = 0.59-0.83) was similar to the Chip model (r2 = 0.41-0.79), highlighting similar levels of predictivity. Comparing to historical data, our Chip Papp data was more closely aligned to native tissues assessed in Ussing chambers. This is the first study to comprehensively validate a commercial Gut-on-a-Chip model as a predictive tool for assessing oral absorption to further reduce our reliance on animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Y Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Whitney S Y Ong
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Natalia Subelzu
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - John P Gleeson
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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14
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Gardey E, Cseresnyes Z, Sobotta FH, Eberhardt J, Haziri D, Grunert PC, Kuchenbrod MT, Gruschwitz FV, Hoeppener S, Schumann M, Gaßler N, Figge MT, Stallmach A, Brendel JC. Selective Uptake Into Inflamed Human Intestinal Tissue and Immune Cell Targeting by Wormlike Polymer Micelles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2306482. [PMID: 38109123 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has become a globally prevalent chronic disease with no causal therapeutic options. Targeted drug delivery systems with selectivity for inflamed areas in the gastrointestinal tract promise to reduce severe drug-related side effects. By creating three distinct nanostructures (vesicles, spherical, and wormlike micelles) from the same amphiphilic block copolymer poly(butyl acrylate)-block-poly(ethylene oxide) (PBA-b-PEO), the effect of nanoparticle shape on human mucosal penetration is systematically identified. An Ussing chamber technique is established to perform the ex vivo experiments on human colonic biopsies, demonstrating that the shape of polymeric nanostructures represents a rarely addressed key to tissue selectivity required for efficient IBD treatment. Wormlike micelles specifically enter inflamed mucosa from patients with IBD, but no significant uptake is observed in healthy tissue. Spheres (≈25 nm) and vesicles (≈120 nm) enter either both normal and inflamed tissue types or do not penetrate any tissue. According to quantitative image analysis, the wormlike nanoparticles localize mainly within immune cells, facilitating specific targeting, which is crucial for further increasing the efficacy of IBD treatment. These findings therefore demonstrate the untapped potential of wormlike nanoparticles not only to selectively target the inflamed human mucosa, but also to target key pro-inflammatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gardey
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectious Diseases and Central Endoscopy), Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Zoltan Cseresnyes
- Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Fabian H Sobotta
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry & Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5612 AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Juliane Eberhardt
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Drilon Haziri
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectious Diseases and Central Endoscopy), Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Philip C Grunert
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectious Diseases and Central Endoscopy), Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Maren T Kuchenbrod
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Franka V Gruschwitz
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Stephanie Hoeppener
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Schumann
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-University Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Gaßler
- Jena University Hospital, Section of Pathology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Marc T Figge
- Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Neugasse 25, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Stallmach
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectious Diseases and Central Endoscopy), Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Johannes C Brendel
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
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15
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Way R, Templeton H, Ball D, Cheng MH, Tobet SA, Chen T. A Microphysiological System for Studying Barrier Health of Live Tissues in Real Time. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4078220. [PMID: 38659839 PMCID: PMC11042443 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4078220/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Epithelial cells create barriers that protect many different components in the body from their external environment. The gut in particular carries bacteria and other infectious agents. A healthy gut epithelial barrier prevents unwanted substances from accessing the underlying lamina propria while maintaining the ability to digest and absorb nutrients. Increased gut barrier permeability, better known as leaky gut, has been linked to several chronic inflammatory diseases. Yet understanding the cause of leaky gut and developing effective interventions are still elusive due to the lack of tools to maintain tissue's physiological environment while elucidating cellular functions under various stimuli ex vivo. This paper presents a microphysiological system capable of recording real-time barrier permeability of mouse gut tissues in a realistic physiological environment over extended durations. Key components of the microphysiological system include a microfluidic chamber designed to hold the live tissue explant and create a sufficient microphysiological environment to maintain tissue viability; proper media composition that preserves a microbiome and creates necessary oxygen gradients across the barrier; integrated sensor electrodes and supporting electronics for acquiring and calculating transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER); and a scalable system architecture to allow multiple chambers running in parallel for increased throughput. The experimental results demonstrate that the system can maintain tissue viability for up to 72 hours. The results also show that the custom-built and integrated TEER sensors are sufficiently sensitive to distinguish differing levels of barrier permeability when treated with collagenase and low pH media compared to control. Permeability variations in tissue explants from different positions in the intestinal tract were also investigated using TEER revealing their disparities in permeability. Finally, the results also quantitatively determine the effect of the muscle layer on total epithelial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Way
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Hayley Templeton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Daniel Ball
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Ming-Hao Cheng
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Stuart A Tobet
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Thomas Chen
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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16
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Wang H, Kim R, Wang Y, Furtado KL, Sims CE, Tamayo R, Allbritton NL. In vitro co-culture of Clostridium scindens with primary human colonic epithelium protects the epithelium against Staphylococcus aureus. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1382389. [PMID: 38681959 PMCID: PMC11045926 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1382389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
A complex and dynamic network of interactions exists between human gastrointestinal epithelium and intestinal microbiota. Therefore, comprehending intestinal microbe-epithelial cell interactions is critical for the understanding and treatment of intestinal diseases. Primary human colonic epithelial cells derived from a healthy human donor were co-cultured with Clostridium scindens (C. scindens), a probiotic obligate anaerobe; Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), a facultative anaerobe and intestinal pathogen; or both bacterial species in tandem. The co-culture hanging basket platform used for these experiments possessed walls of controlled oxygen (O2) permeability to support the formation of an O2 gradient across the intestinal epithelium using cellular O2 consumption, resulting in an anaerobic luminal and aerobic basal compartment. Both the colonic epithelial cells and C. scindens remained viable over 48 h during co-culture. In contrast, co-culture with S. aureus elicited significant damage to colonic epithelial cells within 24 h. To explore the influence of the intestinal pathogen on the epithelium in the presence of the probiotic bacteria, colonic epithelial cells were inoculated sequentially with the two bacterial species. Under these conditions, C. scindens was capable of repressing the production of S. aureus enterotoxin. Surprisingly, although C. scindens converted cholic acid to secondary bile acids in the luminal medium, the growth of S. aureus was not significantly inhibited. Nevertheless, this combination of probiotic and pathogenic bacteria was found to benefit the survival of the colonic epithelial cells compared with co-culture of the epithelial cells with S. aureus alone. This platform thus provides an easy-to-use and low-cost tool to study the interaction between intestinal bacteria and colonic cells in vitro to better understand the interplay of intestinal microbiota with human colonic epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Raehyun Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuli Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kathleen L. Furtado
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Christopher E. Sims
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Medicine/Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Rita Tamayo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Nancy L. Allbritton
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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17
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Kuipers T, Oude Nijhuis RAB, van den Wijngaard RM, Oors JM, Smout AJPM, Bredenoord AJ. Ziverel for PPI-refractory reflux symptoms: efficacy and mechanisms of action in humans. Scand J Gastroenterol 2024; 59:384-389. [PMID: 38088584 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2023.2290457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES It is thought that esophageal hypersensitivity in combination with an impaired mucosal barrier function contributes to PPI-resistant reflux symptoms. Ziverel, a bioadhesive agent that coats the esophageal wall, was shown to have a positive effect on reflux symptoms. However, the mechanisms of action are unclear. We aimed to assess the effect of Ziverel on esophageal sensitivity to acid and mucosal barrier function. METHODS We performed a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial in PPI-refractory patients with reflux symptoms. Patients were assigned (1:1) to 14 days of Ziverel followed by 14 days of placebo or opposite treatment order. The effect was evaluated using acid perfusion tests, an upper endoscopy with electrical tissue impedance spectroscopy (ETIS) and esophageal biopsies. The primary outcome was the esophageal sensitivity based on perfusion sensitivity score. Secondary outcomes included mucosal barrier function and reflux symptoms and correlations between the different outcomes. RESULTS Perfusion sensitivity score was not significantly different during treatment with Ziverel (106 (73-115)) and placebo (102 (67-110)) (p = 0.508) along with total RDQ score (2.6 (1.9-3.3) vs 2.8 (1.6-3.5) p = 0.456). ETIS showed comparable values during treatment with Ziverel (13514 (8846-19734)Ω·m) and placebo (13217 (9127-24942)Ω·m (p = 0.650)). Comparing Ziverel and placebo no difference was seen in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) 203 (163-267) Ω.cm2 vs 205 (176-240) Ω.cm2 (p = 0.445) and fluorescein flux 775 (17-6964) nmol/cm2/h vs 187 (4-12209) nmol/cm2/h (p = 0.638). CONCLUSION Ziverel did not show a benefit on acid sensitivity, reflux symptoms or esophageal mucosal integrity compared to placebo in PPI-refractory patients with reflux symptoms.Trial registration: Netherlands Trial Register number: NL7670.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijs Kuipers
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Renske A B Oude Nijhuis
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jac M Oors
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - André J P M Smout
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J Bredenoord
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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18
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McCoy R, Oldroyd S, Yang W, Wang K, Hoven D, Bulmer D, Zilbauer M, Owens RM. In Vitro Models for Investigating Intestinal Host-Pathogen Interactions. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306727. [PMID: 38155358 PMCID: PMC10885678 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are increasingly recognized as a major threat worldwide due to the rise of antimicrobial resistance and the emergence of novel pathogens. In vitro models that can adequately mimic in vivo gastrointestinal physiology are in high demand to elucidate mechanisms behind pathogen infectivity, and to aid the design of effective preventive and therapeutic interventions. There exists a trade-off between simple and high throughput models and those that are more complex and physiologically relevant. The complexity of the model used shall be guided by the biological question to be addressed. This review provides an overview of the structure and function of the intestine and the models that are developed to emulate this. Conventional models are discussed in addition to emerging models which employ engineering principles to equip them with necessary advanced monitoring capabilities for intestinal host-pathogen interrogation. Limitations of current models and future perspectives on the field are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reece McCoy
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
| | - Sophie Oldroyd
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
| | - Woojin Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
- Wellcome‐MRC Cambridge Stem Cell InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 0AWUK
| | - Kaixin Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
| | - Darius Hoven
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
| | - David Bulmer
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 1PDUK
| | - Matthias Zilbauer
- Wellcome‐MRC Cambridge Stem Cell InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 0AWUK
| | - Róisín M. Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
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19
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Tutol J, Ong WSY, Phelps SM, Peng W, Goenawan H, Dodani SC. Engineering the ChlorON Series: Turn-On Fluorescent Protein Sensors for Imaging Labile Chloride in Living Cells. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2024; 10:77-86. [PMID: 38292617 PMCID: PMC10823515 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c01088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Beyond its role as the "queen of electrolytes", chloride can also serve as an allosteric regulator or even a signaling ion. To illuminate this essential anion across such a spectrum of biological processes, researchers have relied on fluorescence imaging with genetically encoded sensors. In large part, these have been derived from the green fluorescent protein found in the jellyfish Aequorea victoria. However, a standalone sensor with a turn-on intensiometric response at physiological pH has yet to be reported. Here, we address this technology gap by building on our discovery of the anion-sensitive fluorescent protein mNeonGreen (mNG). The targeted engineering of two non-coordinating residues, namely K143 and R195, in the chloride binding pocket of mNG coupled with an anion walking screening and selection strategy resulted in the ChlorON sensors: ChlorON-1 (K143W/R195L), ChlorON-2 (K143R/R195I), and ChlorON-3 (K143R/R195L). In vitro spectroscopy revealed that all three sensors display a robust turn-on fluorescence response to chloride (20- to 45-fold) across a wide range of affinities (Kd ≈ 30-285 mM). We further showcase how this unique sensing mechanism can be exploited to directly image labile chloride transport with spatial and temporal resolution in a cell model overexpressing the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. Building from this initial demonstration, we anticipate that the ChlorON technology will have broad utility, accelerating the path forward for fundamental and translational aspects of chloride biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine
N. Tutol
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Whitney S. Y. Ong
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Shelby M. Phelps
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Weicheng Peng
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Helen Goenawan
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Sheel C. Dodani
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
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20
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Burns KS, Penner GB, Hogan NS, Mutsvangwa T. Whole-body urea kinetics and functional roles of urea transporters and aquaporins in urea secretion into the rumen in sheep fed diets varying in crude protein content and corn grain processing method. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae237. [PMID: 39154206 PMCID: PMC11407831 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The objectives were to determine the effects of dietary crude protein (CP) content and corn grain processing on whole-body urea kinetics and the functional roles of urea transporter-B (UT-B) and aquaporins (AQP) in serosal-to-mucosal urea flux (Jsm-urea) in ovine ruminal epithelia. Thirty-two Rideau-Arcott ram lambs were blocked by bodyweight into groups of 4 and then randomly allocated within blocks to 1 of 4 diets (n = 8) in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Dietary factors were CP content (11% [LP] vs. 16% [HP]) and corn grain processing (whole-shelled [WSC] vs. steam-flaked [SFC] corn). Whole-body urea kinetics and N balance were determined using 4-d continuous intrajugular infusions of [15N15N]-urea with concurrent collections of urine and feces with four blocks of lambs (n = 4). After 23 d on diets, lambs were killed to collect ruminal epithelia for mounting in Ussing chambers to determine Jsm-urea and the measurement of mRNA abundance of UT-B and AQP. Serosal and mucosal additions of phloretin and NiCl2 were used to inhibit UT-B- and AQP-mediated urea transport, respectively. Lambs fed HP had a greater (P < 0.01) N intake (29.4 vs. 19.1 g/d) than those fed LP; however, retained N (g/d or % of N intake) was not different. As a % of N intake, lambs fed SFC tended (P = 0.09) to have a lower N excretion (72.2 vs. 83.5%) and a greater N retention (27.8 vs. 16.6%) compared to those fed WSC. Endogenous urea-N production (UER) was greater in lambs fed HP compared to those fed LP (29.9 vs. 20.6 g/d; P = 0.02), whereas urea-N secreted into the gut (GER; g/d) and urea-N used for anabolic purposes (UUA; g/d) were similar. Lambs fed LP tended (P = 0.05) to have greater GER:UER (0.78 vs. 0.66) and UUA:GER (0.23 vs. 0.13) ratios, and a greater Jsm-urea (144.7 vs. 116.1 nmol/[cm2 × h]; P = 0.07) compared to those fed HP. Lambs fed SFC tended to have a lower NiCl2-insensitive Jsm-urea (117.4 vs. 178.4 nmol/[cm2 × h]; P = 0.09) and had a lower phloretin-insensitive Jsm-urea (87.1 vs. 143.1 nmol/[cm2 × h]; P = 0.02) compared to those fed WSC. The mRNA abundance of UT-B (0.89 vs. 1.07; P = 0.08) and AQP-3 (0.90 vs. 1.05; P = 0.07) tended to be lower in lambs fed SFC compared to those fed WSC. Overall, reducing CP content tended to increase the GER:UER ratio with no changes in the expression or function of UT-B and AQP. Although corn grain processing had no effects on GER, feeding SFC increased the portion of urea secretion into the rumen that was mediated via UT-B and AQP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin S Burns
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5A8
| | - Gregory B Penner
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5A8
| | - Natacha S Hogan
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5A8
| | - Timothy Mutsvangwa
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5A8
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21
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Michiba K, Watanabe K, Imaoka T, Nakai D. Recent Advances in the Gastrointestinal Complex in Vitro Model for ADME Studies. Pharmaceutics 2023; 16:37. [PMID: 38258048 PMCID: PMC10819272 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Intestinal absorption is a complex process involving the permeability of the epithelial barrier, efflux transporter activity, and intestinal metabolism. Identifying the key factors that govern intestinal absorption for each investigational drug is crucial. To assess and predict intestinal absorption in humans, it is necessary to leverage appropriate in vitro systems. Traditionally, Caco-2 monolayer systems and intestinal Ussing chamber studies have been considered the 'gold standard' for studying intestinal absorption. However, these methods have limitations that hinder their universal use in drug discovery and development. Recently, there has been an increasing number of reports on complex in vitro models (CIVMs) using human intestinal organoids derived from intestinal tissue specimens or iPSC-derived enterocytes plated on 2D or 3D in microphysiological systems. These CIVMs provide a more physiologically relevant representation of key ADME-related proteins compared to conventional in vitro methods. They hold great promise for use in drug discovery and development due to their ability to replicate the expressions and functions of these proteins. This review highlights recent advances in gut CIVMs employing intestinal organoid model systems compared to conventional methods. It is important to note that each CIVM should be tailored to the investigational drug properties and research questions at hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyoshi Michiba
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratory, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58, Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan; (K.W.); (T.I.); (D.N.)
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22
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Marcelino HR, Solgadi A, Chéron M, do Egito EST, Ponchel G. Exploring the permeability of Amphotericin B trough serum albumin dispersions and lipid nanocarriers for oral delivery. Int J Pharm 2023; 646:123444. [PMID: 37757958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Amphotericin B (AmB) is a potent polyenic antifungal agent with leishmanicidal activity. Due to its low solubility and permeability in the gastrointestinal tract, AmB is usually administered intravenously. In this context, various approaches have been used to try to improve these properties. Some of the systems developed have shown proven successful, but there is still a lack of knowledge about the pathways AmB takes after oral administration. Therefore, the aim of this work was not only to obtain aqueous dispersions containing AmB at different aggregation states, but also to entrap this molecule in nanocarriers, and evaluate the influence of these conditions on the jejunal permeability of AmB. To observe the aggregation states of AmB, physicochemical characterization of AmB-albumin complexes and AmB-loaded formulations was performed. Different degrees of AmB aggregation states were obtained. Thus, permeability tests were performed in the Ussing chamber and a decrease in AmB concentration in the donor compartment was observed. Electrophysiological measurements showed different responses depending on the AmB formulation. In conclusion, although control of the AmB aggregation state was observed by physicochemical characterization, this approach does not seem to have a sufficient effect on AmB permeability, but on its toxicity. For a complete understanding of AmB-loaded nanocarriers, other pathways, such as lymphatic absorption, should also be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Rodrigues Marcelino
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences (PPgCSa), Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal/RN 59012-570, Brazil; Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 8612, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay 91190, France; College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador/BA 40170-115, Brazil (Recent affiliation)
| | - Audrey Solgadi
- SFR IPSIT (Paris-Saclay Institute of Therapeutic Innovation), University Paris-Saclay, Orsay 91190, France
| | - Monique Chéron
- College of Pharmacy, University Paris-Saclay, Orsay 91190, France
| | | | - Gilles Ponchel
- Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 8612, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay 91190, France; College of Pharmacy, University Paris-Saclay, Orsay 91190, France
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23
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McConn BR, Kpodo KR, Rivier JE, Behan DP, Richert BT, Radcliffe JS, Lay DC, Johnson JS. Interactions between corticotropin releasing factor signaling and prophylactic antibiotics on measures of intestinal function in weaned and transported pigs. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1266409. [PMID: 37908333 PMCID: PMC10615255 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1266409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The study objective was to evaluate the interaction between corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) receptor signaling and prophylactic antibiotic administration on intestinal physiology in newly weaned and transported pigs. Pigs (n = 56; 5.70 ± 1.05 kg) were weaned (20.49 ± 0.64 d), a blood sample was taken, and then pigs were given an intraperitoneal injection of saline (SAL; n = 28 pigs) or a CRF receptor antagonist (CRFA; n = 28 pigs; 30 μg/kg body weight; Astressin B), and then were transported in a livestock trailer for 12 h and 49 min. A second and third intraperitoneal injection was given at 4 h 42 min and 11 h 36 min into the transport process, respectively. Following transport, 4 SAL and 4 CRFA pigs were blood sampled and euthanized. The remaining 48 pigs were individually housed and given dietary antibiotics [AB; n = 12 SAL and 12 CRFA pigs; chlortetracycline (441 ppm) + tiamulin (38.6 ppm)] or no dietary antibiotics (NAB; n = 12 SAL and 12 CRFA pigs) for 14 d post-transport. Blood was collected at 12 h and on d 3, 7, and 14, and then pigs were euthanized on d 7 (n = 24) and d 14 (n = 24) post-weaning and transport. Circulating cortisol was reduced (p = 0.05) in CRFA pigs when compared to SAL pigs post-weaning and transport. On d 7, jejunal villus height and crypt depth was greater overall (p < 0.05) in AB-fed pigs versus NAB-fed pigs. On d 14, ileal crypt depth was reduced (p = 0.02) in CRFA pigs when compared to SAL pigs. Jejunal CRF mRNA abundance tended to be reduced (p = 0.09) on d 7 in CRFA pigs versus SAL pigs. On d 14, jejunal tumor necrosis factor-alpha was reduced (p = 0.01) in AB-fed pigs versus NAB-fed pigs. On d 7, change in glucose short-circuit current tended to be increased (p = 0.07) in CRFA pigs fed the AB diet when compared to CRFA pigs fed the NAB diet. In conclusion, CRFA pigs and pigs fed AB had some similar biological intestinal function measures post-weaning and transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty R. McConn
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | | | - Jean E. Rivier
- Sentia Medical Sciences Inc, San Diego, CA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Donald C. Lay
- Livestock Behavior Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service (USDA), West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Jay S. Johnson
- Livestock Behavior Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service (USDA), West Lafayette, IN, United States
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24
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Canovai E, Farré R, Accarie A, Lauriola M, De Hertogh G, Vanuytsel T, Pirenne J, Ceulemans LJ. INT-767-A Dual Farnesoid-X Receptor (FXR) and Takeda G Protein-Coupled Receptor-5 (TGR5) Agonist Improves Survival in Rats and Attenuates Intestinal Ischemia Reperfusion Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14881. [PMID: 37834329 PMCID: PMC10573246 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal ischemia is a potentially catastrophic emergency, with a high rate of morbidity and mortality. Currently, no specific pharmacological treatments are available. Previous work demonstrated that pre-treatment with obeticholic acid (OCA) protected against ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI). Recently, a more potent and water-soluble version has been synthesized: Intercept 767 (INT-767). The aim of this study was to investigate if intravenous treatment with INT-767 can improve outcomes after IRI. In a validated rat model of IRI (60 min ischemia + 60 min reperfusion), three groups were investigated (n = 6/group): (i) sham: surgery without ischemia; (ii) IRI + vehicle; and (iii) IRI + INT-767. The vehicle (0.9% NaCl) or INT-767 (10 mg/kg) were administered intravenously 15 min after start of ischemia. Endpoints were 7-day survival, serum injury markers (L-lactate and I-FABP), histology (Park-Chiu and villus length), permeability (transepithelial electrical resistance and endotoxin translocation), and cytokine expression. Untreated, IRI was uniformly lethal by provoking severe inflammation and structural damage, leading to translocation and sepsis. INT-767 treatment significantly improved survival by reducing inflammation and preserving intestinal structural integrity. This study demonstrates that treatment with INT-767 15 min after onset of intestinal ischemia significantly decreases IRI and improves survival. The ability to administer INT-767 intravenously greatly enhances its clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Canovai
- Leuven Intestinal Failure and Transplantation Center (LIFT), University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium (T.V.); (L.J.C.)
- Department of Abdominal Transplant Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ricard Farré
- Translation Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alison Accarie
- Translation Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mara Lauriola
- Translation Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gert De Hertogh
- Leuven Intestinal Failure and Transplantation Center (LIFT), University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium (T.V.); (L.J.C.)
- Translational Cell and Tissue Research, Department of Imaging & Pathology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tim Vanuytsel
- Leuven Intestinal Failure and Transplantation Center (LIFT), University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium (T.V.); (L.J.C.)
- Translation Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jacques Pirenne
- Leuven Intestinal Failure and Transplantation Center (LIFT), University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium (T.V.); (L.J.C.)
- Department of Abdominal Transplant Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laurens J. Ceulemans
- Leuven Intestinal Failure and Transplantation Center (LIFT), University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium (T.V.); (L.J.C.)
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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25
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Toader C, Tataru CP, Florian IA, Covache-Busuioc RA, Dumitrascu DI, Glavan LA, Costin HP, Bratu BG, Ciurea AV. From Homeostasis to Pathology: Decoding the Multifaceted Impact of Aquaporins in the Central Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14340. [PMID: 37762642 PMCID: PMC10531540 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs), integral membrane proteins facilitating selective water and solute transport across cell membranes, have been the focus of extensive research over the past few decades. Particularly noteworthy is their role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and fluid balance in neural compartments, as dysregulated AQP expression is implicated in various degenerative and acute brain pathologies. This article provides an exhaustive review on the evolutionary history, molecular classification, and physiological relevance of aquaporins, emphasizing their significance in the central nervous system (CNS). The paper journeys through the early studies of water transport to the groundbreaking discovery of Aquaporin 1, charting the molecular intricacies that make AQPs unique. It delves into AQP distribution in mammalian systems, detailing their selective permeability through permeability assays. The article provides an in-depth exploration of AQP4 and AQP1 in the brain, examining their contribution to fluid homeostasis. Furthermore, it elucidates the interplay between AQPs and the glymphatic system, a critical framework for waste clearance and fluid balance in the brain. The dysregulation of AQP-mediated processes in this system hints at a strong association with neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's Disease, idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus, and Alzheimer's Disease. This relationship is further explored in the context of acute cerebral events such as stroke and autoimmune conditions such as neuromyelitis optica (NMO). Moreover, the article scrutinizes AQPs at the intersection of oncology and neurology, exploring their role in tumorigenesis, cell migration, invasiveness, and angiogenesis. Lastly, the article outlines emerging aquaporin-targeted therapies, offering a glimpse into future directions in combatting CNS malignancies and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corneliu Toader
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.T.); (R.-A.C.-B.); (D.-I.D.); (L.A.G.); (H.P.C.); (B.-G.B.); (A.V.C.)
- Department of Vascular Neurosurgery, National Institute of Neurology and Neurovascular Diseases, 077160 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Calin Petru Tataru
- Department of Opthamology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Central Military Emergency Hospital “Dr. Carol Davila”, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ioan-Alexandru Florian
- Department of Neurosciences, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Razvan-Adrian Covache-Busuioc
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.T.); (R.-A.C.-B.); (D.-I.D.); (L.A.G.); (H.P.C.); (B.-G.B.); (A.V.C.)
| | - David-Ioan Dumitrascu
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.T.); (R.-A.C.-B.); (D.-I.D.); (L.A.G.); (H.P.C.); (B.-G.B.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Luca Andrei Glavan
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.T.); (R.-A.C.-B.); (D.-I.D.); (L.A.G.); (H.P.C.); (B.-G.B.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Horia Petre Costin
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.T.); (R.-A.C.-B.); (D.-I.D.); (L.A.G.); (H.P.C.); (B.-G.B.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Bogdan-Gabriel Bratu
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.T.); (R.-A.C.-B.); (D.-I.D.); (L.A.G.); (H.P.C.); (B.-G.B.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Alexandru Vlad Ciurea
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.T.); (R.-A.C.-B.); (D.-I.D.); (L.A.G.); (H.P.C.); (B.-G.B.); (A.V.C.)
- Neurosurgery Department, Sanador Clinical Hospital, 010991 Bucharest, Romania
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26
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Wan H, Li J, Chen X, Sellers ZM, Dong H. Divergent roles of estrogen receptor subtypes in regulating estrogen-modulated colonic ion transports and epithelial repair. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105068. [PMID: 37468102 PMCID: PMC10448179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Although it was described previously for estrogen (E2) regulation of intestinal epithelial Cl- and HCO3- secretion in sex difference, almost nothing is known about the roles of estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes in regulating E2-modulated epithelial ion transports and epithelial restitution. Here, we aimed to investigate ERα and ERβ subtypes in the regulation of E2-modulated colonic epithelial HCO3- and Cl- secretion and epithelial restitution. Through physiological and biochemical studies, in combination of genetic knockdown, we showed that ERα attenuated female colonic Cl- secretion but promoted Ca2+-dependent HCO3- secretion via store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) mechanism in mice. However, ERβ attenuated HCO3- secretion by inhibiting Ca2+via the SOCE and inhibiting cAMP via protein kinases. Moreover, ERα but not ERβ promoted epithelial cell restitution via SOCE/Ca2+ signaling. ERα also enhanced cyclin D1, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and β-catenin expression in normal human colonic epithelial cells. All ERα-mediated biological effects could be attenuated by its selective antagonist and genetic knockdown. Finally, both ERα and ERβ were expressed in human colonic epithelial cells and mouse colonic tissues. We therefore conclude that E2 modulates complex colonic epithelial HCO3- and Cl- secretion via ER subtype-dependent mechanisms and that ERα is specifically responsible for colonic epithelial regeneration. This study provides novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of how ERα and ERβ subtypes orchestrate functional homeostasis of normal colonic epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxing Wan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junhui Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiongying Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China
| | - Zachary M Sellers
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology & Nutrition, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA.
| | - Hui Dong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China.
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27
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Nickerson AJ, Rajendran VM. Dietary Na + depletion up-regulates NKCC1 expression and enhances electrogenic Cl - secretion in rat proximal colon. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:209. [PMID: 37458846 PMCID: PMC11073443 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04857-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
The corticosteroid hormone, aldosterone, markedly enhances K+ secretion throughout the colon, a mechanism critical to its role in maintaining overall K+ balance. Previous studies demonstrated that basolateral NKCC1 was up-regulated by aldosterone in the distal colon specifically to support K+ secretion-which is distinct from the more well-established role of NKCC1 in supporting luminal Cl- secretion. However, considerable segmental variability exists between proximal and distal colonic ion transport processes, especially concerning their regulation by aldosterone. Furthermore, delineating such region-specific effects has important implications for the management of various gastrointestinal pathologies. Experiments were therefore designed to determine whether aldosterone similarly up-regulates NKCC1 in the proximal colon to support K+ secretion. Using dietary Na+ depletion as a model of secondary hyperaldosteronism in rats, we found that proximal colon NKCC1 expression was indeed enhanced in Na+-depleted (i.e., hyperaldosteronemic) rats. Surprisingly, electrogenic K+ secretion was not detectable by short-circuit current (ISC) measurements in response to either basolateral bumetanide (NKCC1 inhibitor) or luminal Ba2+ (non-selective K+ channel blocker), despite enhanced K+ secretion in Na+-depleted rats, as measured by 86Rb+ fluxes. Expression of BK and IK channels was also found to be unaltered by dietary Na+ depletion. However, bumetanide-sensitive basal and agonist-stimulated Cl- secretion (ISC) were significantly enhanced by Na+ depletion, as was CFTR Cl- channel expression. These data suggest that NKCC1-dependent secretory pathways are differentially regulated by aldosterone in proximal and distal colon. Development of therapeutic strategies in treating pathologies related to aberrant colonic K+/Cl- transport-such as pseudo-obstruction or ulcerative colitis-may benefit from these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Nickerson
- Departments of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, West Virginia University School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
- University of Pittsburgh, S929 Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Vazhaikkurichi M Rajendran
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, West Virginia University School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
- Department of Medicine, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA.
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28
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Perez-Diaz-Del-Campo N, Castelnuovo G, Ribaldone DG, Caviglia GP. Fecal and Circulating Biomarkers for the Non-Invasive Assessment of Intestinal Permeability. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13111976. [PMID: 37296827 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13111976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of intestinal permeability is gaining growing interest due to its relevance in the onset and progression of several gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinal diseases. Though the involvement of impaired intestinal permeability in the pathophysiology of such diseases is recognized, there is currently a need to identify non-invasive biomarkers or tools that are able to accurately detect alterations in intestinal barrier integrity. On the one hand, promising results have been reported for novel in vivo methods based on paracellular probes, i.e., methods that can directly assess paracellular permeability and, on the other hand, on fecal and circulating biomarkers able to indirectly assess epithelial barrier integrity and functionality. In this review, we aimed to summarize the current knowledge on the intestinal barrier and epithelial transport pathways and to provide an overview of the methods already available or currently under investigation for the measurement of intestinal permeability.
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29
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Nimmansophon P, Wanasathop A, Li SK. Lateral Transport During Membrane Permeation in Diffusion Cell: In Silico Study on Edge Effect and Membrane Blocking. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:1653-1663. [PMID: 36731779 PMCID: PMC10192071 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Membrane transport in diffusion cell studies is not one-dimensional from the donor to the receptor. Lateral diffusion within the membrane into the surrounding clamped region can lead to edge effect. Lateral diffusion can also affect the impact of an object blocking the membrane in a diffusion cell. The effects of lateral transport on permeation across a two-layer membrane in diffusion cells were investigated in this study under edge effect and membrane blocking conditions that could be encountered in previous gingiva and hypothetical skin permeation studies. Model simulations of time-dependent and steady-state transport were performed using COMSOL Multiphysics. The simulations indicated edge effect could increase the steady-state flux across the membrane up to 35% with a relatively thick membrane and small diffusion cell opening (e.g., gingiva study). The edge effect decreased when the relative thickness and permeability of the major barrier (top layer in the two-layer membrane) decreased. When the membrane was partially blocked by an object, lateral diffusion within the membrane could mitigate its impact: e.g., when the object was in the receptor, the impact caused by membrane blocking was reduced more than half. Therefore, membrane lateral transport should be considered under certain circumstances in permeation studies using diffusion cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patcharawan Nimmansophon
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States
| | - Apipa Wanasathop
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States
| | - S Kevin Li
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States.
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Breznik JA, Jury J, Verdú EF, Sloboda DM, Bowdish DME. Diet-induced obesity alters intestinal monocyte-derived and tissue-resident macrophages and increases intestinal permeability in female mice independent of tumor necrosis factor. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2023; 324:G305-G321. [PMID: 36749921 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00231.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are essential for homeostatic maintenance of the anti-inflammatory and tolerogenic intestinal environment, yet monocyte-derived macrophages can promote local inflammation. Proinflammatory macrophage accumulation within the intestines may contribute to the development of systemic chronic inflammation and immunometabolic dysfunction in obesity. Using a model of high-fat diet-induced obesity in C57BL/6J female mice, we assessed intestinal paracellular permeability by in vivo and ex vivo assays and quantitated intestinal macrophages in ileum and colon tissues by multicolor flow cytometry after short (6 wk), intermediate (12 wk), and prolonged (18 wk) diet allocation. We characterized monocyte-derived CD4-TIM4- and CD4+TIM4- macrophages, as well as tissue-resident CD4+TIM4+ macrophages. Diet-induced obesity had tissue- and time-dependent effects on intestinal permeability, as well as monocyte and macrophage numbers, surface marker phenotype, and intracellular production of the cytokines IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). We found that obese mice had increased paracellular permeability, in particular within the ileum, but this did not elicit recruitment of monocytes nor a local proinflammatory response by monocyte-derived or tissue-resident macrophages in either the ileum or colon. Proliferation of monocyte-derived and tissue-resident macrophages was also unchanged. Wild-type and TNF-/- littermate mice had similar intestinal permeability and macrophage population characteristics in response to diet-induced obesity. These data are unique from reported effects of diet-induced obesity on macrophages in metabolic tissues, as well as outcomes of acute inflammation within the intestines. These experiments also collectively indicate that TNF does not mediate effects of diet-induced obesity on paracellular permeability or intestinal monocyte-derived and tissue-resident intestinal macrophages in young female mice.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We found that diet-induced obesity in female mice has tissue- and time-dependent effects on intestinal paracellular permeability as well as monocyte-derived and tissue-resident macrophage numbers, surface marker phenotype, and intracellular production of the cytokines IL-10 and TNF. These changes were not mediated by TNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Breznik
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer Jury
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elena F Verdú
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Deborah M Sloboda
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dawn M E Bowdish
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Hanning N, Verboven R, De Man JG, Ceuleers H, De Schepper HU, Smet A, De Winter BY. Single-day and multi-day exposure to orogastric gavages does not affect intestinal barrier function in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2023; 324:G281-G294. [PMID: 36749571 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00203.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Animals involved in common laboratory procedures experience minor levels of stress. The direct effect of limited amounts of stress on gastrointestinal function has not been reported yet. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the effect of single-day and multi-day orogastric gavages on gut physiology in mice. To this end, 12-wk-old female C57Bl6/J mice were randomized to receive treatment with sterile water (200 µL) delivered by orogastric gavages twice daily for a total of 1 or 10 day(s). Control animals did not receive any treatment. Subsequently, gastrointestinal function was assessed by measuring fecal pellet production. Furthermore, ex vivo intestinal barrier and secretory function of the distal colon, proximal colon, and terminal ileum were quantified in Ussing chambers. In mice, single-day gavages did neither influence corticosterone levels nor gastrointestinal function. In mice exposed to multi-day gavages, corticosterone levels were slightly but significantly increased compared with controls after 10 days of treatment. Gastrointestinal motor function was altered, as evidenced by increased fecal pellet counts and a small increase in fecal water content. However, exposure to repeated gavages did not lead to detectable alterations in gastrointestinal barrier function as quantified by the paracellular flux of the probe 4 kDa FITC-dextran as well as transepithelial resistance measurements. Thus, the administration of drugs via single-day or multi-day orogastric gavages leads to no or minor stress in mice, respectively. In both cases, it does not hamper the study of the intestinal barrier function and therefore remains a valuable administration route in preclinical pharmacological research.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Exposure of mice to serial orogastric gavages over the course of 10 days leads to a small but significant increase in plasma corticosterone levels, indicating the presence of a limited amount of stress that is absent after a single-day treatment. This minor stress after multi-day gavages results in increased fecal pellet production and fecal water content in exposed compared with nontreated mice but does not affect the intestinal barrier function in the distal colon, proximal colon, or terminal ileum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Hanning
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics and Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Rosanne Verboven
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Joris G De Man
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics and Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hannah Ceuleers
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics and Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Heiko U De Schepper
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics and Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Annemieke Smet
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics and Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Benedicte Y De Winter
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics and Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
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Billipp TE, Fung C, Webeck LM, Sargent DB, Gologorsky MB, McDaniel MM, Kasal DN, McGinty JW, Barrow KA, Rich LM, Barilli A, Sabat M, Debley JS, Myers R, Howitt MR, von Moltke J. Tuft cell-derived acetylcholine regulates epithelial fluid secretion. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.17.533208. [PMID: 36993541 PMCID: PMC10055254 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.17.533208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Tuft cells are solitary chemosensory epithelial cells that can sense lumenal stimuli at mucosal barriers and secrete effector molecules to regulate the physiology and immune state of their surrounding tissue. In the small intestine, tuft cells detect parasitic worms (helminths) and microbe-derived succinate, and signal to immune cells to trigger a Type 2 immune response that leads to extensive epithelial remodeling spanning several days. Acetylcholine (ACh) from airway tuft cells has been shown to stimulate acute changes in breathing and mucocilliary clearance, but its function in the intestine is unknown. Here we show that tuft cell chemosensing in the intestine leads to release of ACh, but that this does not contribute to immune cell activation or associated tissue remodeling. Instead, tuft cell-derived ACh triggers immediate fluid secretion from neighboring epithelial cells into the intestinal lumen. This tuft cell-regulated fluid secretion is amplified during Type 2 inflammation, and helminth clearance is delayed in mice lacking tuft cell ACh. The coupling of the chemosensory function of tuft cells with fluid secretion creates an epithelium-intrinsic response unit that effects a physiological change within seconds of activation. This response mechanism is shared by tuft cells across tissues, and serves to regulate the epithelial secretion that is both a hallmark of Type 2 immunity and an essential component of homeostatic maintenance at mucosal barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler E. Billipp
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Connie Fung
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lily M. Webeck
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Derek B. Sargent
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Matthew B. Gologorsky
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Margaret M. McDaniel
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Darshan N. Kasal
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - John W. McGinty
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kaitlyn A. Barrow
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lucille M. Rich
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Mark Sabat
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jason S. Debley
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Seattle Children’s Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Michael R. Howitt
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jakob von Moltke
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
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The ClC-2 Chloride Channel Activator, Lubiprostone, Improves Intestinal Barrier Function in Biopsies from Crohn’s Disease but Not Ulcerative Colitis Patients. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030811. [PMID: 36986672 PMCID: PMC10053841 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The prostone analog, lubiprostone, is approved to manage constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Lubiprostone also protects intestinal mucosal barrier function in animal models of colitis. The aim of this study was to determine if lubiprostone improves barrier properties in isolated colonic biopsies from Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) patients. Sigmoid colon biopsies from healthy subjects, CD and UC patients in remission, and CD patients with active disease were mounted in Ussing chambers. Tissues were treated with lubiprostone or vehicle to determine the effects on transepithelial electrical resistance (TER), FITC-dextran 4kD (FD4) permeability, and electrogenic ion transport responses to forskolin and carbachol. Localization of the tight junction protein, occludin, was determined by immunofluorescence. Lubiprostone significantly increased ion transport across control, CD and UC remission biopsies but not active CD. Lubiprostone selectively improved TER in both CD remission and active disease biopsies but not in control or UC biopsies. The improved TER was associated with increased membrane localization of occludin. Lubiprostone selectively improved barrier properties of biopsies from CD patients vs. UC and independent of an ion transport response. These data indicate that lubiprostone has potential efficacy in improving mucosal integrity in Crohn’s disease.
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Dijk W, Villa C, Benedé S, Vassilopoulou E, Mafra I, Garrido-Arandia M, Martínez Blanco M, Bouchaud G, Hoppenbrouwers T, Bavaro SL, Giblin L, Knipping K, Castro AM, Delgado S, Costa J, Bastiaan-Net S. Critical features of an in vitro intestinal absorption model to study the first key aspects underlying food allergen sensitization. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:971-1005. [PMID: 36546415 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
New types of protein sources will enter our diet in a near future, reinforcing the need for a straightforward in vitro (cell-based) screening model to test and predict the safety of these novel proteins, in particular their potential risk for de novo allergic sensitization. The Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) for allergen sensitization describes the current knowledge of key events underlying the complex cellular interactions that proceed allergic food sensitization. Currently, there is no consensus on the in vitro model to study the intestinal translocation of proteins as well as the epithelial activation, which comprise the first molecular initiation events (ME1-3) and the first key event of the AOP, respectively. As members of INFOGEST, we have highlighted several critical features that should be considered for any proposed in vitro model to study epithelial protein transport in the context of allergic sensitization. In addition, we defined which intestinal cell types are indispensable in a consensus model of the first steps of the AOP, and which cell types are optional or desired when there is the possibility to create a more complex cell model. A model of these first key aspects of the AOP can be used to study the gut epithelial translocation behavior of known hypo- and hyperallergens, juxtaposed to the transport behavior of novel proteins as a first screen for risk management of dietary proteins. Indeed, this disquisition forms a basis for the development of a future consensus model of the allergic sensitization cascade, comprising also the other key events (KE2-5).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caterina Villa
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Benedé
- Department of Bioactivity and Food Analysis, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilia Vassilopoulou
- Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Isabel Mafra
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - María Garrido-Arandia
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Martínez Blanco
- Department of Bioactivity and Food Analysis, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Tamara Hoppenbrouwers
- Food Quality & Design, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Simona Lucia Bavaro
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (Ispa-Cnr), Campus Universitario Ecotekne, Lecce, Italy
| | - Linda Giblin
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
| | | | - Ana Maria Castro
- Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Spain
- Functionality and Ecology of Beneficial Microbes, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Susana Delgado
- Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Spain
- Functionality and Ecology of Beneficial Microbes, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Joana Costa
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Shanna Bastiaan-Net
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Cortez BRDS, Guedes RMC. A review on the evolution of methods for intestinal in vitro organ culture and its application in veterinary science. Vet World 2023; 16:347-356. [PMID: 37042004 PMCID: PMC10082705 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.347-356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Different techniques have been reported in studies of intestinal in vitro organ culture (IVOC). A robust compilation of all available methods is lacking in the literature, making it difficult to choose a method that corresponds to the study's demands. In this review, readers can assess the most available methods, allowing them to evaluate which is more suitable for their purposes and requirements. A simplified view of culturing intestinal explants is presented, highlighting the approachability of IVOC. Relevant findings from diverse veterinarian studies, where explants played a major role, as well as the technique used in each, are described to illustrate its applications. Finally, the strengths and limitations of the innovative intestinal IVOC methods are discussed. This review provides a collection of methods for intestinal explant culture and their possible applications in veterinary research. In this way, it aims to broaden access to IVOC techniques and aid decision-making regarding the best suited for a study's purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ribeiro de Souza Cortez
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Tsai K, Ma C, Han X, Allaire J, Healey GR, Crowley SM, Yu H, Jacobson K, Xia L, Priatel JJ, Vallance BA. Highly Sensitive, Flow Cytometry-Based Measurement of Intestinal Permeability in Models of Experimental Colitis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 15:425-438. [PMID: 36244647 PMCID: PMC9791122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Increased intestinal permeability is seen in a variety of inflammatory conditions such as enteric infections and inflammatory bowel disease. Because barrier function can provide a key biomarker of disease severity, it often is assayed in animal models. A common methodology involves gavaging mice with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated dextran (FITC-D), followed by cardiac puncture to assay plasma fluorescence on a spectrophotometer. Although the FITC-D method is relatively simple, its sensitivity is limited and enables only a single measurement because the test requires killing the subject. Herein, we describe a novel flow cytometry-based method of intestinal permeability measurement based on detection of orally gavaged ovalbumin (OVA) that leaks out of the gut. Our approach uses minute blood volumes collected from the tail vein, permitting repeated testing of the same subject at multiple time points. By comparing this assay against the gold standard FITC-D method, we show the expanded utility of our OVA assay in measuring intestinal permeability. METHODS We directly compared our OVA assay against the FITC-D assay by co-administering both probes orally to the same animals and subsequently using their respective methodologies to measure intestinal permeability by detecting probe levels in the plasma. Permeability was assessed in mice genetically deficient in intestinal mucus production or glycosylation. In addition, wild-type mice undergoing dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis or infected by the enteric bacterial pathogen Citrobacter rodentium also were tested. RESULTS The OVA assay showed very high efficacy in all animal models of intestinal barrier dysfunction tested. Besides identifying intestinal barrier dysfunction in mice with impaired mucin glycosylation, the assay also allowed for repeated tracking of intestinal permeability within the same animal over time, providing data that cannot be easily acquired with other currently applied methods. CONCLUSIONS The OVA assay is a highly sensitive and effective method of measuring intestinal permeability in mouse models of barrier dysfunction and experimental colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Tsai
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Caixia Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Xiao Han
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Joannie Allaire
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Genelle R Healey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shauna M Crowley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hongbing Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kevan Jacobson
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lijun Xia
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - John J Priatel
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bruce A Vallance
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Genetic and environmental circadian disruption induce weight gain through changes in the gut microbiome. Mol Metab 2022; 66:101628. [PMID: 36334897 PMCID: PMC9672454 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Internal clocks time behavior and physiology, including the gut microbiome, in a circadian (∼24 h) manner. Mismatch between internal and external time, e.g. during shift work, disrupts circadian system coordination promoting the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Conversely, body weight changes induce microbiota dysbiosis. The relationship between circadian disruption and microbiota dysbiosis in metabolic diseases, however, remains largely unknown. METHODS Core and accessory clock gene expression in different gastrointestinal (GI) tissues were determined by qPCR in two different models of circadian disruption - mice with Bmal1 deficiency in the circadian pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (Bmal1SCNfl/-), and wild-type mice exposed to simulated shift work (SSW). Body composition and energy balance were evaluated by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), bomb calorimetry, food intake and running-wheel activity. Intestinal permeability was measured in an Ussing chamber. Microbiota composition and functionality were evaluated by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, PICRUST2.0 analysis and targeted metabolomics. Finally, microbiota transfer was conducted to evaluate the functional impact of SSW-associated microbiota on the host's physiology. RESULTS Both chronodisruption models show desynchronization within and between peripheral clocks in GI tissues and reduced microbial rhythmicity, in particular in taxa involved in short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) fermentation and lipid metabolism. In Bmal1SCNfl/- mice, loss of rhythmicity in microbial functioning associates with previously shown increased body weight, dysfunctional glucose homeostasis and adiposity. Similarly, we observe an increase in body weight in SSW mice. Germ-free colonization experiments with SSW-associated microbiota mechanistically link body weight gain to microbial changes. Moreover, alterations in expression of peripheral clock genes as well as clock-controlled genes (CCGs) relevant for metabolic functioning of the host were observed in recipients, indicating a bidirectional relationship between microbiota rhythmicity and peripheral clock regulation. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our data suggest that loss of rhythmicity in bacteria taxa and their products, which likely originates in desynchronization of intestinal clocks, promotes metabolic abnormalities during shift work.
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Beanland BT, McNeill EP, Sequeira DJ, Xue H, Shroyer NF, Speer AL. Investigation of murine host sex as a biological variable in epithelial barrier function and muscle contractility in human intestinal organoids. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22613. [PMID: 36250916 PMCID: PMC9645459 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101740rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal failure (IF) occurs when intestinal surface area or function is not sufficient to support digestion and nutrient absorption. Human intestinal organoid (HIO)-derived tissue-engineered intestine is a potential cure for IF. Research to date has demonstrated successful HIO transplantation (tHIO) into mice with significant in vivo maturation. An area lacking in the literature is exploration of murine host sex as a biological variable (SABV) in tHIO function. In this study, we investigate murine host SABV in tHIO epithelial barrier function and muscle contractility. HIOs were generated in vitro and transplanted into nonobese diabetic, severe combined immunodeficiency gamma chain deficient male and female mice. tHIOs were harvested after 8-12 weeks in vivo. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry were conducted to compare tight junctions and contractility-related markers in tHIOs. An Ussing chamber and contractility apparatus were used to evaluate tHIO epithelial barrier and muscle contractile function, respectively. The expression and morphology of tight junction and contractility-related markers from tHIOs in male and female murine hosts is not significantly different. Epithelial barrier function as measured by transepithelial resistance, short circuit current, and fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran permeability is no different in tHIOs from male and female hosts, although these results may be limited by HIO epithelial immaturity and a short flux time. Muscle contractility as measured by total contractile activity, amplitude, frequency, and tension is not significantly different in tHIOs from male and female hosts. The data suggest that murine host sex may not be a significant biological variable influencing tHIO function, specifically epithelial barrier maintenance and muscle contractility, though limitations exist in our model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke T. Beanland
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Eoin P. McNeill
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - David J. Sequeira
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Hasen Xue
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Noah F. Shroyer
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Allison L. Speer
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
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The impact of inflammation on the expression of drug transporters and metabolic enzymes in colonic tissue from ulcerative colitis patients. Int J Pharm 2022; 628:122282. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
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Koehler S, Springer A, Issel N, Klinger S, Wendt M, Breves G, Strube C. Effects of adult Ascaris suum and their antigens (total and trans-cuticular excretory-secretory antigen, cuticular somatic antigen) on intestinal nutrient transport in vivo. Parasitology 2022; 150:1-34. [PMID: 36274629 PMCID: PMC10090646 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182022001512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Ascaris suum constitutes a major problem in commercial pig farming worldwide. Lower weight gains in infected pigs probably result from impaired nutrient absorption. This study investigated intestinal nutrient transport in 4 groups of 6 pigs each, which were inoculated with 30 living adult A. suum , or antigen fractions consisting of (1) total excretory–secretory (ES) antigens of adult worms, (2) ES antigens secreted exclusively from the parasites' body surface (trans-cuticular ES) and (3) cuticular somatic antigens of A. suum , compared to placebo-treated controls. Three days after inoculation into the gastrointestinal tract, glucose, alanine and glycyl-l -glutamine transport was measured in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum using Ussing chambers. Transcription of relevant genes [sodium glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1), glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), GLUT2, hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (Hif1α ), interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-13, signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6), peptide transporter 1 (PepT1)] and expression of transport proteins [SGLT1, phosphorylated SGLT1, GLUT2, Na+/K+-ATPase, amino acid transporter A (ASCT1), PepT1] were studied. Although no significant functional changes were noted after exposure to adult A. suum , a significant downregulation of jejunal GLUT1, STAT6, Hif1α and PepT1 transcription as well as ileal GLUT2 and PepT1 expression indicates a negative impact of infection on transport physiology. Therefore, the exposure period of 3 days may have been insufficient for functional alterations to become apparent. In contrast, A. suum antigens mainly induced an upregulation of transport processes and an increase in transcription of relevant genes in the duodenum and jejunum, possibly as a compensatory reaction after a transient downregulation. In the ileum, a consistent pattern of downregulation was observed in all inoculated groups, in line with the hypothesis of impaired nutrient transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarina Koehler
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Andrea Springer
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Nicole Issel
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Stefanie Klinger
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Michael Wendt
- Clinic for Swine, Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Gerhard Breves
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Christina Strube
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
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Regulation of nutrient and electrolyte absorption in human organoid-derived intestinal epithelial cell monolayers. Transl Res 2022; 248:22-35. [PMID: 35513245 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2022.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Recently developed human intestinal epithelial 3D organoid cultures are a useful cell culture model to study intestinal transport physiology. From these, 2D monolayer cultures can be generated in which apical transporters are exposed to the medium, thereby better facilitating in vitro investigation of intestinal absorption processes. However, whether nutrient and electrolyte absorption can be physiologically regulated in human organoid-derived monolayers has not been determined. Constitutive nitric oxide (cNO) is known to regulate multiple gastrointestinal physiological functions. Previous studies using in vivo and in vitro mammalian animal models indicate that enhanced intracellular cNO differentially regulates the two primary apical Na transporters in small intestinal epithelial cells. Here, we generated human jejunal organoid-derived monolayers to determine whether apical nutrient and electrolyte transporter function is regulated by cNO in human enterocytes. Western blot analysis and immunocytochemical staining showed that organoid-derived 2D cultures express markers of enterocyte differentiation and form intact monolayers of apical-basal polarized epithelial cells. Uptake studies demonstrated that jejunal monolayers exhibit functional activity of Na-glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1; SLC5A1) and Na-H exchanger 3 (NHE3; SLC9A3). In response to physiological increases in cNO, the two primary apical Na transporters were differentially regulated in human intestinal organoid-derived monolayers, across multiple human specimens. An increase in cNO stimulated SGLT1, while NHE3 was inhibited. These results are similar to what is seen in vivo and in vitro in different animal intestinal models. Thus, human jejunal organoid-derived monolayers are an ideal in vitro model to better understand how intestinal nutrient absorption is regulated.
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Lundquist P, Khodus G, Niu Z, Thwala LN, McCartney F, Simoff I, Andersson E, Beloqui A, Mabondzo A, Robla S, Webb DL, Hellström PM, Keita ÅV, Sima E, Csaba N, Sundbom M, Preat V, Brayden DJ, Alonso MJ, Artursson P. Barriers to the Intestinal Absorption of Four Insulin-Loaded Arginine-Rich Nanoparticles in Human and Rat. ACS NANO 2022; 16:14210-14229. [PMID: 35998570 PMCID: PMC9527806 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c04330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Peptide drugs and biologics provide opportunities for treatments of many diseases. However, due to their poor stability and permeability in the gastrointestinal tract, the oral bioavailability of peptide drugs is negligible. Nanoparticle formulations have been proposed to circumvent these hurdles, but systemic exposure of orally administered peptide drugs has remained elusive. In this study, we investigated the absorption mechanisms of four insulin-loaded arginine-rich nanoparticles displaying differing composition and surface characteristics, developed within the pan-European consortium TRANS-INT. The transport mechanisms and major barriers to nanoparticle permeability were investigated in freshly isolated human jejunal tissue. Cytokine release profiles and standard toxicity markers indicated that the nanoparticles were nontoxic. Three out of four nanoparticles displayed pronounced binding to the mucus layer and did not reach the epithelium. One nanoparticle composed of a mucus inert shell and cell-penetrating octarginine (ENCP), showed significant uptake by the intestinal epithelium corresponding to 28 ± 9% of the administered nanoparticle dose, as determined by super-resolution microscopy. Only a small fraction of nanoparticles taken up by epithelia went on to be transcytosed via a dynamin-dependent process. In situ studies in intact rat jejunal loops confirmed the results from human tissue regarding mucus binding, epithelial uptake, and negligible insulin bioavailability. In conclusion, while none of the four arginine-rich nanoparticles supported systemic insulin delivery, ENCP displayed a consistently high uptake along the intestinal villi. It is proposed that ENCP should be further investigated for local delivery of therapeutics to the intestinal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Lundquist
- Department
of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, SE-751 43 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Georgiy Khodus
- Department
of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, SE-751 43 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Zhigao Niu
- Department
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, CIMUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela ES 15782, Spain
| | - Lungile Nomcebo Thwala
- Department
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, CIMUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela ES 15782, Spain
- Université
catholique de Louvain, UCLouvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute,
Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, BE 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fiona McCartney
- UCD
School of Veterinary Medicine, University
College Dublin, Belfield D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Ivailo Simoff
- Department
of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, SE-751 43 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ellen Andersson
- Department
of Surgery in Norrköping, Linköping
University, SE-581 83 Norrköping, Sweden
- Department
of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping
University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ana Beloqui
- Université
catholique de Louvain, UCLouvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute,
Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, BE 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Aloise Mabondzo
- CEA,
Institute of Biology and Technology of Saclay, Department of Pharmacology
and Immunoanalysis, Gif sur Yvette FR 91191, France
| | - Sandra Robla
- Department
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, CIMUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela ES 15782, Spain
| | - Dominic-Luc Webb
- Department
of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per M. Hellström
- Department
of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Åsa V Keita
- Department
of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping
University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Eduardo Sima
- Department
of Surgical Sciences−Upper Abdominal Surgery, Uppsala University, SE-751
85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Noemi Csaba
- Department
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, CIMUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela ES 15782, Spain
| | - Magnus Sundbom
- Department
of Surgical Sciences−Upper Abdominal Surgery, Uppsala University, SE-751
85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Veronique Preat
- Université
catholique de Louvain, UCLouvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute,
Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, BE 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - David J. Brayden
- UCD
School of Veterinary Medicine, University
College Dublin, Belfield D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Maria Jose Alonso
- Department
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, CIMUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela ES 15782, Spain
| | - Per Artursson
- Department
of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, SE-751 43 Uppsala, Sweden
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Fu L, Liu H, Chen W, Hooft JM, Øverland M, Cai W, Han D, Zhu X, Yang Y, Jin J, Xie S. Enhancement of liver mitochondrial complex I and energy metabolism induced by enteritis: The key role of gut microbiota derived endotoxins. Front Immunol 2022; 13:981917. [PMID: 36119070 PMCID: PMC9479464 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.981917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is an energy-intensive process and the liver is a key organ in energy regulation. Since the intestine and liver exchange nutrients and metabolites, enteritis can affect the liver. To investigate the correlation between enteritis and liver metabolism, we developed an intestinal inflammation model with concentration-dependent 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) in gibel carp (Carassius gibelio). The results showed the dysregulation of intestinal tight junction, increased permeability of the gut barrier, and apoptosis of epithelial cells during the development of enteritis. The liver metabolome was analyzed by LC-MS and the live respiration was determined using Oxygraph-2k. The results showed that glycolysis, the TCA cycle and pyrimidine metabolism were affected by intestinal inflammation. In particular, the activity of hepatic mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I was significantly increased. Structure and abundance changes of gut microbiota were analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing analysis. Pathogenic bacteria in the intestine, as well as plasma LPS, increased significantly. Using a liver cell line, we verified that the dysfunctional metabolism of the liver is related to the dislocation of LPS. All results imply the existence of a connection between enteritis and liver metabolism in gibel carp, and the gut microbiome plays a critical role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lele Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Fresh Water Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haokun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fresh Water Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Haokun Liu,
| | - Wen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fresh Water Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jamie Marie Hooft
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Margareth Øverland
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Wanjie Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Fresh Water Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Fresh Water Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Fresh Water Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunxia Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fresh Water Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Junyan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Fresh Water Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Shouqi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Fresh Water Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, Wuhan, China
- The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Rzeznitzeck J, Breves G, Rychlik I, Hoerr FJ, von Altrock A, Rath A, Rautenschlein S. The effect of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli colonization on the gut morphology, functional integrity, and microbiota composition of female turkeys. Gut Pathog 2022; 14:33. [PMID: 35922874 PMCID: PMC9347085 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-022-00508-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Campylobacter (C.) species are the most common bacterial cause of foodborne diarrhea in humans. Despite colonization, most animals do not show clinical signs, making recognition of affected flocks and disruption of the infection chain before slaughter challenging. Turkeys are often cocolonized with C. jejuni and C. coli. To understand the pathogen-host-interaction in the context of two different Campylobacter species, we compared the colonization patterns and quantities in mono- and co-colonized female commercial turkeys. In three repeated experiments we investigated the impact on gut morphology, functional integrity, and microbiota composition as parameters of gut health at seven, 14, and 28 days post-inoculation. RESULTS Despite successful Campylobacter colonization, clinical signs or pathological lesions were not observed. C. coli persistently colonized the distal intestinal tract and at a higher load compared to C. jejuni. Both strains were isolated from livers and spleens, occurring more frequently in C. jejuni- and co-inoculated turkeys. Especially in C. jejuni-positive animals, translocation was accompanied by local heterophil infiltration, villus blunting, and shallower crypts. Increased permeability and lower electrogenic ion transport of the cecal mucosa were also observed. A lower relative abundance of Clostridia UCG-014, Lachnospiraceae, and Lactobacillaceae was noted in all inoculated groups compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS In sum, C. jejuni affects gut health and may interfere with productivity in turkeys. Despite a higher cecal load, the impact of C. coli on investigated parameters was less pronounced. Interestingly, gut morphology and functional integrity were also less affected in co-inoculated animals while the C. jejuni load decreased over time, suggesting C. coli may outcompete C. jejuni. Since a microbiota shift was observed in all inoculated groups, future Campylobacter intervention strategies may involve stabilization of the gut microbiota, making it more resilient to Campylobacter colonization in the first place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Rzeznitzeck
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gerhard Breves
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ivan Rychlik
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 621 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Frederic J Hoerr
- Veterinary Diagnostics Pathology, LLC, 638 South Fort Valley Road, VA, 22652, Fort Valley, United States of America
| | - Alexandra von Altrock
- Clinic for Swine, Small Ruminants and Forensic Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexandra Rath
- Clinic for Swine, Small Ruminants and Forensic Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Hannover, Germany
| | - Silke Rautenschlein
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
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Farquhar RE, Cheung TT, Logue MJE, McDonald FJ, Devor DC, Hamilton KL. Role of SNARE Proteins in the Insertion of KCa3.1 in the Plasma Membrane of a Polarized Epithelium. Front Physiol 2022; 13:905834. [PMID: 35832483 PMCID: PMC9271999 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.905834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting proteins to a specific membrane is crucial for proper epithelial cell function. KCa3.1, a calcium-activated, intermediate-conductance potassium channel, is targeted to the basolateral membrane (BLM) in epithelial cells. Surprisingly, the mechanism of KCa3.1 membrane targeting is poorly understood. We previously reported that targeting of KCa3.1 to the BLM of epithelial cells is Myosin-Vc-, Rab1-and Rab8-dependent. Here, we examine the role of the SNARE proteins VAMP3, SNAP-23 and syntaxin 4 (STX-4) in the targeting of KCa3.1 to the BLM of Fischer rat thyroid (FRT) epithelial cells. We carried out immunoblot, siRNA and Ussing chamber experiments on FRT cells, stably expressing KCa3.1-BLAP/Bir-A-KDEL, grown as high-resistance monolayers. siRNA-mediated knockdown of VAMP3 reduced BLM expression of KCa3.1 by 57 ± 5% (p ≤ 0.05, n = 5). Measurements of BLM-localized KCa3.1 currents, in Ussing chambers, demonstrated knockdown of VAMP3 reduced KCa3.1 current by 70 ± 4% (p ≤ 0.05, n = 5). Similarly, siRNA knockdown of SNAP-23 reduced the expression of KCa3.1 at the BLM by 56 ± 7% (p ≤ 0.01, n = 6) and reduced KCa3.1 current by 80 ± 11% (p ≤ 0.05, n = 6). Also, knockdown of STX-4 lowered the BLM expression of KCa3.1 by 54 ± 6% (p ≤ 0.05, n = 5) and reduced KCa3.1 current by 78 ± 11% (p ≤ 0.05, n = 5). Finally, co-immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated associations between KCa3.1, VAMP3, SNAP-23 and STX-4. These data indicate that VAMP3, SNAP-23 and STX-4 are critical for the targeting KCa3.1 to BLM of polarized epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E. Farquhar
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Tanya T. Cheung
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Matthew J. E. Logue
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Fiona J. McDonald
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Daniel C. Devor
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Kirk L. Hamilton
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Kirk L. Hamilton,
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Short-Chain Fatty Acids Modulate Permeability, Motility and Gene Expression in the Porcine Fetal Jejunum Ex Vivo. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14122524. [PMID: 35745253 PMCID: PMC9230976 DOI: 10.3390/nu14122524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Postnatally, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) are important energetic and signaling agents, being involved in host nutrition, gut imprinting and immune and barrier function. Whether SCFA exert similar effects during the late fetal phase has been insufficiently elucidated. This study aimed to evaluate whether the fetal jejunum senses SCFA and whether SCFA modify the muscle tension and epithelial permeability and related signaling in jejunal tissue from the porcine fetus in late gestation. Exposure of fetal jejunal tissue to a mix of SCFA (70 µmol/mL) in an organ bath for 20 min lowered the muscle tension. Moreover, SCFA decreased the transepithelial conductance while increasing the short-circuit current in the Ussing chamber, indicating reduced permeability and increased SCFA absorption. Gene expression in the tissues harvested from the Ussing chamber after 30 min indicated downregulation of the expression of receptors (i.e., FFAR2 and TLR2), MCT1 and tight-junction and adherens proteins, which may be a negative feedback response to the applied high SCFA concentration compared with the micromolar concentration detected in fetal gastric fluid. Taken together, our data demonstrate that the fetal jejunum senses SCFA, which trigger electrophysiological, muscle contraction and related gene transcription responses. Hence, SCFA may play a role in prenatal gut nutrition and imprinting.
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Colonic Fluid and Electrolyte Transport 2022: An Update. Cells 2022; 11:cells11101712. [PMID: 35626748 PMCID: PMC9139964 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Colonic epithelial cells are responsible for maintaining a delicate balance between luminal secretion and the absorption of fluids and ions. This review aims to discuss and update the model of colonic electrolyte secretion and absorption via the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR), epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), Na-K-Cl cotransporters (NKCC1 and 2), Na-H exchangers (NHE1–4), colonic H,KATPase, and several other key components involved in multi-level transepithelial ion transport. Developments in our understanding of the activity, regulation, localization, and relationships of these ion transporters and their interactions have helped forge a more robust understanding of colonic ion movement that accounts for the colonic epithelium’s role in mucosal pH modulation, the setting of osmotic gradients pivotal for fluid retention and secretion, and cell death regulation. Deviations from homeostatic ion transport cause diarrhea, constipation, and epithelial cell death and contribute to cystic fibrosis, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), ulcerative colitis, and cancer pathologies. Signal transduction pathways that regulate electrolyte movement and the regulatory relationships between various sensors and transporters (CFTR as a target of CaSR regulation and as a regulator of ENaC and DRA, for example) are imperative aspects of a dynamic and comprehensive model of colonic ion homeostasis.
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48
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Kaneko K, Miyasaka R, Hayman R. Nano-hydroxyapatite improves intestinal absorption of acetazolamide (BCS Class IV drug)–but how? PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268067. [PMID: 35588130 PMCID: PMC9119549 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We earlier reported that coating poorly water-soluble drugs with nano-hydroxyapatite (nano-HAP) improves bioavailability after oral administration. In the present study, we coated BCS Class IV drug acetazolamide (AZ) with nano-HAP (AZ/HAP formulation), and investigated its bioavailability and nano-HAP’s role in promoting it. We tested AZ bioavailability after a single oral dose of the AZ/HAP formulation in rats, followed by a series of in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo testing. The binding state of AZ and nano-HAP was analyzed by gel filtration chromatography. AZ permeability was studied using a Caco-2 cell monolayer assay kit, to test for tight junction penetration, then using an Ussing chamber mounted with intestinal epithelium, both with and without Peyer’s patch tissue, to examine the role of intracellular transport. Fluorescence-labeled nano-HAP particles were administered orally in rats to investigate their localization in the intestinal tract. The area under the blood concentration time-curve in rats was about 4 times higher in the AZ/HAP formulation group than in the untreated AZ group. Gel filtration analysis showed AZ and nano-HAP were not bound. The Caco-2 study showed equivalent AZ permeability for both groups, but without significant change in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), indicating that tight junctions were not penetrated. In the Ussing chamber study, no significant difference in AZ permeability between the two groups was observed for epithelium containing Peyer’s patch tissue, but for epithelium without Peyer’s patch tissue, at high concentration, significantly higher permeability in the AZ/HAP formulation group was observed. Fluorescent labeling showed nano-HAP particles were present in both intestinal villi and Peyer’s patch tissue 30 min after oral administration. Our results suggest that nano-HAP’s enhancement of drug permeability from the small intestine occurs not via tight junctions, but intracellularly, via the intestinal villi. Further study to elucidate the mechanism of this permeability enhancement is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Kaneko
- Sangi Co., Ltd, Central Research Laboratory, Kasukabe, Saitama, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Ryosuke Miyasaka
- Sangi Co., Ltd, Central Research Laboratory, Kasukabe, Saitama, Japan
| | - Roslyn Hayman
- Sangi Co., Ltd, Central Research Laboratory, Kasukabe, Saitama, Japan
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49
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Sex Differences in Intestinal P-Glycoprotein Expression in Wistar versus Sprague Dawley Rats. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14051030. [PMID: 35631615 PMCID: PMC9143158 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14051030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Wistar and Sprague Dawley are the most common strains of rat used in pharmaceutical research and are used interchangeably in pre-clinical drug development. No studies have assessed whether Wistar and Sprague Dawley rats are equivalent in the gastrointestinal factors that influence oral drug absorption, specifically in relation to intestinal transporters. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) are two reliable methods for quantifying intestinal protein levels with their own distinct advantages and limitations. In this study, P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a key efflux transporter, was quantified using ELISA and LC-MS/MS along the complete intestinal tract of male and female Wistar and Sprague Dawley rats. This work presents that Sprague Dawley rats have innately higher baseline P-gp expression than Wistar rats. Significant sex differences in P-gp expression were identified in the jejunum, ileum and colon between male and female Wistar rats using both techniques, with males exhibiting higher P-gp levels. Sprague Dawley rats showed no sex differences in P-gp expression through ELISA and LC-MS/MS. Both methods demonstrated similar trends for P-gp quantification, but ELISA could offer faster data acquisition. Our findings report significant sex differences between the strains and highlight that Wistar and Sprague Dawley rats are not equivalent in their P-gp expression. As humans exhibit distinct sex differences in intestinal P-gp levels, Wistar rats may therefore be a more suitable pre-clinical animal strain to model oral drug absorption of P-gp substrates in male and female subjects.
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Wan H, Chen XY, Zhang F, Chen J, Chu F, Sellers ZM, Xu F, Dong H. Capsaicin inhibits intestinal Cl - secretion and promotes Na + absorption by blocking TRPV4 channels in healthy and colitic mice. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101847. [PMID: 35314195 PMCID: PMC9035713 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although capsaicin has been studied extensively as an activator of the transient receptor potential vanilloid cation channel subtype 1 (TRPV1) channels in sensory neurons, little is known about its TRPV1-independent actions in gastrointestinal health and disease. Here, we aimed to investigate the pharmacological actions of capsaicin as a food additive and medication on intestinal ion transporters in mouse models of ulcerative colitis (UC). The short-circuit current (Isc) of the intestine from WT, TRPV1-, and TRPV4-KO mice were measured in Ussing chambers, and Ca2+ imaging was performed on small intestinal epithelial cells. We also performed Western blots, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence on intestinal epithelial cells and on intestinal tissues following UC induction with dextran sodium sulfate. We found that capsaicin did not affect basal intestinal Isc but significantly inhibited carbachol- and caffeine-induced intestinal Isc in WT mice. Capsaicin similarly inhibited the intestinal Isc in TRPV1 KO mice, but this inhibition was absent in TRPV4 KO mice. We also determined that Ca2+ influx via TRPV4 was required for cholinergic signaling-mediated intestinal anion secretion, which was inhibited by capsaicin. Moreover, the glucose-induced jejunal Iscvia Na+/glucose cotransporter was suppressed by TRPV4 activation, which could be relieved by capsaicin. Capsaicin also stimulated ouabain- and amiloride-sensitive colonic Isc. Finally, we found that dietary capsaicin ameliorated the UC phenotype, suppressed hyperaction of TRPV4 channels, and rescued the reduced ouabain- and amiloride-sensitive Isc. We therefore conclude that capsaicin inhibits intestinal Cl- secretion and promotes Na+ absorption predominantly by blocking TRPV4 channels to exert its beneficial anti-colitic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxing Wan
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiong Ying Chen
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Fenglian Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fenglan Chu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zachary M Sellers
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology & Nutrition, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China.
| | - Hui Dong
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, USA.
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