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Wang WZ, Liu C, Luo JQ, Lei LJ, Chen MH, Zhang YY, Sheng R, Li YN, Wang L, Jiang XH, Xiao TM, Zhang YH, Li SW, Wu YX, Xu Y, Xu YN, Si SY. A novel small-molecule PCSK9 inhibitor E28362 ameliorates hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024; 45:2119-2133. [PMID: 38811775 PMCID: PMC11420243 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-024-01305-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) binds to the epidermal growth factor precursor homologous domain A (EGF-A) of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) in the liver and triggers the degradation of LDLR via the lysosomal pathway, consequently leading to an elevation in plasma LDL-C levels. Inhibiting PCSK9 prolongs the lifespan of LDLR and maintains cholesterol homeostasis in the body. Thus, PCSK9 is an innovative pharmacological target for treating hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. In this study, we discovered that E28362 was a novel small-molecule PCSK9 inhibitor by conducting a virtual screening of a library containing 40,000 compounds. E28362 (5, 10, 20 μM) dose-dependently increased the protein levels of LDLR in both total protein and the membrane fraction in both HepG2 and AML12 cells, and enhanced the uptake of DiI-LDL in AML12 cells. MTT assay showed that E28362 up to 80 μM had no obvious toxicity in HepG2, AML12, and HEK293a cells. The effects of E28362 on hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis were evaluated in three different animal models. In high-fat diet-fed golden hamsters, administration of E28362 (6.7, 20, 60 mg·kg-1·d-1, i.g.) for 4 weeks significantly reduced plasma total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and PCSK9 levels, and reduced liver TC and TG contents. In Western diet-fed ApoE-/- mice (20, 60 mg·kg-1·d-1, i.g.) and human PCSK9 D374Y overexpression mice (60 mg·kg-1·d-1, i.g.), administration of E28362 for 12 weeks significantly decreased plasma LDL-C levels and the area of atherosclerotic lesions in en face aortas and aortic roots. Moreover, E28362 significantly increased the protein expression level of LDLR in the liver. We revealed that E28362 selectively bound to PCSK9 in HepG2 and AML12 cells, blocked the interaction between LDLR and PCSK9, and induced the degradation of PCSK9 through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, which finally resulted in increased LDLR protein levels. In conclusion, E28362 can block the interaction between PCSK9 and LDLR, induce the degradation of PCSK9, increase LDLR protein levels, and alleviate hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis in three distinct animal models, suggesting that E28362 is a promising lead compound for the treatment of hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Zhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Microbial Drugs, National Center for New Microbial Drug Screening, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Microbial Drugs, National Center for New Microbial Drug Screening, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Jin-Que Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Microbial Drugs, National Center for New Microbial Drug Screening, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, 100050, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of the Research and Development of Novel Pharmaceutical Preparations, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, 410219, China
| | - Li-Juan Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Microbial Drugs, National Center for New Microbial Drug Screening, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Ming-Hua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Microbial Drugs, National Center for New Microbial Drug Screening, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, 100050, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Uighur Medicine, Xinjiang Institute of Materia Medica, Urumqi, 830002, China
| | - Yu-Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Microbial Drugs, National Center for New Microbial Drug Screening, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Ren Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Microbial Drugs, National Center for New Microbial Drug Screening, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yi-Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Microbial Drugs, National Center for New Microbial Drug Screening, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Microbial Drugs, National Center for New Microbial Drug Screening, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xin-Hai Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Microbial Drugs, National Center for New Microbial Drug Screening, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Tong-Mei Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Microbial Drugs, National Center for New Microbial Drug Screening, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yu-Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Microbial Drugs, National Center for New Microbial Drug Screening, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Shun-Wang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Microbial Drugs, National Center for New Microbial Drug Screening, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Ye-Xiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Microbial Drugs, National Center for New Microbial Drug Screening, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Microbial Drugs, National Center for New Microbial Drug Screening, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yan-Ni Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Microbial Drugs, National Center for New Microbial Drug Screening, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Shu-Yi Si
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Microbial Drugs, National Center for New Microbial Drug Screening, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, 100050, China.
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2
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Wu M, Yoon CY, Park J, Kim G, Nam BY, Kim S, Park JT, Han SH, Kang SW, Yoo TH. The role of PCSK9 in glomerular lipid accumulation and renal injury in diabetic kidney disease. Diabetologia 2024; 67:1980-1997. [PMID: 38879617 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-024-06191-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Glomerular lipid accumulation is a defining feature of diabetic kidney disease (DKD); however, the precise underlying mechanism requires further elucidation. Recent evidence suggests a role for proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) in intracellular lipid homeostasis. Although PCSK9 is present in kidneys, its role within kidney cells and relevance to renal diseases remain largely unexplored. Therefore, we investigated the role of intracellular PCSK9 in regulating lipid accumulation and homeostasis in the glomeruli and podocytes under diabetic conditions. Furthermore, we aimed to identify the pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for the podocyte injury that is associated with intracellular PCSK9-induced lipid accumulation in DKD. METHODS In this study, glomeruli were isolated from human kidney biopsy tissues, and glomerular gene-expression analysis was performed. Also, db/db and db/m mice were used to perform glomerular gene-expression profiling. We generated DKD models using a high-fat diet and low-dose intraperitoneal streptozocin injection in C57BL/6 and Pcsk9 knockout (KO) mice. We analysed cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels within the kidney cortex. Lipid droplets were evaluated using BODIPY staining. We induced upregulation and downregulation of PCSK9 expression in conditionally immortalised mouse podocytes using lentivirus and siRNA transfection techniques, respectively, under diabetic conditions. RESULTS A significant reduction in transcription level of PCSK9 was observed in glomeruli of individuals with DKD. PCSK9 expression was also reduced in podocytes of animals under diabetic conditions. We observed significantly higher lipid accumulation in kidney tissues of Pcsk9 KO DKD mice compared with wild-type (WT) DKD mice. Additionally, Pcsk9 KO mouse models of DKD exhibited a significant reduction in mitochondria number vs WT models, coupled with a significant increase in mitochondrial size. Moreover, albuminuria and podocyte foot process effacement were observed in WT and Pcsk9 KO DKD mice, with KO DKD mice displaying more pronounced manifestations. Immortalised mouse podocytes exposed to diabetic stimuli exhibited heightened intracellular lipid accumulation, mitochondrial injury and apoptosis, which were ameliorated by Pcsk9 overexpression and aggravated by Pcsk9 knockdown in mouse podocytes. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The downregulation of PCSK9 in podocytes is associated with lipid accumulation, which leads to mitochondrial dysfunction, cell apoptosis and renal injury. This study sheds new light on the potential involvement of PCSK9 in the pathophysiology of glomerular lipid accumulation and podocyte injury in DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyan Wu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chang-Yun Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jimin Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gyuri Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Bo Young Nam
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seonghun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Tak Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Hyeok Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Shin-Wook Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae-Hyun Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.
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Hooper AJ, Tang XL, Burnett JR. VERVE-101, a CRISPR base-editing therapy designed to permanently inactivate hepatic PCSK9 and reduce LDL-cholesterol. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2024; 33:753-756. [PMID: 38878270 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2024.2369747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Hooper
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Royal Perth Hospital & Fiona Stanley Hospital Network, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Xuan L Tang
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Royal Perth Hospital & Fiona Stanley Hospital Network, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - John R Burnett
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Royal Perth Hospital & Fiona Stanley Hospital Network, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Lu F, Li E, Yang X. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 deficiency in extrahepatic tissues: emerging considerations. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1413123. [PMID: 39139638 PMCID: PMC11319175 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1413123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is primarily secreted by hepatocytes. PCSK9 is critical in liver low-density lipoprotein receptors (LDLRs) metabolism. In addition to its hepatocellular presence, PCSK9 has also been detected in cardiac, cerebral, islet, renal, adipose, and other tissues. Once perceived primarily as a "harmful factor," PCSK9 has been a focal point for the targeted inhibition of both systemic circulation and localized tissues to treat diseases. However, PCSK9 also contributes to the maintenance of normal physiological functions in numerous extrahepatic tissues, encompassing both LDLR-dependent and -independent pathways. Consequently, PCSK9 deficiency may harm extrahepatic tissues in close association with several pathophysiological processes, such as lipid accumulation, mitochondrial impairment, insulin resistance, and abnormal neural differentiation. This review encapsulates the beneficial effects of PCSK9 on the physiological processes and potential disorders arising from PCSK9 deficiency in extrahepatic tissues. This review also provides a comprehensive analysis of the disparities between experimental and clinical research findings regarding the potential harm associated with PCSK9 deficiency. The aim is to improve the current understanding of the diverse effects of PCSK9 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyuan Lu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - En Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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5
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Li N. Platelets as an inter-player between hyperlipidaemia and atherosclerosis. J Intern Med 2024; 296:39-52. [PMID: 38704820 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Platelet hyperreactivity and hyperlipidaemia contribute significantly to atherosclerosis. Thus, it is desirable to review the platelet-hyperlipidaemia interplay and its impact on atherogenesis. Native low-density lipoprotein (nLDL) and oxidized LDL (oxLDL) are the key proatherosclerotic components of hyperlipidaemia. nLDL binds to the platelet-specific LDL receptor (LDLR) ApoE-R2', whereas oxLDL binds to the platelet-expressed scavenger receptor CD36, lectin-type oxidized LDLR 1 and scavenger receptor class A 1. Ligation of nLDL/oxLDL induces mild platelet activation and may prime platelets for other platelet agonists. Platelets, in turn, can modulate lipoprotein metabolisms. Platelets contribute to LDL oxidation by enhancing the production of reactive oxygen species and LDLR degradation via proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 release. Platelet-released platelet factor 4 and transforming growth factor β modulate LDL uptake and foam cell formation. Thus, platelet dysfunction and hyperlipidaemia work in concert to aggravate atherogenesis. Hypolipidemic drugs modulate platelet function, whereas antiplatelet drugs influence lipid metabolism. The research prospects of the platelet-hyperlipidaemia interplay in atherosclerosis are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nailin Li
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medicine-Solna, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
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6
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Cao Zhang AM, Ziogos E, Harb T, Gerstenblith G, Leucker TM. Emerging clinical role of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibition-Part one: Pleiotropic pro-atherosclerotic effects of PCSK9. Eur J Clin Invest 2024:e14273. [PMID: 38922860 DOI: 10.1111/eci.14273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is primarily recognized for its role in lipid metabolism, but recent evidence suggests that it may have broader implications due to its diverse tissue expression. OBJECTIVE This review aims to explore the multifaceted functions of PCSK9, highlighting its pro-atherosclerotic effects, including its impact on circulating lipoprotein variables, non-low-density lipoprotein receptors, and various cell types involved in atherosclerotic plaque development. CONCLUSIONS PCSK9 exhibits diverse roles beyond lipid metabolism, potentially contributing to atherosclerosis through multiple pathways. Understanding these mechanisms could offer new insights into therapeutic strategies targeting PCSK9 for cardiovascular disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Cao Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Efthymios Ziogos
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tarek Harb
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Gary Gerstenblith
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Thorsten M Leucker
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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7
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Wang H, Wang J, Cui H, Fan C, Xue Y, Liu H, Li H, Li J, Li H, Sun Y, Wang W, Song J, Jiang C, Xu M. Inhibition of fatty acid uptake by TGR5 prevents diabetic cardiomyopathy. Nat Metab 2024; 6:1161-1177. [PMID: 38698281 PMCID: PMC11199146 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-024-01036-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy is characterized by myocardial lipid accumulation and cardiac dysfunction. Bile acid metabolism is known to play a crucial role in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5), a major bile acid receptor, has been implicated in metabolic regulation and myocardial protection. However, the precise involvement of the bile acid-TGR5 pathway in maintaining cardiometabolic homeostasis remains unclear. Here we show decreased plasma bile acid levels in both male and female participants with diabetic myocardial injury. Additionally, we observe increased myocardial lipid accumulation and cardiac dysfunction in cardiomyocyte-specific TGR5-deleted mice (both male and female) subjected to a high-fat diet and streptozotocin treatment or bred on the diabetic db/db genetic background. Further investigation reveals that TGR5 deletion enhances cardiac fatty acid uptake, resulting in lipid accumulation. Mechanistically, TGR5 deletion promotes localization of CD36 on the plasma membrane through the upregulation of CD36 palmitoylation mediated by the palmitoyl acyltransferase DHHC4. Our findings indicate that the TGR5-DHHC4 pathway regulates cardiac fatty acid uptake, which highlights the therapeutic potential of targeting TGR5 in the management of diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Wang
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxing Wang
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Chenyu Fan
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuzhou Xue
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Huiying Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianping Li
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Houhua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Wengong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangping Song
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Changtao Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- Center of Basic Medical Research, Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Ming Xu
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- Research Unit of Medical Science Research Management/Basic and Clinical Research of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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8
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Chong S, Mu G, Cen X, Xiang Q, Cui Y. Effects of PCSK9 on thrombosis and haemostasis in a variety of metabolic states: Lipids and beyond (Review). Int J Mol Med 2024; 53:57. [PMID: 38757360 PMCID: PMC11093556 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2024.5381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors are widely recognised as being able to induce a potent reduction in low‑density lipoprotein‑cholesterol. An increasing number of studies have suggested that PCSK9 also influences the haemostatic system by altering platelet function and the coagulation cascade. These findings have significant implications for anti‑PCSK9 therapy in patients with specific coagulation conditions, including expanded indications, dose adjustments and drug interactions. The present review summarises the changes in PCSK9 levels in individuals with liver diseases, chronic kidney diseases, diabetes mellitus, cancer and other disease states, and discusses their impact on thrombosis and haemostasis. Furthermore, the structure, effects and regulatory mechanisms of PCSK9 on platelets, coagulation factors, inflammatory cells and endothelial cells during coagulation and haemostasis are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Chong
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Guangyan Mu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China
| | - Xinan Cen
- Department of Hematology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China
| | - Qian Xiang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China
| | - Yimin Cui
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China
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9
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Han L, Wu L, Yin Q, Li L, Zheng X, Du S, Huang X, Bai L, Wang Y, Bian Y. A promising therapy for fatty liver disease: PCSK9 inhibitors. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 128:155505. [PMID: 38547616 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fatty liver disease (FLD) poses a significant global health concern worldwide, with its classification into nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD) contingent upon the presence or absence of chronic and excessive alcohol consumption. The absence of specific therapeutic interventions tailored to FLD at various stages of the disease renders its treatment exceptionally arduous. Despite the fact that FLD and hyperlipidemia are intimately associated, there is still debate over how lipid-lowering medications affect FLD. Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/ Kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a serine protease predominantly synthesized in the liver, which has a crucial impact on cholesterol homeostasis. Research has confirmed that PCSK9 inhibitors have prominent lipid-lowering properties and substantial clinical effectiveness, thereby justifying the need for additional exploration of their potential role in FLD. PURPOSE Through a comprehensive literature search, this review is to identify the relationship and related mechanisms between PCSK9, lipid metabolism and FLD. Additionally, it will assess the pharmacological mechanism and applicability of PCSK9 inhibitors (including naturally occurring PCSK9 inhibitors, such as conventional herbal medicines) for the treatment of FLD and serve as a guide for updating the treatment protocol for such conditions. METHODS A comprehensive literature search was conducted using several electronic databases, including Pubmed, Medline, Embase, CNKI, Wanfang database and ClinicalTrials.gov, from the inception of the database to 30 Jan 2024. Key words used in the literature search were "fatty liver", "hepatic steatosis", "PCSK9", "traditional Chinese medicine", "herb medicine", "botanical medicine", "clinical trial", "vivo", "vitro", linked with AND/OR. Most of the included studies were within five years. RESULTS PCSK9 participates in the regulation of circulating lipids via both LDLR dependent and independent pathways, and there is a potential association with de novo lipogenesis. Major clinical studies have demonstrated a positive correlation between circulating PCSK9 levels and the severity of NAFLD, with elevated levels of circulating PCSK9 observed in individuals exposed to chronic alcohol. Numerous studies have demonstrated the potential of PCSK9 inhibitors to ameliorate non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), potentially completely alleviate liver steatosis, and diminish liver impairment. In animal experiments, PCSK9 inhibitors have exhibited efficacy in alleviating alcoholic induced liver lipid accumulation and hepatitis. Traditional Chinese medicine such as berberine, curcumin, resveratrol, piceatannol, sauchinone, lupin, quercetin, salidroside, ginkgolide, tanshinone, lunasin, Capsella bursa-pastoris, gypenosides, and Morus alba leaves are the main natural PCS9 inhibitors. Excitingly, by inhibiting transcription, reducing secretion, direct targeting and other pathways, traditional Chinese medicine exert inhibitory effects on PCSK9, thereby exerting potential FLD therapeutic effects. CONCLUSION PCSK9 plays an important role in the development of FLD, and PCSK9 inhibitors have demonstrated beneficial effects on lipid regulation and FLD in both preclinical and clinical studies. In addition, some traditional Chinese medicines have improved the disease progression of FLD by inhibiting PCSK9 and anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Consequently, the inhibition of PCSK9 appears to be a promising therapeutic strategy for FLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhu Han
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China; Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Liuyun Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Qinan Yin
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China; Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Lian Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Xingyue Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Shan Du
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China; Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Xuefei Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China; Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Lan Bai
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China; Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China.
| | - Yi Wang
- Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center of Organ Transplantation, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China.
| | - Yuan Bian
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China; Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China.
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10
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Guo W, Cui Q, Fu Z, Zhang Q, Jia J. Mediation effect of metabolic factors and inflammation on the association of serum uric acid with serum proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 levels. J Clin Lipidol 2024:S1933-2874(24)00184-3. [PMID: 39304429 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2024.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between serum uric acid (SUA) levels and serum PCSK9 levels has not yet been uncovered. This study aimed to explore the potential link between SUA levels and serum PCSK9 levels and quantify the mediating effect of metabolic factors and inflammation in Chinese adults. Furthermore, assessed whether gender differences modified this association. METHODS In total, 2624 participants were enrolled and categorized based on their serum UA levels as the hypouricemic (n = 432) and normouricemic group (n = 2192). Stepwise multivariable regression analysis, binary logistic regression analysis and mediation analyses were performed. RESULTS Participants with hyperuricemia had higher serum PCSK9 levels than those with normouricemia (73.74 ± 30.25 vs 68.55 ± 29.01 ng/ml, P < 0.05), especially in women (69.11 ± 28.84 vs 87.86 ± 27.90 ng/ml, P < 0.001). SUA levels were positively associated with serum PCSK9 levels in all participants (r = 0.06, P < 0.01) and in women (r = 0.22, P < 0.01), but not in men (r = 0.03, P = 0.18). Multiple linear regression and binary logistic regression analyses indicated that serum PCSK9 levels were significantly correlated with SUA levels and hyperuricemia in women. However, when the model was adjusted for triglyceride (TG), the associations of serum PCSK9 levels with SUA levels and hyperuricemia disappeared. In mediation analyses, TG, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), body mass index(BMI), total cholesterol (TC), white blood cell count and neutrophil count explained 35.08 %, 20.58 %,19.99 %, 14.37 %, 7.10 % and 3.24 % of SUA levels association with serum PCSK9 levels, respectively. CONCLUSION Serum PCSK9 levels are positively associated with SUA levels in women. Furthermore, this association is partially mediated through metabolic factors and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Guo
- Department of Health Promotion Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China (Drs Guo, Zhang)
| | - Qin Cui
- Department of Cadres Internal Medicine, Tongling People's Hospital, Tongling, 244002, China (Dr Cui)
| | - Zhenzhen Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China (Dr Fu)
| | - Qun Zhang
- Department of Health Promotion Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China (Drs Guo, Zhang)
| | - Jue Jia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212000, China (Dr Jia).
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11
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Han D, Zhou T, Li L, Ma Y, Chen S, Yang C, Ma N, Song M, Zhang S, Wu J, Cao F, Wang Y. AVCAPIR: A Novel Procalcific PIWI-Interacting RNA in Calcific Aortic Valve Disease. Circulation 2024; 149:1578-1597. [PMID: 38258575 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.123.065213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcification of the aortic valve leads to increased leaflet stiffness and consequently results in the development of calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD). However, the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms of calcification remain unclear. Here, we identified a novel aortic valve calcification-associated PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA; AVCAPIR) that increases valvular calcification and promotes CAVD progression. METHODS Using piRNA sequencing, we identified piRNAs contributing to the pathogenesis of CAVD that we termed AVCAPIRs. High-cholesterol diet-fed ApoE-/- mice with AVCAPIR knockout were used to examine the role of AVCAPIR in aortic valve calcification (AVC). Gain- and loss-of-function assays were conducted to determine the role of AVCAPIR in the induced osteogenic differentiation of human valvular interstitial cells. To dissect the mechanisms underlying AVCAPIR-elicited procalcific effects, we performed various analyses, including an RNA pulldown assay followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, methylated RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing, and RNA sequencing. RNA pulldown and RNA immunoprecipitation assays were used to study piRNA interactions with proteins. RESULTS We found that AVCAPIR was significantly upregulated during AVC and exhibited potential diagnostic value for CAVD. AVCAPIR deletion markedly ameliorated AVC in high-cholesterol diet-fed ApoE-/- mice, as shown by reduced thickness and calcium deposition in the aortic valve leaflets, improved echocardiographic parameters (decreased peak transvalvular jet velocity and mean transvalvular pressure gradient, as well as increased aortic valve area), and diminished levels of osteogenic markers (Runx2 and Osterix) in aortic valves. These results were confirmed in osteogenic medium-induced human valvular interstitial cells. Using unbiased protein-RNA screening and molecular validation, we found that AVCAPIR directly interacts with FTO (fat mass and obesity-associated protein), subsequently blocking its N6-methyladenosine demethylase activity. Further transcriptomic and N6-methyladenosine modification epitranscriptomic screening followed by molecular validation confirmed that AVCAPIR hindered FTO-mediated demethylation of CD36 mRNA transcripts, thus enhancing CD36 mRNA stability through the N6-methyladenosine reader IGF2BP1 (insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein 1). In turn, the AVCAPIR-dependent increase in CD36 stabilizes its binding partner PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9), a procalcific gene, at the protein level, which accelerates the progression of AVC. CONCLUSIONS We identified a novel piRNA that induced AVC through an RNA epigenetic mechanism and provide novel insights into piRNA-directed theranostics in CAVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Han
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China (D.H., T.Z., S.C., C.Y., J.W., Y.W.)
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, 2nd Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China (D.H., Y.M., F.C.)
| | - Tingwen Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China (D.H., T.Z., S.C., C.Y., J.W., Y.W.)
| | - Lifu Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou China (L.L.)
| | - Yan Ma
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, 2nd Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China (D.H., Y.M., F.C.)
| | - Shiqi Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China (D.H., T.Z., S.C., C.Y., J.W., Y.W.)
| | - Chunguang Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China (D.H., T.Z., S.C., C.Y., J.W., Y.W.)
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China (C.Y.)
| | - Ning Ma
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou Medical University, China (N.M.)
| | - Moshi Song
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (M.S.)
| | - Shaoshao Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China (S.Z.)
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China (D.H., T.Z., S.C., C.Y., J.W., Y.W.)
| | - Feng Cao
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, 2nd Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China (D.H., Y.M., F.C.)
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China (D.H., T.Z., S.C., C.Y., J.W., Y.W.)
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12
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Raggi P, Milic J, Manicardi M, Cinque F, Swain MG, Sebastiani G, Guaraldi G. Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: An opportunity for collaboration between cardiology and hepatology. Atherosclerosis 2024; 392:117523. [PMID: 38522165 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2024.117523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Altered metabolic function has many detrimental effects on the body that can manifest as cardiovascular and liver diseases. Traditional approaches to understanding and treating metabolic dysfunction-associated disorders have been organ-centered, leading to silo-type disease care. However, given the broad impact that systemic metabolic dysfunction has on the human body, approaches that simultaneously involve multiple medical specialists need to be developed and encouraged to optimize patient outcomes. In this review, we highlight how several of the treatments developed for cardiac care may have a beneficial effect on the liver and vice versa, suggesting that there is a need to target the disease process, rather than specifically target the cardiovascular or liver specific sequelae of metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Raggi
- Department of Medicine and Division of Cardiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Jovana Milic
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Marcella Manicardi
- Cardiology Department, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Policlinico di Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Felice Cinque
- SC-Medicina Indirizzo Metabolico, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico of Milan, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Italy; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mark G Swain
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary Liver Unit, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Giada Sebastiani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada; Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Giovanni Guaraldi
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy; Department of Infectious Diseases, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Policlinico of Modena, Modena, Italy
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Huang P, Ran J, Zhu W, Dai W, Tang Y, Lian P, Huang X, Li R. PCSK9 dysregulates cholesterol homeostasis and triglyceride metabolism in olanzapine-induced hepatic steatosis via both receptor-dependent and receptor-independent pathways. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23464. [PMID: 38358343 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301748r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Schizophrenia, affecting approximately 1% of the global population, is often treated with olanzapine. Despite its efficacy, olanzapine's prolonged use has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD); however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 (PCSK9) plays a crucial role in lipid metabolism and is involved in NAFLD pathogenesis via an unknown mechanism. This study aims to investigate the role of PCSK9 in olanzapine-induced NAFLD. C57BL/6J mice and HepG2 and AML12 cell lines were treated with varying concentrations of olanzapine to examine the effects of olanzapine on PCSK9 and lipid metabolism. PCSK9 levels were manipulated using recombinant proteins, plasmids, and small interfering RNAs in vitro, and the effects on hepatic lipid accumulation and gene expression related to lipid metabolism were assessed. Olanzapine treatment significantly increased PCSK9 levels in both animal and cell line models, correlating with elevated lipid accumulation. PCSK9 manipulation demonstrated its central role in mediating hepatic steatosis through both receptor-dependent pathways (impacting NPC1L1) and receptor-independent pathways (affecting lipid synthesis, uptake, and cholesterol biosynthesis). Interestingly, upregulation of SREBP-1c, rather than SREBP-2, was identified as a key driver of PCSK9 increase in olanzapine-induced NAFLD. Our findings establish PCSK9 as a pivotal factor in olanzapine-induced NAFLD, influencing both receptor-related and metabolic pathways. This highlights PCSK9 inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents for managing NAFLD in schizophrenia patients treated with olanzapine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piaopiao Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Juanli Ran
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenqiang Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wen Dai
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yaxin Tang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Pingan Lian
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiansheng Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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14
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Zhang Z, Sun M, Jiang W, Yu L, Zhang C, Ma H. Myocardial Metabolic Reprogramming in HFpEF. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2024; 17:121-132. [PMID: 37650988 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-023-10433-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) caused by structural or functional cardiac abnormalities is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. While HF with reduced ejection fraction (HErEF) is well understood, more than half of patients have HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Currently, the treatment for HFpEF primarily focuses on symptom alleviation, lacking specific drugs. The stressed heart undergoes metabolic switches in substrate preference, which is a compensatory process involved in cardiac pathological remodeling. Although metabolic reprogramming in HF has gained attention in recent years, its role in HFpEF still requires further elucidation. In this review, we present a summary of cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction and cardiac metabolic reprogramming in HFpEF. Additionally, we emphasize potential therapeutic approaches that target metabolic reprogramming for the treatment of HFpEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihui Zhang
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingchu Sun
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhua Jiang
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Yu
- Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Chan Zhang
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, People's Republic of China.
| | - Heng Ma
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China.
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Arsh H, Manoj Kumar FNU, Simran FNU, Tamang S, Rehman MU, Ahmed G, Khan M, Malik J, Mehmoodi A. Role of PCSK9 inhibition during the inflammatory stage of SARS-COV-2: an updated review. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2024; 86:899-908. [PMID: 38333263 PMCID: PMC10849418 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000001601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The potential role of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibition in the management of COVID-19 and other medical conditions has emerged as an intriguing area of research. PCSK9 is primarily known for its impact on cholesterol metabolism, but recent studies have unveiled its involvement in various physiological processes, including inflammation, immune regulation, and thrombosis. In this abstract, the authors review the rationale and potential implications of PCSK9 inhibition during the inflammatory stage of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Severe cases of COVID-19 are characterized by an uncontrolled inflammatory response, often referred to as the cytokine storm, which can lead to widespread tissue damage and organ failure. Preclinical studies suggest that PCSK9 inhibition could dampen this inflammatory cascade by reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, PCSK9 inhibition may protect against acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) through its effects on lung injury and inflammation. COVID-19 has been linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular complications, especially in patients with pre-existing cardiovascular conditions or dyslipidemia. PCSK9 inhibitors are known for their ability to lower low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels by enhancing the recycling of LDL receptors in the liver. By reducing LDL cholesterol, PCSK9 inhibition might protect blood vessels from further damage and lower the risk of atherosclerotic plaque formation. Moreover, PCSK9 inhibitors have shown potential antithrombotic effects in preclinical studies, making them a potential avenue to mitigate the increased risk of coagulation disorders and thrombotic events observed in COVID-19. While the potential implications of PCSK9 inhibition are promising, safety considerations and possible risks need careful evaluation. Hypocholesterolemia, drug interactions, and long-term safety are some of the key concerns that should be addressed. Clinical trials are needed to establish the efficacy and safety of PCSK9 inhibitors in COVID-19 patients and to determine the optimal timing and dosing for treatment. Future research opportunities encompass investigating the immune response, evaluating long-term safety, exploring combination therapy possibilities, and advancing personalized medicine approaches. Collaborative efforts from researchers, clinicians, and policymakers are essential to fully harness the therapeutic potential of PCSK9 inhibition and translate these findings into meaningful clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina Arsh
- Department of Medicine, THQ Hospital, Pasrur
| | - FNU Manoj Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Jinnah Sindh Medical College, Karachi
| | - FNU Simran
- Department of Medicine, Jinnah Sindh Medical College, Karachi
| | - Sweta Tamang
- Department of Medicine, Nepal Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Gulfam Ahmed
- Department of Medicine, Muhammad Hospital, Lahore
| | - Masood Khan
- Department of Cardiology, Armed Forces Institute of Cardiology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Jahanzeb Malik
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Analytics Group, Islamabad
| | - Amin Mehmoodi
- Department of Medicine, Ibn e Seena Hospital, Kabul, Afghanistan
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Bao X, Liang Y, Chang H, Cai T, Feng B, Gordon K, Zhu Y, Shi H, He Y, Xie L. Targeting proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9): from bench to bedside. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:13. [PMID: 38185721 PMCID: PMC10772138 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01690-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) has evolved as a pivotal enzyme in lipid metabolism and a revolutionary therapeutic target for hypercholesterolemia and its related cardiovascular diseases (CVD). This comprehensive review delineates the intricate roles and wide-ranging implications of PCSK9, extending beyond CVD to emphasize its significance in diverse physiological and pathological states, including liver diseases, infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders, and notably, cancer. Our exploration offers insights into the interaction between PCSK9 and low-density lipoprotein receptors (LDLRs), elucidating its substantial impact on cholesterol homeostasis and cardiovascular health. It also details the evolution of PCSK9-targeted therapies, translating foundational bench discoveries into bedside applications for optimized patient care. The advent and clinical approval of innovative PCSK9 inhibitory therapies (PCSK9-iTs), including three monoclonal antibodies (Evolocumab, Alirocumab, and Tafolecimab) and one small interfering RNA (siRNA, Inclisiran), have marked a significant breakthrough in cardiovascular medicine. These therapies have demonstrated unparalleled efficacy in mitigating hypercholesterolemia, reducing cardiovascular risks, and have showcased profound value in clinical applications, offering novel therapeutic avenues and a promising future in personalized medicine for cardiovascular disorders. Furthermore, emerging research, inclusive of our findings, unveils PCSK9's potential role as a pivotal indicator for cancer prognosis and its prospective application as a transformative target for cancer treatment. This review also highlights PCSK9's aberrant expression in various cancer forms, its association with cancer prognosis, and its crucial roles in carcinogenesis and cancer immunity. In conclusion, this synthesized review integrates existing knowledge and novel insights on PCSK9, providing a holistic perspective on its transformative impact in reshaping therapeutic paradigms across various disorders. It emphasizes the clinical value and effect of PCSK9-iT, underscoring its potential in advancing the landscape of biomedical research and its capabilities in heralding new eras in personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Bao
- Institute of Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Oncology, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China.
- Center for Clinical Research, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China.
- Clinical Research Center for Cell-based Immunotherapy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Yongjun Liang
- Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanman Chang
- Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tianji Cai
- Department of Sociology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Baijie Feng
- Department of Oncology, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Konstantin Gordon
- Medical Institute, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
- A. Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Center, Obninsk, Russia
| | - Yuekun Zhu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hailian Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhangjiang Hi-tech Park, Shanghai, China
| | - Yundong He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Liyi Xie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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17
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Imaralu OE, Aluganti Narasimhulu C, Singal PK, Singla DK. Role of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) in diabetic complications. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2024; 102:14-25. [PMID: 37748207 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2023-0223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) complications have remained a major cause of death among patients with diabetes. Hence, there is a need for effective therapeutics against diabetes-induced CVD complications. Since its discovery, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) has been reported to be involved in the pathology of various CVDs, with studies showing a positive association between plasma levels of PCSK9, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia. PCSK9 regulates lipid homeostasis by interacting with low-density lipoprotein receptors (LDLRs) present in hepatocytes and subsequently induces LDLR degradation via receptor-mediated endocytosis, thereby reducing LDL uptake from circulation. In addition, PCSK9 also induces pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and apoptotic cell death in diabetic-CVD. Furthermore, therapies designed to inhibit PCSK9 effectively reduces diabetic dyslipidemia with clinical studies reporting reduced cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes and no significant adverse effect on glycemic controls. In this review, we discuss the role of PCSK9 in the pathogenesis of diabetes-induced CVD and the potential mechanisms by which PCSK9 inhibition reduces cardiovascular events in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omonzejie E Imaralu
- Division of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Chandrakala Aluganti Narasimhulu
- Division of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Pawan K Singal
- Division of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Dinender K Singla
- Division of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
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18
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Luo Q, Tang Z, Wu P, Chen Z, Fang Z, Luo F. A bibliometric analysis of PCSK9 inhibitors from 2007 to 2022. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1218968. [PMID: 38093957 PMCID: PMC10716461 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1218968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Since the approval of the proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) monoclonal antibodies for marketing in 2015, PCSK9 inhibitors have attracted significant interest in the field of cardiovascular endocrinology. A large number of clinical trials have confirmed the efficacy and safety of PCSK9 inhibitors in reducing cholesterol and the risk of cardiovascular events. No bibliometric analysis of PCSK9 inhibitors has been performed as of yet. This study aims to analyze the research trends and hotspots of PCSK9 inhibitors through bibliometric analysis. Methods We searched the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database for PCSK9 inhibitor-related publications from 2007 to 2022. Data visualization analysis was performed using CiteSpace software. Microsoft Excel and Graphpad software were used for the drawing of some tables and figures. Results A total of 1072 pieces of literature were retrieved between 2007 and 2022. The number of publications concerning PCSK9 inhibitors is growing annually. The top five countries with the most articles published were the United States, England, Canada, Italy, and France. Harvard University, Amgen, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Imperial College London are the five institutions with the highest output. The Journal of Clinical Lipidology is the most popular journal in this field. The most frequently cited journal is the New England Journal of Medicine. As for authors, Sabatine MS and Giugliano RP from Brigham & Women's Hospital have the highest number of published articles. Amgen is the funding agency for most of the research. According to keyword analysis, "low density lipoprotein", "familial hypercholesterolemia", "PCSK9 inhibitor", "PCSK9", and "efficacy" are the five keywords with the highest frequency of co-occurrence. Conclusion The past 15 years have witnessed a rapid and fruitful development of PCSK9 inhibitors. The research trend and focus for PCSK9 inhibitors are from the mechanism of reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol to related clinical trials. Developed countries such as the United States have contributed prominently in this area. Coronary artery and inflammation are currently at the forefront of research in the field and are in an explosion period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Luo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhenchu Tang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Panyun Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhangling Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhenfei Fang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fei Luo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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19
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Deng L, Kersten S, Stienstra R. Triacylglycerol uptake and handling by macrophages: From fatty acids to lipoproteins. Prog Lipid Res 2023; 92:101250. [PMID: 37619883 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are essential innate immune cells and form our first line of immune defense. Also known as professional phagocytes, macrophages interact and take up various particles, including lipids. Defective lipid handling can drive excessive lipid accumulation leading to foam cell formation, a key feature of various cardiometabolic conditions such as atherosclerosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and obesity. At the same time, intracellular lipid storage and foam cell formation can also be viewed as a protective and anti-lipotoxic mechanism against a lipid-rich environment and associated elevated lipid uptake. Traditionally, foam cell formation has primarily been linked to cholesterol uptake via native and modified low-density lipoproteins. However, other lipids, including non-esterified fatty acids and triacylglycerol (TAG)-rich lipoproteins (very low-density lipoproteins and chylomicrons), can also interact with macrophages. Recent studies have identified multiple pathways mediating TAG uptake and processing by macrophages, including endocytosis and receptor/transporter-mediated internalization and transport. This review will present the current knowledge of how macrophages take up different lipids and lipoprotein particles and address how TAG-rich lipoproteins are processed intracellularly. Understanding how macrophages take up and process different lipid species such as TAG is necessary to design future therapeutic interventions to correct excessive lipid accumulation and associated co-morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Deng
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sander Kersten
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rinke Stienstra
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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20
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Singuru G, Pulipaka S, Shaikh A, Balaji Andugulapati S, Thennati R, Kotamraju S. Therapeutic efficacy of mitochondria-targeted esculetin in the improvement of NAFLD-NASH via modulating AMPK-SIRT1 axis. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:111070. [PMID: 37862737 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction due to deregulated production of mitochondria-derived ROS is implicated in the development and progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Recently, we synthesized a novel mitochondria-targeted esculetin (Mito-Esc) and investigated its dose-response therapeutic efficacy in mitigating high-fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD and NASH in Apoe-/- mice. Mito-Esc administration, compared to simvastatin and pioglitazone, dose-dependently caused a significant reduction in body weight, improved lipid profile, glucose homeostasis, and pro-inflammatory cytokines level. Mito-Esc administration reduced adipose tissue hypertrophy and lipid accumulation presumably by regulating the levels of CD36, PPAR-γ, EBP-α, and their target genes. Mechanistically, Mito-Esc-induced activation of the AMPK1α-SIRT1 axis inhibited pre-adipocyte differentiation. Conversely, Mito-Esc failed to regulate pre-adipocyte differentiation under AMPK/SIRT1 depleted conditions. In parallel, Mito-Esc administration ameliorated HFD-induced steatosis, fibrosis of the liver, and NAFLD-associated atheromatous plaque formation in the aorta. Importantly, Mito-Esc administration inhibited HFD-induced infiltration of macrophages, a marker of steatohepatitis, in the adipose and liver tissues. The results of the in vitro studies showed that Mito-Esc treatment significantly inhibits TGF-β-induced hepatic stellate cell differentiation as well as the fibrotic markers. Consistent with the above observations, Mito-Esc treatment by activating the AMPK-SIRT1 pathway markedly reversed palmitate-induced mitochondrial superoxide production, depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential, and lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells. Together, the therapeutic efficacy of Mito-Esc in the mitigation of HFD-induced lipotoxicity, and the associated NASH is in part, mediated by potentiating the AMPK-SIRT1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajalakshmi Singuru
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sriravali Pulipaka
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Altab Shaikh
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India; Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Sai Balaji Andugulapati
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Rajamannar Thennati
- High Impact Innovations-Sustainable Health Solutions (HISHS), Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., Vadodara 390012, India
| | - Srigiridhar Kotamraju
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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21
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Hu Y, Wang R, Liu J, Wang Y, Dong J. Lipid droplet deposition in the regenerating liver: A promoter, inhibitor, or bystander? Hepatol Commun 2023; 7:e0267. [PMID: 37708445 PMCID: PMC10503682 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver regeneration (LR) is a complex process involving intricate networks of cellular connections, cytokines, and growth factors. During the early stages of LR, hepatocytes accumulate lipids, primarily triacylglycerol, and cholesterol esters, in the lipid droplets. Although it is widely accepted that this phenomenon contributes to LR, the impact of lipid droplet deposition on LR remains a matter of debate. Some studies have suggested that lipid droplet deposition has no effect or may even be detrimental to LR. This review article focuses on transient regeneration-associated steatosis and its relationship with the liver regenerative response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuelei Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ruilin Wang
- Department of Cadre’s Wards Ultrasound Diagnostics. Ultrasound Diagnostic Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Research Unit of Precision Hepatobiliary Surgery Paradigm, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Institute for Organ Transplant and Bionic Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Clinical Translational Science Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunfang Wang
- Research Unit of Precision Hepatobiliary Surgery Paradigm, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Institute for Organ Transplant and Bionic Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Clinical Translational Science Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiahong Dong
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Research Unit of Precision Hepatobiliary Surgery Paradigm, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Institute for Organ Transplant and Bionic Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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22
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Benson MD, Eisman AS, Tahir UA, Katz DH, Deng S, Ngo D, Robbins JM, Hofmann A, Shi X, Zheng S, Keyes M, Yu Z, Gao Y, Farrell L, Shen D, Chen ZZ, Cruz DE, Sims M, Correa A, Tracy RP, Durda P, Taylor KD, Liu Y, Johnson WC, Guo X, Yao J, Chen YDI, Manichaikul AW, Jain D, Yang Q, Bouchard C, Sarzynski MA, Rich SS, Rotter JI, Wang TJ, Wilson JG, Clish CB, Sarkar IN, Natarajan P, Gerszten RE. Protein-metabolite association studies identify novel proteomic determinants of metabolite levels in human plasma. Cell Metab 2023; 35:1646-1660.e3. [PMID: 37582364 PMCID: PMC11118091 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Although many novel gene-metabolite and gene-protein associations have been identified using high-throughput biochemical profiling, systematic studies that leverage human genetics to illuminate causal relationships between circulating proteins and metabolites are lacking. Here, we performed protein-metabolite association studies in 3,626 plasma samples from three human cohorts. We detected 171,800 significant protein-metabolite pairwise correlations between 1,265 proteins and 365 metabolites, including established relationships in metabolic and signaling pathways such as the protein thyroxine-binding globulin and the metabolite thyroxine, as well as thousands of new findings. In Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses, we identified putative causal protein-to-metabolite associations. We experimentally validated top MR associations in proof-of-concept plasma metabolomics studies in three murine knockout strains of key protein regulators. These analyses identified previously unrecognized associations between bioactive proteins and metabolites in human plasma. We provide publicly available data to be leveraged for studies in human metabolism and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Benson
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aaron S Eisman
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Biomedical Informatics, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Usman A Tahir
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel H Katz
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shuliang Deng
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Debby Ngo
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeremy M Robbins
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alissa Hofmann
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xu Shi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shuning Zheng
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michelle Keyes
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhi Yu
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yan Gao
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Laurie Farrell
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dongxiao Shen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zsu-Zsu Chen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel E Cruz
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mario Sims
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Adolfo Correa
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Russell P Tracy
- Department of Pathology Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Peter Durda
- Department of Pathology Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Kent D Taylor
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - W Craig Johnson
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Xiuqing Guo
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Jie Yao
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Yii-Der Ida Chen
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Ani W Manichaikul
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | - Qiong Yang
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Claude Bouchard
- Human Genomic Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Mark A Sarzynski
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Stephen S Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Thomas J Wang
- Department of Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - James G Wilson
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Clary B Clish
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Indra Neil Sarkar
- Center for Biomedical Informatics, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Pradeep Natarajan
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert E Gerszten
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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23
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Brandts J, Ray KK. Novel and future lipid-modulating therapies for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Nat Rev Cardiol 2023; 20:600-616. [PMID: 37055535 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-023-00860-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Lowering the levels of LDL cholesterol in the plasma has been shown to reduce the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Several other lipoproteins, such as triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, HDL and lipoprotein(a) are associated with atherosclerosis and ASCVD, with strong evidence supporting causality for some. In this Review, we discuss novel and upcoming therapeutic strategies targeting different pathways in lipid metabolism to potentially attenuate the risk of cardiovascular events. Key proteins involved in lipoprotein metabolism, such as PCSK9, angiopoietin-related protein 3, cholesteryl ester transfer protein and apolipoprotein(a), have been identified as viable targets for therapeutic intervention through observational and genetic studies. These proteins can be targeted using a variety of approaches, such as protein inhibition or interference, inhibition of translation at the mRNA level (with the use of antisense oligonucleotides or small interfering RNA), and the introduction of loss-of-function mutations through base editing. These novel and upcoming strategies are complementary to and could work synergistically with existing therapies, or in some cases could potentially replace therapies, offering unprecedented opportunities to prevent ASCVD. Moreover, a major challenge in the prevention and treatment of non-communicable diseases is how to achieve safe, long-lasting reductions in causal exposures. This challenge might be overcome with approaches such as small interfering RNAs or genome editing, which shows how far the field has advanced from when the burden of achieving this goal was placed upon patients through rigorous adherence to daily small-molecule drug regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Brandts
- Imperial Centre for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention (ICCP), Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kausik K Ray
- Imperial Centre for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention (ICCP), Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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24
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Hummelgaard S, Vilstrup JP, Gustafsen C, Glerup S, Weyer K. Targeting PCSK9 to tackle cardiovascular disease. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 249:108480. [PMID: 37331523 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Lowering blood cholesterol levels efficiently reduces the risk of developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), including coronary artery disease (CAD), which is the main cause of death worldwide. CAD is caused by plaque formation, comprising cholesterol deposits in the coronary arteries. Proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin/type 9 (PCSK9) was discovered in the early 2000s and later identified as a key regulator of cholesterol metabolism. PCSK9 induces lysosomal degradation of the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor in the liver, which is responsible for clearing LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) from the circulation. Accordingly, gain-of-function PCSK9 mutations are causative of familial hypercholesterolemia, a severe condition with extremely high plasma cholesterol levels and increased ASCVD risk, whereas loss-of-function PCSK9 mutations are associated with very low LDL-C levels and protection against CAD. Since the discovery of PCSK9, extensive investigations in developing PCSK9 targeting therapies have been performed. The combined delineation of clear biology, genetic risk variants, and PCSK9 crystal structures have been major drivers in developing antagonistic molecules. Today, two antibody-based PCSK9 inhibitors have successfully progressed to clinical application and shown to be effective in reducing cholesterol levels and mitigating the risk of ASCVD events, including myocardial infarction, stroke, and death, without any major adverse effects. A third siRNA-based inhibitor has been FDA-approved but awaits cardiovascular outcome data. In this review, we outline the PCSK9 biology, focusing on the structure and nonsynonymous mutations reported in the PCSK9 gene and elaborate on PCSK9-lowering strategies under development. Finally, we discuss future perspectives with PCSK9 inhibition in other severe disorders beyond cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Simon Glerup
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Draupnir Bio, INCUBA Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kathrin Weyer
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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25
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Suzuki T, Iyoda M, Kanazawa N, Tachibana S, Honda H. Effect of Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 Inhibition on Podocytes in Mouse Nephrotic Syndrome. J Transl Med 2023; 103:100199. [PMID: 37331628 DOI: 10.1016/j.labinv.2023.100199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is known to play a crucial role in dyslipidemia, and an increase in serum PCSK9 levels has also been reported in patients with nephrotic syndrome (NS). However, the specific effects of PCSK9 in kidney disease and the therapeutic potential of targeting PCSK9 in NS remain elusive. We thus investigated the effects of evolocumab (EVO) in mice with adriamycin (ADR)-induced NS. Male BALB/c mice were divided into the following 4 groups: Control, N = 11; EVO (monoclonal antibody for PCSK9), N = 11; ADR, N = 11; and ADR+EVO, N = 11. We also performed in vitro experiments using immortalized murine podocyte cells to validate the direct effects of PCSK9 on podocytes. EVO decreased urinary albumin levels and ameliorated podocytopathy in mice with ADR nephropathy. Further, EVO suppressed the Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome pathway in podocytes. PCSK9 expression upregulated CD36, a scavenger receptor of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL), which in turn stimulated the absorption of Ox-LDL in vitro. EVO downregulated CD36 expression in podocytes both in vitro and in vivo. Immunofluorescence staining analysis reveals that CD36 and PCSK9 colocalized in the glomerular tufts of mice with ADR nephropathy. In the patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, the CD36+ area in glomerular tufts increased compared with those diagnosed with minor glomerular abnormalities. This study revealed that EVO ameliorated mouse ADR nephropathy through the regulation of CD36 and NLRP3 inflammasome signaling. EVO treatment represents a potential therapeutic strategy for human NS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taihei Suzuki
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Iyoda
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Kanazawa
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shohei Tachibana
- Department of Nephrology, Omiya Central General Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Honda
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Péč MJ, Benko J, Jurica J, Péčová M, Samec M, Hurtová T, Bolek T, Galajda P, Péč M, Samoš M, Mokáň M. The Anti-Thrombotic Effects of PCSK9 Inhibitors. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1197. [PMID: 37765005 PMCID: PMC10534645 DOI: 10.3390/ph16091197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the primary process that underlies cardiovascular disease. The connection between LDL cholesterol and the formation of atherosclerotic plaques is established by solid evidence. PCSK9 inhibitors have proven to be a valuable and practical resource for lowering the LDL cholesterol of many patients in recent years. Their inhibitory effect on atherosclerosis progression seems to be driven not just by lipid metabolism modification but also by LDL-independent mechanisms. We review the effect of PCSK9 inhibitors on various mechanisms involving platelet activation, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and the resultant clot formation. The main effectors of PCSK9 activation of platelets are CD36 receptors, lipoprotein(a), oxidised LDL particles, tissue factor, and factor VIII. Many more molecules are under investigation, and this area of research is growing rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Jozef Péč
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 59 Martin, Slovakia; (M.J.P.)
| | - Jakub Benko
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 59 Martin, Slovakia; (M.J.P.)
- Department of Cardiology, Teaching Hospital Nitra, 949 01 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Jakub Jurica
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 59 Martin, Slovakia; (M.J.P.)
| | - Monika Péčová
- Oncology Centre, Teaching Hospital Martin, 036 59 Martin, Slovakia
- Department of Hematology and Transfusiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 59 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Marek Samec
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 59 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Tatiana Hurtová
- Department of Infectology and Travel Medicine, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 59 Martin, Slovakia
- Department of Dermatovenerology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 59 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Tomáš Bolek
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 59 Martin, Slovakia; (M.J.P.)
| | - Peter Galajda
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 59 Martin, Slovakia; (M.J.P.)
| | - Martin Péč
- Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 59 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Matej Samoš
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 59 Martin, Slovakia; (M.J.P.)
- Division of Acute and Interventional Cardiology, Department of Cardiology and Angiology II, Mid-Slovakian Institute of Heart and Vessel Diseases (SÚSCCH, a.s.) in Banská Bystrica, 974 01 Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - Marián Mokáň
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 59 Martin, Slovakia; (M.J.P.)
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Cui X, Yao M, Feng Y, Li C, Li Y, Guo D, He S. Exogenous hydrogen sulfide alleviates hepatic endoplasmic reticulum stress via SIRT1/FoxO1/PCSK9 pathway in NAFLD. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23027. [PMID: 37410029 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201705rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
High-fat-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been the main reason for the occurrence and development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) produces a marked effect on regulating lipid metabolism and antioxidation, whose effects on ER stress of NAFLD are still unclear. Here, we studied the influence of exogenous H2 S on NAFLD and its potential mechanism. In vivo, NAFLD model was induced by high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks, followed by intraperitoneal injection of exogenous H2 S intervention for 4 weeks. HepG2 cells exposure to lipid mixture (LM) were used as vitro model to explore the potential mechanism. We found exogenous H2 S significantly inhibited the hepatic ER stress and improved the liver fat deposition of HFD-fed mice. These similar results were also observed in HepG2 cells dealt with LM after exogenous H2 S treatment. Further mechanism studies showed exogenous H2 S strengthened the combination of FoxO1 with the PCSK9 promoter gene through SIRT1-mediated deacetylation, thereby inhibiting the PCSK9 expression to relieve the hepatic ER stress. However, SIRT1 knockout eliminated the effects of exogenous H2 S on FoxO1 deacetylation, PCSK9 inhibition, and remission of hepatic ER stress and steatosis. In conclusion, exogenous H2 S improved NAFLD by inhibiting hepatic ER stress through SIRT1/FoxO1/PCSK9 pathway. Exogenous H2 S and ER stress may be potential drug and target for the treatment of NAFLD, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Cui
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Menglin Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yanjing Feng
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chengjun Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yarui Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dan Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shuixiang He
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Zhang X, Xu H, Yu J, Cui J, Chen Z, Li Y, Niu Y, Wang S, Ran S, Zou Y, Wu J, Xia J. Immune Regulation of the Liver Through the PCSK9/CD36 Pathway During Heart Transplant Rejection. Circulation 2023; 148:336-353. [PMID: 37232170 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.123.062788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9), which is mainly secreted by the liver, is not only a therapeutic target for hyperlipidemia and cardiovascular disease, but also has been implicated in the immune regulation of infections and tumors. However, the role of PCSK9 and the liver in heart transplant rejection (HTR) and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. METHODS We assessed serum PCSK9 expression in both murine and human recipients during HTR and investigated the effect of PCSK9 ablation on HTR by using global knockout mice and a neutralizing antibody. Moreover, we performed multiorgan histological and transcriptome analyses, and multiomics and single-cell RNA-sequencing studies of the liver during HTR, as well. We further used hepatocyte-specific Pcsk9 knockout mice to investigate whether the liver regulated HTR through PCSK9. Last, we explored the regulatory effect of the PCSK9/CD36 pathway on the phenotype and function of macrophages in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Here, we report that murine and human recipients have high serum PCSK9 levels during HTR. PCSK9 ablation prolonged cardiac allograft survival and attenuated the infiltration of inflammatory cells in the graft and the expansion of alloreactive T cells in the spleen. Next, we demonstrated that PCSK9 was mainly produced and significantly upregulated in the recipient liver, which also showed a series of signaling changes, including changes in the TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor α) and IFN-γ (interferon γ) signaling pathways and the bile acid and fatty acid metabolism pathways. We found mechanistically that TNF-α and IFN-γ synergistically promoted PCSK9 expression in hepatocytes through the transcription factor SREBP2 (sterol regulatory element binding protein 2). Moreover, in vitro and in vivo studies indicated that PCSK9 inhibited CD36 expression and fatty acid uptake by macrophages and strengthened the proinflammatory phenotype, which facilitated their ability to promote proliferation and IFN-γ production by donor-reactive T cells. Last, we found that the protective effect of PCSK9 ablation against HTR is dependent on the CD36 pathway in the recipient. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals a novel mechanism for immune regulation by the liver through the PCSK9/CD36 pathway during HTR, which influences the phenotype and function of macrophages and suggests that the modulation of this pathway may be a potential therapeutic target to prevent HTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (X.Z., H.X., J.Y., J.C., Z.C., Y.L., Y.N., S.W., S.R., Y.Z., J.W., J.X.), Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Center for Translational Medicine (X.Z., J.Y., Z.C., Y.L., Y.N., S.W., S.R., J.W., J.X.), Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Heng Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (X.Z., H.X., J.Y., J.C., Z.C., Y.L., Y.N., S.W., S.R., Y.Z., J.W., J.X.), Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jizhang Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (X.Z., H.X., J.Y., J.C., Z.C., Y.L., Y.N., S.W., S.R., Y.Z., J.W., J.X.), Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Center for Translational Medicine (X.Z., J.Y., Z.C., Y.L., Y.N., S.W., S.R., J.W., J.X.), Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jikai Cui
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (X.Z., H.X., J.Y., J.C., Z.C., Y.L., Y.N., S.W., S.R., Y.Z., J.W., J.X.), Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhang Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (X.Z., H.X., J.Y., J.C., Z.C., Y.L., Y.N., S.W., S.R., Y.Z., J.W., J.X.), Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Center for Translational Medicine (X.Z., J.Y., Z.C., Y.L., Y.N., S.W., S.R., J.W., J.X.), Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (X.Z., H.X., J.Y., J.C., Z.C., Y.L., Y.N., S.W., S.R., Y.Z., J.W., J.X.), Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Center for Translational Medicine (X.Z., J.Y., Z.C., Y.L., Y.N., S.W., S.R., J.W., J.X.), Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuqing Niu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (X.Z., H.X., J.Y., J.C., Z.C., Y.L., Y.N., S.W., S.R., Y.Z., J.W., J.X.), Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Center for Translational Medicine (X.Z., J.Y., Z.C., Y.L., Y.N., S.W., S.R., J.W., J.X.), Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Song Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (X.Z., H.X., J.Y., J.C., Z.C., Y.L., Y.N., S.W., S.R., Y.Z., J.W., J.X.), Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Center for Translational Medicine (X.Z., J.Y., Z.C., Y.L., Y.N., S.W., S.R., J.W., J.X.), Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (S.W., S.R., J.W., J.X.)
| | - Shuan Ran
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (X.Z., H.X., J.Y., J.C., Z.C., Y.L., Y.N., S.W., S.R., Y.Z., J.W., J.X.), Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Center for Translational Medicine (X.Z., J.Y., Z.C., Y.L., Y.N., S.W., S.R., J.W., J.X.), Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (S.W., S.R., J.W., J.X.)
| | - Yanqiang Zou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (X.Z., H.X., J.Y., J.C., Z.C., Y.L., Y.N., S.W., S.R., Y.Z., J.W., J.X.), Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (X.Z., H.X., J.Y., J.C., Z.C., Y.L., Y.N., S.W., S.R., Y.Z., J.W., J.X.), Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Center for Translational Medicine (X.Z., J.Y., Z.C., Y.L., Y.N., S.W., S.R., J.W., J.X.), Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan (J.W.)
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (S.W., S.R., J.W., J.X.)
| | - Jiahong Xia
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (X.Z., H.X., J.Y., J.C., Z.C., Y.L., Y.N., S.W., S.R., Y.Z., J.W., J.X.), Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Center for Translational Medicine (X.Z., J.Y., Z.C., Y.L., Y.N., S.W., S.R., J.W., J.X.), Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (S.W., S.R., J.W., J.X.)
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29
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Oza PP, Kashfi K. The evolving landscape of PCSK9 inhibition in cancer. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 949:175721. [PMID: 37059376 PMCID: PMC10229316 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a disease with a significant global burden in terms of premature mortality, loss of productivity, healthcare expenditures, and impact on mental health. Recent decades have seen numerous advances in cancer research and treatment options. Recently, a new role of cholesterol-lowering PCSK9 inhibitor therapy has come to light in the context of cancer. PCSK9 is an enzyme that induces the degradation of low-density lipoprotein receptors (LDLRs), which are responsible for clearing cholesterol from the serum. Thus, PCSK9 inhibition is currently used to treat hypercholesterolemia, as it can upregulate LDLRs and enable cholesterol reduction through these receptors. The cholesterol-lowering effects of PCSK9 inhibitors have been suggested as a potential mechanism to combat cancer, as cancer cells have been found to increasingly rely on cholesterol for their growth needs. Additionally, PCSK9 inhibition has demonstrated the potential to induce cancer cell apoptosis through several pathways, increase the efficacy of a class of existing anticancer therapies, and boost the host immune response to cancer. A role in managing cancer- or cancer treatment-related development of dyslipidemia and life-threatening sepsis has also been suggested. This review examines the current evidence regarding the effects of PCSK9 inhibition in the context of different cancers and cancer-associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palak P Oza
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Khosrow Kashfi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10031, USA; Graduate Program in Biology, City University of New York Graduate Center, New York, 10091, USA.
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30
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Wei M, Zhang T, Ouyang H, Huang Z, Lu B, Li J, Xu H, Wang Z, Ji L. Erianin alleviated liver steatosis by enhancing Nrf2-mediated VE-cadherin expression in vascular endothelium. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 950:175744. [PMID: 37094711 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is emerging as the most common chronic liver disease and is closely associated with metabolic syndrome. Endothelial dysfunction was involved in many metabolic diseases, but the concrete participation of hepatic vascular endothelial dysfunction in liver steatosis that is an early stage of NAFLD is still unclear. In this study, the formation of liver steatosis and the elevation of serum insulin content were observed accompanying with the decreased vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin) expression in hepatic vessels from db/db mice, Goto-Kakizaki (GK) and high-fat diet (HFD)-fed rats. Liver steatosis was obviously enhanced in mice after the application of VE-cadherin neutralizing antibody. In vitro results showed that insulin decreased VE-cadherin expression and caused endothelial barrier breakdown. Furthermore, the alteration of VE-cadherin expression was found to be positively related with the transcriptional activation of nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay displayed that Nrf2 could directly regulate VE-cadherin expression. Insulin reduced Nrf2 activation by decreasing sequestosome-1 (p62/SQSTM1) expression downstream of insulin receptor. Moreover, the p300-mediated Nrf2 acetylation was weakened by enhancing the competitive binding of transcription factor GATA-binding protein 4 (GATA4) to p300. Finally, we found that erianin, a natural compound, could promote VE-cadherin expression by inducing Nrf2 activation, thereby alleviating liver steatosis in GK rats. Our results suggest that hepatic vascular endothelial dysfunction owing to the VE-cadherin deficiency dependent on the reduced Nrf2 activation promoted liver steatosis, and erianin alleviated liver steatosis through enhancing Nrf2-mediated VE-cadherin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjuan Wei
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Tianyu Zhang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Hao Ouyang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Zhenlin Huang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Bin Lu
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Jian Li
- The Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Jinling Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Hong Xu
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Lili Ji
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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31
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Németh K, Tóth B, Sarnyai F, Koncz A, Lenzinger D, Kereszturi É, Visnovitz T, Kestecher BM, Osteikoetxea X, Csala M, Buzás EI, Tamási V. High fat diet and PCSK9 knockout modulates lipid profile of the liver and changes the expression of lipid homeostasis related genes. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2023; 20:19. [PMID: 37004042 PMCID: PMC10064771 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-023-00738-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High fat diet (HFD) increases the likelihood of dyslipidemia, which can be a serious risk factor for atherosclerosis, diabetes or hepatosteatosis. Although changes in different blood lipid levels were broadly investigated, such alterations in the liver tissue have not been studied before. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of HFD on hepatic triglyceride (TG), diglyceride (DG) and ceramide (CER) levels and on the expression of four key genes involved in lipid homeostasis (Pcsk9, Ldlr, Cd36 and Anxa2) in the liver. In addition, the potential role of PCSK9 in the observed changes was further investigated by using PCSK9 deficient mice. METHODS We used two in vivo models: mice kept on HFD for 20 weeks and PCSK9-/- mice. The amount of the major TGs, DGs and CERs was measured by using HPLC-MS/MS analysis. The expression profiles of four lipid related genes, namely Pcsk9, Ldlr, Cd36 and Anxa2 were assessed. Co-localization studies were performed by confocal microscopy. RESULTS In HFD mice, hepatic PCSK9 expression was decreased and ANXA2 expression was increased both on mRNA and protein levels, and the amount of LDLR and CD36 receptor proteins was increased. While LDLR protein level was also elevated in the livers of PCSK9-/- mice, there was no significant change in the expression of ANXA2 and CD36 in these animals. HFD induced a significant elevation in the hepatic levels of all measured TG and DG but not of CER types, and increased the proportion of monounsaturated vs. saturated TGs and DGs. Similar changes were detected in the hepatic lipid profiles of HFD and PCSK9-/- mice. Co-localization of PCSK9 with LDLR, CD36 and ANXA2 was verified in HepG2 cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that obesogenic HFD downregulates PCSK9 expression in the liver and causes alterations in the hepatic lipid accumulation, which resemble those observed in PCSK9 deficiency. These findings suggest that PCSK9-mediated modulation of LDLR and CD36 expression might contribute to the HFD-induced changes in lipid homeostasis.
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Grants
- RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00003 National Cardiovascular Laboratory Program
- RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00003 National Cardiovascular Laboratory Program
- RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00003 National Cardiovascular Laboratory Program
- RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00003 National Cardiovascular Laboratory Program
- RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00003 National Cardiovascular Laboratory Program
- RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00003 National Cardiovascular Laboratory Program
- RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00003 National Cardiovascular Laboratory Program
- 2019-2.1.7-ERA-NET-2021-00015 Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office
- FK138115 Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office
- FK138115 Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office
- 2019-2.1.7-ERA-NET-2021-00015 Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office
- 2019-2.1.7-ERA-NET-2021-00015 Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office
- FK138115 Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office
- 2019-2.1.7-ERA-NET-2021-00015 Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office
- 2019-2.1.7-ERA-NET-2021-00015 Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office
- 2019-2.1.7-ERA-NET-2021-00015 Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office
- FK138115 Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office
- 2019-2.1.7-ERA-NET-2021-00015 Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office
- FK138115 Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office
- 739593 Horizon 2020
- 739593 Horizon 2020
- 739593 Horizon 2020
- 739593 Horizon 2020
- 739593 Horizon 2020
- 739593 Horizon 2020
- 739593 Horizon 2020
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Németh
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad Tér 4, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
- ELKH-SE Translational Extracellular Vesicle Research Group, Nagyvárad Tér 4, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Blanka Tóth
- Department of Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó U. 37-47, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem Rkp. 3, Budapest, 1111, Hungary
| | - Farkas Sarnyai
- Department of Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó U. 37-47, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
| | - Anna Koncz
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad Tér 4, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Dorina Lenzinger
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad Tér 4, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Éva Kereszturi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó U. 37-47, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
| | - Tamás Visnovitz
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad Tér 4, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/A, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Brachyahu Meir Kestecher
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad Tér 4, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
- HCEMM-SE Extracellular Vesicle Research Group, Nagyvárad Tér 4, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Xabier Osteikoetxea
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad Tér 4, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
- HCEMM-SE Extracellular Vesicle Research Group, Nagyvárad Tér 4, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Miklós Csala
- Department of Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó U. 37-47, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
| | - Edit I Buzás
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad Tér 4, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
- ELKH-SE Translational Extracellular Vesicle Research Group, Nagyvárad Tér 4, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
- HCEMM-SE Extracellular Vesicle Research Group, Nagyvárad Tér 4, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Viola Tamási
- Department of Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó U. 37-47, Budapest, 1094, Hungary.
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Nie K, Gao Y, Chen S, Wang Z, Wang H, Tang Y, Su H, Lu F, Dong H, Fang K. Diosgenin attenuates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in type 2 diabetes through regulating SIRT6-related fatty acid uptake. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 111:154661. [PMID: 36682299 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than 70% of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) concomitantly suffer from Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and the coexistence and interaction of them increases the intractability of NAFLD. With the protective effect against hepatic steatosis and liver fibrosis, SIRT6 is becoming a notable target of NAFLD. Diosgenin, an active monomer from Chinese herbs, has been reported to protect against NAFLD. PURPOSE This study aims to figure out the mechanism how diosgenin alleviate NAFLD in T2DM and the relationship with SIRT6. METHODS In vivo studies used spontaneous diabetic db/db mice and divided them into two parts. The first part included four groups consisting of control (Con) group, model (Mod) group, low dose of diosgenin (DL) group and high dose of diosgenin (DH) group. The second part included four groups consisting of Con group, Mod group, DH+OSS (OSS_128167, inhibitor of SIRT6) group, MDL (MDL800, agonist of SIRT6) group. HepG2 cell line was selected in study in vitro, which was mainly composed of six groups including Con group, palmitic acid (PA) group, PA+DL group, PA+DH group, PA+DH+OSS group, PA+MDL group. OGTT, Biochemical biomarker (including TG, TC, AST, ALT), inflammatory biomarker (including IL-6 and TNF-α) were measured. HE, Oil Red O, and DHE staining were conducted. Immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, mRNA-seq, and qPCR were used to explore the mechanism. RESULTS Results in the first part of study in vivo indicated that diosgenin protected against lipid accumulation, oxidative stress, cell injury, and light inflammatory of liver in db/db mice and regulated the expression of SIRT6 and fatty acid transporter including CD36, FATP2, FABP1. The effect of diosgenin could be reversed in DH+OSS group and the same effect was observed in MDL group in the second part of study in vivo. The same results were also noted in followed study in vitro. Diosgenin inhibited the fatty acids uptake and regulated the expression of SIRT6 and fatty acid transporter including CD36, FATP2, and FABP1 in PA-induced hepG2 cells, and which was reversed in DH+OSS group and resembled in MDL group. CONCLUSIONS Diosgenin could attenuate non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in type 2 diabetes through regulating SIRT6-related fatty acid uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Nie
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Shen Chen
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Hongzhan Wang
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Yueheng Tang
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Hao Su
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Fuer Lu
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Hui Dong
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
| | - Ke Fang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
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The impact of the PCSK-9/VLDL-Receptor axis on inflammatory cell polarization. Cytokine 2023; 161:156077. [PMID: 36356495 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.156077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have shown that lipoproteins, such as LDL and VLDL, as well as its major protein component ApoE2 impact on macrophage polarization important in atherosclerosis. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 (PCSK9) is a key regulator of lipoprotein receptor expression. The present study investigated the effect of the VLDL/VLDL-receptor (VLDL-R) axis on mononuclear cell polarization, as well as the role of PCSK9 and PCSK9 inhibitors (PCSK9i) within this network. METHODS Human monocytic THP-1 cells and human monocyte-derived macrophages isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were treated with either LPS/IFN-γ to induce a pro-inflammatory phenotype, or with IL-4/IL-13 to induce an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Cells were then subjected to further treatments by lipoproteins, PCSK9, PCSK9i and lipoprotein receptor blockers. RESULTS LPS/IFN-γ treatment promoted a pro-inflammatory state with an increased expression of pro-inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α, CD80 and IL-1β. VLDL co-treatment induced a switch of this pro-inflammatory phenotype to an anti-inflammatory phenotype. In pro-inflammatory cells, VLDL significantly decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory markers e.g., TNF-α, CD80, and IL-1β. These effects were eliminated by PCSK9 and restored by co-incubation with a specific anti-PCSK9 monoclonal antibody (PCSK9i). Migration assays demonstrated that pro-inflammatory cells displayed a significantly higher invasive capacity when compared to untreated cells or anti-inflammatory cells. Moreover, pro-inflammatory cell chemotaxis was significantly decreased by VLDL-mediated acquisition of the anti-inflammatory phenotype. PCSK9 significantly lessened this VLDL-mediated migration inhibition, which was reversed by the PCSK9i. CONCLUSION VLDL promotes mononuclear cell differentiation towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype. PCSK9, via its capacity to inhibit VLDL-R expression, reverses the VLDL-mediated anti-inflammatory action, thereby promoting a pro-inflammatory phenotype. Thus, PCSK9 targeting therapies may exert anti-inflammatory properties within the vessel wall.
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Giglio RV, Muzurović EM, Patti AM, Toth PP, Agarwal MA, Almahmeed W, Klisic A, Ciaccio M, Rizzo M. Treatment with Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 Inhibitors (PCSK9i): Current Evidence for Expanding the Paradigm? J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2023; 28:10742484231186855. [PMID: 37448204 DOI: 10.1177/10742484231186855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Background: Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors (PCSK9i) are low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)-lowering drugs that play a critical role in lipoprotein clearance and metabolism. PCSK9i are used in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia and for the secondary prevention of acute cardiovascular events in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD). Methods: We focused on the literature from 2015, the year of approval of the PCSK9 monoclonal antibodies, to the present on the use of PCSK9i not only in the lipid field but also by evaluating their effects on metabolic factors. Results: PCSK9 inhibits cholesterol efflux from macrophages and contributes to the formation of macrophage foam cells. PCSK9 has the ability to bind to Toll-like receptors, thus mediating the inflammatory response and binding to scavenger receptor B/cluster of differentiation 36. PCSK9i lower the entire spectrum of apolipoprotein B-100 containing lipoproteins (LDL, very LDLs, intermediate-density lipoproteins, and lipoprotein[a]) in high CVD-risk patients. Moreover, PCSK9 inhibitors are neutral on risk for new-onset diabetes mellitus and might have a beneficial impact on the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by improving lipid and inflammatory biomarker profiles, steatosis biomarkers such as the triglyceride-glucose index, and hepatic steatosis index, although there are no comprehensive studies with long-term follow-up studies. Conclusion: The discovery of PCSK9i has opened a new era in therapeutic management in patients with hypercholesterolemia and high cardiovascular risk. Increasingly, there has been mounting scientific and clinical evidence supporting the safety and tolerability of PCSK9i.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Vincenza Giglio
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Molecular Medicine, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University-Hospital, Palermo, Italy
| | - Emir M Muzurović
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology Section, Clinical Centre of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Angelo Maria Patti
- Internal Medicine Unit, "Vittorio Emanuele II" Hospital, Castelvetrano, Italy
| | - Peter P Toth
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Manyoo A Agarwal
- Heart and Vascular Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Wael Almahmeed
- Heart and Vascular Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Aleksandra Klisic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
- Primary Health Care Center, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Marcello Ciaccio
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Molecular Medicine, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University-Hospital, Palermo, Italy
| | - Manfredi Rizzo
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of South Carolina School of Medicine Columbia, Columbia, SC, USA
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Zou J, Xiang Q, Tan D, Shi L, Liu X, Wu Y, Yu R. Zuogui-Jiangtang-Qinggan-Fang alleviates high-fat diet-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by modulating gut microbiome-metabolites-short chain fatty acid composition. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 157:114002. [PMID: 36410120 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) pathogenesis is affected by dysbiosis of the gut microbiome and the metabolites it generates. Therefore, restoring the equilibrium between the gut microbiome and the generated metabolites may have therapeutic potential for the syndrome. Zuogui Jiangtang Qinggan Fang (ZGJTQGF) is a Chinese herbal formulation used clinically to treat type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM) and fatty liver disease. However, its pharmacological mechanisms have not been well characterized. This work aimed to evaluate the hepatoprotective mechanism of ZGJTQGF in T2DM with NAFLD mice by incorporating gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs), and metabolomic analysis, and then to provide strong support for clinical treatment of T2DM with NAFLD. The sequencing of 16 S rRNA revealed that ZGJTQGF therapy modified the composition and abundance of the gut microbiome, raised the level of SCFAs, and restored the intestinal mucosal barrier. The non-targeted metabolomic analysis of liver tissues identified 212 compounds, of which108 were differentially expressed between the HFD and ZGJTQGF groups. Moreover, L-glutamic acid, L-Phenylalanine, Glycine, Taurine, Deoxycholic acid, and citric acid levels were also considerably altered by ZGJTQGF. Our findings suggest that ZGJTQGF ameliorates HFD-induced hepatic steatosis by modulating the gut microbiota composition and its metabolites and boosting the levels of SCFAs. More notably, ZGJTQGF may be a promising medication for preventing and treating NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junju Zou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription and Syndromes Translational Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China; National Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Chinese Medicinal Powder & Innovative Medicinal Jointly Established by Province and Ministry, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Qin Xiang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription and Syndromes Translational Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Danni Tan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription and Syndromes Translational Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Liuyang Shi
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription and Syndromes Translational Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Xiu Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription and Syndromes Translational Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Yongjun Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China; Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine School of Pharmacy, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China.
| | - Rong Yu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription and Syndromes Translational Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China.
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36
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Fan FS. Small-interfering RNA targeting proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 might promote fatty liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma through upregulation of CD36. Tumour Biol 2023; 45:73-80. [PMID: 37694331 DOI: 10.3233/tub-230007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) binds to low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor and fatty acid translocase CD36, inducing lysosomal degradation of these two receptors in the liver cells. Both monoclonal antibody (mAb) and small-interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting PCSK9 have been designed for treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia recently, with elevating LDL receptors on the liver cell surface and increasing LDL uptake as the main beneficial mechanism. However, given that the binding domains of PCSK9 for LDL receptor and CD36 are different, and PCSK9 mAb only attacks the domain for LDL receptor, CD36 expression remains partially controlled under PCSK9 mAb treatment. In contrast, PCSK9 siRNA brings on complete loss of PCSK9, resulting in overexpression of CD36. Based on the fact that CD36 is a key factor in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and subsequent hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the risk of developing NAFLD and HCC on long-term use of PCSK9 siRNA is thus raised as a hypothesis. Additionally, because CD36 is also involved in the promotion of malignant diseases other than HCC, such as acute myeloid leukemia, gastric cancer, breast cancer, and colorectal cancer, the speculative danger of flourishing these malignancies by PCSK9 siRNA is discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank S Fan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
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Chen RB, Wang QY, Wang YY, Wang YD, Liu JH, Liao ZZ, Xiao XH. Feeding-induced hepatokines and crosstalk with multi-organ: A novel therapeutic target for Type 2 diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1094458. [PMID: 36936164 PMCID: PMC10020511 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1094458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia, which can be caused by either an insulin deficit and/or insulin resistance, is the main symptom of Type 2 diabetes, a significant endocrine metabolic illness. Conventional medications, including insulin and oral antidiabetic medicines, can alleviate the signs of diabetes but cannot restore insulin release in a physiologically normal amount. The liver detects and reacts to shifts in the nutritional condition that occur under a wide variety of metabolic situations, making it an essential organ for maintaining energy homeostasis. It also performs a crucial function in glucolipid metabolism through the secretion of hepatokines. Emerging research shows that feeding induces hepatokines release, which regulates glucose and lipid metabolism. Notably, these feeding-induced hepatokines act on multiple organs to regulate glucolipotoxicity and thus influence the development of T2DM. In this review, we focus on describing how feeding-induced cross-talk between hepatokines, including Adropin, Manf, Leap2 and Pcsk9, and metabolic organs (e.g.brain, heart, pancreas, and adipose tissue) affects metabolic disorders, thus revealing a novel approach for both controlling and managing of Type 2 diabetes as a promising medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Bin Chen
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Institution of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Qi-Yu Wang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Institution of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Wang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Ya-Di Wang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Jiang-Hua Liu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Zhe-Zhen Liao
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- *Correspondence: Xin-Hua Xiao, ; Zhe-Zhen Liao,
| | - Xin-Hua Xiao
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- *Correspondence: Xin-Hua Xiao, ; Zhe-Zhen Liao,
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Fruchart Gaillard C, Ouadda ABD, Ciccone L, Girard E, Mikaeeli S, Evagelidis A, Le Dévéhat M, Susan-Resiga D, Lajeunesse EC, Nozach H, Ramos OHP, Thureau A, Legrand P, Prat A, Dive V, Seidah NG. Molecular interactions of PCSK9 with an inhibitory nanobody, CAP1 and HLA-C: Functional regulation of LDLR levels. Mol Metab 2022; 67:101662. [PMID: 36566984 PMCID: PMC9816786 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The liver-derived circulating PCSK9 enhances the degradation of the LDL receptor (LDLR) in endosomes/lysosomes. PCSK9 inhibition or silencing is presently used in clinics worldwide to reduce LDL-cholesterol, resulting in lower incidence of cardiovascular disease and possibly cancer/metastasis. The mechanism by which the PCSK9-LDLR complex is sorted to degradation compartments is not fully understood. We previously suggested that out of the three M1, M2 and M3 subdomains of the C-terminal Cys/His-rich-domain (CHRD) of PCSK9, only M2 is critical for the activity of extracellular of PCSK9 on cell surface LDLR. This likely implicates the binding of M2 to an unknown membrane-associated "protein X" that would escort the complex to endosomes/lysosomes for degradation. We reported that a nanobody P1.40 binds the M1 and M3 domains of the CHRD and inhibits the function of PCSK9. It was also reported that the cytosolic adenylyl cyclase-associated protein 1 (CAP1) could bind M1 and M3 subdomains and enhance the activity of PCSK9. In this study, we determined the 3-dimensional structure of the CHRD-P1.40 complex to understand the intricate interplay between P1.40, CAP1 and PCSK9 and how they regulate LDLR degradation. METHODS X-ray diffraction of the CHRD-P1.40 complex was analyzed with a 2.2 Å resolution. The affinity and interaction of PCSK9 or CHRD with P1.40 or CAP1 was analyzed by atomic modeling, site-directed mutagenesis, bio-layer interferometry, expression in hepatic cell lines and immunocytochemistry to monitor LDLR degradation. The CHRD-P1.40 interaction was further analyzed by deep mutational scanning and binding assays to validate the role of predicted critical residues. Conformational changes and atomic models were obtained by small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). RESULTS We demonstrate that PCSK9 exists in a closed or open conformation and that P1.40 favors the latter by binding key residues in the M1 and M3 subdomains of the CHRD. Our data show that CAP1 is well secreted by hepatic cells and binds extracellular PCSK9 at distinct residues in the M1 and M3 modules and in the acidic prodomain. CAP1 stabilizes the closed conformation of PCSK9 and prevents P1.40 binding. However, CAP1 siRNA only partially inhibited PCSK9 activity on the LDLR. By modeling the previously reported interaction between M2 and an R-X-E motif in HLA-C, we identified Glu567 and Arg549 as critical M2 residues binding HLA-C. Amazingly, these two residues are also required for the PCSK9-induced LDLR degradation. CONCLUSIONS The present study reveals that CAP1 enhances the function of PCSK9, likely by twisting the protein into a closed configuration that exposes the M2 subdomain needed for targeting the PCSK9-LDLR complex to degradation compartments. We hypothesize that "protein X", which is expected to guide the LDLR-PCSK9-CAP1 complex to these compartments after endocytosis into clathrin-coated vesicles, is HLA-C or a similar MHC-I family member. This conclusion is supported by the PCSK9 natural loss-of-function Q554E and gain-of-function H553R M2 variants, whose consequences are anticipated by our modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Fruchart Gaillard
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SIMoS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Ali Ben Djoudi Ouadda
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), affiliated to the University of Montreal, Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Lidia Ciccone
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, HelioBio group, l'Orme des Merisiers, 91190 Saint-Aubin, France; Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno, 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Emmanuelle Girard
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), affiliated to the University of Montreal, Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Sepideh Mikaeeli
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), affiliated to the University of Montreal, Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Alexandra Evagelidis
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), affiliated to the University of Montreal, Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Maïlys Le Dévéhat
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), affiliated to the University of Montreal, Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Delia Susan-Resiga
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), affiliated to the University of Montreal, Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Evelyne Cassar Lajeunesse
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SIMoS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hervé Nozach
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SIMoS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Oscar Henrique Pereira Ramos
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SIMoS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Aurélien Thureau
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, HelioBio group, l'Orme des Merisiers, 91190 Saint-Aubin, France
| | - Pierre Legrand
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, HelioBio group, l'Orme des Merisiers, 91190 Saint-Aubin, France
| | - Annik Prat
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), affiliated to the University of Montreal, Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Vincent Dive
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SIMoS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Nabil G Seidah
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), affiliated to the University of Montreal, Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada.
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Alannan M, Seidah NG, Merched AJ. PCSK9 in Liver Cancers at the Crossroads between Lipid Metabolism and Immunity. Cells 2022; 11:cells11244132. [PMID: 36552895 PMCID: PMC9777286 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic rewiring and defective immune responses are considered to be the main driving forces sustaining cell growth and oncogenesis in many cancers. The atypical enzyme, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), is produced by the liver in large amounts and plays a major role in lipid metabolism via the control of the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and other cell surface receptors. In this context, many clinical studies have clearly demonstrated the high efficacy of PCSK9 inhibitors in treating hyperlipidemia and cardiovascular diseases. Recent data implicated PCSK9 in the degradation of major histocompatibility complex I (MHC-I) receptors and the immune system as well as in other physiological activities. This review highlights the complex crosstalk between PCSK9, lipid metabolism and immunosuppression and underlines the latest advances in understanding the involvement of this convertase in other critical functions. We present a comprehensive assessment of the different strategies targeting PCSK9 and show how these approaches could be extended to future therapeutic options to treat cancers with a main focus on the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malak Alannan
- Bordeaux Institute of Oncology (BRIC), INSERM U1312, University of Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Nabil G. Seidah
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Montreal Clinical Research Institute, IRCM, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Aksam J. Merched
- Bordeaux Institute of Oncology (BRIC), INSERM U1312, University of Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- Correspondence:
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Päth G, Perakakis N, Mantzoros CS, Seufert J. PCSK9 inhibition and cholesterol homeostasis in insulin producing β-cells. Lipids Health Dis 2022; 21:138. [PMID: 36527064 PMCID: PMC9756761 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-022-01751-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) plays a central role in the pathology of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. For decades, the gold standard for LDL-C lowering have been statins, although these drugs carry a moderate risk for the development of new-onset diabetes. The inhibitors of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) have emerged in the last years as potential alternatives to statins due to their high efficiency and safety without indications for a diabetes risk so far. Both approaches finally eliminate LDL-C from bloodstream by upregulation of LDL receptor surface expression. Due to their low antioxidant capacity, insulin producing pancreatic β-cells are sensitive to increased lipid oxidation and related generation of reactive oxygen species. Thus, PCSK9 inhibition has been argued to promote diabetes like statins. Potentially, the remaining patients at risk will be identified in the future. Otherwise, there is increasing evidence that loss of circulating PCSK9 does not worsen glycaemia since it is compensated by local PCSK9 expression in β-cells and other islet cells. This review explores the situation in β-cells. We evaluated the relevant biology of PCSK9 and the effects of its functional loss in rodent knockout models, carriers of LDL-lowering gene variants and PCSK9 inhibitor-treated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter Päth
- grid.5963.9Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Medicine II, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany, Hugstetter Str. 55, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Perakakis
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Division of Metabolic and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDivision of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Christos S. Mantzoros
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDivision of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,grid.410370.10000 0004 4657 1992Section of Endocrinology, VA Boston Healthcare System, MA Jamaica Plain, USA
| | - Jochen Seufert
- grid.5963.9Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Medicine II, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany, Hugstetter Str. 55, Freiburg, Germany
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Feng Y, Sun W, Sun F, Yin G, Liang P, Chen S, Liu X, Jiang T, Zhang F. Biological Mechanisms and Related Natural Inhibitors of CD36 in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:3829-3845. [PMID: 36388082 PMCID: PMC9642071 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s386982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a spectrum of liver disorders from non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) to the more severe non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), is the leading etiology of chronic liver disease and its global prevalence is increasing. Hepatic steatosis, a condition marked by an abnormal buildup of triglycerides in the liver, is the precursor to NAFLD. Differentiated cluster 36 (CD36), a scavenger receptor class B protein, is a membrane receptor that recognizes multiple lipid and non-lipid ligands. It is generally agreed that CD36 contributes significantly to hepatic steatosis by taking part in fatty acid uptake as well as triglyceride storage and secretion. While there has not been any conclusive research on how CD36 inhibitors prevent NAFLD from progressing and no clinically approved CD36 inhibitors are currently available for use in NAFLD, CD36 remains a target worthy of further investigation in NAFLD. In recent years, the potential role of natural products acting through CD36 in treating non-alcoholic fatty liver disease has attracted much attention. This paper offers an overview of the pathogenesis of CD36 in NAFLD and summarizes some of the natural compounds or extracts that are currently being investigated for modulating NAFLD via CD36 or the CD36 pathway, providing an alternative approach to the development of CD36-related drugs in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Feng
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenxiu Sun
- Department of Nursing, Taishan Vocational College of Nursing, Taian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fengcui Sun
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoliang Yin
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pengpeng Liang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Suwen Chen
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangyi Liu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tongfei Jiang
- Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fengxia Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250011, People’s Republic of China
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Marku A, Da Dalt L, Galli A, Dule N, Corsetto P, Rizzo AM, Moregola A, Uboldi P, Bonacina F, Marciani P, Castagna M, Catapano AL, Norata GD, Perego C. Pancreatic PCSK9 controls the organization of the β-cell secretory pathway via LDLR-cholesterol axis. Metabolism 2022; 136:155291. [PMID: 35981632 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholesterol is central to pancreatic β-cell physiology and alterations of its homeostasis contribute to β-cell dysfunction and diabetes. Proper intracellular cholesterol levels are maintained by different mechanisms including uptake via the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). In the liver, the proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) routes the LDLR to lysosomes for degradation, thus limiting its recycling to the membrane. PCSK9 is also expressed in the pancreas and loss of function mutations of PCSK9 result in higher plasma glucose levels and increased risk of Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Aim of this study was to investigate whether PCSK9 also impacts β-cells function. METHODS Pancreas-specific Pcsk9 null mice (Pdx1Cre/Pcsk9 fl/fl) were generated and characterized for glucose tolerance, insulin release and islet morphology. Isolated Pcsk9-deficient islets and clonal β-cells (INS1E) were employed to characterize the molecular mechanisms of PCSK9 action. RESULTS Pdx1Cre/Pcsk9 fl/fl mice exhibited normal blood PCSK9 and cholesterol levels but were glucose intolerant and had defective insulin secretion in vivo. Analysis of PCSK9-deficient islets revealed comparable β-cell mass and insulin content but impaired stimulated secretion. Increased proinsulin/insulin ratio, modifications of SNARE proteins expression and decreased stimulated‑calcium dynamics were detected in PCSK9-deficient β-cells. Mechanistically, pancreatic PCSK9 silencing impacts β-cell LDLR expression and cholesterol content, both in vivo and in vitro. The key role of LDLR is confirmed by the demonstration that LDLR downregulation rescued the phenotype. CONCLUSIONS These findings establish pancreatic PCSK9 as a novel critical regulator of the functional maturation of the β-cell secretory pathway, via modulation of cholesterol homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Algerta Marku
- Dept of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20134 Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Da Dalt
- Dept of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20134 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Galli
- Dept of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20134 Milan, Italy
| | - Nevia Dule
- Dept of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20134 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Corsetto
- Dept of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20134 Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Maria Rizzo
- Dept of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20134 Milan, Italy
| | - Annalisa Moregola
- Dept of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20134 Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Uboldi
- Dept of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20134 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Bonacina
- Dept of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20134 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Marciani
- Dept of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20134 Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Castagna
- Dept of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20134 Milan, Italy
| | - Alberico Luigi Catapano
- Dept of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20134 Milan, Italy; IRCCS Multimedica Hospital, Sesto San Giovanni, 20099 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Danilo Norata
- Dept of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20134 Milan, Italy; Centro SISA per lo studio dell'Aterosclerosi, Ospedale Bassini, 20092 Cinisello Balsamo, Italy.
| | - Carla Perego
- Dept of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20134 Milan, Italy.
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Momtazi-Borojeni AA, Banach M, Ruscica M, Sahebkar A. The role of PCSK9 in NAFLD/NASH and therapeutic implications of PCSK9 inhibition. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2022; 15:1199-1208. [PMID: 36193738 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2022.2132229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There are inconsistent findings regarding the effect of lipid-lowering agents on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is an important player in cholesterol homeostasis and intracellular lipogenesis, and PCSK9 inhibitors (PCSK9-i) have been found to be efficient for pharmacological management of hyperlipidemia. AREAS COVERED Whether PCSK9 (itself) or PCSK9-i affects NAFLD is still disputed. To address this question, we review published preclinical and clinical studies providing evidence for the role of PCSK9 in and the effect of PCSK9-I on the development and pathogenesis of NAFLD. EXPERT OPINION The current evidence from a landscape of preclinical and clinical studies examining the role of PCSK9 in NAFLD shows controversial results. Preclinical studies indicate that PCSK9 associates with NAFLD and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) progression in opposite directions. In humans, it has been concluded that the severity of hepatic steatosis affects the correlation between circulating PCSK9 and liver fat content in humans, with a possible impact of circulating PCSK9 in the early stages of NAFLD, but not in the late stages. However, data from clinical trials with PCSK9-i reassure to the safety of these agents, although real-life long-term evidence is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz (MUL), Lodz, Poland.,Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Zielona Gora, Zielona Gora, Poland
| | - Massimiliano Ruscica
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Since the discovery of PCSK9 in 2003, this proprotein convertase was shown to target specific receptors for degradation in endosomes/lysosomes, including LDLR and other family members and hence to enhance the levels of circulating LDL-cholesterol (LDLc). Accordingly, inhibitors of PCSK9, including monoclonal antibodies blocking its circulating activity and siRNA silencers of its hepatic expression, are now used in clinics worldwide to treat hypercholesterolemia patients effectively and safely in combination with statins and/or ezetimibe. These powerful treatments reduce the incidence of atherosclerosis by at least 20%. Since 2008, novel targets of PCSK9 began to be defined, thereby expanding its roles beyond LDLc regulation into the realm of inflammation, pathogen infections and cellular proliferation in various cancers and associated metastases. RECENT FINDINGS Some pathogens such as dengue virus exploit the ability of PCSK9 to target the LDLR for degradation to enhance their ability to infect cells. Aside from increasing the degradation of the LDLR and its family members VLDLR, ApoER2 and LRP1, circulating PCSK9 also reduces the levels of other receptors such as CD36 (implicated in fatty acid uptake), oxidized LDLR receptor (that clears oxidized LDLc) as well as major histocompatibility class-I (MHC-I) receptors (implicated in the immune response to antigens). Thus, these novel targets provided links between PCSK9 and inflammation/atherosclerosis, viral infections and cancer/metastasis. The functional activities of PCSK9, accelerated the development of novel therapies to inhibit PCSK9 functions, including small molecular inhibitors, long-term vaccines, and possibly CRISPR-based silencing of hepatic expression of PCSK9. The future of inhibitors/silencers of PCSK9 function or expression looks bright, as these are expected to provide a modern armamentarium to treat various pathologies beyond hypercholesterolemia and its effects on atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil G Seidah
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM, affiliated to the University of Montreal), 110 Pine Ave West, Montreal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada.
| | - Damien Garçon
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM, affiliated to the University of Montreal), 110 Pine Ave West, Montreal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada
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Venugopal J, Wang J, Guo C, Eitzman DT. Amiodarone improves anemia in a murine model of sickle cell disease and is associated with increased erythrocyte bis(monoacylglycerol) phosphate. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16437. [PMID: 36180774 PMCID: PMC9525675 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20955-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is associated with altered plasma and erythrocyte lipid profiles. In a previous study, SCD mice with deficiency of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) were observed to have more severe anemia and increased sickling compared to control SCD mice. Although PCSK9 affects circulating low density lipoprotein (LDL) by regulation of the LDL receptor, the effect of PCSK9 on anemia was independent of LDL receptor expression. In the current study, erythrocyte metabolomics were performed and revealed altered erythrocyte lipid species between SCD mice with and without PCSK9. Of particular interest, the late endosome-specific lipid bis(mono)acylglycerol phosphate (BMP) 44:12 was markedly decreased in erythrocytes from SCD mice deficient in PCSK9 mice relative to control SCD mice. Incubation of sickle erythrocytes with a neutralizing antibody to BMP increased erythrocyte sickling in vitro. In vitro treatment of SCD erythrocytes with amiodarone (1.5 μM) or medroxyprogesterone (6.75 μM), two pharmacologic compounds known to increase BMP, resulted in reduced erythrocyte sickling. Treatment of SCD mice with amiodarone (10 mg/kg) for 2 weeks resulted in increased BMP, improvement in anemia with reduced reticulocytosis, and decreased ex vivo sickling. In conclusion, severity of anemia in SCD is improved with amiodarone treatment, an effect which may be mediated through increased erythrocyte BMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Venugopal
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Michigan Internal Medicine-Cardiology Division, 7301A MSRB III, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-0644, USA
| | - Jintao Wang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Michigan Internal Medicine-Cardiology Division, 7301A MSRB III, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-0644, USA
| | - Chiao Guo
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Michigan Internal Medicine-Cardiology Division, 7301A MSRB III, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-0644, USA
| | - Daniel T Eitzman
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Michigan Internal Medicine-Cardiology Division, 7301A MSRB III, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-0644, USA.
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Liu C, Chen J, Chen H, Zhang T, He D, Luo Q, Chi J, Hong Z, Liao Y, Zhang S, Wu Q, Cen H, Chen G, Li J, Wang L. PCSK9 Inhibition: From Current Advances to Evolving Future. Cells 2022; 11:cells11192972. [PMID: 36230934 PMCID: PMC9562883 DOI: 10.3390/cells11192972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a secretory serine protease synthesized primarily by the liver. It mainly promotes the degradation of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) by binding LDL-R, reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) clearance. In addition to regulating LDL-R, PCSK9 inhibitors can also bind Toll-like receptors (TLRs), scavenger receptor B (SR-B/CD36), low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1), apolipoprotein E receptor-2 (ApoER2) and very-low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDL-R) reducing the lipoprotein concentration and slowing thrombosis. In addition to cardiovascular diseases, PCSK9 is also used in pancreatic cancer, sepsis, and Parkinson’s disease. Currently marketed PCSK9 inhibitors include alirocumab, evolocumab, and inclisiran, as well as small molecules, nucleic acid drugs, and vaccines under development. This review systematically summarized the application, preclinical studies, safety, mechanism of action, and latest research progress of PCSK9 inhibitors, aiming to provide ideas for the drug research and development and the clinical application of PCSK9 in cardiovascular diseases and expand its application in other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou 510080, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (L.W.)
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Huiqi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Dongyue He
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qiyuan Luo
- Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jiaxin Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zebin Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yizhong Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Shihui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qizhe Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neuroscience, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Huan Cen
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Guangzhong Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neuroscience, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jinxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (L.W.)
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Suur BE, Chemaly M, Lindquist Liljeqvist M, Djordjevic D, Stenemo M, Bergman O, Karlöf E, Lengquist M, Odeberg J, Hurt-Camejo E, Eriksson P, Ketelhuth DF, Roy J, Hedin U, Nyberg M, Matic L. Therapeutic potential of the Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin family in vascular disease. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:988561. [PMID: 36188622 PMCID: PMC9520287 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.988561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexins (PCSKs) constitute a family of nine related proteases: PCSK1-7, MBTPS1, and PCSK9. Apart from PCSK9, little is known about PCSKs in cardiovascular disease. Here, we aimed to investigate the expression landscape and druggability potential of the entire PCSK family for CVD. We applied an integrative approach, combining genetic, transcriptomic and proteomic data from three vascular biobanks comprising carotid atherosclerosis, thoracic and abdominal aneurysms, with patient clinical parameters and immunohistochemistry of vascular biopsies. Apart from PCSK4, all PCSK family members lie in genetic regions containing variants associated with human cardiovascular traits. Transcriptomic analyses revealed that FURIN, PCSK5, MBTPS1 were downregulated, while PCSK6/7 were upregulated in plaques vs. control arteries. In abdominal aneurysms, FURIN, PCSK5, PCSK7, MBTPS1 were downregulated, while PCSK6 was enriched in diseased media. In thoracic aneurysms, only FURIN was significantly upregulated. Network analyses of the upstream and downstream pathways related to PCSKs were performed on the omics data from vascular biopsies, revealing mechanistic relationships between this protein family and disease. Cell type correlation analyses and immunohistochemistry showed that PCSK transcripts and protein levels parallel each other, except for PCSK9 where transcript was not detected, while protein was abundant in vascular biopsies. Correlations to clinical parameters revealed a positive association between FURIN plaque levels and serum LDL, while PCSK6 was negatively associated with Hb. PCSK5/6/7 were all positively associated with adverse cardiovascular events. Our results show that PCSK6 is abundant in plaques and abdominal aneurysms, while FURIN upregulation is characteristic for thoracic aneurysms. PCSK9 protein, but not the transcript, was present in vascular lesions, suggesting its accumulation from circulation. Integrating our results lead to the development of a novel ‘molecular’ 5D framework. Here, we conducted the first integrative study of the proprotein convertase family in this context. Our results using this translational pipeline, revealed primarily PCSK6, followed by PCSK5, PCSK7 and FURIN, as proprotein convertases with the highest novel therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca E. Suur
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Melody Chemaly
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Djordje Djordjevic
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Markus Stenemo
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Otto Bergman
- Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Karlöf
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mariette Lengquist
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jacob Odeberg
- Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Proteomics, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Hurt-Camejo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Biopharmaceutical R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Per Eriksson
- Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel F.J. Ketelhuth
- Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Joy Roy
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulf Hedin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Nyberg
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Ljubica Matic
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Ljubica Matic,
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Bouzoni E, Perakakis N, Connelly MA, Angelidi AM, Pilitsi E, Farr O, Stefanakis K, Mantzoros CS. PCSK9 and ANGPTL3 levels correlate with hyperlipidemia in HIV-lipoatrophy, are regulated by fasting and are not affected by leptin administered in physiologic or pharmacologic doses. Metabolism 2022; 134:155265. [PMID: 35820631 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medications leveraging the leptin, PCSK9, ANGPTL3 and FABP4 pathways are being developed for the treatment of insulin resistance and/or lipid disorders. To evaluate whether these pathways are independent from each other, we assessed the levels of PCSK9, ANGPTL3 and FABP4, in normal subjects and subjects exhibiting HIV and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) induced metabolic syndrome with lipoatrophy and hypoleptinemia. Studies were performed at baseline and during food deprivation for three days with either a placebo or leptin administration at physiological replacement doses to correct fasting induced acute hypoleptinemia and in pharmacological doses. METHODS PCSK9, ANGPTL3, FABP4 levels and their correlations to lipoproteins-metabolites were assessed in randomized placebo controlled cross-over studies: a) in 15 normal-weight individuals undergoing three-day admissions in the fed state, in complete fasting with placebo and in complete fasting with leptin treatment in physiologic replacement doses (study 1), b) in 15 individuals day baseline in a fed and three fasting admissions for three days with leptin administered in physiologic, supraphysiologic and pharmacologic doses (study 2), c) in 7 hypoleptinemic men with HIV and HAART-induced lipoatrophy treated with leptin or placebo for two months in the context of a cross over randomized trial (study 3). RESULTS Circulating ANGPTL3, PCSK9 and FABP4 were markedly elevated in HIV-lipoatrophy and not affected by leptin treatment. PCSK9 levels correlated with lipids and markers of lipid utilization and lipolysis. ANGPTL3 levels correlated with HDL particles and their lipid composition. FABP4 levels were negatively associated with HDL diameter (HDL-D) and composition. PCSK9 and ANGPTL3 levels decreased during food deprivation by ~65 % and 30 % respectively. Leptin administration at physiologic, supraphysiologic and pharmacologic doses did not affect PCSK9, ANGPTL3 and FABP4 levels. CONCLUSIONS PCSK9, ANGPTL3 and FABP4 levels are associated with markers of lipid metabolism and are higher in HIV-lipoatrophy. PCSK9 and ANGPTL3 but not FABP4 decrease in response to food deprivation. PCSK9 and ANGPTL3 regulation is leptin-independent, suggesting independent pathways for lipid regulation. Thus, combining treatments of leptin with PCSK9 and/or ANGPTL3 inhibitors for metabolic diseases should have additive effects and merit further investigation. CLINICAL TRIAL INFORMATION ClinicalTrials.gov no. NCT00140231, NCT00140205, NCT00140244.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Bouzoni
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States.
| | - Nikolaos Perakakis
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Margery A Connelly
- Laboratory Corporation of America® Holdings (Labcorp), Morrisville, NC 27560, United States
| | - Angeliki M Angelidi
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Eleni Pilitsi
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Olivia Farr
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Konstantinos Stefanakis
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States; Section of Endocrinology, VA Boston Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain, MA 02130, United States
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Pressly J, Fornoni A. The Many Lives of PCSK9: Therapeutic Implications. KIDNEY360 2022; 3:1296-1298. [PMID: 36176663 PMCID: PMC9416847 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0003272022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Pressly
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Miami, Florida
- Peggy and Harold Katz Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Alessia Fornoni
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Miami, Florida
- Peggy and Harold Katz Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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Han H, Wang M, Zhong R, Yi B, Schroyen M, Zhang H. Depletion of Gut Microbiota Inhibits Hepatic Lipid Accumulation in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169350. [PMID: 36012616 PMCID: PMC9408850 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated lipid metabolism is a key pathology in metabolic diseases and the liver is a critical organ for lipid metabolism. The gut microbiota has been shown to regulate hepatic lipid metabolism in the host. However, the underlying mechanism by which the gut microbiota influences hepatic lipid metabolism has not been elucidated. Here, a gut microbiota depletion mouse model was constructed with an antibiotics cocktail (Abx) to study the mechanism through which intestinal microbiota regulates hepatic lipid metabolism in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. Our results showed that the Abx treatment effectively eradicated the gut microbiota in these mice. Microbiota depletion reduced the body weight and fat deposition both in white adipose tissue and liver. In addition, microbiota depletion reduced serum levels of glucose, total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), insulin, and leptin in HFD-fed mice. Importantly, the depletion of gut microbiota in HFD-fed mice inhibited excessive hepatic lipid accumulation. Mechanistically, RNA-seq results revealed that gut microbiota depletion changed the expression of hepatic genes involved in cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism, such as Cd36, Mogat1, Cyp39a1, Abcc3, and Gpat3. Moreover, gut microbiota depletion reduced the abundance of bacteria associated with abnormal metabolism and inflammation, including Lachnospiraceae, Coriobacteriaceae_UCG-002, Enterorhabdus, Faecalibaculum, and Desulfovibrio. Correlation analysis showed that there was strong association between the altered gut microbiota abundance and the serum cholesterol level. This study indicates that gut microbiota ameliorates HFD-induced hepatic lipid metabolic dysfunction, which might be associated with genes participating in cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Han
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 4000 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Mengyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ruqing Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bao Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Martine Schroyen
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 4000 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Hongfu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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