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Weber S, Wyszynski M, Godefroid M, Plattfaut R, Niehaves B. How do medical professionals make sense (or not) of AI? A social-media-based computational grounded theory study and an online survey. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2024; 24:146-159. [PMID: 38434249 PMCID: PMC10904922 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2024.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
To investigate opinions and attitudes of medical professionals towards adopting AI-enabled healthcare technologies in their daily business, we used a mixed-methods approach. Study 1 employed a qualitative computational grounded theory approach analyzing 181 Reddit threads in the several subreddits of r/medicine. By utilizing an unsupervised machine learning clustering method, we identified three key themes: (1) consequences of AI, (2) physician-AI relationship, and (3) a proposed way forward. In particular Reddit posts related to the first two themes indicated that the medical professionals' fear of being replaced by AI and skepticism toward AI played a major role in the argumentations. Moreover, the results suggest that this fear is driven by little or moderate knowledge about AI. Posts related to the third theme focused on factual discussions about how AI and medicine have to be designed to become broadly adopted in health care. Study 2 quantitatively examined the relationship between the fear of AI, knowledge about AI, and medical professionals' intention to use AI-enabled technologies in more detail. Results based on a sample of 223 medical professionals who participated in the online survey revealed that the intention to use AI technologies increases with increasing knowledge about AI and that this effect is moderated by the fear of being replaced by AI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Weber
- University of Bremen, Digital Public, Bibliothekstr. 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Marc Wyszynski
- University of Bremen, Digital Public, Bibliothekstr. 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Marie Godefroid
- University of Siegen, Information Systems, Kohlbettstr. 15, 57072 Siegen, Germany
| | - Ralf Plattfaut
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Information Systems and Transformation Management, Universitätsstr. 9, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Bjoern Niehaves
- University of Bremen, Digital Public, Bibliothekstr. 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
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2
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Suffoletto B, Lee CM, Mason M. A text message intervention aimed at nurturing peer outreach to help meet drinking limit goals: A remote pilot randomized trial in non-collegiate young adults. Addict Behav 2024; 154:108020. [PMID: 38552400 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2024.108020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Scalable interventions attempting to nurture peer outreach to help young adults meet drinking limit goals remain under-developed. To address this gap, we developed ASPIRE, a text message intervention focused on coaching individuals to engage with close peers to assist them in meeting drinking limit goals. METHOD Non-collegiate young adults who had reported one or more heavy drinking days in the preceding month and were at least contemplating change were recruited through social media. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three 6-week text message interventions: Control, Goal Support, or ASPIRE. All groups completed baseline assessments and received weekly text message assessments on Thursdays and Sundays. Control and ASPIRE groups were prompted to complete web-based outcome assessments at 6- and 12-weeks. RESULTS We enrolled 92 young adults from 31 US states (65% female; 73% White). All groups had high text response rates but intervention usability was sub-optimal. Follow-up rates were 87% at 6-weeks and 79% at 12-weeks. Compared to Control, ASPIRE participants reported significantly more peer support and less peer pressure to drink. ASPIRE exhibited higher goal confidence compared to the Goal Support group. Using multiple imputation, there were no significant differences in drinking outcomes between groups. CONCLUSIONS Preliminary findings from this pilot study suggest that a text message intervention focused on nurturing peer outreach to help meet drinking limit goals holds promise in altering peer support and pressure as well as boosting drinking limit goal confidence. Design improvements are needed to reduce alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christine M Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington
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3
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Fajardo MA, Batcup C, Ayre J, McKinn S, Knight J, Raffoul N, Brims K, Nelson AJ, Bonner C. Could nudges reduce health literacy disparities in CVD prevention? An experiment using alternative messages for CVD risk assessment screening. Patient Educ Couns 2024; 123:108192. [PMID: 38377707 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2024.108192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the effect of SMS nudge messages amongst people with varying health literacy on their intention to get a Heart Health Check. METHODS A 3 (Initial SMS: scarcity, regret, or control nudge) x 2 (Reminder SMS: social norm or control nudge) factorial design was used in a hypothetical online experiment. 705 participants eligible for Heart Health Checks were recruited. Outcomes included intention to attend a Heart Health Check and psychological responses. RESULTS In the control condition, people with lower health literacy had lower behavioural intentions compared to those with higher health literacy (p = .011). Scarcity and regret nudges closed this gap, resulting in similar intention levels for lower and higher health literacy. There was no interactive effect of the reminder nudge and health literacy (p = .724). CONCLUSION Scarcity and regret nudge messages closed the health literacy gap in behavioural intentions compared to a control message, while a reminder nudge had limited additional benefit. Health literacy should be considered in behavioural intervention evaluations to ensure health equity is addressed. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Results informed a national screening program using a universal precautions approach, where messages with higher engagement for lower health literacy groups were used in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Anthony Fajardo
- Sydney Health Literacy Lab, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Carys Batcup
- Sydney Health Literacy Lab, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Julie Ayre
- Sydney Health Literacy Lab, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shannon McKinn
- Sydney Health Literacy Lab, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Joshua Knight
- National Heart Foundation of Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Natalie Raffoul
- National Heart Foundation of Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kerryn Brims
- National Heart Foundation of Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Carissa Bonner
- Sydney Health Literacy Lab, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Menzies Centre for Health Policy and Economics, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Elnakouri A, Huynh AC, Grossmann I. Explaining contentious political issues promotes open-minded thinking. Cognition 2024; 247:105769. [PMID: 38522218 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Cognitive scientists suggest that inviting people to explain contentious political issues might reduce intergroup toxicity because it exposes people to how poorly they understand the issue. However, whether providing explanations can result in more open-minded political thinking remains unclear. On one hand, inviting people to explain a political issue might make them more impartial and open-minded in their thinking. On the other hand, an invitation to explain a contentious political issue might lead to myside bias-rationalization of one's default position. Here, we address these contrasting predictions in five experiments (N = 1884; three pre-registered), conducted across a variety of contexts: with graduate students interacting with an actor in a laboratory setting, with US residents at the peak of the 2012 and 2016 U.S. presidential elections, with UK residents before the highly polarized 2019 Brexit vote, and with gun-control partisans. Across studies, we found that explaining politically contentious topics resulted in more open-minded thinking, an effect that generalized across coded (Studies 1-4) and self-report (Studies 3-4) measures. We also observed that participants who were made to feel like their explanations were welcomed felt closer to their discussion partner (Studies 3-4), an effect that generalized to all outgroup members with whom they disagreed with about the politically contentious issue (Study 4). We discuss the theoretical implications of these findings, and the potential for explanations to foster open-minded political engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alex C Huynh
- California State University San Marcos, United States of America
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5
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Richardson KA, Punke ELA, Dabrowski BS, Teply AL, Walker J, McKibbin CL. Parent Intention to Participate in an Online Intervention to Enhance Health Behavior Change Among Youth Treated with Psychotropic Medication Who are Overweight or Obese: An Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior. J Prev (2022) 2024; 45:431-450. [PMID: 38446270 DOI: 10.1007/s10935-024-00773-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Youth with mental health disorders (MHD), particularly those who take psychotropic medications, are at increased risk of being overweight or obese (OW/OB) when compared to typical youth. Parents are important resources for interventions addressing OW/OB. However, parents of youth with MHD may face challenges that require interventions designed to address their needs. Prior to investing research funding in the development of interventions for this group, research is needed to understand factors associated with parents' decisions to enroll in these programs. The theory of planned behavior (TPB) provided a framework for examining parents' salient beliefs, direct attitudes, and intention to enroll in a hypothetical online healthy lifestyle intervention for their youth (ages 11-17) with OW/OB and treated with psychotropic medication. Parents who were enrolled in the study (n = 84) completed demographic questionnaires and a TPB questionnaire which was constructed for this study. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the direct attitude (i.e., attitude toward the behavior, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control) questions generally supported the three-factor model (i.e., RMSEA = .07, 90% CI .03-.11, p = .18; CFI = .96, SRMR = .06). Results from a multiple regression analysis demonstrated that direct attitudes predicted parent intention to participate in an online healthy lifestyle intervention for this sample of youth accounting for 84% of variance. In this preliminary study, the TPB appears to be a promising framework for understanding direct attitudes associated with parent intentions toward intervention participation in this population of youth. Interventions for parents of youth with OW/OB who are prescribed psychotropic medication should consider addressing these direct attitudes to improve intention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Abby L Teply
- Department of Psychology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82072, USA
| | - Johnathan Walker
- Department of Psychology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82072, USA
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6
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Stephan K, Stephens AN, Scully M, Mitsopoulos-Rubens E, Newstead SV. Outcome evaluation of the p drivers Program: Randomised controlled trial of a program to improve safe driving among novice drivers. Accid Anal Prev 2024; 201:107569. [PMID: 38615505 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2024.107569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, road traffic crashes are the leading cause of death for young adults. The P Drivers Project was a trial of a behavioural change program developed for, and targeted at, young Australian drivers in their initial months of solo driving when crash risk is at its highest. METHODS In a parallel group randomised controlled trial, drivers (N = 35,109) were recruited within 100 days of obtaining their probationary licence (allowing them to drive unaccompanied) and randomised to an intervention or control group. The intervention was a 3 to 6-week multi-stage driving behaviour change program (P Drivers Program). Surveys were administered at three time points (pre-Program, approximately one month post-Program and at 12 months after). The outcome evaluation employed an on-treatment analysis comprising the 2,419 intervention and 2,810 control participants who completed all required activities, comparing self-reported crashes and police-reported casualty crashes (primary outcome), infringements, self-reported attitudes and behaviours (secondary outcomes) between groups. RESULTS The P Drivers Program improved awareness of crash risk factors and intentions to drive more safely, relative to the controls; effects were maintained after 12-months. However, the Program did not reduce self-reported crashes or police-reported casualty crashes. In addition, self-reported violations, errors and risky driving behaviours increased in the intervention group compared to the control group as did recorded traffic infringements. This suggests that despite the Program increasing awareness of risky behaviour in novice drivers, behaviour did not improve. This reinforces the need to collect objective measures to accompany self-reported behaviour and intentions. CONCLUSIONS The P Drivers Program was successful in improving attitudes toward driving safety but the negative impact on behaviour, lack of effect on crashes, and the large loss to follow-up fail to support the use of a post-licensing behaviour change program to improve novice driver behaviour and reduce crashes. TRIAL REGISTRATION Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: 363,293 (ANZCTR, 2012).
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Affiliation(s)
- K Stephan
- Monash University Accident Research Centre, 21 Alliance Lane, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - A N Stephens
- Monash University Accident Research Centre, 21 Alliance Lane, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| | - M Scully
- Monash University Accident Research Centre, 21 Alliance Lane, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - E Mitsopoulos-Rubens
- Monash University Accident Research Centre, 21 Alliance Lane, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - S V Newstead
- Monash University Accident Research Centre, 21 Alliance Lane, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Gifford R, Lacroix K, Asgarizadeh Z, Ashford Anderson E, Milne-Ives M, Sugrue P. Applying the theory of behavioral choice to plant-based dietary intentions. Appetite 2024; 197:107271. [PMID: 38382764 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Improving understanding of the intention to choose plant-based food is an important element of climate change mitigation. A cross-sectional survey of 454 North American adults was used to predict their dietary-change intentions from the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and the more-recently proposed theory of behavioral choice (TBC). The TPB accounted for 65 percent of the variance in intentions and the TBC accounted for a significantly greater (80 percent) proportion of variance. The strongest predictors of intention were the TBC's sense of obligation, attitude-values-affect (AVA), and habit, and the TBP's social norms. Five interactions also contributed in small but significant ways toward the accounting of the participants' food-choice intentions. Policy implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Gifford
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada.
| | - Karine Lacroix
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Peter Sugrue
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
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Lorenc T, Stokes G, Fulbright H, Sutcliffe K, Sowden A. Communicating cardiovascular risk: Systematic review of qualitative evidence. Patient Educ Couns 2024; 123:108231. [PMID: 38471312 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2024.108231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiovascular risk prediction models are widely used to help individuals understand risk and make decisions. METHODS Systematic review of qualitative evidence. We searched MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO and CINAHL. We included English-language qualitative studies on the communication of cardiovascular risk. We assessed study quality using Hawker et al.'s tool and synthesised data thematically. RESULTS Thirty-seven studies were included. Many patients think that risk scores are of limited practical value. Other sources of information feed into informal estimates of risk, which may lead patients to reject the results of clinical risk assessment when the two conflict. Clinicians identify a number of barriers to risk communication, including patients' limited understanding of risk and excessive anxiety. They use a range of strategies for adapting risk communication. Both clinicians and individuals express specific preferences for risk communication formats. DISCUSSION Ways of communicating risk that provide some comparison or reference point seem more promising. The broader context of communication around risk may be more important than the risk scoring instrument. Risk communication interventions, in practice, may be more about appeals to emotion than a rationalistic model of decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo Lorenc
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Gillian Stokes
- EPPI-Centre, Social Science Research Unit, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Helen Fulbright
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Katy Sutcliffe
- EPPI-Centre, Social Science Research Unit, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Amanda Sowden
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
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9
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Cui J, Arevalo M, Chavez M, Maconi ML, Geiss C, Vadaparampil ST, Barrios-Monroy V, Pena A, Christy SM. A Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research-based process to develop theoretically-informed human papillomavirus vaccination educational materials for young adults. Patient Educ Couns 2024; 123:108200. [PMID: 38368784 PMCID: PMC10997454 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2024.108200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop theory-informed human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine education materials that appeal to 18-26-year-olds. METHODS First, draft materials informed by Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and Health Belief Model (HBM) were developed. Next, an initial set of Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR)-guided interviews were conducted with 18-26-year-old participants to receive feedback about content, format, appeal, implementation facilitators and barriers, and potential delivery modalities. Then, interviews were transcribed, coded, and analyzed using thematic analysis. Next, materials were modified based upon feedback. Finally, another set of interviews was conducted. RESULTS Most participants (n = 15) were female (93%), White (60%), and non-Hispanic (93%). All (100%) had heard of HPV and the HPV vaccine, and 80% reported having received the vaccine. Participant feedback on materials included emphasizing vaccine benefits and efficacy, rewording to enhance comprehension, and adding images represent diversity beyond race/ethnicity and sexual orientation. Suggested delivery methods included social media, print materials, and posters. CONCLUSION Qualitative interviews with young adults suggest that HPV education materials targeted to 18-26-year-olds should include health behavior theory-aligned messaging, inclusive imagery, and be disseminated through multiple modalities. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Providers should consider utilizing theory-based education materials that are relevant and appealing to young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Cui
- Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Mariana Arevalo
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Melody Chavez
- Participant Research, Interventions, and Measurement Core, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Melinda L Maconi
- Participant Research, Interventions, and Measurement Core, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Carley Geiss
- Participant Research, Interventions, and Measurement Core, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Susan T Vadaparampil
- Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA; Center for Immunization and Infection Research in Cancer, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | - Alissa Pena
- Non-Therapeutic Research Office, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Shannon M Christy
- Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA; Center for Immunization and Infection Research in Cancer, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA.
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10
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Bogers S, Boyd A, Schim van der Loeff M, Geerlings S, Davidovich U. Opportunities for improved indicator-based HIV testing in the hospital setting: a structural equation model analysis. AIDS Care 2024; 36:840-848. [PMID: 37683267 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2023.2254548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Indicator condition (IC)-guided HIV testing, i.e., testing when diagnosing a condition associated with HIV, is a feasible and cost-effective testing strategy to identify undiagnosed individuals. Assessing determinants for IC-guided testing may identify opportunities for improvement. A survey study based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) was conducted among 163 hospital physicians from five specialties in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Structural equation models were used to determine the association between the TPB domains (i.e., attitude, belief, norms, self-efficacy and behavioural control) and (1) the intention to test as a mediator for HIV testing behaviour (intentional model) and (2) actual HIV testing behaviour (direct model). Both models accounted for the effect of guideline recommendations. Behaviour scored lower than intention on a five-point scale (mean score of 2.8, SD = 1.6 versus 3.8, SD = 1.1; p<0.0001). The direct model had a better fit than the intentional model based on fit statistics. Discrepancies between the determinants most important for intention versus those for behaviour led to the following recommendations: interventions to improve IC-guided testing in hospitals should primarily focus on implementation of guideline recommendations, followed by improving physicians' attitude towards IC-guided HIV testing and self-efficacy, as these were the most important correlates of actual HIV testing behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Bogers
- Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Infectious diseases, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Quality of Care, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anders Boyd
- Infectious diseases, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Stichting HIV Monitoring, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Schim van der Loeff
- Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Infectious diseases, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Geerlings
- Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Infectious diseases, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Quality of Care, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Udi Davidovich
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Social Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Ramírez Pagès A, Derqui Zaragoza B, Polo López M. Sipping a sustainable life: Exploring drivers and barriers in consumer attitudes toward non or low alcoholic spirits. Appetite 2024; 197:107308. [PMID: 38508419 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption continues to be prevalent and is on the rise in many countries, posing a grave risk for the health and wellbeing of millions and creating a strain on health services worldwide. A hopeful trend has emerged, however, as consumers' growing preference for healthier, sustainable lifestyles has led traditional alcoholic brands to innovate, launching reduced or non-alcoholic (NoLo) options. This aligns with the SDGs and is reflected in NoLo spirits representing four of Spain's top ten disruptive innovations of 2022. This paper uses a mixed methodology in a qualitative-quantitative sequential approach to gain insight into this phenomenon. The study involved 13 in-depth interviews with HoReCa (an acronym for Hotels, Restaurants, and Caterings) professionals and four focus groups among consumers. Second, behavioral reasoning theory (BRT) was used in a quantitative study aiming to explore motivations for and against consuming NoLo spirits. Data from a survey of 620 participants was conducted and analyzed using SEM-PLS to measure the antecedents of consumer's behavioral intention towards NoLo spirits and to gauge the potential for marketing opportunities. The research reveals that the purchase intention of NoLo spirits is strongly related to health consciousness, while enjoying the effects of alcohol for fun and entertainment, and the social pressure to drink hinders its consumption. In addition, it was found that "reasons for" are more substantial than "reasons against" the consumption of those beverages, differing significantly by age group. Results offer implications for theory and practice, including recommendations for practitioners and regulators willing to improve sustainability in the industry. Further, this paper helps augment the innovation adoption literature by using BRT in the paradoxical context of consumers' increasing alcohol abuse despite their professed attempts to adopt healthier lifestyles.
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Grech EM, Briguglio M, Said E. Protocol for a randomised controlled field experiment on the effect of different gamification designs of physical activity. MethodsX 2024; 12:102551. [PMID: 38299038 PMCID: PMC10828797 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2024.102551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Gamification is finding growing application in the field of physical activity, promising engaging and motivating experiences that foster behavioural change. However, existing empirical work has insufficiently scrutinised whether the reported positive outcomes emerge because of gamification and what type of gamification design leads to optimal results. This protocol for a parallel four-arm randomised controlled field experiment was purposely designed to investigate the effect of different gamification designs on motivation, perceived usefulness, and the intended behavioural change in physical activity (increase in step counts). Participants were randomly assigned to either: 1) a competitive gamified group; 2) a cooperative gamified group; 3) a hybrid (competitive-cooperative) gamified group; or 4) a control group. The design of the gamified interventions was guided by gamification design frameworks identified in literature. The data gathered includes: 1) a longitudinal panel dataset of step counts to investigate the causal effect of gamification on physical activity behaviour; and 2) self-reported data to examine the effect of gamification on the users' intrinsic motivation and perceived usefulness of the experience. This protocol outlines the procedure and processes followed during this experiment to facilitate replicability for future studies.
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Waltzer T, Cox RL, Moser CF, Heyman GD. Don't be a rat: An investigation of the taboo against reporting other students for cheating. J Exp Child Psychol 2024; 242:105894. [PMID: 38493524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2024.105894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
This research examines barriers to reporting academic dishonesty in early adulthood (Study 1; N = 92) and adolescence (Study 2; N = 137). Participants were asked to describe a recent time they observed a peer cheating and to reflect on their decision about whether to report the cheating. They also responded to hypothetical scenarios about observing typical cheating actions, and the presence of social motives (e.g., whether people who report tend to gain reputations for being snitches) was manipulated in each scenario. Even though participants judged reporting to be the morally right thing to do, doing so was rare and approval for it was low, especially in adolescence. Participants also tended to say they would rather be friends with people who do not report cheaters than with those who do. Participants reasoned about a variety of social concerns to support their judgments about reporting (e.g., concern about their relationship with the cheater, concerns for others' welfare), and the manipulated social motives in the hypothetical scenarios significantly influenced judgments about reporting. These findings inform our understanding of the social dynamics that contribute to decisions about policing academic honesty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Waltzer
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Riley L Cox
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Carina F Moser
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Gail D Heyman
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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14
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Roter DL, Lowe C, Bugayong M, Dobs AS. Cancer care partners' behavioral intention to use autonomy enhancing communication skills during accompanied visits after online skill training. Patient Educ Couns 2024; 123:108176. [PMID: 38422948 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2024.108176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study objective is to evaluate an adaptation of the LEAPS skill framework for cancer care partners (CPs) focusing on autonomy enhancing skills and assessed by strong behavioral intention (SBI) to use these skills METHOD: Cancer CPs were recruited through public platforms to view and rate 4 LEAPS cancer-specific narratives and 52 skill demonstration videos, indicate SBI to use demonstrated skills and provide information on skill-related measures. RESULTS Half of CPs expressed SBI to use an average of 6.5 of 13 LEAPS skills which did not vary by LEAPS communication domains or examples used to demonstrate skills. Significant predictors of SBI include positive ratings of program narratives and past use of LEAPS-related behaviors in the communication domain of shared decision making (SDM). CONCLUSION CPs indicated SBIs to use multiple autonomy enhancing skills and positively rated program videos after exposure to the brief LEAPS training program. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS The brevity of the LEAPS training videos make it possible for users to view an individual cancer-specific narrative and 13 skill demonstrations in roughly 6 min. This ultra-brief training can benefit care partners and the patients they accompany by increasing the likelihood that autonomy enhancing skills are used during accompanied visits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra L Roter
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Chenery Lowe
- Center for Biomedical Ethics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Marielle Bugayong
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Adrian S Dobs
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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15
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Sehl CG, Friedman O, Denison S. Emotions before actions: When children see costs as causal. Cognition 2024; 247:105774. [PMID: 38574652 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Adults expect people to be biased by sunk costs, but young children do not. We tested between two accounts for why children overlook the sunk cost bias. On one account, children do not see sunk costs as causal. The other account posits that children see sunk costs as causal, but unlike adults, think future actions cannot make up for sunk costs. These accounts make opposing predictions about whether children should see sunk costs as affecting emotions. Across three experiments, 4-7-year-olds (total N = 320) and adults (total N = 429) saw stories about characters who collected items that were easy or difficult to obtain, and predicted characters' emotions and actions. At all ages, participants anticipated that characters would feel sadder about high-cost objects, but only adults predicted that characters would keep high-cost objects. Our findings show that children see incurred costs as causal, and that costs are integrated children's and adults' theory of emotions. Moreover, the findings suggest that developmental differences in sunk cost reasoning may rest in children's incomplete mental accounting. We also discuss children's reasoning about rational and irrational action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia G Sehl
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Canada.
| | - Ori Friedman
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Canada
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16
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Noël C, Scharf D, Koné A, Armiento C, Dylan D. Cannabis advertising impacts on youth cannabis use intentions following recreational legalization in Canada: An Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) study. Addict Behav 2024; 153:107981. [PMID: 38367505 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2024.107981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In 2018, Canada's Cannabis Act legalized adult recreational cannabis use and limited cannabis product advertising to adults. Cannabis product advertising to youth remains illegal. The extent to which adult-targeted, or illicit youth-targeted cannabis advertisements is reaching and impacting Canadian youth is unknown. We used Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) to describe how often and how much exposures to cannabis advertising influence Canadian youths' real-world, real-time intentions to use cannabis. METHODS 120 Ontario, Canada youths ages 14-18, took photos of cannabis advertising that they encountered in their natural environments over a period of nine consecutive days. Following each exposure and twice daily device-issued random prompts, they also rated their intentions to use cannabis. RESULTS Many participating youth (n = 85; 70.83 %) reported at least one cannabis advertising exposure during the study (range 1-30, M = 4.02). Exposures occurred through a range of advertising channels (e.g., internet ads, billboards). Multilevel modeling showed that youth advertising exposure increased cannabis use intentions in vivo (β = 0.06,SE = 0.03;t = 1.98;p =.04;n = 1,348). CONCLUSION Data from this study shows that cannabis advertisements are regularly reaching Canadian youth and increasing their intentions to use cannabis. This suggests that current Canadian prohibitions on cannabis advertising to youth are ineffective and/or ineffectively enforced, and that the Canadian government needs additional or enhanced prohibitions on cannabis promotion to protect youth from harms associated with increased advertisement exposure, such as increased cannabis use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Noël
- Department of Psychology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Deborah Scharf
- Department of Psychology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada; Department of Health Sciences, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Anna Koné
- Department of Health Sciences, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Daniel Dylan
- Bora Laskin Faculty of Law, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Small L, Mellins C. Mental Health and Treatment Engagement among Low-Income Women of Color Living with HIV. Soc Work Public Health 2024; 39:393-404. [PMID: 38535437 DOI: 10.1080/19371918.2024.2323693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Low-income women of color are disproportionately more likely to contract HIV, struggle with treatment adherence, and have compromised health as a result of HIV infections in comparison to White and more affluent women. The current study is a secondary analysis aimed at examining the association between stress, symptoms of depression, trauma exposure, healthcare engagement, and adherence self-efficacy, among low-income women of color with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Structural equation modeling is used to identify latent mental health symptoms that may influence one another, as well as outcomes involving treatment engagement. Participants contributing to this dataset (n = 134) were low income, women of color (primarily African American) living with HIV or AIDS, receiving care at a major medical center in the northeastern United States. Findings indicate significant indirect associations between perceived stress and the outcome of medical appointment attendance. Significant mediators of this indirect relationship include depressive symptoms, parenting stress, and adherence self-efficacy. Implications for health and behavioral health practice and policy interventions are drawn. Areas in need of future research are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latoya Small
- UCLA Luskin School of Public Affairs, Department of Social Welfare, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Claude Mellins
- Medical Psychology (in Sociomedical Sciences and Psychiatry), Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, USA
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18
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Maddock A, McGuigan K, McCusker P. Exploring Social Work professionals' Experiences of the Mindfulness-Based Social Work and Self-Care Programme: A Focus Group Study. Soc Work Public Health 2024; 39:352-367. [PMID: 38439640 DOI: 10.1080/19371918.2024.2325564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
The evidence for the potential of mindfulness-based programmes to support improved social work practice and self-care is growing. The aim of this focus group study was to explore social workers' (n = 13) experiences of the Mindfulness-based Social Work and Self-care programme (MBSWSC). Thematic analysis highlighted two superordinate themes: benefits to direct social work practice and coping with the social work role. Four subordinate themes highlighted the different social work practice components that were enhanced through MBSWSC participation: social work assessment, service user engagement and team working, working to social work values, and social work skills. Three subordinate themes identified improvements in individual processes which supported enhanced stress coping: moving from avoidant to approach coping, improved boundaries, increased emotional awareness and reduced negative thinking. Our findings indicate that the MBSWSC programme can have a multi-faceted positive effect on social work practice, and on social work professional's capacity to cope with their role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Maddock
- Department of Health Psychology, School of Population Health, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Karen McGuigan
- Queen's Communities and Place, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Pearse McCusker
- School of Social and Political Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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19
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Thorsteinson TJ, Clark ME. Effects of explanations and precise anchors on salary offers. J Soc Psychol 2024; 164:351-366. [PMID: 35616065 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2022.2081527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Two studies were conducted which examined explanations and precise anchors on counteroffers and perceptions in a salary negotiation. Study 1 found that precise offers reduced counteroffers compared to round offers, but explanations focused on internal equity concerns or external equity concerns had no effect on counteroffers. Study 2 also found that precise offers reduced counteroffers compared to round offers. Explanations, which were manipulated to focus on constraint or disparagement rationales, failed to affect counteroffers, but a constraint explanation led to higher attributions of competence compared to a disparagement explanation or no explanation. These results suggest that precise offers are an effective tactic for reducing counteroffers and that explanations are relatively unimportant. Further research is needed to determine under what conditions an explanation may improve or harm negotiation outcomes.
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20
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Shin YH, Im J, Jung SE, Kim H, Shin HW. Factors influencing baby boomers' intention to choose a dish featuring plant-based meat alternatives (PBMA) at a restaurant: Findings from an online panel study. Appetite 2024; 196:107283. [PMID: 38403200 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine the psychosocial determinants of baby boomers'-born between 1946 and 1964- intention to choose a menu item featuring plant-based meat alternatives (PBMA) when dining out. The specific objectives are as follows: 1) to identify the baby boomer generation's health-related perceptions about PBMA, and 2) to examine the factors that influence baby boomers' intention to choose a dish featuring PBMA at a restaurant. A total of 174 responses obtained using the Qualtrics panel were analyzed with content analysis and partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The findings identified various underlying perceptions of baby boomers toward PBMA, such as perceived health outcomes, perceived availability, and willingness to purchase. Furthermore, subjective norm, cues to action, and self-identity were found to be significant predictors of the intention to choose a menu item featuring PBMA when dining out. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Ho Shin
- Department of Human Nutrition and Hospitality Management, The University of Alabama, 457A Russell Hall, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA.
| | - Jinyoung Im
- School of Hospitality and Tourism Management, Oklahoma State University, 365 Nancy Randolph Davis, Stillwater, OK, USA.
| | - Seung Eun Jung
- Department of Human Nutrition and Hospitality Management, The University of Alabama, 486 Russell Hall, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA.
| | - Haemi Kim
- Department of Human Nutrition and Hospitality Management, The University of Alabama, 416 Russell Hall, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA.
| | - Hhye Won Shin
- Department of Human Nutrition and Hospitality Management, The University of Alabama, 434 Russell Hall, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA.
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21
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Williams TL, Patterson LB, Heyes AR, Staff HR, Boardley ID, Petróczi A, Backhouse SH. Barriers and enablers in doping, anti-doping, and clean sport: A qualitative meta-synthesis informed by the theoretical domains framework and COM-B model. Psychol Sport Exerc 2024; 72:102608. [PMID: 38360079 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
To protect the integrity of sport, and the health of athletes, global anti-doping programmes seek to prevent doping, and elicit anti-doping and clean sport behaviours, through education, deterrence, detection, enforcement, and rules. To guide programme development, this meta-synthesis of qualitative research applied a behavioural science framework to identify barriers and enablers to doping, anti-doping, and clean sport. A systematic search of electronic databases up to May 2022, followed by critical appraisal, resulted in 73 included articles. Fifty-two articles reported the athlete perspective, thirteen included athletes, athlete support personnel (ASP), and other experts, and eight focused on ASP only. Rigorous methods of thematic synthesis were drawn upon to construct analytical themes in line with the theoretical domains framework (TDF) and the capability, opportunity, and motivation model of behaviour (COM-B). A wide range of barriers and enablers were identified which influenced capability, opportunity, and motivation to participate in a clean sport environment. The weight of evidence pointed to limitations in the current anti-doping education system in providing athletes and ASP with the knowledge and skills to protect against doping, as well as the significant influence of social and cultural norms in shaping doping and clean sport behaviours through a shared social identity, and risky contexts leading to moments of vulnerability to doping. We identified a need for anti-doping programmes to move beyond the current focus on athlete capability, and address the opportunity and motivation components of clean sport behaviours through a targeted and tailored focus on education, training, persuasion, modelling and environmental restructuring interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni L Williams
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Durham University, UK; Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, UK.
| | | | | | - Helen R Staff
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, UK.
| | - Ian D Boardley
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK.
| | - Andrea Petróczi
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, UK; Institute of Health Promotion and Sport Sciences, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary.
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22
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Ekow Arkorful V, Kweku Lugu B, Shuliang Z, Mamley Charway S. Investigating COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake Intention Using an Integrated Model of Protection Motivation Theory and an Extended Version of the Theory of Planned Behavior. Health Commun 2024; 39:998-1011. [PMID: 37128842 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2023.2201730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
As global governments continue to inoculate populations in the aftermath of the SARS-CoV-19 epidemic, health protection and related problems such as vaccination reluctance have sparked conflicting emotions and discourses. Stakeholder concerns about vaccination promotion have arisen in this context. Consequently, this research investigates vaccination uptake behavior using an integrated framework that includes protective motivation theory and an extended version of the theory of planned behavior. Except for perceived severity, empirical study results based on the structural equation modeling technique demonstrated a positive relationship between PMT factors (i.e. perceived vulnerability, reaction efficacy, self-efficacy, and cost response) and intention to vaccinate. TPB factors (attitude, perceived behavior control, subjective norm, personal moral norm, and descriptive norm) were also found to have a positive connection with intention. The model's utility and suitability are indicated by the predictive and explanatory potency score (R2 = .415). Study implications for COVID-19 vaccine uptake promotion and ideas for future investigations are explored in light of our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zhao Shuliang
- School of Public Affairs, University of Science and Technology of China
| | - Susana Mamley Charway
- Department of Business Administration, Catholic Institute of Business and Technology
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23
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Travaglino GA, Burgmer P, Mirisola A. Alternative Systems: The Interplay Between Criminal Groups' Influence and Political Trust on Civic Honesty in the Global Context. Soc Psychol Personal Sci 2024; 15:439-449. [PMID: 38572171 PMCID: PMC10984803 DOI: 10.1177/19485506231176615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Individuals' endorsement of standards of civic honesty is necessary for democracies to flourish. A critical driver of civic honesty is the relationship of trust between individuals and institutions. Research has yet to systematically assess the contextual factors that may moderate this relationship. In this study, we examined the societal influence of organized criminal groups. Criminal groups operate as alternative systems of authority that erode the reliability of institutions' moral standards. We employed a new indicator that quantifies their societal influence to test the hypothesis that the association between individuals' political trust and civic honesty would weaken in countries more strongly affected by criminal groups. Multilevel evidence across 83 representative national samples (N = 128,839) supported this hypothesis. Moreover, the association between political trust and civic honesty was negative in contexts where criminal groups' influence was more extreme. We discuss the implications of the findings and future research directions.
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24
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Holmquist S, Stenling A, Tafvelin S, Ntoumanis N, Schéle I. Dimensionality, Invariance, and Nomological Network of the Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale (NSFS): An Extensive Psychometric Investigation in a Swedish Work Cohort. J Pers Assess 2024; 106:396-406. [PMID: 37772753 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2023.2258960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the dimensionality, measurement invariance, and nomological network of the Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale (NSFS) in a sample of Swedish workers. Using confirmatory factor analysis, exploratory structural equation modeling, and bifactor modeling, 30 different measurement models were evaluated cross-sectionally (n = 2123) and longitudinally (n = 1506). Measurement invariance was tested across gender and time. The nomological network of the NSFS was examined through its relations with life satisfaction and cognitive weariness. The findings supported a first-order six-factor ESEM model and measurement invariance of the Swedish version of the NSFS. Need satisfaction was positively related to life satisfaction and unrelated to cognitive weariness. Need frustration was negatively related to life satisfaction and positively related to cognitive weariness. The present study supported a six-factor structure of the Swedish NSFS, which appears suitable for assessing changes over time and gender differences in ratings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Holmquist
- Department of Applied Educational Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Andreas Stenling
- Department of Psychology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | | | - Nikos Ntoumanis
- Danish Centre for Motivation and Behaviour Science, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- School of Health and Welfare, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Schéle
- Department of Psychology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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25
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Wood JK, Anglim J, Horwood S. Less Evaluative Measures of Personality in Job Applicant Contexts: The Effect on Socially Desirable Responding and Criterion Validity. J Pers Assess 2024; 106:372-383. [PMID: 37703381 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2023.2251158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Researchers have long sought to mitigate the detrimental effects of socially desirable responding on personality assessments in high-stakes contexts. This study investigated the effect of reducing the social desirability of personality items on response distortion and criterion validity in a job applicant context. Using a 2 × 2 repeated measures design, participants (n = 584) completed standard (International Personality Item Pool) and less evaluative (Less Evaluative Five Factor Inventory) measures of Big Five personality in a low-stakes context and then several weeks later in a simulated job applicant context. Self-report criteria with objective answers, including university grades, were also obtained. In general, the less evaluative measure showed less response distortion than the standard measure on some metrics, but not on others. Declines in criterion validity in the applicant context were smaller for the less evaluative measure. In the applicant context, however, validities were similar across the two measures. Correlations across contexts for corresponding traits (e.g., low-stakes extraversion with high-stakes extraversion) were also similar for both measures. In summary, reducing socially desirable item content might slightly reduce the substantive content required to predict criteria in low-stakes contexts, but this effect appears to be partly offset by reduced response distortion for less evaluative measures in applicant contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua K Wood
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Jeromy Anglim
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Sharon Horwood
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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26
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Chinn S, Hasell A. How Different Uses of Social Media Inform Perceptions of Offline Social Norms and Changes in Vaccine Intentions. Health Commun 2024; 39:1198-1208. [PMID: 37143302 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2023.2207284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
As the boundaries between our online and offline lives are increasingly blurred, it is important to attend to the ways in which online behaviors shape our offline perceptions and actions. While a great deal of health communication research has examined the effects of exposure to specific social media content, it is also important to investigate how broader patterns of everyday social media use may affect perceptions of health norms and behaviors in different ways. In this panel survey, we explored how using social media for informational, connection, and aspirational purposes affected perceptions of COVID-19 vaccination norms and changes in vaccine intentions between December 2020 and March 2021 in the US Using social media to seek information and to connect with others positively influenced vaccine intentions via strengthening perceptions of offline social norms supporting vaccination. These findings highlight how social media use is integrated with and informs our offline lives, as well as the important role apolitical social media use plays in shaping attitudes toward politicized science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedona Chinn
- Department of Life Sciences Communication, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Ariel Hasell
- Department of Communication and Media, University of Michigan
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27
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Hong SJ, Low BYF. Use of Internet Memes in PSAs: Roles of Perceived Emotion, Involvement with Memes, and Attitudes Toward the Issuing Organization in Perceived PSA Effectiveness. Health Commun 2024; 39:1185-1197. [PMID: 37143295 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2023.2207283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
To help solve the diabetes problem in Singapore, we developed humorous and fearful public service announcements (PSAs) based on popular Internet memes and investigated how the emotions derived from PSAs affect Singaporean millennials' perceptions of PSAs' effectiveness. In total, 416 people participated in the study through a Singaporean online survey company. Multivariable linear regression methods with SPSS were used to examine our hypotheses and research questions. According to the results, message manipulation significantly increased participants' perceived emotion (i.e. perceived humor and fear). Moreover, the results showed that perceived humor and fear were positively associated with perceived PSA effectiveness in both models, testing the humor effect and fear effect separately. As per the moderation analysis, the association between the perceived emotion (i.e. humor and fear) and the perceived PSA effectiveness is likely to increase when attitudes toward the organization are less positive. Moreover, the association between perceived fear and perceived PSA effectiveness is likely to increase when participants' involvement with memes is low. Our findings highlight important theoretical and practical implications for future studies investigating the effectiveness of Internet meme-based PSA messages regarding serious health issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Jung Hong
- Department of Communications and New Media, National University of Singapore
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28
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Dykstra VW, Willoughby T, Evans AD. Longitudinal associations between lie evaluations and frequency: The moderating role of age. Dev Sci 2024; 27:e13465. [PMID: 38105700 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
While previous studies have demonstrated correlations between children and adolescents' evaluations of lies and lie-telling behaviors, the temporal order of these associations over time and changes across this developmental period remain unexamined. The current study examined longitudinal associations among children and adolescents' (N = 1128; Mage = 11.54, SD = 1.68, 49.80% male, and 83.6% white) evaluations of lies to parents for autonomy and lie-telling frequency to parents and friends. Autoregressive cross-lagged analysis revealed longitudinal associations moderated by age. Among children, evaluations of lies predicted greater lie-telling rates over time. Conversely, among adolescents, lie-telling frequency predicted lie evaluations over time, and evaluations predicted lying to parents over time. These results demonstrate a novel developmental pattern of the associations between moral evaluations of lies and lie-telling. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Children and adolescents' evaluations of lie-telling and lie-telling frequency were associated longitudinally, but the direction of this association was moderated by age. Among children, more positive lie evaluations predicted greater lie-telling to parents and friends over time. Among adolescents, more positive lie evaluations predicted lying more often to parents over time; lying more to parents and friends predicted more positive evaluations over time. These findings suggest a novel developmental pattern regarding the temporal order of the association between evaluations of lie-telling and lie-telling frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria W Dykstra
- Psychology Department, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Teena Willoughby
- Psychology Department, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Angela D Evans
- Psychology Department, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
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Cheval B, Maltagliati S, Courvoisier DS, Marcora S, Boisgontier MP. Development and validation of the physical effort scale (PES). Psychol Sport Exerc 2024; 72:102607. [PMID: 38364989 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous literature has primarily viewed physical effort as an aversive experience. However, recent research suggests that effort can also be valued positively. These differences in approach and avoidance tendencies toward physical effort may play a key role in the self-regulation of physical activity behaviors. The aim of this study was to develop a scale that measures these tendencies and contributes to a better understanding of physical effort and how it affects behavior. METHODS The Physical Effort Scale (PES) was developed in Study 1 based on expert evaluations (n = 9) and cognitive interviews (n = 10). In Study 2 (n = 680, 69% female), content validity and dimensional structure were examined using principal component analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. Item reduction was conducted using item response theory. Preliminary construct validity was explored using regression. Study 3 (n = 297, 71% female) was used to validate dimensional structure, internal consistency, and construct validity, and to assess test-retest reliability. RESULTS In Study 1, 44 items were rated for content validity, of which 18 were selected and refined based on cognitive interviews. Analyses from Study 2 allowed reducing the scale to 8 items with a two-dimension structure: tendency to approach (n = 4) and to avoid physical effort (n = 4). The two subscales showed high internal consistency (α = 0.897 for the approach dimension and 0.913 for the avoidance dimension) and explained usual levels of physical activity, providing preliminary evidence of construct validity. Study 3 confirmed the two-dimension structure with high internal consistency (α = 0.907 and 0.916 for the approach and avoidance dimension, respectively) and revealed acceptable test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation >0.66). Patterns of associations with other constructs showed expected relationships, confirming the concurrent, convergent, and discriminant validity of the scale. CONCLUSIONS The PES is a valid and reliable measure of individual differences in the valuation of physical effort. This scale can assess the propensity to engage in physically demanding tasks in non-clinical populations. The PES and its manual are available in the Supplementary Material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Cheval
- Department of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, École Normale Supérieure de Rennes, Bruz, France; VIPS(2) Laboratory, University of Rennes, France.
| | - Silvio Maltagliati
- SENS Laboratory, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France; Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, CA, USA.
| | - Delphine S Courvoisier
- Department of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Rheumatology, Beau Séjour Hospital, Geneva University Hospital, Switzerland
| | - Samuele Marcora
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Matthieu P Boisgontier
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Canada; Perley Health Centre of Excellence in Frailty-Informed Care, Ottawa, Canada.
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Abstract
ACADEMIC ABSTRACT This paper aims to motivate research on emotion regulation success in naturalistic settings. We define emotion regulation success as achieving one's emotion regulation goal and differentiate it from related concepts (i.e., maladaptive regulation and dysregulation). As goals vary across individuals and situations, it is insufficient to conceptualize emotion regulation success as maximizing positive affect and minimizing negative affect. Instead, emotion regulation success can be measured through novel approaches targeting the achievement of emotion regulation goals. In addition to utilizing novel data analytic tools (e.g., response surface analyses), future research can make use of informant reports and observing ambulatory behavior or physiology. Considering emotion regulation goals when measuring daily emotion regulation success has the potential to answer key questions about personality, development, and mental health. PUBLIC ABSTRACT People differ in how they want to feel in daily situations (e.g., excited) and why they want to feel that way (e.g., to make others feel better), depending on factors such as culture or age. Although people manage their emotions to reach these goals, most research assessing emotion regulation success has not taken individual goals into account. When assessing if people successfully regulate their emotions, most research in daily life has been focused on whether people feel more positive or less negative. To help study emotion regulation success in a more thoughtful and inclusive way, we propose a new approach to conceptualizing emotion regulation success that incorporates individual differences in what motivates people to regulate and discuss future research directions and applications.
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Ahmed H, Ekman L, Lind N. Planned behavior, social networks, and perceived risks: Understanding farmers' behavior toward precision dairy technologies. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:2968-2982. [PMID: 38101732 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Precision dairy tools (PDT) can provide timely information on individual cow's physiological and behavioral parameters, which can lead to more efficient management of the dairy farm. Although the economic rationale behind the adoption of PDT has been extensively discussed in the literature, the socio-psychological aspects related to the adoption of these technologies have received far less attention. Therefore, this paper proposes a socio-psychological model that builds upon the theory of planned behavior and develops hypotheses regarding cognitive constructs, their interaction with the farmers' perceived risks and social networks, and their overall influence on adoption. These hypotheses are tested using a generalized structural equation model for (a) the adoption of automatic milking systems (AMS) on the farms and (b) the PDT that are usually adopted with the AMS. Results show that adoption of these technologies is affected directly by intention, and the effects of subjective norms, perceived control, and attitudes on adoption are mediated through intention. A unit increase in perceived control score is associated with an increase in marginal probability of adoption of AMS and PDT by 0.05 and 0.19, respectively. Subjective norms are associated with an increase in marginal probability of adoption of AMS and PDT by 0.009 and 0.05, respectively. These results suggest that perceived control exerts a stronger influence on adoption of AMS and PDT, particularly compared with their subjective norms. Technology-related social networks are associated with an increase in marginal probability of adoption of AMS and PDT by 0.026 and 0.10, respectively. Perceived risks related to AMS and PDT negatively affect probability of adoption by 0.042 and 0.16, respectively, by having negative effects on attitudes, perceived self-confidence, and intentions. These results imply that integrating farmers within knowledge-sharing networks, minimizing perceived risks associated with these technologies, and enhancing farmers' confidence in their ability to use these technologies can significantly enhance uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haseeb Ahmed
- Inclusive Rural Transformation and Gender Equality Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 00153 Rome, Italy.
| | - Lisa Ekman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nina Lind
- Department of Economics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
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Gordon-Hecker T, Shalvi S, Uzefovsky F, Bereby-Meyer Y. Cognitive empathy boosts honesty in children and young adolescents. J Exp Child Psychol 2024; 241:105869. [PMID: 38350253 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2024.105869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Children and young adolescents often tend to behave dishonestly in order to serve their self-interests. This study focused on how empathic abilities affect children's tendency to deceive others. Deception is the act of causing others to form a false belief to get them to act in a way that serves the deceiver's interests. As such, it requires the ability to predict how others might use the provided information. In two experiments, 274 participants (aged 10-16 years) played a game in which they could send a deceptive message to another participant to boost their own payoff at the other player's expense. We measured participants' cognitive and emotional empathy using different measures. We found that a measure of cognitive empathy, namely the fantasy scale, was associated with less deception of another player when that other player was not identified and was presented only as "Player B." However, when Player B was identified by name, empathy did not predict deception. In such cases, the only factors affecting deception rates were the gain for the participant (higher possible gains lead to more deception) and loss to the other player (higher possible losses lead to less deception). Overall, the findings suggest that even by 11 years of age, children can understand the impact of their unethical behavior on another child and adjust their actions accordingly. However, when the other child is not identified, children need to possess high levels of cognitive empathy toward imagined individuals to resist the temptation to deceive the other child.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shaul Shalvi
- University of Amsterdam, 1018 WB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Zhang Z, Cheng Z. Users' unverified information-sharing behavior on social media: The role of reasoned and social reactive pathways. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2024; 245:104215. [PMID: 38490132 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Unverified or false information spread by irresponsible users can amplify the dissemination of fake news or misinformation. This phenomenon may not only undermine the credibility of social media platforms but also pose severe consequences for individuals and society. This study applies and extends the prototypical willingness model with the aim of comprehending the reasons, and decision-making process driving users' unverified information-sharing behavior a reasoned and intended pathway or an impulsive and unconscious one. Data from a sample of 646 users were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling to assess the determinative effect of both the reasoned pathway (attitude toward unverified information-sharing, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control) and the social-reaction pathway (prototype favorability and similarity). Findings highlight the substantial role of the social-reaction pathway in forecasting users' unverified information-sharing behavior, with prototype similarity and attitude being the dominant predictors. Meanwhile, components of the reasoned pathway, specifically perceived behavior control, and attitude, also exhibited significant contributions toward predicting the behavior. In summary, while a deliberate, reasoned process has some influence, the sharing of unverified information on social media by users is primarily an intuitive, spontaneous response to specific online circumstances. This study therefore offers valuable insights that could aid relevant stakeholders in effectively regulating the spread of misinformation. Against this backdrop, highlighting potential risks associated with sharing unverified information and the negative portrayal of users propagating misinformation may contribute to the development of a more critical perspective toward online information sharing by users themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeqian Zhang
- School of Economics & Management, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhichao Cheng
- School of Economics & Management, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.
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Alzahrani F, Waite N, Beazely M, Cooke M. Estimating implicit and explicit racial and ethnic bias among community pharmacists in Canada. Saudi Pharm J 2024; 32:102024. [PMID: 38525267 PMCID: PMC10960120 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Bias, whether implicit (unconscious) or explicit (conscious), can lead to preferential treatment of specific social groups and antipathy towards others. When healthcare professionals (HCPs), including pharmacists, act on these biases, patient care and health outcomes can be adversely affected. This study aims to estimate implicit and explicit racial/ethnic bias towards Black and Arab people among community pharmacists in Ontario, Canada. Methods Community pharmacists participated in a secure, web-based survey using a cross-sectional design that included Harvard's Race and Arab Implicit Association Tests (IATs) to examine bias towards Black and Arab people. Explicit (stated) preferences were measured by self-report. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results The study surveyed 407 community pharmacists, 56.1 % of whom were women with an average age of 46.9. Implicit Association Test (IAT) results showed a statistically significant moderate preference for white people over both Black (mean IAT = 0.41) and Arab people (mean IAT = 0.35). However, most pharmacists explicitly stated that they had no racial/ethnic preference, with 75.7 % expressing a neutral preference between Black and white and 66.6 % neutral between Arab and white. However, a slight preference for white individuals was observed. Demographic factors such as age, place of birth, race/ethnicity, and experience significantly impacted IAT scores. For example, older, Canadian-born, white pharmacists with more experience displayed higher implicit bias scores. A mild correlation was found between implicit and explicit bias, indicating as implicit bias increases, explicit bias tends to become more negative. Conclusions This study is the first to explore the issue of pharmacist bias in Canada and concentrate on anti-Arab bias. Our findings reveal that Ontario community pharmacists tend to have an unconscious inclination towards white people, which calls for further understanding of this matter. Additionally, we discovered a moderate degree of anti-Arab bias, indicating that studies on other HCPs should consider bias against this social group. Educational interventions are needed to address the implicit biases among community pharmacists in Ontario, Canada. These findings should aim to raise self-awareness of biases, educate about the potential implications of these biases on patient care, and provide strategies to reduce bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad Alzahrani
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nancy Waite
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Kitchener, Canada
| | - Michael Beazely
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Kitchener, Canada
| | - Martin Cooke
- Department of Sociology and Legal Studies & School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
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35
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Willoughby JF, Couto L, Kang S, Randall J, Kirkpatrick AW, Lee DKL, Su Y, Booth AM, Domgaard S. An Exploratory Content Analysis of the Use of Health Communication Strategies and Presence of Objectification in Fitness Influencer Social Media Posts. Health Commun 2024; 39:888-895. [PMID: 36998109 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2023.2190248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Health and fitness content intended to inspire people to live healthy lives (e.g. "fitspiration") has been linked to negative body image among girls and young women. Fitness influencers purport wanting to motivate healthy behaviors. This study seeks to examine the presence of strategies known to positively influence health behaviors (e.g. attitudes, self-efficacy) as well as of content known to have a negative influence (e.g. objectification) among fitness influencers. We conducted a content analysis (N = 441) of a random sample of one year of posts from four Instagram fitness influencers popular with girls and young women in the United States. The main analysis consisted of codes related to objectification, health promotion strategies, health-related content, and social engagement (i.e., likes). We found that fitness influencers included content that conveyed constructs previously found to positively influence health behaviors (e.g., attitudes and self-efficacy), but objectification was frequently present, in more than half of the posts. Additionally, we found that the presence of objectification in posts was negatively associated with likes, a form of social endorsement. We suggest health communicators aim to work in tandem with fitness influencers to include content that may motivate positive health behaviors and improve media literacy and that influencers aim to reduce the amount of objectifying content included in their posts. Our findings shed light on content being conveyed and possible insights into the negative effects associated with viewing such content.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leticia Couto
- The Edward R. Murrow College of Communication, Washington State University
| | - Soojung Kang
- The Edward R. Murrow College of Communication, Washington State University
| | - Jordyn Randall
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of North Texas
| | - Alex W Kirkpatrick
- The Edward R. Murrow College of Communication, Washington State University
| | | | - Yan Su
- School of Journalism and Communication, Peking University
| | | | - Shawn Domgaard
- The Edward R. Murrow College of Communication, Washington State University
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Salagean A, Wu M, Fletcher G, Cosker D, Fraser DS. The Utilitarian Virtual Self - Using Embodied Personalized Avatars to Investigate Moral Decision-Making in Semi-Autonomous Vehicle Dilemmas. IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph 2024; 30:2162-2172. [PMID: 38437115 DOI: 10.1109/tvcg.2024.3372121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Embodied personalized avatars are a promising new tool to investigate moral decision-making by transposing the user into the "middle of the action" in moral dilemmas. Here, we tested whether avatar personalization and motor control could impact moral decision-making, physiological reactions and reaction times, as well as embodiment, presence and avatar perception. Seventeen participants, who had their personalized avatars created in a previous study, took part in a range of incongruent (i.e., harmful action led to better overall outcomes) and congruent (i.e., harmful action led to trivial outcomes) moral dilemmas as the drivers of a semi-autonomous car. They embodied four different avatars (counterbalanced - personalized motor control, personalized no motor control, generic motor control, generic no motor control). Overall, participants took a utilitarian approach by performing harmful actions only to maximize outcomes. We found increased physiological arousal (SCRs and heart rate) for personalized avatars compared to generic avatars, and increased SCRs in motor control conditions compared to no motor control. Participants had slower reaction times when they had motor control over their avatars, possibly hinting at more elaborate decision-making processes. Presence was also higher in motor control compared to no motor control conditions. Embodiment ratings were higher for personalized avatars, and generally, personalization and motor control were perceptually positive features. These findings highlight the utility of personalized avatars and open up a range of future research possibilities that could benefit from the affordances of this technology and simulate, more closely than ever, real-life action.
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Grigsby TJ, Lopez A, Guo Y. Development and preliminary validation of the positive consequences of cannabis (PCOC) scale. Addict Behav 2024; 152:107977. [PMID: 38295608 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2024.107977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While extensive research exists on the negative consequences of cannabis use, there is a noticeable gap in the literature regarding positive consequences on patterns of cannabis use. The goal of the present study was to develop and test the psychometric properties of a novel scale, the Positive Consequences of Cannabis scale (PCOC) to assess positive outcomes of cannabis use among current adult cannabis users. METHODS Participants (n = 768) were recruited through online platforms. The sample was predominantly non-Hispanic (92.3 %) male (62.92 %) with an average age of 29.08 years (SD = 6.10). A split half validation method was used to assess the factor structure of the PCOC scale. Data analysis also included Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to identify underlying factor structures of the PCOC, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to validate the factor structure, and the assessments of internal consistency and validity. RESULTS The EFA identified a two-factor solution for the PCOC: Social and Psychological Consequences and Cognitive and Motivational Consequences. The CFA confirmed the validity of this factor structure with good model fit (χ2 = 321.33, p < 0.001; CFI = 0.95; TLI = 0.95; RMSEA = 0.038; SRMR = 0.048). Internal consistency coefficients for the PCOC subscales and total scale exceeded acceptable thresholds. A hierarchical regression model showed that both PCOC subscales were significantly associated with cannabis use frequency and quantity. DISCUSSION The development and validation of the PCOC represent a significant advancement in assessing positive consequences in understanding cannabis use patterns, indicating that individuals who experience a range of positive effects are more likely to engage in more frequent and intense cannabis use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Grigsby
- Department of Social and Behavioral Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, USA.
| | - Andrea Lopez
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, USA
| | - Ying Guo
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, USA
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Prétôt L, Taylor Q, McAuliffe K. Children cooperate more with in-group members than with out-group members in an iterated face-to-face Prisoner's Dilemma Game. J Exp Child Psychol 2024; 241:105858. [PMID: 38310663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2023.105858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Adults are more likely to cooperate with in-group members than with out-group members in the context of social dilemmas, situations in which self-interest is in conflict with collective interest. This bias has the potential to profoundly shape human cooperation, and therefore it is important to understand when it emerges in development. Here we asked whether 6- to 9-year-old children (N = 146) preferentially cooperate with in-group members in the context of a well-studied social dilemma, the iterated Prisoner's Dilemma Game. We assigned children to minimal groups and paired them with unfamiliar same-age and same-gender peers. Consistent with our predictions, children were more likely to cooperate with in-group members than with out-group members in this minimal group context. This finding adds to the current literature on group bias in children's prosocial behavior by showing that it affects decision making in a context that calls on strategic cooperation. In addition, our analyses revealed an effect of gender, with girls more likely to cooperate than boys regardless of the group membership of their partner. Exploring this gender effect further, we found an interaction between gender and age across condition, with older girls showing less sensitivity to the group membership of their partner than younger girls and with older boys showing more sensitivity to the group membership of the partner than younger boys. Our findings suggest that risky cooperation in the face of social dilemmas is shaped by group bias during childhood, highlighting the potentially deeply rooted ties between cooperation and parochialism in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Prétôt
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA.
| | - Quinlan Taylor
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | - Katherine McAuliffe
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
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Weeks S, Desy J, McLaughlin K. Why we should view the decision of medical trainees to cheat as the product of a person-by-situation interaction. Med Educ 2024; 58:499-506. [PMID: 37743228 DOI: 10.1111/medu.15239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cheating during medical training is a delicate subject matter with varying opinions on the prevalence, causes and gravity of cheating during training. PROPOSED FRAMEWORK In this article, the authors suggest that the decision to cheat is best viewed as the product of a person-by-situation interaction rather than indicating inherent dishonesty and/or extrinsic motivation in those who participate in cheating. This framework can explain why individuals who would typically default to honesty may participate in cheating if there is perceived justification for cheating and where situational variables, such as ease of cheating, rewards for cheating and perceived risk associated with cheating, make the decision to cheat appear rational. DISCUSSION They discuss why the impression that there is a culture of cheating can provide perceived justification for medical trainees to cheat if they have the opportunity. They then describe how aspects of medical training and assessment may enable or hinder cheating by trainees. Consistent with the person-by-situation interaction framework, they contend that our response to cheating should include interventions directed at both the person who cheated and situational variables that enabled cheating. Recognising that some forms of cheating may be widespread, difficult to detect and contentious (such as the creation and use of exam reconstructs), their proposal for dealing with suspected and pervasive cheating is to identify and target enabling variables such that the decision to cheat becomes less rational. Their hope is that in so doing, we can gradually nudge trainees and the culture of medical training towards honesty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Weeks
- Cummings School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Janeve Desy
- Cummings School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kevin McLaughlin
- Cummings School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Zhang L, Wager TD, Koban L. Social cues influence perception of others' pain. Eur J Pain 2024; 28:845-854. [PMID: 38146898 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.2225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurately perceiving other people's pain is important in both daily life and healthcare settings. However, judging other's pain is inherently difficult and can be biased by various social and cultural factors. Here, we examined whether perception of others' pain and pain management recommendations are socially influenced by seeing the opinions of other raters. METHODS In Experiment 1 (N = 50), participants rated pictures depicting injured hands or feet of pre-selected high, medium and low intensities. Each picture was preceded by cues indicating ratings of 10 previous participants. Cues were randomized to indicate low (SocialLOW) or high (SocialHIGH) pain judgements and were not predictive of actual normative pain intensity. In Experiment 2 (N = 209), participants viewed facial video clips of patients with chronic shoulder pain making painful movements. They estimated patients' pain intensity and provided pain management recommendations. RESULTS Experiment 1 revealed that perceivers' pain estimates were significantly and substantially higher for stimuli following SocialHIGH than SocialLOW cues (Cohen's d = 1.26, p < 0.001) and paralleled by increased skin conductance responses. Experiment 2 replicated the effect of social cues on pain judgements (d = 0.58, p < 0.001). However, social cues did not influence post-study pain management recommendations, potentially due to memory limitations. CONCLUSIONS Together, these studies reveal that judgements of others' pain are robustly modulated by information about others' opinions. Future research could test the prevalence and strength of such effects in clinical settings. SIGNIFICANCE The present study shows that even arbitrary opinions of other raters influence the perception of others' pain. This finding adds new insight into the growing evidence of social and cultural biases in pain estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Zhang
- Department of Public Teaching, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tor D Wager
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Leonie Koban
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CNRS, Inserm, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron, France
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Robach P, Trebes G, Buisson C, Mechin N, Mazzarino M, Garribba F, Roustit M, Quesada JL, Lefèvre B, Giardini G, DE Seigneux S, Botré F, Bouzat P. Prevalence of Drug Use in Ultraendurance Athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2024; 56:828-838. [PMID: 38233983 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE In competitive sport, classic methods of measuring drug prevalence, such as doping controls or questionnaires, are challenging. Here we describe a novel urine sampling method to measure drug use in athletes. We hypothesize that the prevalence of drug use in ultramarathon runners is measured more accurately with our sampling method than randomized-response questionnaires. METHODS Urine samples and associated demographic data were collected from male participants using blind, automated urinals at the start of ultramarathon races. Various nonprohibited and prohibited substances were subsequently screened. Concomitantly, 2931 male and female runners participating in the same ultramarathons completed an anonymized, randomized-response questionnaire regarding drug use. RESULTS Among 412 individual urine samples, 205 (49.8%) contained at least one substance, and 16.3% of the samples contained one or more prohibited substances. Substances detected in urine included nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) (22.1%), acetaminophen (15.5%), opioids (6.6%), diuretics (4.9%), hypnotics (4.4%), glucocorticoids (2.7%), beta-2 agonists (2.2%), cannabinoids (1.9%), and stimulants (1.2%). None of the samples contained erythropoietin-receptor agonists or suspicious testosterone. Drug use was not associated with the participants' characteristics or ranking. Respondents to the questionnaire reported using acetaminophen (13.6%) and NSAID (12.9%); however, no prohibited substances were declared. CONCLUSIONS There was a high prevalence of drug use among male ultramarathon runners, in particular, NSAID and painkillers; however, performance-enhancing drugs were marginally used. Blind urine sampling highlighted prohibited drug use not declared in questionnaires, and it is useful to assess the prevalence of drug use and/or doping in competitive athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gilles Trebes
- Centre Hospitalier Métropole Savoie, Chambéry, FRANCE
| | - Corinne Buisson
- Laboratoire Anti-Dopage Français, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, FRANCE
| | - Nathalie Mechin
- Laboratoire Anti-Dopage Français, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, FRANCE
| | - Monica Mazzarino
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Rome, ITALY
| | - Flaminia Garribba
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Rome, ITALY
| | | | - Jean-Louis Quesada
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CIC1406, CHU Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, FRANCE
| | - Brice Lefèvre
- Laboratoire L-VIS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, FRANCE
| | - Guido Giardini
- Medicina e Neurologia di Montagna, Ospedale regionale di Aosta, ITALY
| | - Sophie DE Seigneux
- Service de Néphrologie et Hypertension, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, SWITZERLAND
| | | | - Pierre Bouzat
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, FRANCE
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Guo S, Goldfeld S, Mundy L. Factors that impact mental health help-seeking in Australian adolescents: a life-course and socioecological perspective. Child Adolesc Ment Health 2024; 29:170-180. [PMID: 38494190 DOI: 10.1111/camh.12694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Help-seeking provides opportunities for early prevention and intervention of mental health problems. However, little is known about factors that impact help-seeking from a life-course and socioecological perspective. This study aimed to examine factors that impact adolescents' formal and informal help-seeking in three population groups: the whole population, adolescents with depressive symptoms and adolescents with anxiety symptoms. METHODS We drew on data from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children birth cohort. Participants were followed from birth to 14-15 years. Based on previous literature and life-course and socioecological models, we measured a range of factors at individual and family, interpersonal and community levels at three time points (0-1 year, 4-5 years and 12-13 years). Outcomes at 14-15 years were help-seeking behaviours divided into three categories (formal help from health professionals, close informal help from friends and family members and broad informal help from other sources). Generalised linear models with logit-binomial links were used. RESULTS There were varying and common patterns of influencing factors across the three population groups and sources of help-seeking. In the whole population, five common factors (female, previous depressive or anxiety symptoms, discrimination and bully victimisation) were associated with all three sources of help-seeking. Among adolescents with depressive or anxiety symptoms, four common barriers to help-seeking were male adolescents, speaking a language other than English, having poor relationships with peers and less social support. CONCLUSION Both intrinsic and extrinsic barriers exist for adolescents' mental health help-seeking. There are priority groups of adolescents with mental health problems who are unlikely to seek support and warrant attention. There is a need for multisector collaborations to address barriers to mental health care and promote help-seeking among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaijun Guo
- Centre for Community Child Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Sharon Goldfeld
- Centre for Community Child Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Lisa Mundy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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Rauer A, Cooke WM, Haselschwerdt M, Winters-Stone K, Hornbuckle L. From Organizing Medicine to Cooking With More Leafy Greens: A Dyadic, Qualitative Analysis of How Older African American Couples Take Care of Each Other's Health. Res Aging 2024; 46:302-313. [PMID: 38215404 DOI: 10.1177/01640275241227557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Guided by the Dyadic Theory of Illness Management, we explored spousal health management behaviors and their congruence within seventeen older African American married couples participating in a dyadic exercise intervention. Both prior to and after the intervention, spouses reported how they took care of their partner's health as well as what their partner did for them. Data were analyzed using theoretical thematic analysis, and five health management behaviors domains were identified (diet, exercise, self-care, medical compliance, relationship maintenance). Both partners were most likely to encourage healthier diets and exercise. Wives tended to report more behaviors compared to husbands. Couples had little congruence in their appraisals of each other's health management behaviors, and patterns were stable over time. Findings suggest incongruence in couples' health management behaviors represented complementary, collaborative efforts to support each other and that husbands may underestimate how much care they both provide to and receive from their wives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Rauer
- Department of Child and Family Studies, The University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Wendy McLean Cooke
- Department of Sociology, Psychology & Social Work, The University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Megan Haselschwerdt
- Department of Child and Family Studies, The University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Kerri Winters-Stone
- The School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Lyndsey Hornbuckle
- Department of Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport Studies, The University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
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van der Vliet N, Stuber JM, Raghoebar S, Roordink E, van der Swaluw K. Nudging plant-based alternatives to meat and dairy in a real-life online supermarket: A randomized controlled trial. Appetite 2024; 196:107278. [PMID: 38373537 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
A shift from predominantly animal-based to plant-based consumption can benefit both planetary and public health. Nudging may help to promote such a shift. This study investigated nudge effects on plant-based alternatives to meat and dairy in an online supermarket. We conducted a two-arm, parallel-group, randomized controlled real-life online supermarket trial. Each customer transaction was randomized to a control arm (regular online supermarket) or an intervention arm (addition of placement, hedonic property and dynamic social norm nudges promoting meat and dairy alternatives). Outcomes were the aggregate of meat and dairy alternative purchases (primary outcome), the number of meat purchases, dairy purchases, meat alternative purchases, and dairy alternative purchases (secondary), and retailer revenue (tertiary). Generalized linear mixed models with a Conway-Maxwell Poisson distribution were used to estimate incidence rate ratios (IRRs). Analyzed data included 8488 transactions by participants (n = 4,266 control arm, n = 4,222 intervention arm), out of which 2,411 (66%) were aged above 45 years, 5,660 (67%) were females, and 1,970 (23%) lived in socially disadvantaged neighborhoods. Intervention arm participants purchased 10% (IRR 1.10 (95% CI 0.99-1.23)) more meat and dairy alternatives and 16% (1.16 (0.99-1.36)) more meat alternatives than control arm participants, although these findings are not statistically significant. There was no difference in dairy alternative purchases (1.00 (0.90-1.10)). Intervention arm participants purchased 3% less meats (0.97 (0.93-1.02)) and 2% less dairy products (0.98 (0.95-1.02)) than control participants. Retailer revenue was not affected (0.98 (0.95-1.01)). Online nudging strategies alone did not lead to a statistically significant higher amount of plant-based purchases, but replication of this work is needed with increased study power. Future studies should also consider nudging strategies as part of a broader set of policies to promote plant-based purchases. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Prospectively registered on 14th of May 2022. ISRCTN16569242 (https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN16569242).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina van der Vliet
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Sustainability, Environment and Health, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Tilburg University Graduate School, Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5000 LE, Tilburg, the Netherlands
| | - Josine M Stuber
- Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Epidemiology and Data Science, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Sanne Raghoebar
- Wageningen University and Research, Consumption and Healthy Lifestyles Group, Education and Learning Sciences Group, 6706 KN, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Eline Roordink
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Koen van der Swaluw
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Radboud University, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Nijmegen School of Management, 6500 HK, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Hawkins AT, Penson DF, Geiger TM, Bonnet KR, Mutch MG, Maguire LH, Schlundt DG, Rothman RL. The Patient Perspective on Colectomy for Recurrent Diverticulitis: A Qualitative Study. Ann Surg 2024; 279:818-824. [PMID: 38318711 PMCID: PMC10997445 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000006225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Understand the patient's decision-making process regarding colectomy for recurrent diverticulitis. BACKGROUND The decision to pursue elective colectomy for recurrent diverticulitis is highly preference-sensitive. Little is known about the patient's perspective in this decision-making process. METHODS We performed a qualitative study utilizing focus groups of patients with recurrent diverticulitis at 3 centers across the United States. Using an iterative inductive/deductive approach, we developed a conceptual framework to capture the major themes identified in the coded data. RESULTS From March 2019 to July 2020, 39 patients were enrolled across 3 sites and participated in 6 focus groups. After coding the transcripts using a hierarchical coding system, a conceptual framework was developed. Major themes identified included participants' beliefs about surgery, such as normative beliefs (eg, subjective, value placed on surgery), control beliefs (eg, self-efficacy, stage of change), and anticipated outcomes (eg, expectations, anticipated regret); the role of behavioral management strategies (eg, fiber, eliminate bad habits); emotional experiences (eg, depression, embarrassment); current symptoms (eg, severity, timing); and quality of life (eg, cognitive load, psychosocial factors). Three sets of moderating factors influencing patient choice were identified: clinical history (eg, source of diagnosis, multiple surgeries), clinical protocols (eg, pre-op and post-op education), and provider-specific factors (eg, specialty, choice of surgeon). CONCLUSIONS Patients view the decision to undergo colectomy through 3 major themes: their beliefs about surgery, their psychosocial context, and moderating factors that influence participant choice to undergo surgery. This knowledge is essential both for clinicians counseling patients who are considering colectomy and for researchers studying the process to optimize care for recurrent diverticulitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T Hawkins
- Division of General Surgery, Section of Colon & Rectal Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - David F Penson
- Department of Urology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN
| | - Timothy M Geiger
- Division of General Surgery, Section of Colon & Rectal Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | | | - Matthew G Mutch
- Department of Surgery, Section of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO
| | - Lilias H Maguire
- Colon and Rectal Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Russell L Rothman
- Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
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Stephan E, Sedikides C. Mental Time Travel as Self-Affirmation. Pers Soc Psychol Rev 2024; 28:181-208. [PMID: 37876180 DOI: 10.1177/10888683231203143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
ACADEMIC ABSTRACT This article integrates and advances the scope of research on the role of mental time travel in bolstering the self. We propose that imagining the self in the future (prospection) or in the past (retrospection) highlights central and positive self-aspects. Thus, bringing to mind one's future or past broadens the perceived bases of self-integrity and offers a route to self-affirmation. In reviewing corresponding research programs on self-prospection and nostalgia, we illustrate that mental time travel serves to affirm the self in terms of self-esteem, coherence, and control. Mental time travel could be implemented as a source of self-affirmation for facilitating coping and behavior change in several domains such as relationships, health, education, and organizational contexts. PUBLIC ABSTRACT People can mentally travel to their future or to their past. When people imagine what they will be like in the future, or what they were like in the past, they tend to think about themselves in terms of the important and positive attributes that they possess. Thinking about themselves in such an affirming way expands and consolidates their self-views. This broader image of themselves can increase self-esteem (the extent to which one likes who they are), coherence (the extent to which one perceives life as meaningful), and control (the extent to which one feels capable of initiating and pursuing goals or effecting desirable outcomes). Mental time travel, then, has favorable or affirming consequences for one's self-views. These consequences can be harnessed to modify one's behavior in such life domains as relationships, health, education, and work.
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Bright MA, Huq MS, Miller MD, Patel S, Li Z, Finkelhor D. Randomized Control Trial of a School-Based Curriculum that Teaches About Multiple Forms of Abuse. Child Maltreat 2024; 29:364-374. [PMID: 36639370 DOI: 10.1177/10775595231152623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Most school-based prevention curricula for young children fail to address multiple types of abuse and limit instruction to a single day, despite evidence that polyvictimization is common and children learn better when allowed to practice material repeatedly. This study utilized a cluster randomized control trial design to evaluate a multi-abuse prevention program, the Monique Burr Foundation for Children (MBF) Child Safety Matters®, based on varying lesson structure. Participants included nine Florida schools consisting of 843 children in grades K-2. Schools were randomized within cluster to implement in two lessons, four lessons, or after study data collection (i.e., control group). Lessons averaged 34 minutes (SD = 8.8 minutes) in length for 2-lesson group and 23.6 minutes (SD = 6.9 minutes) for the 4-lesson condition. Knowledge was assessed before implementation and on average 11 weeks after implementation. There were no statistical differences between clusters. Controlling for pre-test scores, schools in the four-lesson group scored highest on a measure of knowledge of potentially risky and unsafe situations (M = 69.68, SE = .80) on post-test, followed by schools in the two-lesson group (M = 67.31, SE = .77), followed by schools in the control group (M = 62.92, SE = .76). Results support use of more frequent, shorter lessons for prevention programs and the promise of addressing multiple forms of child victimization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mona Sayedul Huq
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - M David Miller
- School of Human Development and Organizational Studies in Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Shivam Patel
- Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Ziying Li
- School of Human Development and Organizational Studies in Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - David Finkelhor
- Crimes Against Children Research Center, Family Research Laboratory, and Department of Sociology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
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Stavrova O, Ehlebracht D, Ren D. Cynical people desire power but rarely acquire it: Exploring the role of cynicism in leadership attainment. Br J Psychol 2024; 115:226-252. [PMID: 37910018 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Do cynical individuals have a stronger desire for power and are they more likely to acquire power at work? The negative consequences of cynicism-for cynics themselves and the people around them-render the examination of these questions particularly important. We first examined the role of cynicism in power motives. Results showed that more cynical individuals have a greater desire for power to avoid exploitation by others (and less so to exploit others; Study 1) and score higher on dominance (but not prestige or leadership) motives (Study 2). The subsequent two studies examined the role of cynicism in power attainment at work. A study of virtual teams (Study 3) showed that more cynical individuals were less likely to emerge as group leaders, and a prospective study of ~9000 employees followed for up to 10 years (Study 4) showed that cynicism predicted a lower likelihood of attaining a leadership position in organizations. Taken together, more (vs. less) cynical individuals have a stronger power-in particular, dominance-motive but they are not more successful at power acquisition. These findings inform the literature on cynicism and power and highlight the importance of cynical worldviews for leadership attainment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Stavrova
- Department of Psychology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
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Gutermuth D, Hamstra MRW. Are there gender differences in promotion-prevention self-regulatory focus? Br J Psychol 2024; 115:306-323. [PMID: 37984379 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to examine gender differences in promotion/prevention self-regulatory focus, a dispositional motivational orientation with major implications for human functioning. First, a review of literature using social cognitive theory as a framework suggests that, driven by socialization processes, (1) women may on average be more prevention focused than men - meaning more vigilant to maintain a secure status quo, whereas (2) men may on average be more promotion focused than women - meaning more eager to advance to a better situation than their status quo. Second, we provide data to examine these possible gender differences in self-regulatory focus with secondary analyses of (a) our own existing data on dispositional regulatory focus and of (b) a large scale, representative panel study (LISS Survey). The data suggest a highly consistent difference with women being more prevention focused than men, while the difference in promotion focus is much smaller and is only found in European samples. Auxiliary data suggest promotion-focused women hold less traditional gender role beliefs as well as showing that regulatory focus partially explains examples of behavioural differences between men and women. The analysis of gender difference in regulatory focus sheds new light on gender differences and biases already known, and on regulatory focus, and as such opens up many new and important areas of future inquiry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melvyn R W Hamstra
- IESEG School of Management, UMR 9221 - LEM - Lille Économie Management, Lille, France
- Univ. Lille, UMR 9221 - LEM - Lille Économie Management, Lille, France
- CNRS, UMR 9221 - LEM - Lille Économie Management, Lille, France
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O'Bryan L, Oxendahl T, Chen X, McDuff D, Segarra S, Wettergreen M, Beier ME, Sabharwal A. Objective Communication Patterns Associated With Team Member Effectiveness in Real-World Virtual Teams. Hum Factors 2024; 66:1414-1430. [PMID: 36562114 DOI: 10.1177/00187208221147341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We explore the relationships between objective communication patterns displayed during virtual team meetings and established, qualitative measures of team member effectiveness. BACKGROUND A key component of teamwork is communication. Automated measures of objective communication patterns are becoming more feasible and offer the ability to measure and monitor communication in a scalable, consistent and continuous manner. However, their validity in reflecting meaningful measures of teamwork processes are not well established, especially in real-world settings. METHOD We studied real-world virtual student teams working on semester-long projects. We captured virtual team meetings using the Zoom video conferencing platform throughout the semester and periodic surveys comprising peer ratings of team member effectiveness. Leveraging audio transcripts, we examined relationships between objective measures of speaking time, silence gap duration and vocal turn-taking and peer ratings of team member effectiveness. RESULTS Speaking time, speaking turn count, degree centrality and (marginally) speaking turn duration, but not silence gap duration, were positively related to individual-level team member effectiveness. Time in dyadic interactions and interaction count, but not interaction length, were positively related to dyad-level team member effectiveness. CONCLUSION Our study highlights the relevance of objective measures of speaking time and vocal turn-taking to team member effectiveness in virtual project-based teams, supporting the validity of these objective measures and their use in future research. APPLICATION Our approach offers a scalable, easy-to-use method for measuring communication patterns and team member effectiveness in virtual teams and opens the opportunity to study these patterns in a more continuous and dynamic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xu Chen
- Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
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