551
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Hu M, Lin H, Yang L, Cheng Y, Zhang H. Interleukin-22 restored mitochondrial damage and impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion through down-regulation of uncoupling protein-2 in INS-1 cells. J Biochem 2017; 161:433-439. [PMID: 28069865 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvw084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Defective glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) induced by chronic exposure to fatty acids is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Interleukin-22 (IL-22) has been shown to exert beneficial effects on insulin secretion and to protect pancreatic β-cells from stress. Moreover, uncoupling protein-2 (UCP-2) plays a central role in the regulation of GSIS and β-cell dysfunction, whereas the role of UCP-2 in IL-22-enhanced glycemic control under conditions of lipotoxicity remains unclear. In this present study, we investigated the effects of IL-22 on rat insulin-secreting cells (INS-1 cells) and the mechanisms that underlie IL-22 and lipotoxicity-impaired GSIS in vitro. Chronic palmitate (PA) treatment impaired insulin secretion and activated UCP-2 expression in INS-1 cells. Furthermore, in INS-1 cells, both reduced mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and impaired GSIS induced by PA treatment were effectively reversed by an inhibitor of UCP-2 (genipin). Additionally, compared with the PA-treated group, INS-1 cells treated with IL-22 down-regulated UCP-2 expression, increased mitochondrial membrane potential, and restored GSIS. Together, our findings indicate that chronic exposure to PA could activate UCP-2, resulting in mitochondrial damage and impaired GSIS in INS-1 cells. We also suggest that IL-22 plays a protective role in this process via the down-regulation of UCP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minling Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Clinical Medicine of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Hanxiao Lin
- Department of Nutrition, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, 602 Ren Min Bei Road, Guangzhou 510180, P.R. China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, S253 Industry Boulevard, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Yanzhen Cheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, S253 Industry Boulevard, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, S253 Industry Boulevard, Guangzhou 510282, China
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552
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Grönberg C, Nilsson J, Wigren M. Recent advances on CD4 + T cells in atherosclerosis and its implications for therapy. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 816:58-66. [PMID: 28457923 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an arterial inflammatory disease and the primary cause of cardiovascular disease. T helper (Th) cells are an important part in atherosclerotic plaque as they can be either disease promoting or protective. A body of evidence points to a pro-atherosclerotic role of Th1 cells, whereas the role of Th2, Th17 and iNKT cells seems more complex and dependent on surrounding factors, including the developmental stage of the disease. Opposed to Th1 cells, there is convincing support for an anti-atherogenic role of Tregs. Recent data identify the plasticity of Th cells as an important challenge in understanding the functional role of different Th cell subsets in atherosclerosis. Much of the knowledge of Th cell function in atherosclerosis is based on findings from experimental models and translating this into human disease is challenging. Targeting Th cells and/or their specific cytokines represents an attractive option for future therapy against atherosclerosis, although the benefits and the risk of modulation of Th cells with these novel drug targets must first be carefully assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Maria Wigren
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Sweden.
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553
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Cui D, Zhong F, Lin J, Wu Y, Long Q, Yang X, Zhu Q, Huang L, Mao Q, Huo Z, Zhou Z, Xie G, Zheng S, Yu F, Chen Y. Changes of circulating Th22 cells in children with hand, foot, and mouth disease caused by enterovirus 71 infection. Oncotarget 2017; 8:29370-29382. [PMID: 28030850 PMCID: PMC5438737 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-22+CD4+T (Th22) cells play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and infectious diseases, although the role of Th22 cells remains largely unclear in children with hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) caused by enterovirus 71 (EV71). This study aims to explore the role of circulating IL-22+IL-17A-CD4+T (cTh22) cells in children with EV71-associated HFMD. We found that during the acute stage of illness, the frequencies of cTh22 and circulating IL-22+IL-17A+CD4+T (IL-22+cTh17) cells in CD4+T cells infrom affected patients, and especially in severely affected patients, were significantly higher than in healthy controls (HC). The major source of IL-22 production was cTh22 cells, partially from cTh17 cells. Moreover, the protein and mRNA levels of IL-22, IL-17A, IL-23, IL-6, and TNF-α were significantly different among the mild patients, severe patients and HC, as well as AHR and RORγt mRNA levels. A positive correlation was found between plasma IL-22 levels and cTh22 cell frequencies, and cTh17 cell and IL-22+ cTh17 cell frequencies. Furthermore, the frequencies of cTh22 were significantly decreased in the convalescent patients. Our findings indicated that cTh22 cells could play critical roles in the pathogenesis of EV71 infection, and are potential therapeutic targets for patients with EV71-associated HFMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Cui
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fengyun Zhong
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jie Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Center of Community Health Service of Qingbo Street, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yidong Wu
- Clinical Laboratory, Hangzhou Children’s Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Quan Long
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xianzhi Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiaoyun Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qifen Mao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoxia Huo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhe Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guoliang Xie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shufa Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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554
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Fischer JC, Bscheider M, Eisenkolb G, Lin CC, Wintges A, Otten V, Lindemans CA, Heidegger S, Rudelius M, Monette S, Porosnicu Rodriguez KA, Calafiore M, Liebermann S, Liu C, Lienenklaus S, Weiss S, Kalinke U, Ruland J, Peschel C, Shono Y, Docampo M, Velardi E, Jenq RR, Hanash AM, Dudakov JA, Haas T, van den Brink MRM, Poeck H. RIG-I/MAVS and STING signaling promote gut integrity during irradiation- and immune-mediated tissue injury. Sci Transl Med 2017; 9:eaag2513. [PMID: 28424327 PMCID: PMC5604790 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aag2513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The molecular pathways that regulate the tissue repair function of type I interferon (IFN-I) during acute tissue damage are poorly understood. We describe a protective role for IFN-I and the RIG-I/MAVS signaling pathway during acute tissue damage in mice. Mice lacking mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS) were more sensitive to total body irradiation- and chemotherapy-induced intestinal barrier damage. These mice developed worse graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in a preclinical model of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) than did wild-type mice. This phenotype was not associated with changes in the intestinal microbiota but was associated with reduced gut epithelial integrity. Conversely, targeted activation of the RIG-I pathway during tissue injury promoted gut barrier integrity and reduced GVHD. Recombinant IFN-I or IFN-I expression induced by RIG-I promoted growth of intestinal organoids in vitro and production of the antimicrobial peptide regenerating islet-derived protein 3 γ (RegIIIγ). Our findings were not confined to RIG-I/MAVS signaling because targeted engagement of the STING (stimulator of interferon genes) pathway also protected gut barrier function and reduced GVHD. Consistent with this, STING-deficient mice suffered worse GVHD after allo-HSCT than did wild-type mice. Overall, our data suggest that activation of either RIG-I/MAVS or STING pathways during acute intestinal tissue injury in mice resulted in IFN-I signaling that maintained gut epithelial barrier integrity and reduced GVHD severity. Targeting these pathways may help to prevent acute intestinal injury and GVHD during allogeneic transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius C Fischer
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Bscheider
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Gabriel Eisenkolb
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Chia-Ching Lin
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Wintges
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Vera Otten
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Caroline A Lindemans
- Pediatric Blood and Bone Marrow Transplant Program, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Simon Heidegger
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Rudelius
- Institute of Pathology, University of Wuerzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Sébastien Monette
- Tri-Institutional Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Rockefeller University, and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Marco Calafiore
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sophie Liebermann
- Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, New Jersey Medical School and Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Stefan Lienenklaus
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Siegfried Weiss
- Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jürgen Ruland
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Peschel
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Yusuke Shono
- Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Melissa Docampo
- Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Enrico Velardi
- Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Robert R Jenq
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Alan M Hanash
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jarrod A Dudakov
- Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Tobias Haas
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Marcel R M van den Brink
- Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Hendrik Poeck
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
- Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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555
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Jiang BC, Liu X, Liu XH, Li ZSN, Zhu GZ. Notch Signaling Regulates Circulating T Helper 22 Cells in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C. Viral Immunol 2017; 30:522-532. [PMID: 28410452 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2017.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch signaling enhanced the response of interleukin (IL)-22-producing CD4+ T cells that were defined as T helper 22 (Th22) cells, and Notch-aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-IL-22 axis fine-tuned inflammatory response. Previous studies have demonstrated that both Notch signaling and Th22 cells took part in the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Thus, in this study, we aimed at examining the regulatory role of Notch signaling in Th22 cells in HCV infection. A total of 59 patients with chronic hepatitis C and 22 normal controls (NCs) were enrolled in this study. The percentage of Th22 cells and mRNA expression of related transcriptional factors and cytokines were analyzed in response to γ-secretase inhibitor. Th22 cell frequency was significantly elevated in chronic hepatitis C in comparison with that in NCs. Inhibition of Notch signaling downregulated HCV-specific Th22 cells and IL-22 production, which was accompanied by the reduction of AhR and modulatory cytokines (IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α). Moreover, the suppression of Notch signaling also decreased the IL-22-mediated antimicrobial response in both normal and HCV-infected HepG2 cells/Huh7.5 cells. This process was also accompanied by the depression of signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 signaling. In conclusion, the current results suggested that Notch signaling acted as a critical pathway in determining the response to IL-22 in chronic hepatitis C. Thus, Notch-Th22 axis might be considered a new therapeutic target for HCV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben-Chun Jiang
- 1 Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine , Changchun, China
| | - Xin Liu
- 1 Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine , Changchun, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Liu
- 2 The Geriatric Department, The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun, China
| | | | - Guang-Ze Zhu
- 1 Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine , Changchun, China
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556
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Zhong C, Zhu J. Transcriptional regulators dictate innate lymphoid cell fates. Protein Cell 2017; 8:242-254. [PMID: 28108952 PMCID: PMC5359184 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-017-0369-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on innate lymphoid cells (ILC) has recently been a fast paced topic of immunological research. As ILCs are able to produce signature Th cytokine, ILCs have garnered considerable attention and have been described to represent the innate counterpart of the CD4+ T helper (Th) cells. The development and function of ILCs are precisely regulated by a network of crucial transcription factors, which are also involved in the development or differentiation of conventional natural killer (cNK) cells and T cells. In this review, we will summarize the key transcriptional regulators and their functions through each phases of ILC development. With the phase of ILC lineage commitment, we will focus in particular on the roles of the transcription regulators Id2 and GATA-3, which in collaboration with other transcriptional factors, are critically involved in the generation of ILC fate determined progenitors. Once an ILC lineage has been established, several other transcription factors are required for the specification and functional regulation of distinct mature ILC subsets. Thus, a comprehensive understanding of the interactions and regulatory mechanisms mediated by these transcription factors will help us to further understand how ILCs exert their helper-like functions and bridge the innate and adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhong
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Jinfang Zhu
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
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557
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Budda SA, Bhattarai K, Alexander JL, Zenewicz LA. Hypoxic modulation of hepatocyte responses to the cytokine interleukin-22. Immunol Cell Biol 2017; 95:380-387. [PMID: 27796296 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2016.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The cytokine interleukin-22 (IL-22) is a potent regulator of tissue responses during inflammation. Depending on the context of inflammation, IL-22 can have protective or inflammatory effects on epithelial cells. This dual nature of IL-22 leads us to hypothesize that its activity must be exquisitely regulated to prevent host tissue damage. Environmental factors may act as a cellular cue as to how cells respond to IL-22. Inflammatory environments are characterized by low oxygen and thus we examined whether cells respond differently to IL-22 hypoxia compared with normoxia. In this study, we show that hepatocyte responses to IL-22 stimulation are reduced in hypoxic environments. IL-22 stimulation of hepatocytes incubated in low oxygen led to reduced levels of activated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and further downstream effects such as reduced induction of the anti-microbial protein, lipocalin-2. This modulation appears to be independent of the hypoxia-inducible factor-1α signaling pathway. Thus, hypoxia that accompanies chronic inflammation may be a mechanism to regulate the bioactivity of the dual-natured IL-22 cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Budda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK, USA
| | - Krishna Bhattarai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK, USA
| | - Justine L Alexander
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK, USA
| | - Lauren A Zenewicz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK, USA
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558
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Robinette ML, Bando JK, Song W, Ulland TK, Gilfillan S, Colonna M. IL-15 sustains IL-7R-independent ILC2 and ILC3 development. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14601. [PMID: 28361874 PMCID: PMC5380969 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The signals that maintain tissue-resident innate lymphoid cells (ILC) in different microenvironments are incompletely understood. Here we show that IL-7 receptor (IL-7R) is not strictly required for the development of any ILC subset, as residual cells persist in the small intestinal lamina propria (siLP) of adult and neonatal Il7ra-/- mice. Il7ra-/- ILC2 primarily express an ST2- phenotype, but are not inflammatory ILC2. CCR6+ ILC3, which express higher Bcl-2 than other ILC3, are the most abundant subset in Il7ra-/- siLP. All ILC subsets are functionally competent in vitro, and are sufficient to provide enhanced protection to infection with C. rodentium. IL-15 equally sustains wild-type and Il7ra-/- ILC survival in vitro and compensates for IL-7R deficiency, as residual ILCs are depleted in mice lacking both molecules. Collectively, these data demonstrate that siLP ILCs are not completely IL-7R dependent, but can persist partially through IL-15 signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L. Robinette
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 509 S. Euclid Ave Box 8118, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Jennifer K. Bando
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 509 S. Euclid Ave Box 8118, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Wilbur Song
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 509 S. Euclid Ave Box 8118, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Tyler K. Ulland
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 509 S. Euclid Ave Box 8118, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Susan Gilfillan
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 509 S. Euclid Ave Box 8118, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 509 S. Euclid Ave Box 8118, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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559
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Röll S, Härtle S, Lütteke T, Kaspers B, Härtle S. Tissue and time specific expression pattern of interferon regulated genes in the chicken. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:264. [PMID: 28351377 PMCID: PMC5371264 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3641-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Type I interferons are major players against viral infections and mediate their function by the induction of Interferon regulated genes (IRGs). Recently, it became obvious that these cytokines have a multitude of additional functions. Due to the unique features of the chickens’ immune system, available data from mouse models are not easily transferable; hence we performed an extensive analysis of chicken IRGs. Results A broad database search for homologues to described mammalian IRGs (common IRGs, cIRGs) was combined with a transcriptome analysis of spleen and lung at different time points after application of IFNα. To apply physiological amounts of IFN, half-life of IFN in the chicken was determined. Interestingly, the calculated 36 min are considerably shorter than the ones obtained for human and mouse. Microarray analysis revealed many additional IRGs (newly identified IRGs; nIRGs) and network analysis for selected IRGs showed a broad interaction of nIRGs among each other and with cIRGs. We found that IRGs exhibit a highly tissue and time specific expression pattern as expression quality and quantity differed strongly between spleen and lung and over time. While in the spleen for many affected genes changes in RNA abundance peaked already after 3 h, an increasing or plateau-like regulation after 3, 6 and 9 h was observed in the lung. Conclusions The induction or suppression of IRGs in chickens is both tissue and time specific and beside known antiviral mechanisms type I IFN induces many additional cellular functions. We confirmed many known IRGs and established a multitude of so far undescribed ones, thus providing a large database for future research on antiviral mechanisms and additional IFN functions in non-mammalian species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3641-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Röll
- Department for Veterinary Science, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Härtle
- formerly Department for Veterinary Science, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Lütteke
- Department for Veterinary Science, University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, JLU Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Bernd Kaspers
- Department for Veterinary Science, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sonja Härtle
- Department for Veterinary Science, University of Munich, Munich, Germany. .,Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, JLU Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
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560
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Lindahl H, Martini E, Brauner S, Nikamo P, Gallais Serezal I, Guerreiro-Cacais AO, Jagodic M, Eidsmo L, Ståhle M, Olsson T. IL-22 binding protein regulates murine skin inflammation. Exp Dermatol 2017; 26:444-446. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Lindahl
- Neuroimmunology Unit; Department of Clinical Neuroscience; Center for Molecular Medicine; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Elisa Martini
- Unit of Dermatology and Venereology; Department of Medicine; Karolinska lnstitutet, Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Susanna Brauner
- Neuroimmunology Unit; Department of Clinical Neuroscience; Center for Molecular Medicine; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Pernilla Nikamo
- Unit of Dermatology and Venereology; Department of Medicine; Karolinska lnstitutet, Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Irène Gallais Serezal
- Unit of Dermatology and Venereology; Department of Medicine; Karolinska lnstitutet, Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Andre Ortlieb Guerreiro-Cacais
- Neuroimmunology Unit; Department of Clinical Neuroscience; Center for Molecular Medicine; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Maja Jagodic
- Neuroimmunology Unit; Department of Clinical Neuroscience; Center for Molecular Medicine; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Liv Eidsmo
- Unit of Dermatology and Venereology; Department of Medicine; Karolinska lnstitutet, Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Mona Ståhle
- Unit of Dermatology and Venereology; Department of Medicine; Karolinska lnstitutet, Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Tomas Olsson
- Neuroimmunology Unit; Department of Clinical Neuroscience; Center for Molecular Medicine; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
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561
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Zenewicz LA. Oxygen Levels and Immunological Studies. Front Immunol 2017; 8:324. [PMID: 28377771 PMCID: PMC5359232 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Zenewicz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City, OK , USA
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562
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Cheng H, Jin C, Wu J, Zhu S, Liu YJ, Chen J. Guards at the gate: physiological and pathological roles of tissue-resident innate lymphoid cells in the lung. Protein Cell 2017; 8:878-895. [PMID: 28271447 PMCID: PMC5712288 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-017-0379-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The lung is an important open organ and the primary site of respiration. Many life-threatening diseases develop in the lung, e.g., pneumonia, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPDs), pulmonary fibrosis, and lung cancer. In the lung, innate immunity serves as the frontline in both anti-irritant response and anti-tumor defense and is also critical for mucosal homeostasis; thus, it plays an important role in containing these pulmonary diseases. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), characterized by their strict tissue residence and distinct function in the mucosa, are attracting increased attention in innate immunity. Upon sensing the danger signals from damaged epithelium, ILCs activate, proliferate, and release numerous cytokines with specific local functions; they also participate in mucosal immune-surveillance, immune-regulation, and homeostasis. However, when their functions become uncontrolled, ILCs can enhance pathological states and induce diseases. In this review, we discuss the physiological and pathological functions of ILC subsets 1 to 3 in the lung, and how the pathogenic environment affects the function and plasticity of ILCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Cheng
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, China.,Department of Pediatrics, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Chengyan Jin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, China
| | - Shan Zhu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, China
| | - Yong-Jun Liu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, China. .,Sanofi Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Jingtao Chen
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, China.
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563
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Bachmann M, Meissner C, Pfeilschifter J, Mühl H. Cooperation between the bacterial-derived short-chain fatty acid butyrate and interleukin-22 detected in human Caco2 colon epithelial/carcinoma cells. Biofactors 2017; 43:283-292. [PMID: 27801948 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
By generating biologically active factors luminal microbiota shape the intestinal micro-milieu thereby regulating pathological processes such as inflammation and carcinogenesis. Preclinical data suggest that bacterial-derived butyrate and the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-3 activating cytokine interleukin (IL)-22 display concordant protective properties at the inflamed colonic epithelium. Herein, biochemical cooperation between the short-chain fatty acid butyrate and IL-22 was investigated by focusing on human Caco2 colon epithelial/carcinoma cells. We report that physiological levels of butyrate enhance IL-22 signaling thereby enforcing expression of the prototypic STAT3-downstrean target genes α1-antichymotrypsin and suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-3. A dual mode of butyrate action on the IL-22/STAT3 axis was identified. Butyrate acted by upregulating IL-22R1, the decisive chain of the heterodimeric IL-22 receptor, and, independent from that, has the potential to directly amplify STAT3-mediated gene activation as detected by chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis of STAT3 binding to the SOCS3 promoter. Since trichostatin A acted similarly, inhibition of histone deacetylases is likely at the root of these butyrate biological properties. The mutual benefit gained from interactions between the host and commensal intestinal bacteria-derived factors is an expanding field of research beginning to affect clinical practice. Data presented herein propose a supportive and fine-tuning role for butyrate in IL-22 signaling that might be therapeutically exploited by local butyrate administration or by increasing its bacterial production in the context of a fiber-rich diet. © 2016 BioFactors, 43(2):283-292, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Bachmann
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Carlotta Meissner
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Josef Pfeilschifter
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Heiko Mühl
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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564
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Kmieć Z, Cyman M, Ślebioda TJ. Cells of the innate and adaptive immunity and their interactions in inflammatory bowel disease. Adv Med Sci 2017; 62:1-16. [PMID: 28126697 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic inflammatory conditions of the gastrointestinal tract that includes two major phenotypes, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis that are characterized by different clinical features and different course of the immune response. The exact aetiology of IBD still remains unknown, although it is thought that the diseases result from an excessive immune response directed against microbial or environmentally derived antigens which can be triggered by the disruption of the intestinal epithelial barrier integrity. In this review we present immune mechanisms and interactions between cells of the immune system and tissue environment that contribute to the development and progression of IBD in humans. Since dysregulation of the intestinal immune response is a hallmark of chronic inflammatory conditions, we characterize cells of the innate and adaptive immunity involved in the pathogenesis of IBD and their cross-talks. We describe various subclasses of recently discovered innate lymphoid cells, as well as dendritic cells, macrophages and T cells, including Th17, Th22 and T regulatory cells, present in the intestinal lamina propria and cytokine-mediated regulation of the immune response in IBD, highlighting the role of IL-22 and IL-17A/IL-23 axis. Insights into novel therapeutic modalities targeting certain elements of the immune pathways important for the pathogenesis of IBD have been also shortly presented.
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565
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Bombardieri M, Lewis M, Pitzalis C. Ectopic lymphoid neogenesis in rheumatic autoimmune diseases. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2017; 13:141-154. [PMID: 28202919 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2016.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ectopic lymphoid neogenesis often occurs in the target tissues of patients with chronic rheumatic autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren syndrome and other connective tissue disorders, including systemic lupus erythematosus and myositis. However, the mechanisms of ectopic lymphoid-like structure (ELS) formation and function are not entirely understood. For example, it is unclear whether ELSs indicate distinct disease phenotypes or whether they are evolutionary manifestations of chronic inflammation. Also unclear is why ELSs form in some patients but not in others. Nonetheless, ELSs frequently display functional features of ectopic germinal centres and can actively contribute to the maintenance of autoimmunity through the production of disease-specific autoantibodies; furthermore, they seem to influence disease severity and response to both synthetic and biologic DMARDs. In this Review, we discuss current knowledge and gaps in understanding of ELS formation and function including their prevalence in the above rheumatic autoimmune diseases; the mechanisms underlying their formation, maintenance and function, including positive and negative regulatory pathways; their functional relevance in the perpetuation of autoimmunity; their relationship with disease phenotypes, clinical outcomes and response to treatment; and the potential for specific targeting of ELSs through novel therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Bombardieri
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, John Vane Science Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Myles Lewis
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, John Vane Science Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Costantino Pitzalis
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, John Vane Science Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
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566
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Datta SK. IL-22: Scavenging beyond the barrier. Sci Immunol 2017; 2:2/8/eaam7039. [PMID: 28783684 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aam7039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
IL-22-induced hemopexin promotes nutritional immunity by scavenging iron from Citrobacter rodentium during systemic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip K Datta
- Bacterial Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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567
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Porte R, Van Maele L, Muñoz-Wolf N, Foligné B, Dumoutier L, Tabareau J, Cayet D, Gosset P, Jonckheere N, Van Seuningen I, Chabalgoity JA, Simonet M, Lamkanfi M, Renauld JC, Sirard JC, Carnoy C. Flagellin-Mediated Protection against Intestinal Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Infection Does Not Require Interleukin-22. Infect Immun 2017; 85:e00806-16. [PMID: 27872237 PMCID: PMC5278166 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00806-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling through Toll-like receptors (TLRs), the main receptors in innate immunity, is essential for the defense of mucosal surfaces. It was previously shown that systemic TLR5 stimulation by bacterial flagellin induces an immediate, transient interleukin-22 (IL-22)-dependent antimicrobial response to bacterial or viral infections of the mucosa. This process was dependent on the activation of type 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). The objective of the present study was to analyze the effects of flagellin treatment in a murine model of oral infection with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (an invasive, Gram-negative, enteropathogenic bacterium that targets the small intestine). We found that systemic administration of flagellin significantly increased the survival rate after intestinal infection (but not systemic infection) by Y. pseudotuberculosis This protection was associated with a low bacterial count in the gut and the spleen. In contrast, no protection was afforded by administration of the TLR4 agonist lipopolysaccharide, suggesting the presence of a flagellin-specific effect. Lastly, we found that TLR5- and MyD88-mediated signaling was required for the protective effects of flagellin, whereas neither lymphoid cells nor IL-22 was involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Porte
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR8204, CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Laurye Van Maele
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR8204, CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Natalia Muñoz-Wolf
- Laboratory for Vaccine Research, Department of Biotechnology, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Benoit Foligné
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR8204, CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Laure Dumoutier
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels Branch, and de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julien Tabareau
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR8204, CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Delphine Cayet
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR8204, CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Pierre Gosset
- Hopital Saint Vincent, Groupe Hospitalier de l'Institut Catholique de Lille, Université Catholique de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Jonckheere
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172, JPArc-Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre Aubert Neurosciences et Cancer, Lille, France
| | - Isabelle Van Seuningen
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172, JPArc-Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre Aubert Neurosciences et Cancer, Lille, France
| | - José A Chabalgoity
- Laboratory for Vaccine Research, Department of Biotechnology, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Michel Simonet
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR8204, CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie Hygiène, Institut de Microbiologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie, CHRU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Mohamed Lamkanfi
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, and Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jean-Christophe Renauld
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels Branch, and de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Claude Sirard
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR8204, CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Christophe Carnoy
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR8204, CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
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568
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Abraham C, Dulai PS, Vermeire S, Sandborn WJ. Lessons Learned From Trials Targeting Cytokine Pathways in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Gastroenterology 2017; 152:374-388.e4. [PMID: 27780712 PMCID: PMC5287922 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Insights into the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) have provided important information for the development of therapeutics. Levels of interleukin 23 (IL23) and T-helper (Th) 17 cell pathway molecules are increased in inflamed intestinal tissues of patients with IBD. Loss-of-function variants of the IL23-receptor gene (IL23R) protect against IBD, and, in animals, blocking IL23 reduces the severity of colitis. These findings indicated that the IL23 and Th17 cell pathways might be promising targets for the treatment of IBD. Clinical trials have investigated the effects of agents designed to target distinct levels of the IL23 and Th17 cell pathways, and the results are providing insights into IBD pathogenesis and additional strategies for modulating these pathways. Strategies to reduce levels of proinflammatory cytokines more broadly and increase anti-inflammatory mechanisms also are emerging for the treatment of IBD. The results from trials targeting these immune system pathways have provided important lessons for future trials. Findings indicate the importance of improving approaches to integrate patient features and biomarkers of response with selection of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Abraham
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
| | - Parambir S. Dulai
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Diego,
La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Séverine Vermeire
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven,
Belgium
| | - William J. Sandborn
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Diego,
La Jolla, CA, USA
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569
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Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating disease in premature infants with high case fatality and significant morbidity among survivors. Immaturity of intestinal host defenses predisposes the premature infant gut to injury. An abnormal bacterial colonization pattern with a deficiency of commensal bacteria may lead to a further breakdown of these host defense mechanisms, predisposing the infant to NEC. Here, we review the role of the innate and adaptive immune system in the pathophysiology of NEC.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptive Immunity
- Enterocolitis, Necrotizing/immunology
- Enterocolitis, Necrotizing/microbiology
- Enterocolitis, Necrotizing/physiopathology
- Evidence-Based Medicine
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- Infant, Premature
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/immunology
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/microbiology
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/physiopathology
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/microbiology
- Intestinal Mucosa/physiopathology
- Intestines/blood supply
- Intestines/immunology
- Intestines/physiopathology
- Milk, Human/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy L Denning
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Amina M Bhatia
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Andrea F Kane
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Ravi M Patel
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Patricia W Denning
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA.
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570
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Herder C, Kannenberg JM, Carstensen-Kirberg M, Huth C, Meisinger C, Koenig W, Peters A, Rathmann W, Roden M, Thorand B. Serum levels of interleukin-22, cardiometabolic risk factors and incident type 2 diabetes: KORA F4/FF4 study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2017; 16:17. [PMID: 28143481 PMCID: PMC5282888 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-017-0498-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Interleukin-22 (IL-22) has beneficial effects on body weight, insulin resistance and inflammation in different mouse models, but its relevance for the development of type 2 diabetes in humans is unknown. We aimed to identify correlates of serum IL-22 levels and to test the hypothesis that higher IL-22 levels are associated with lower diabetes incidence. METHODS Cross-sectional associations between serum IL-22, cardiometabolic risk factors and glucose tolerance status were investigated in 1107 persons of the population-based KORA F4 study. The prospective association between serum IL-22 and incident type 2 diabetes was assessed in 504 initially non-diabetic study participants in both the KORA F4 study and its 7-year follow-up examination KORA FF4, 76 of whom developed diabetes. RESULTS Male sex, current smoking, lower HDL cholesterol, lower estimated glomerular filtration rate and higher serum interleukin-1 receptor antagonist were associated with higher IL-22 levels after adjustment for confounders (all P < 0.05). Serum IL-22 showed no associations with glucose tolerance status, prediabetes or type 2 diabetes. Baseline serum IL-22 levels (median, 25th/75th percentiles) for incident type 2 diabetes cases and non-cases were 6.28 (1.95; 12.35) and 6.45 (1.95; 11.80) pg/ml, respectively (age and sex-adjusted P = 0.744). The age and sex-adjusted OR (95% CI) per doubling of IL-22 for incident type 2 diabetes of 1.02 (0.85; 1.23) was almost unchanged after consideration of further confounders. CONCLUSIONS High serum levels of IL-22 were positively rather than inversely associated with several cardiometabolic risk factors. However, these associations did not translate into an increased risk for type 2 diabetes. Thus, our data argue against the utility of IL-22 as biomarker for prevalent or incident type 2 diabetes in humans, but identify potential determinants of IL-22 levels which merits further research in the context of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Herder
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Auf’m Hennekamp 65, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Julia M. Kannenberg
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Auf’m Hennekamp 65, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Maren Carstensen-Kirberg
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Auf’m Hennekamp 65, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Huth
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christa Meisinger
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Koenig
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Rathmann
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Roden
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Auf’m Hennekamp 65, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Barbara Thorand
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
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571
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Ratsimandresy RA, Indramohan M, Dorfleutner A, Stehlik C. The AIM2 inflammasome is a central regulator of intestinal homeostasis through the IL-18/IL-22/STAT3 pathway. Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 14:127-142. [PMID: 27524110 PMCID: PMC5214942 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2016.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes are important for maintaining intestinal homeostasis, and dysbiosis contributes to the pathology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and increases the risk for colorectal cancer. Inflammasome defects contribute to chronic intestinal inflammation and increase the susceptibility to colitis in mice. However, the inflammasome sensor absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) protects against colorectal cancer in an inflammasome-independent manner through DNA-dependent protein kinase and Akt pathways. Yet, the roles of the AIM2 inflammasome in IBD and the early phases of colorectal cancer remain ill-defined. Here we show that the AIM2 inflammasome has a protective role in the intestine. During steady state, Aim2 deletion results in the loss of IL-18 secretion, suppression of the IL-22 binding protein (IL-22BP) in intestinal epithelial cells and consequent loss of the STAT3-dependent antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) Reg3β and Reg3γ, which promotes dysbiosis-linked colitis. During dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis, a dysfunctional IL-18/IL-22BP pathway in Aim2-/- mice promotes excessive IL-22 production and elevated STAT3 activation. Aim2-/- mice further exhibit sustained STAT3 and Akt activation during the resolution of colitis fueled by enhanced Reg3b and Reg3g expression. This self-perpetuating mechanism promotes proliferation of intestinal crypt cells and likely contributes to the recently described increase in susceptibility of Aim2-/- mice to colorectal cancer. Collectively, our results demonstrate a central role for the AIM2 inflammasome in preventing dysbiosis and intestinal inflammation through regulation of the IL-18/IL-22BP/IL-22 and STAT3 pathway and expression of select AMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rojo A Ratsimandresy
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Mohanalaxmi Indramohan
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Andrea Dorfleutner
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Christian Stehlik
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center and Skin Disease Research Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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572
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Brown RL, Clarke TB. The regulation of host defences to infection by the microbiota. Immunology 2017; 150:1-6. [PMID: 27311879 PMCID: PMC5221693 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin and mucosal epithelia of humans and other mammals are permanently colonized by large microbial communities (the microbiota). Due to this life-long association with the microbiota, these microbes have an extensive influence over the physiology of their host organism. It is now becoming apparent that nearly all tissues and organ systems, whether in direct contact with the microbiota or in deeper host sites, are under microbial influence. The immune system is perhaps the most profoundly affected, with the microbiota programming both its innate and adaptive arms. The regulation of immunity by the microbiota helps to protect the host against intestinal and extra-intestinal infection by many classes of pathogen. In this review, we will discuss the experimental evidence supporting a role for the microbiota in regulating host defences to extra-intestinal infection, draw together common mechanistic themes, including the central role of pattern recognition receptors, and outline outstanding questions that need to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Brown
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and InfectionDepartment of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Thomas B. Clarke
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and InfectionDepartment of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
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573
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Saez de Guinoa J, Jimeno R, Farhadi N, Jervis PJ, Cox LR, Besra GS, Barral P. CD1d-mediated activation of group 3 innate lymphoid cells drives IL-22 production. EMBO Rep 2017; 18:39-47. [PMID: 27799287 PMCID: PMC5210076 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201642412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a heterogeneous family of immune cells that play a critical role in a variety of immune processes including host defence against infection, wound healing and tissue repair. Whether these cells are involved in lipid-dependent immunity remains unexplored. Here we show that murine ILCs from a variety of tissues express the lipid-presenting molecule CD1d, with group 3 ILCs (ILC3s) showing the highest level of expression. Within the ILC3 family, natural cytotoxicity triggering receptor (NCR)-CCR6+ cells displayed the highest levels of CD1d. Expression of CD1d on ILCs is functionally relevant as ILC3s can acquire lipids in vitro and in vivo and load lipids on CD1d to mediate presentation to the T-cell receptor of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells. Conversely, engagement of CD1d in vitro and administration of lipid antigen in vivo induce ILC3 activation and production of IL-22. Taken together, our data expose a previously unappreciated role for ILCs in CD1d-mediated immunity, which can modulate tissue homeostasis and inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebeca Jimeno
- The Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Nazanin Farhadi
- The Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Peter J Jervis
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Liam R Cox
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Gurdyal S Besra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Patricia Barral
- The Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London, UK
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574
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Khoruts A, Hippen KL, Lemire AM, Holtan SG, Knights D, Young JAH. Toward revision of antimicrobial therapies in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: target the pathogens, but protect the indigenous microbiota. Transl Res 2017; 179:116-125. [PMID: 27513211 PMCID: PMC5555748 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Host microbiota plays important roles in providing colonization resistance to pathogens and instructing development and function of the immune system. Antibiotic treatments intended to target pathogens further weaken the host defenses and may paradoxically increase the risk of systemic infections. This consequence is especially problematic in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, where the mucosal defenses are already weakened by the conditioning regimens. This review discusses the roles that indigenous microbiota plays in protecting the host and maintaining immune homeostasis. In addition, we highlight possible strategies that are being developed to allow targeted antimicrobial therapy against pathogens, while minimizing the harm to indigenous microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Khoruts
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology and Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn.
| | - Keli L Hippen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn
| | - Amanda M Lemire
- Division of Hematology/Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn
| | - Shernan G Holtan
- Blood and Marrow Transplant Program, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn
| | - Dan Knights
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn
| | - Jo-Anne H Young
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn
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575
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Kovarik P, Castiglia V, Ivin M, Ebner F. Type I Interferons in Bacterial Infections: A Balancing Act. Front Immunol 2016; 7:652. [PMID: 28082986 PMCID: PMC5183637 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Defense against bacterial infections requires activation of the immune response as well as timely reestablishment of tissue and immune homeostasis. Instauration of homeostasis is critical for tissue regeneration, wound healing, and host recovery. Recent studies revealed that severe infectious diseases frequently result from failures in homeostatic processes rather than from inefficient pathogen eradication. Type I interferons (IFN) appear to play a key role in such processes. Remarkably, the involvement of type I IFNs in the regulation of immune and tissue homeostasis upon bacterial insult may have beneficial or detrimental consequences for the host. The reasons for such ambivalent function of type I IFNs are not understood. The disparate effects of type I IFNs on bacterial infections are in marked contrast to their well-established protective roles in most viral infections. In this review, we will focus on type I IFN effector mechanisms which balance processes involved in immune and tissue homeostasis during specific bacterial infections and highlight the most important missing links in our understanding of type I IFN functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Kovarik
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Masa Ivin
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Ebner
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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576
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Chou ST, Lo HY, Li CC, Cheng LC, Chou PC, Lee YC, Ho TY, Hsiang CY. Exploring the effect and mechanism of Hibiscus sabdariffa on urinary tract infection and experimental renal inflammation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 194:617-625. [PMID: 27773797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn., also known as roselle, is used in folk medicine as an anti-inflammatory agent. Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common problem in long-term care facilities. However, effects of roselle on UTI and renal inflammation remained to be analyzed. AIM Here we surveyed the effect of roselle drink on the prevention of UTI in long-term care facilities and analyzed the anti-inflammatory potential of roselle on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced renal inflammation in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Survey questionnaires and clinical observation were applied to evaluate the use of roselle and the incidence of UTI in long-term care facilities. Mice were administrated roselle orally for 7 consecutive days and then challenged with LPS. Anti-renal inflammatory effects of roselle were analyzed by microarray and immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS Clinical observation showed that taking roselle drink in residents with urinary catheters reduced the incidence of UTI in long-term care facilities. Renal inflammation is a key event of UTI. Roselle suppressed LPS-induced nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation in cells and LPS-induced interleukin-1β production in mice a dose-dependent manner. Immunohistochemical staining showed that roselle inhibited LPS-induced NF-κB activation and inflammatory cell infiltration in kidney. Gene expression profiling further showed that roselle suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes and enzyme genes involved in the production of prostaglandin and nitric oxide. In addition, NF-κB was the main transcription factor involved in the regulation of roselle-regulated gene expression in kidney. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report applying clinical observation-guided transcriptomic study to explore the application and mechanism of roselle on UTI. Our findings suggested that roselle drink ameliorated LPS-induced renal inflammation via downregulation of cytokine network, pro-inflammatory product production, and NF-κB pathway. Moreover, this report suggested the potential benefit of roselle drink on UTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Ting Chou
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Lo
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Cheng Li
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Lu-Chen Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Hung Tsung Lin Hospital and Nursing Home of Hong's Hospital, Changhua 52658, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chi Chou
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Lee
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Division of Chinese Acupuncture, China Medical University Hospital, 40447 Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tin-Yun Ho
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Yun Hsiang
- Department of Microbiology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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577
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Valeri M, Raffatellu M. Cytokines IL-17 and IL-22 in the host response to infection. Pathog Dis 2016; 74:ftw111. [PMID: 27915228 PMCID: PMC5975231 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftw111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines IL-17 and IL-22 play pivotal roles in host defense against microbes and in the development of chronic inflammatory diseases. These cytokines are produced by cells that are often located in epithelial barriers, including subsets of T cells and innate lymphoid cells. In general, IL-17 and IL-22 can be characterized as important cytokines in the rapid response to infectious agents, both by recruiting neutrophils and by inducing the production of antimicrobial peptides. Although each cytokine induces an innate immune response in epithelial cells, their functional spectra are generally distinct: IL-17 mainly induces an inflammatory tissue response and is involved in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases, whereas IL-22 is largely protective and regenerative. In this review, we compare IL-17 and IL-22, describing overlaps and differences in their cellular sources as well as their regulation, signaling, biological functions and roles during disease, with a focus on the contribution of these cytokines to the gut mucosal barrier during bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Valeri
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697-4025, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697-4025, USA
| | - Manuela Raffatellu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697-4025, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697-4025, USA
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578
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Surface-bound bovine serum albumin carrier protein as present in recombinant cytokine preparations amplifies T helper 17 cell polarization. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36598. [PMID: 27808281 PMCID: PMC5093436 DOI: 10.1038/srep36598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding of T helper 17 lineage (TH17) polarization has been significantly promoted by cell culture experiments that reduce the complexity of the in vivo environment. We here investigated TH17 amplification by coating of cytokine preparations. Cytokine preparations coated to the surface compared to the same amount given in solution significantly enhanced TH17 polarization assessed by flow cytometry and interleukin (IL)-17A, IL-17F and RORγt mRNA expression. T cell proliferation and TH1 polarization were similarly enhanced while TREG polarization was impeded. TH17 amplification was replicated by coating the plate with low amounts of FCS or albumin as used as carrier protein for cytokines (0.5 μl 0.1%). It was unaltered by filtration, protein digestion and arylhydrocarbon receptor blockade, not replicated by LPS and independent of integrin stimulation. TH17 amplification required anti-CD3 stimulation and was T cell intrinsic. Supernatants of CD4+ cells polarized on coated cytokine preparations with carrier albumin conferred amplification to fresh splenocytes. Coating markedly elevated CD4+ IL-22 mRNA expression and IL-22 blockade significantly reduced TH17 amplification. Our data show TH17 amplification by coated albumin in the low amounts present in recombinant cytokine preparations. This unexpected adjuvant like effect underscores the need for controls also for temporal and spatial factors in cell culture.
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579
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Gubernatorova EO, Tumanov AV. Tumor Necrosis Factor and Lymphotoxin in Regulation of Intestinal Inflammation. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2016; 81:1309-1325. [PMID: 27914457 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297916110092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are the major forms of inflammatory bowel disease. Cytokines of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family play an important role in the regulation of intestinal inflammation. In this review, we discuss the function of key cytokines of this family - TNF and lymphotoxin (LT) - in mucosal healing, IgA production, and in control of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), novel regulators of mucosal homeostasis in the gut. TNF plays a central role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). LT regulates group 3 of ILCs and IL-22 production and protects the epithelium against damage by chemicals and mucosal bacterial pathogens. In addition, we discuss major mouse models employed to study the mechanism of intestinal inflammation, their advantages and limitations, as well as application of TNF blockers in the therapy for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- E O Gubernatorova
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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580
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Bayes HK, Ritchie ND, Ward C, Corris PA, Brodlie M, Evans TJ. IL-22 exacerbates weight loss in a murine model of chronic pulmonary Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. J Cyst Fibros 2016; 15:759-768. [PMID: 27375092 PMCID: PMC5154339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin (IL)-22 is a critical mediator of mucosal immunity and tissue regeneration, protecting against a number of respiratory pathogens. Whether IL-22 confers protection against chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) infection in cystic fibrosis (CF) is unknown. METHODS Explanted CF lungs were examined for IL-22 production and immune-localization. A murine model of persistent pulmonary PA infection was used to examine production of IL-22 following infective challenge. The role of IL-22 was examined using IL-22 knockout (KO) animals. RESULTS IL-22 is produced within the adult CF lung and localizes to the airway epithelium. IL-22 is produced by murine pulmonary lymph node cells following lung infection. The absence of IL-22 resulted in no significant difference in acute mortality, bacterial burden, chronic infection rates, histological changes or neutrophilic inflammation in the chronic PA infection model. However, IL-22 KO animals lost less weight following infection. CONCLUSION IL-22 is produced in the CF lung and in response to PA infection yet is dispensable in protection against chronic pulmonary P. aeruginosa infection in a murine model. However, we identified a novel role for the cytokine in promoting infection-related weight-loss, a significant prognostic factor in the CF population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah K Bayes
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA, United Kingdom.
| | - Neil D Ritchie
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Christopher Ward
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Paul A Corris
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; Institute of Transplantation, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK
| | - Malcolm Brodlie
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Great North Children's Hospital, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, UK
| | - Thomas J Evans
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA, United Kingdom
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581
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Scalea JR, Hickman JB, Moore DJ, Brayman KL. An overview of the necessary thymic contributions to tolerance in transplantation. Clin Immunol 2016; 173:S1521-6616(16)30382-5. [PMID: 27989896 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The thymus is important for the development of the immune system. However, aging leads to predictable involution of the thymus and immunodeficiency. These immunodeficiencies may be rectified with thymic rejuvenation. Atrophy of the thymus is governed by a complex interplay of molecular, cytokine and hormonal factors. Herein we review the interaction of these factors across age and how they may be targeted for thymic rejuvenation. We further discuss the growing pre-clinical evidence defining the necessary and sufficient contributions of the thymus to successful tolerance induction in transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Scalea
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland, United States.
| | - John B Hickman
- School of Medicine, University of Virginia, United States
| | - Daniel J Moore
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, United States
| | - Kenneth L Brayman
- School of Medicine, University of Virginia, United States; Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, United States
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582
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Gong F, Wu J, Zhou P, Zhang M, Liu J, Liu Y, Lu X, Liu Z. Interleukin-22 Might Act as a Double-Edged Sword in Type 2 Diabetes and Coronary Artery Disease. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:8254797. [PMID: 27829708 PMCID: PMC5088317 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8254797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and coronary artery disease (CAD) are both characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation. The role of Th17 and its related cytokines in T2DM and CAD is unclear. Here we investigated the serum levels of five Th17-related cytokines (IL-17, IL-22, MIP-3α, IL-9, and IL-27) in T2DM, CAD, and T2DM-CAD comorbidity patients. IL-22 was found to be elevated in all three conditions. Elevated serum IL-22 was independently associated with the incidence of T2DM and CAD. Conversely, IL-22 was found to protect endothelial cells from glucose- and lysophosphatidylcholine- (LPC-) induced injury, and IL-22R1 expression on endothelial cells was increased upon treatment with high glucose and LPC. Blocking of IL-22R1 with IL-22R1 antibody diminished the protective role of IL-22. Our results suggest that IL-22 functions as a double-edged sword in T2DM and CAD and that IL-22 may be used in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases such as T2DM and CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangchen Gong
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Jin Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Mengyao Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Jingning Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Xiang Lu
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Zhengxia Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu 210029, China
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583
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Wei X, Wang JP, Hao CQ, Yang XF, Wang LX, Huang CX, Bai XF, Lian JQ, Zhang Y. Notch Signaling Contributes to Liver Inflammation by Regulation of Interleukin-22-Producing Cells in Hepatitis B Virus Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:132. [PMID: 27800305 PMCID: PMC5065963 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of hepatitis B virus (HBV) induced liver inflammation is not fully elucidated. Notch signaling augmented interleukin (IL)-22 secretion in CD4+ T cells, and Notch-IL-22 axis fine-tuned inflammatory response. We previously demonstrated a proinflammatory role of IL-22 in HBV infection. Thus, in this study, we analyzed the role of Notch in development of IL-22-producing cells in HBV infection by inhibition of Notch signaling using γ-secretase inhibitor DAPT in both hydrodynamic induced HBV-infected mouse model and in peripheral blood cells isolated from patients with HBV infection. mRNA expressions of Notch1 and Notch2 were significantly increased in livers and CD4+ T cells upon HBV infection. Inhibition of Notch signaling in vivo leaded to the reduction in NKp46+ innate lymphoid cells 22 (ILC22) and lymphoid tissue inducer 4 (LTi4) cells in the liver. This process was accompanied by downregulating the expressions of IL-22 and related proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the liver, as well as blocking the recruitment of antigen-non-specific inflammatory cells into the liver and subsequent liver injury, but did not affect HBV antigens production and IL-22 secretion in the serum. Furthermore, IL-22 production in HBV non-specific cultured CD4+ T cells, but not HBV-specific CD4+ T cells, was reduced in response to in vitro inhibition of Notch signaling. In conclusion, Notch siganling appears to be an important mediator of the liver inflammation by modulating hepatic ILC22. The potential proinflammatory effect of Notch-mediated ILC22 may be significant for the development of new therapeutic approaches for treatment of hepatitis B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wei
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an, China
| | - Jiu-Ping Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an, China
| | - Chun-Qiu Hao
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Yang
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an, China
| | - Lin-Xu Wang
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an, China
| | - Chang-Xing Huang
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an, China
| | - Xue-Fan Bai
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an, China
| | - Jian-Qi Lian
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an, China
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584
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Lambert A, Julien B. [Liver regeneration : two pieces of the puzzle connected]. Med Sci (Paris) 2016; 32:839-841. [PMID: 27758747 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20163210016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Lambert
- M1 Biologie Santé, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Boris Julien
- Inserm U-1174, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France
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585
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Forkel M, Mjösberg J. Dysregulation of Group 3 Innate Lymphoid Cells in the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2016; 16:73. [PMID: 27645534 PMCID: PMC5028403 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-016-0652-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Here, we review recent literature indicating a role of innate lymphoid cells in human inflammatory bowel disease with a focus on the plastic population of ILC3. RECENT FINDINGS Many studies suggest an involvement of ILC3 in human intestinal inflammation. ILC3 present the most abundant ILC subtype in the human intestine at steady state. In IBD, this composition is skewed towards ILCs showing an ILC1 phenotype and cytokine profile. This change is likely due to the microenvironment causing skewing of the functionally plastic ILC subsets. Interactions between ILCs and other cells are important to keep homeostasis and intestinal barrier integrity. The knowledge about the involvement of ILCs in IBD is rapidly increasing, and with the help of mouse models, new pathways and functions of ILCs are continuously unraveled. In the majority of human studies, a potential role for ILCs in Crohn's disease is found. However, less data is available for a possible role in ulcerative colitis. Results from mice are obtained from diverse model systems, and more research in this field is needed to clarify and integrate the current knowledge in order to improve treatment strategies for IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Forkel
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jenny Mjösberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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586
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Luissint AC, Parkos CA, Nusrat A. Inflammation and the Intestinal Barrier: Leukocyte-Epithelial Cell Interactions, Cell Junction Remodeling, and Mucosal Repair. Gastroenterology 2016; 151:616-32. [PMID: 27436072 PMCID: PMC5317033 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal tract is lined by a single layer of columnar epithelial cells that forms a dynamic, permeable barrier allowing for selective absorption of nutrients, while restricting access to pathogens and food-borne antigens. Precise regulation of epithelial barrier function is therefore required for maintaining mucosal homeostasis and depends, in part, on barrier-forming elements within the epithelium and a balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory factors in the mucosa. Pathologic states, such as inflammatory bowel disease, are associated with a leaky epithelial barrier, resulting in excessive exposure to microbial antigens, recruitment of leukocytes, release of soluble mediators, and ultimately mucosal damage. An inflammatory microenvironment affects epithelial barrier properties and mucosal homeostasis by altering the structure and function of epithelial intercellular junctions through direct and indirect mechanisms. We review our current understanding of complex interactions between the intestinal epithelium and immune cells, with a focus on pathologic mucosal inflammation and mechanisms of epithelial repair. We discuss leukocyte-epithelial interactions, as well as inflammatory mediators that affect the epithelial barrier and mucosal repair. Increased knowledge of communication networks between the epithelium and immune system will lead to tissue-specific strategies for treating pathologic intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Asma Nusrat
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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587
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Zeiser R, Socié G, Blazar BR. Pathogenesis of acute graft-versus-host disease: from intestinal microbiota alterations to donor T cell activation. Br J Haematol 2016; 175:191-207. [PMID: 27619472 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) is a major life-threatening complication of allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT). Here we discuss the aGVHD pathophysiology initiated by multiple signals that cause alloreactive T-cell activation. The outcome of such donor T-cell activation is influenced by T-cell receptor-signal strength, anatomical location, co-stimulatory/co-inhibitory signals and differentiation stage (naive, effector/memory) of T-cells. Additionally, cross-priming of T cells to antigens expressed by pathogens can contribute to aGVHD-mediated tissue injury. In addition to the properties of donor T-cell activation, highly specialized tissue resident cell types, such as innate lymphoid cells, antigen-presenting cells, immune regulatory cells and various intestinal cell populations are critically involved in aGVHD pathogenesis. The role of the thymus and secondary lymphoid tissue injury, non-haematopoietic cells, intestinal microflora, cytokines, chemokines, microRNAs, metabolites and kinases in aGVHD pathophysiology will be highlighted. Acute GVHD pathogenic mechanisms will be connected to novel therapeutic approaches under development for, and tested in, the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Zeiser
- Department of Haematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Freiburg University Medical Centre, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Gerard Socié
- Haematology Stem cell transplant Unit, Saint Louis Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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588
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Waseda M, Arimura S, Shimura E, Nakae S, Yamanashi Y. Loss of Dok-1 and Dok-2 in mice causes severe experimental colitis accompanied by reduced expression of IL-17A and IL-22. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:135-142. [PMID: 27450811 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.07.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Appropriate immune responses and mucosal barrier functions are required for the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis. Defects in this defense system may lead to inflammatory disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease. Downstream of tyrosine kinases 1 (Dok-1) and its closest homolog, Dok-2, are preferentially expressed in immune cells, and play essential roles in the negative regulation of multiple signaling pathways in both innate and adaptive immunity. However, the function of these proteins in intestinal homeostasis remained unclear. Here we show that Dok-1/-2 double knockout (DKO) mice were highly susceptible to dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis compared with Dok-1 or Dok-2 single KO and wild type (WT) mice. Furthermore, DSS-treated Dok-1/-2 DKO mice exhibited increased colonic tissue damage accompanied by reduced proliferation of the epithelial cells relative to WT controls, suggesting that Dok-1/-2 DKO mice have defects in the repair of intestinal epithelial lesions. In addition, the levels of the Th17 cytokines IL-17A and IL-22, which have protective roles in DSS-induced colitis, were reduced in DSS-treated Dok-1/-2 DKO mice compared with WT mice. Taken together, our results demonstrate that Dok-1 and Dok-2 negatively regulate intestinal inflammation, apparently through the induction of IL-17A and IL-22 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masazumi Waseda
- Division of Genetics, Department of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Sumimasa Arimura
- Division of Genetics, Department of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Eri Shimura
- Laboratory of Systems Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Susumu Nakae
- Laboratory of Systems Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Yuji Yamanashi
- Division of Genetics, Department of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.
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589
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Abstract
This Review summarizes mechanistic investigations in faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), which has increasingly been adapted into clinical practice as treatment for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) that cannot be eliminated with antibiotics alone. Administration of healthy donor faecal microbiota in this clinical situation results in its engraftment and restoration of normal gut microbial community structure and functionality. In this Review, we consider several main mechanisms for FMT effectiveness in treatment of CDI, including direct competition of C. difficile with commensal microbiota delivered by FMT, restoration of secondary bile acid metabolism in the colon and repair of the gut barrier by stimulation of the mucosal immune system. Some of these mechanistic insights suggest possibilities for developing novel, next-generation CDI therapeutics. FMT might also have potential applications for non-CDI indications. The gut can become a reservoir of other potential antibiotic-resistant pathogens under pressure of antibiotic treatments, and restoration of normal microbial community structure by FMT might be a promising approach to protect against infections with these pathogens as well. Finally, FMT could be considered for multiple chronic diseases that are associated with some form of dysbiosis. However, considerable research is needed to optimize the FMT protocols for such applications before their therapeutic promise can be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Khoruts
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Center for Immunology and BioTechnology Institute, Medical Biosciences Building, 2101 6th Street South East, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, USA
| | - Michael J Sadowsky
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, BioTechnology Institute, and Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota, 140 Gortner Lab, 1479 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
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590
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Trevejo-Nunez G, Elsegeiny W, Conboy P, Chen K, Kolls JK. Critical Role of IL-22/IL22-RA1 Signaling in Pneumococcal Pneumonia. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2016; 197:1877-83. [PMID: 27456484 PMCID: PMC4992592 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
IL-22-IL-22R signaling plays a crucial role in regulating host defenses against extracellular pathogens, particularly in the intestine, through the induction of antimicrobial peptides and chemotactic genes. However, the role of IL-22-IL-22R is understudied in Streptococcus pneumoniae lung infection, a prevalent pathogen of pneumonia. This paper presents the findings of IL-22 signaling during a murine model of pneumococcal pneumonia and improvement of bacterial burden upon IL-22 administration. IL-22 was rapidly induced in the lung during pneumococcal infection in wild-type mice, and Il22(-/-) mice had higher pneumococcal burdens compared with controls. Additionally, mice with hepatic-specific deletion of Il22ra1 also had higher bacterial burdens in lungs compared with littermate controls after intrapulmonary pneumococcal infection, suggesting that IL-22 signaling in the liver is important to control pneumococcal pneumonia. Thus, we hypothesized that enhancement of IL-22 signaling would control pneumococcal burden in lung tissues in an experimental pneumonia model. Administration of rIL-22 systemically to infected wild-type mice decreased bacterial burden in lung and liver at 24 h postinfection. Our in vitro studies also showed that mice treated with IL-22 had increased C3 expression in the liver compared with the isotype control group. Furthermore, serum from mice treated with IL-22 had improved opsonic capacity by increasing C3 binding on S. pneumoniae Taken together, endogenous IL-22 and hepatic IL-22R signaling play critical roles in controlling pneumococcal lung burden, and systemic IL-22 decreases bacterial burden in the lungs and peripheral organs by potentiating C3 opsonization on bacterial surfaces, through the increase of hepatic C3 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giraldina Trevejo-Nunez
- Richard King Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224
| | - Waleed Elsegeiny
- Richard King Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224
| | - Parker Conboy
- Richard King Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224
| | - Kong Chen
- Richard King Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224
| | - Jay K Kolls
- Richard King Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224
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591
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Wang P, Silverman SK. DNA-Catalyzed Introduction of Azide at Tyrosine for Peptide Modification. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201604364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Puzhou Wang
- Department of Chemistry; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; 600 South Mathews Avenue Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Scott K. Silverman
- Department of Chemistry; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; 600 South Mathews Avenue Urbana IL 61801 USA
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592
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The Immune System in Tissue Environments Regaining Homeostasis after Injury: Is "Inflammation" Always Inflammation? Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:2856213. [PMID: 27597803 PMCID: PMC4997018 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2856213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a response to infections or tissue injuries. Inflammation was once defined by clinical signs, later by the presence of leukocytes, and nowadays by expression of "proinflammatory" cytokines and chemokines. But leukocytes and cytokines often have rather anti-inflammatory, proregenerative, and homeostatic effects. Is there a need to redefine "inflammation"? In this review, we discuss the functions of "inflammatory" mediators/regulators of the innate immune system that determine tissue environments to fulfill the need of the tissue while regaining homeostasis after injury.
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593
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Brüggen MC, Bauer WM, Reininger B, Clim E, Captarencu C, Steiner GE, Brunner PM, Meier B, French LE, Stingl G. In Situ Mapping of Innate Lymphoid Cells in Human Skin: Evidence for Remarkable Differences between Normal and Inflamed Skin. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:2396-2405. [PMID: 27456756 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) have recently been identified also in skin, their role in this organ remains poorly understood. In this study, we aimed at developing a technique to assess ILCs in situ and to determine their topographical distribution in human skin. We collected lesional skin biopsies from patients with atopic dermatitis and psoriasis (both n = 13) and normal human skin from healthy controls. After establishing immunofluorescence ILC in situ stainings, we developed an analysis approach (gating combined with manual validation) to reliably identify ILCs. Topographical mapping was obtained by automated calculations of the distances between ILCs and different cellular/structural elements of the skin. Whereas normal human skin harbored a very scarce ILC population (mostly ILC1s and AHR+ILC3s), atopic dermatitis and psoriasis skin was infiltrated by clearly visible ILC subsets. We observed atopic dermatitis skin to contain not only ILC2s but also a prominent AHR+ILC3 population. Conversely, we encountered almost equal proportions of ILC1s and RORC+ILC3s in psoriasis skin. Distance calculations revealed ILCs to reside near the epidermis and in close proximity to T lymphocytes. ILC mapping in situ will provide valuable information about their likely communication partners in normal and diseased skin and forms the basis for the appropriate mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Charlotte Brüggen
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Dermatology, Zurich University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang M Bauer
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bärbel Reininger
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eduard Clim
- Department of Application Support and Image Processing, TissueGnostics srl, Iasi, Romania
| | | | | | - Patrick M Brunner
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Meier
- Department of Dermatology, Zurich University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lars E French
- Department of Dermatology, Zurich University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Georg Stingl
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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594
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Yang GY, Zhu YH, Zhang W, Zhou D, Zhai CC, Wang JF. Influence of orally fed a select mixture of Bacillus probiotics on intestinal T-cell migration in weaned MUC4 resistant pigs following Escherichia coli challenge. Vet Res 2016; 47:71. [PMID: 27424033 PMCID: PMC4947265 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0355-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient strategies for treating enteritis caused by F4+ enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)/verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC)/enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) in mucin 4 resistant (MUC4 RR; supposed to be F4ab/ac receptor–negative [F4ab/acR−]) pigs remain elusive. A low (3.9 × 108 CFU/day) or high (7.8 × 108 CFU/day) dose of Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis spore mixture (BLS-mix) was orally administered to MUC4 RR piglets for 1 week before F4+ ETEC/VTEC/EPEC challenge. Orally fed BLS-mix upregulated the expression of TLR4, NOD2, iNOS, IL-8, and IL-22 mRNAs in the small intestine of pigs challenged with E. coli. Expression of chemokine CCL28 and its receptor CCR10 mRNAs was upregulated in the jejunum of pigs pretreated with high-dose BLS-mix. Low-dose BLS-mix pretreatment induced an increase in the proportion of peripheral blood CD4−CD8− T-cell subpopulations and high-dose BLS-mix induced the expansion of CD4−CD8− T cells in the inflamed intestine. Immunostaining revealed that considerable IL-7Rα–expressing cells accumulated at the lamina propria of the inflamed intestines after E. coli challenge, even in pigs pretreated with either low- or high-dose BLS-mix, although Western blot analysis of IL-7Rα expression in the intestinal mucosa did not show any change. Our data indicate that oral administration of the probiotic BLS-mix partially ameliorates E. coli-induced enteritis through facilitating upregulation of intestinal IL-22 and IκBα expression, and preventing loss of intestinal epithelial barrier integrity via elevating ZO-1 expression. However, IL-22 also elicits an inflammatory response in inflamed intestines as a result of infection with enteropathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Yan Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yao-Hong Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dong Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Cong-Cong Zhai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiu-Feng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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595
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Wang P, Silverman SK. DNA-Catalyzed Introduction of Azide at Tyrosine for Peptide Modification. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:10052-6. [PMID: 27391404 PMCID: PMC4993102 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201604364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We show that DNA enzymes (deoxyribozymes) can introduce azide functional groups at tyrosine residues in peptide substrates. Using in vitro selection, we identified deoxyribozymes that transfer the 2′‐azido‐2′‐deoxyadenosine 5′‐monophosphoryl group (2′‐Az‐dAMP) from the analogous 5′‐triphosphate (2′‐Az‐dATP) onto the tyrosine hydroxyl group of a peptide, which is either tethered to a DNA anchor or free. Some of the new deoxyribozymes are general with regard to the amino acid residues surrounding the tyrosine, while other DNA enzymes are sequence‐selective. We use one of the new deoxyribozymes to modify free peptide substrates by attaching PEG moieties and fluorescent labels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puzhou Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Scott K Silverman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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596
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Teshima T, Reddy P, Zeiser R. Reprint of: Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease: Novel Biological Insights. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2016; 22:S3-8. [PMID: 26899274 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) continues to be a leading cause of morbidity and mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Recent insights into intestinal homeostasis and uncovering of new pathways and targets have greatly reconciled our understanding of GVHD pathophysiology and will reshape contemporary GVHD prophylaxis and treatment. Gastrointestinal (GI) GVHD is the major cause of mortality. Emerging data indicate that intestinal stem cells (ISCs) and their niche Paneth cells are targeted, resulting in dysregulation of the intestinal homeostasis and microbial ecology. The microbiota and their metabolites shape the immune system and intestinal homeostasis, and they may alter host susceptibility to GVHD. Protection of the ISC niche system and modification of the intestinal microbiota and metabolome to restore intestinal homeostasis may, thus, represent a novel approach to modulate GVHD and infection. Damage to the intestine plays a central role in amplifying systemic GVHD by propagating a proinflammatory cytokine milieu. Molecular targeting to inhibit kinase signaling may be a promising approach to treat GVHD, ideally via targeting the redundant effect of multiple cytokines on immune cells and enterocytes. In this review, we discuss insights on the biology of GI GVHD, interaction of microflora and metabolome with the hosts, identification of potential new target organs, and identification and targeting of novel T cell-signaling pathways. Better understanding of GVHD biology will, thus, pave a way to develop novel treatment strategies with great clinical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Teshima
- Department of Hematology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Pavan Reddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Robert Zeiser
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
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597
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Abstract
Primary Sjögren's syndrome, a chronic inflammatory process, is among the most commonly occurring rheumatologic diseases. The clinical hallmark of this disease is exocrine gland dysfunction, resulting predominately in dry eyes and dry mouth. However, the disease often extends beyond the exocrine glands to seriously affect other organs systems, such as the lungs, kidneys, and nervous system. Moreover, patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome develop non-Hodgkin's B cell lymphoma at a substantially higher rate than the general population. New research has improved our understanding of disease mechanisms, with notable advances in our knowledge about the genetic susceptibility of disease, the molecular details of the chronic inflammatory response in the salivary glands, and the complex role of the type 1 interferon pathway. The pipeline of drugs under development for the treatment of primary Sjögren's syndrome is enriched with novel biologics and small molecular entities targeting the pathogenic process. Herein, we summarize the latest advances in elucidating the pathogenesis of primary Sjögren's syndrome and highlight new drugs in clinical development aiming to reverse the glandular dysfunction and favorably impact the systemic features of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Holdgate
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - E. Wiliam St.Clair
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
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598
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Qiao YY, Liu XQ, Xu CQ, Zhang Z, Xu HW. Interleukin-22 ameliorates acute severe pancreatitis-associated lung injury in mice. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:5023-32. [PMID: 27275094 PMCID: PMC4886377 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i21.5023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the potential protective effect of exogenous recombinant interleukin-22 (rIL-22) on L-arginine-induced acute severe pancreatitis (SAP)-associated lung injury and the possible signaling pathway involved. METHODS Balb/c mice were injected intraperitoneally with L-arginine to induce SAP. Recombinant mouse IL-22 was then administered subcutaneously to mice. Serum amylase levels and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in the lung tissue were measured after the L-arginine administration. Histopathology of the pancreas and lung was evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. Expression of B cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-xL and IL-22RA1 mRNAs in the lung tissue was detected by real-time PCR. Expression and phosphorylation of STAT3 were analyzed by Western blot. RESULTS Serum amylase levels and MPO activity in the lung tissue in the SAP group were significantly higher than those in the normal control group (P < 0.05). In addition, the animals in the SAP group showed significant pancreatic and lung injuries. The expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL mRNAs in the SAP group was decreased markedly, while the IL-22RA1 mRNA expression was increased significantly relative to the normal control group (P < 0.05). Pretreatment with PBS did not significantly affect the serum amylase levels, MPO activity or expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL or IL-22RA1 mRNA (P > 0.05). Moreover, no significant differences in the degrees of pancreatic and lung injuries were observed between the PBS and SAP groups. However, the serum amylase levels and lung tissue MPO activity in the rIL-22 group were significantly lower than those in the SAP group (P < 0.05), and the injuries in the pancreas and lung were also improved. Compared with the PBS group, rIL-22 stimulated the expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and IL-22RA1 mRNAs in the lung (P < 0.05). In addition, the ratio of p-STAT3 to STAT3 protein in the rIL-22 group was significantly higher than that in the PBS group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Exogenous recombinant IL-22 protects mice against L-arginine-induced SAP-associated lung injury by enhancing the expression of anti-apoptosis genes through the STAT3 signaling pathway.
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599
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Mechanism of Action and Applications of Interleukin 24 in Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17060869. [PMID: 27271601 PMCID: PMC4926403 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 24 (IL-24) is an important pleiotropic immunoregulatory cytokine, whose gene is located in human chromosome 1q32-33. IL-24's signaling pathways have diverse biological functions related to cell differentiation, proliferation, development, apoptosis, and inflammation, placing it at the center of an active area of research. IL-24 is well known for its apoptotic effect in cancer cells while having no such effect on normal cells. IL-24 can also be secreted by both immune and non-immune cells. Downstream effects of IL-24, after binding to the IL-20 receptor, can occur dependently or independently of the JAK/STAT signal transduction pathway, which is classically involved in cytokine-mediated activities. After exogenous addition of IL-24, apoptosis is induced in tumor cells independently of the JAK/STAT pathway. We have shown that IL-24 binds to Sigma 1 Receptor and this event induces endoplasmic reticulum stress, calcium mobilization, reactive oxygen species generation, p38MAPK activity, and ceramide production. Here we review IL-24's role in autoimmunity, infectious disease response, wound repair, and vascular disease. Detailed understanding of the pleiotropic roles of IL-24 signaling can assist in the selection of more accurate therapeutic approaches, as well as targeting of appropriate cell types in treatment strategy development, and ultimately achieve desired therapeutic effects.
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600
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Kudira R, Malinka T, Kohler A, Dosch M, de Agüero MG, Melin N, Haegele S, Starlinger P, Maharjan N, Saxena S, Keogh A, Stroka D, Candinas D, Beldi G. P2X1-regulated IL-22 secretion by innate lymphoid cells is required for efficient liver regeneration. Hepatology 2016; 63:2004-17. [PMID: 26853442 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Paracrine signalling mediated by cytokine secretion is essential for liver regeneration after hepatic resection, yet the mechanisms of cellular crosstalk between immune and parenchymal cells are still elusive. Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is released by immune cells and mediates strong hepatoprotective functions. However, it remains unclear whether IL-22 is critical for the crosstalk between liver lymphocytes and parenchymal cells during liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy (PH). Here, we found that plasma levels of IL-22 and its upstream cytokine, IL-23, are highly elevated in patients after major liver resection. In a mouse model of PH, deletion of IL-22 was associated with significantly delayed hepatocellular proliferation and an increase of hepatocellular injury and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Using Rag1(-/-) and Rag2(-/-) γc(-/) (-) mice, we show that the main producers of IL-22 post-PH are conventional natural killer cells and innate lymphoid cells type 1. Extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a potent danger molecule, is elevated in patients immediately after major liver resection. Antagonism of the P2-type nucleotide receptors, P2X1 and P2Y6, significantly decreased IL-22 secretion ex vivo. In vivo, specific inhibition of P2X1 was associated with decreased IL-22 secretion, elevated liver injury, and impaired liver regeneration. CONCLUSION This study shows that innate immune cell-derived IL-22 is required for efficient liver regeneration and that secretion of IL-22 in the regenerating liver is modulated by the ATP receptor, P2X1. (Hepatology 2016;63:2004-2017).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kudira
- Department for Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Malinka
- Department for Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Kohler
- Department for Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michel Dosch
- Department for Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mercedes Gomez de Agüero
- Department of Gastroenterology/Mucosal Immunology, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Melin
- Department for Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Haegele
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Starlinger
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Niran Maharjan
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Smita Saxena
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Keogh
- Department for Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Deborah Stroka
- Department for Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Candinas
- Department for Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Guido Beldi
- Department for Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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