701
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Garfield V, Fatemifar G, Dale C, Smart M, Bao Y, Llewellyn CH, Steptoe A, Zabaneh D, Kumari M. Assessing potential shared genetic aetiology between body mass index and sleep duration in 142,209 individuals. Genet Epidemiol 2019; 43:207-214. [PMID: 30478852 PMCID: PMC6492181 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.22174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Observational studies find an association between increased body mass index (BMI) and short self-reported sleep duration in adults. However, the underlying biological mechanisms that underpin these associations are unclear. Recent findings from the UK Biobank suggest a weak genetic correlation between BMI and self-reported sleep duration. However, the potential shared genetic aetiology between these traits has not been examined using a comprehensive approach. To investigate this, we created a polygenic risk score (PRS) of BMI and examined its association with self-reported sleep duration in a combination of individual participant data and summary-level data, with a total sample size of 142,209 individuals. Although we observed a nonsignificant genetic correlation between BMI and sleep duration, using LD score regression (rg = -0.067 [SE = 0.039], P = 0.092) we found that a PRS of BMI is associated with a decrease in sleep duration (unstandardized coefficient = -1.75 min [SE = 0.67], P = 6.13 × 10-7 ), but explained only 0.02% of the variance in sleep duration. Our findings suggest that BMI and self-reported sleep duration possess a small amount of shared genetic aetiology and other mechanisms must underpin these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Garfield
- Department of Behavioural Sciences & HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Department of Population Science & Experimental MedicineInstitute of Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Caroline Dale
- Institute of Health InformaticsUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Melissa Smart
- Institute for Social and Economic ResearchUniversity of EssexColchesterUK
| | - Yanchun Bao
- Institute for Social and Economic ResearchUniversity of EssexColchesterUK
| | - Clare H. Llewellyn
- Department of Behavioural Sciences & HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Andrew Steptoe
- Department of Behavioural Sciences & HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Delilah Zabaneh
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Meena Kumari
- Institute for Social and Economic ResearchUniversity of EssexColchesterUK
- Department of Epidemiology & Public HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
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702
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Gao XR, Huang H, Nannini DR, Fan F, Kim H. Genome-wide association analyses identify new loci influencing intraocular pressure. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:2205-2213. [PMID: 29617998 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a significant risk factor for glaucoma, the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. While previous studies have identified numerous genetic variants associated with IOP, these loci only explain a fraction of IOP heritability. Recently established of biobank repositories have resulted in large amounts of data, enabling the identification of the remaining heritability for complex traits. Here, we describe the largest genome-wide association study of IOP to date using participants of European ancestry from the UK Biobank. We identified 671 directly genotyped variants that are significantly associated with IOP (P < 5 × 10-8). In addition to 103 novel loci, the top ranked novel IOP genes are LMX1B, NR1H3, MADD and SEPT9. We replicated these findings in an external population and examined the pleiotropic nature of these loci. These discoveries not only further our understanding of the genetic architecture of IOP, but also shed new light on the biological processes underlying glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Raymond Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Hua Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Drew R Nannini
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Fangda Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Heejin Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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703
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Tang Y, Liu X. G2P: a Genome-Wide-Association-Study simulation tool for genotype simulation, phenotype simulation and power evaluation. Bioinformatics 2019; 35:3852-3854. [DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btz126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Motivation
Plenty of Genome-Wide-Association-Study (GWAS) methods have been developed for mapping genetic markers that associated with human diseases and agricultural economic traits. Computer simulation is a nice tool to test the performances of various GWAS methods under certain scenarios. Existing tools are either inefficient in terms of computation and memory efficiency or inconvenient to use to simulate big, realistic genotype data and phenotype data to evaluate available GWAS methods.
Results
Here, we present a GWAS simulation tool named G2P that can be used to simulate genotype data, phenotype data and perform power evaluation of GWAS methods. G2P is a user-friendly tool with all functions is provided in both graphical user interface and pipeline manners and it is available for Windows, Mac and Linux environments. Furthermore, G2P achieves maximum efficiency in terms of both memory usage and simulation speed; with G2P, the simulation of genotype data that includes 1 000 000 samples and 2 000 000 markers can be accomplished in 5 h.
Availability and implementation
The G2P software, user manual, and example datasets are freely available at GitHub: https://github.com/XiaoleiLiuBio/G2P.
Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Tang
- Electrical and Information Engineering College, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education & College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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704
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Effect of increased body mass index on risk of diagnosis or death from cancer. Br J Cancer 2019; 120:565-570. [PMID: 30733581 PMCID: PMC6462026 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-019-0386-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Whether body mass index (BMI) is causally associated with the risk of being diagnosed with or dying from any cancer remains unclear. Weight reduction has clinical importance for cancer control only if weight gain causes cancer development or death. We aimed to answer the question 'does genetically predicted BMI influence my risk of being diagnosed with or dying from any cancer'. Methods We used a Mendelian randomisation (MR) approach to estimate causal effect of BMI in 46,155 white-British participants aged between 40 and 69 years at recruitment (median age at follow-up 61 years) from the UK Biobank, who developed any type of cancer, among whom 6998 died from cancer. To derive MR instruments for BMI, we selected up to 390,628 cancer-free participants. Results For each standard deviation (4.78 units) increase in genetically predicted BMI, we estimated a causal odds ratio (COR) of 1.07 (1.02–1.12) and 1.28 (1.16–1.41) for overall cancer risk and mortality, respectively. The corresponding estimates were similar for males and females, and smokers and non-smokers. Conclusions Higher genetically predicted BMI increases the risk of being diagnosed with or dying from any cancer. These data suggest that increased overall weight may causally increase overall cancer incidence and mortality among Europeans.
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705
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Chen H, Huffman JE, Brody JA, Wang C, Lee S, Li Z, Gogarten SM, Sofer T, Bielak LF, Bis JC, Blangero J, Bowler RP, Cade BE, Cho MH, Correa A, Curran JE, de Vries PS, Glahn DC, Guo X, Johnson AD, Kardia S, Kooperberg C, Lewis JP, Liu X, Mathias RA, Mitchell BD, O’Connell JR, Peyser PA, Post WS, Reiner AP, Rich SS, Rotter JI, Silverman EK, Smith JA, Vasan RS, Wilson JG, Yanek LR, Redline S, Smith NL, Boerwinkle E, Borecki IB, Cupples LA, Laurie CC, Morrison AC, Rice KM, Lin X, Rice KM, Lin X. Efficient Variant Set Mixed Model Association Tests for Continuous and Binary Traits in Large-Scale Whole-Genome Sequencing Studies. Am J Hum Genet 2019; 104:260-274. [PMID: 30639324 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With advances in whole-genome sequencing (WGS) technology, more advanced statistical methods for testing genetic association with rare variants are being developed. Methods in which variants are grouped for analysis are also known as variant-set, gene-based, and aggregate unit tests. The burden test and sequence kernel association test (SKAT) are two widely used variant-set tests, which were originally developed for samples of unrelated individuals and later have been extended to family data with known pedigree structures. However, computationally efficient and powerful variant-set tests are needed to make analyses tractable in large-scale WGS studies with complex study samples. In this paper, we propose the variant-set mixed model association tests (SMMAT) for continuous and binary traits using the generalized linear mixed model framework. These tests can be applied to large-scale WGS studies involving samples with population structure and relatedness, such as in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) program. SMMATs share the same null model for different variant sets, and a virtue of this null model, which includes covariates only, is that it needs to be fit only once for all tests in each genome-wide analysis. Simulation studies show that all the proposed SMMATs correctly control type I error rates for both continuous and binary traits in the presence of population structure and relatedness. We also illustrate our tests in a real data example of analysis of plasma fibrinogen levels in the TOPMed program (n = 23,763), using the Analysis Commons, a cloud-based computing platform.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kenneth M Rice
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Xihong Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Statistics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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706
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Chung W, Chen J, Turman C, Lindstrom S, Zhu Z, Loh PR, Kraft P, Liang L. Efficient cross-trait penalized regression increases prediction accuracy in large cohorts using secondary phenotypes. Nat Commun 2019; 10:569. [PMID: 30718517 PMCID: PMC6361917 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08535-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We introduce cross-trait penalized regression (CTPR), a powerful and practical approach for multi-trait polygenic risk prediction in large cohorts. Specifically, we propose a novel cross-trait penalty function with the Lasso and the minimax concave penalty (MCP) to incorporate the shared genetic effects across multiple traits for large-sample GWAS data. Our approach extracts information from the secondary traits that is beneficial for predicting the primary trait based on individual-level genotypes and/or summary statistics. Our novel implementation of a parallel computing algorithm makes it feasible to apply our method to biobank-scale GWAS data. We illustrate our method using large-scale GWAS data (~1M SNPs) from the UK Biobank (N = 456,837). We show that our multi-trait method outperforms the recently proposed multi-trait analysis of GWAS (MTAG) for predictive performance. The prediction accuracy for height by the aid of BMI improves from R2 = 35.8% (MTAG) to 42.5% (MCP + CTPR) or 42.8% (Lasso + CTPR) with UK Biobank data. Information of genetic architectures of complex traits can be leveraged for predicting phenotypes. Here, the authors develop CTPR (Cross-Trait Penalized Regression), a method for multi-trait polygenic risk prediction using individual-level genotypes and/or summary statistics from large cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonil Chung
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics and Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Constance Turman
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Sara Lindstrom
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Zhaozhong Zhu
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Po-Ru Loh
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Peter Kraft
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Liming Liang
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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707
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Morris JA, Kemp JP, Youlten SE, Laurent L, Logan JG, Chai RC, Vulpescu NA, Forgetta V, Kleinman A, Mohanty ST, Sergio CM, Quinn J, Nguyen-Yamamoto L, Luco AL, Vijay J, Simon MM, Pramatarova A, Medina-Gomez C, Trajanoska K, Ghirardello EJ, Butterfield NC, Curry KF, Leitch VD, Sparkes PC, Adoum AT, Mannan NS, Komla-Ebri DSK, Pollard AS, Dewhurst HF, Hassall TAD, Beltejar MJG, Adams DJ, Vaillancourt SM, Kaptoge S, Baldock P, Cooper C, Reeve J, Ntzani EE, Evangelou E, Ohlsson C, Karasik D, Rivadeneira F, Kiel DP, Tobias JH, Gregson CL, Harvey NC, Grundberg E, Goltzman D, Adams DJ, Lelliott CJ, Hinds DA, Ackert-Bicknell CL, Hsu YH, Maurano MT, Croucher PI, Williams GR, Bassett JHD, Evans DM, Richards JB. An atlas of genetic influences on osteoporosis in humans and mice. Nat Genet 2019; 51:258-266. [PMID: 30598549 PMCID: PMC6358485 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0302-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 459] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a common aging-related disease diagnosed primarily using bone mineral density (BMD). We assessed genetic determinants of BMD as estimated by heel quantitative ultrasound in 426,824 individuals, identifying 518 genome-wide significant loci (301 novel), explaining 20% of its variance. We identified 13 bone fracture loci, all associated with estimated BMD (eBMD), in ~1.2 million individuals. We then identified target genes enriched for genes known to influence bone density and strength (maximum odds ratio (OR) = 58, P = 1 × 10-75) from cell-specific features, including chromatin conformation and accessible chromatin sites. We next performed rapid-throughput skeletal phenotyping of 126 knockout mice with disruptions in predicted target genes and found an increased abnormal skeletal phenotype frequency compared to 526 unselected lines (P < 0.0001). In-depth analysis of one gene, DAAM2, showed a disproportionate decrease in bone strength relative to mineralization. This genetic atlas provides evidence linking associated SNPs to causal genes, offers new insight into osteoporosis pathophysiology, and highlights opportunities for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Morris
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - John P Kemp
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Scott E Youlten
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Laetitia Laurent
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - John G Logan
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ryan C Chai
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Vulpescu
- Institute for Systems Genetics, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vincenzo Forgetta
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Aaron Kleinman
- Department of Research, 23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - Sindhu T Mohanty
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - C Marcelo Sergio
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Julian Quinn
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Loan Nguyen-Yamamoto
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Aimee-Lee Luco
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jinchu Vijay
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Albena Pramatarova
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Katerina Trajanoska
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elena J Ghirardello
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Natalie C Butterfield
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Katharine F Curry
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Victoria D Leitch
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Penny C Sparkes
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Anne-Tounsia Adoum
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Naila S Mannan
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Davide S K Komla-Ebri
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Andrea S Pollard
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Hannah F Dewhurst
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas A D Hassall
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Douglas J Adams
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Stephen Kaptoge
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul Baldock
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cyrus Cooper
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jonathan Reeve
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Evangelia E Ntzani
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, Greece
- Center for Evidence Synthesis in Health, Department of Health Services, Policy and Practice, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Evangelos Evangelou
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, Greece
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - David Karasik
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Douglas P Kiel
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan H Tobias
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Department of Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Celia L Gregson
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Department of Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Nicholas C Harvey
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Elin Grundberg
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - David Goltzman
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - David J Adams
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - David A Hinds
- Department of Research, 23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - Cheryl L Ackert-Bicknell
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Yi-Hsiang Hsu
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew T Maurano
- Institute for Systems Genetics, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter I Croucher
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Graham R Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - J H Duncan Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - David M Evans
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - J Brent Richards
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics & Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK.
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708
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Runcie DE, Crawford L. Fast and flexible linear mixed models for genome-wide genetics. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1007978. [PMID: 30735486 PMCID: PMC6383949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Linear mixed effect models are powerful tools used to account for population structure in genome-wide association studies (GWASs) and estimate the genetic architecture of complex traits. However, fully-specified models are computationally demanding and common simplifications often lead to reduced power or biased inference. We describe Grid-LMM (https://github.com/deruncie/GridLMM), an extendable algorithm for repeatedly fitting complex linear models that account for multiple sources of heterogeneity, such as additive and non-additive genetic variance, spatial heterogeneity, and genotype-environment interactions. Grid-LMM can compute approximate (yet highly accurate) frequentist test statistics or Bayesian posterior summaries at a genome-wide scale in a fraction of the time compared to existing general-purpose methods. We apply Grid-LMM to two types of quantitative genetic analyses. The first is focused on accounting for spatial variability and non-additive genetic variance while scanning for QTL; and the second aims to identify gene expression traits affected by non-additive genetic variation. In both cases, modeling multiple sources of heterogeneity leads to new discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E. Runcie
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Lorin Crawford
- Department of Biostatistics, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
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709
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Sharp SA, Rich SS, Wood AR, Jones SE, Beaumont RN, Harrison JW, Schneider DA, Locke JM, Tyrrell J, Weedon MN, Hagopian WA, Oram RA. Development and Standardization of an Improved Type 1 Diabetes Genetic Risk Score for Use in Newborn Screening and Incident Diagnosis. Diabetes Care 2019; 42:200-207. [PMID: 30655379 PMCID: PMC6341291 DOI: 10.2337/dc18-1785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previously generated genetic risk scores (GRSs) for type 1 diabetes (T1D) have not captured all known information at non-HLA loci or, particularly, at HLA risk loci. We aimed to more completely incorporate HLA alleles, their interactions, and recently discovered non-HLA loci into an improved T1D GRS (termed the "T1D GRS2") to better discriminate diabetes subtypes and to predict T1D in newborn screening studies. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In 6,481 case and 9,247 control subjects from the Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium, we analyzed variants associated with T1D both in the HLA region and across the genome. We modeled interactions between variants marking strongly associated HLA haplotypes and generated odds ratios to create the improved GRS, the T1D GRS2. We validated our findings in UK Biobank. We assessed the impact of the T1D GRS2 in newborn screening and diabetes classification and sought to provide a framework for comparison with previous scores. RESULTS The T1D GRS2 used 67 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and accounted for interactions between 18 HLA DR-DQ haplotype combinations. The T1D GRS2 was highly discriminative for all T1D (area under the curve [AUC] 0.92; P < 0.0001 vs. older scores) and even more discriminative for early-onset T1D (AUC 0.96). In simulated newborn screening, the T1D GRS2 was nearly twice as efficient as HLA genotyping alone and 50% better than current genetic scores in general population T1D prediction. CONCLUSIONS An improved T1D GRS, the T1D GRS2, is highly useful for classifying adult incident diabetes type and improving newborn screening. Given the cost-effectiveness of SNP genotyping, this approach has great clinical and research potential in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth A Sharp
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K
| | - Stephen S Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Andrew R Wood
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K
| | - Samuel E Jones
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K
| | - Robin N Beaumont
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K
| | - James W Harrison
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K
| | - Darius A Schneider
- Pacific Northwest Diabetes Research Institute, Seattle, WA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Jonathan M Locke
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K
| | - Jess Tyrrell
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K
| | - Michael N Weedon
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K
| | | | - Richard A Oram
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K.
- Academic Renal Unit, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, U.K
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710
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Genome-wide gene-based analyses of weight loss interventions identify a potential role for NKX6.3 in metabolism. Nat Commun 2019; 10:540. [PMID: 30710084 PMCID: PMC6358625 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08492-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hundreds of genetic variants have been associated with Body Mass Index (BMI) through genome-wide association studies (GWAS) using observational cohorts. However, the genetic contribution to efficient weight loss in response to dietary intervention remains unknown. We perform a GWAS in two large low-caloric diet intervention cohorts of obese participants. Two loci close to NKX6.3/MIR486 and RBSG4 are identified in the Canadian discovery cohort (n = 1166) and replicated in the DiOGenes cohort (n = 789). Modulation of HGTX (NKX6.3 ortholog) levels in Drosophila melanogaster leads to significantly altered triglyceride levels. Additional tissue-specific experiments demonstrate an action through the oenocytes, fly hepatocyte-like cells that regulate lipid metabolism. Our results identify genetic variants associated with the efficacy of weight loss in obese subjects and identify a role for NKX6.3 in lipid metabolism, and thereby possibly weight control. Individuals show large variability in their capacity to lose weight and maintain this weight. Here, the authors perform GWAS in two weight loss intervention cohorts and identify two genetic loci associated with weight loss that are taken forward for Bayesian fine-mapping and functional assessment in flies.
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711
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Huang M, Liu X, Zhou Y, Summers RM, Zhang Z. BLINK: a package for the next level of genome-wide association studies with both individuals and markers in the millions. Gigascience 2019; 8:5238723. [PMID: 30535326 PMCID: PMC6365300 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giy154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Big datasets, accumulated from biomedical and agronomic studies, provide the potential to identify genes that control complex human diseases and agriculturally important traits through genome-wide association studies (GWAS). However, big datasets also lead to extreme computational challenges, especially when sophisticated statistical models are employed to simultaneously reduce false positives and false negatives. The newly developed fixed and random model circulating probability unification (FarmCPU) method uses a bin method under the assumption that quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) are evenly distributed throughout the genome. The estimated QTNs are used to separate a mixed linear model into a computationally efficient fixed effect model (FEM) and a computationally expensive random effect model (REM), which are then used iteratively. To completely eliminate the computationally expensive REM, we replaced REM with FEM by using Bayesian information criteria. To eliminate the requirement that QTNs be evenly distributed throughout the genome, we replaced the bin method with linkage disequilibrium information. The new method is called Bayesian-information and Linkage-disequilibrium Iteratively Nested Keyway (BLINK). Both real and simulated data analyses demonstrated that BLINK improves statistical power compared to FarmCPU, in addition to remarkably reducing computing time. Now, a dataset with one million individuals and one-half million markers can be analyzed within three hours, instead of one week using FarmCPU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Huang
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, 1170 NE Stadium Way, Pullman, Washington, 99164-6420, USA
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yao Zhou
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, 1170 NE Stadium Way, Pullman, Washington, 99164-6420, USA
| | - Ryan M Summers
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, 355 NE Spokane Street, Pullman, Washington, 99164-2752, USA
| | - Zhiwu Zhang
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, 1170 NE Stadium Way, Pullman, Washington, 99164-6420, USA
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712
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Jones SE, Lane JM, Wood AR, van Hees VT, Tyrrell J, Beaumont RN, Jeffries AR, Dashti HS, Hillsdon M, Ruth KS, Tuke MA, Yaghootkar H, Sharp SA, Jie Y, Thompson WD, Harrison JW, Dawes A, Byrne EM, Tiemeier H, Allebrandt KV, Bowden J, Ray DW, Freathy RM, Murray A, Mazzotti DR, Gehrman PR, Lawlor DA, Frayling TM, Rutter MK, Hinds DA, Saxena R, Weedon MN. Genome-wide association analyses of chronotype in 697,828 individuals provides insights into circadian rhythms. Nat Commun 2019; 10:343. [PMID: 30696823 PMCID: PMC6351539 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08259-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Being a morning person is a behavioural indicator of a person’s underlying circadian rhythm. Using genome-wide data from 697,828 UK Biobank and 23andMe participants we increase the number of genetic loci associated with being a morning person from 24 to 351. Using data from 85,760 individuals with activity-monitor derived measures of sleep timing we find that the chronotype loci associate with sleep timing: the mean sleep timing of the 5% of individuals carrying the most morningness alleles is 25 min earlier than the 5% carrying the fewest. The loci are enriched for genes involved in circadian regulation, cAMP, glutamate and insulin signalling pathways, and those expressed in the retina, hindbrain, hypothalamus, and pituitary. Using Mendelian Randomisation, we show that being a morning person is causally associated with better mental health but does not affect BMI or risk of Type 2 diabetes. This study offers insights into circadian biology and its links to disease in humans. GWAS have previously found 24 genomic loci associated with chronotype, an individual’s preference for early or late sleep timing. Here, the authors identify 327 additional loci in a sample of 697,828 individuals and further explore the relationships of chronotype with metabolic and psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel E Jones
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Jacqueline M Lane
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, 02114, MA, USA.,Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02114, MA, USA.,Broad Institute, Cambridge, 02142, MA, USA
| | - Andrew R Wood
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | | | - Jessica Tyrrell
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Robin N Beaumont
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Aaron R Jeffries
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Hassan S Dashti
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, 02114, MA, USA.,Broad Institute, Cambridge, 02142, MA, USA
| | - Melvyn Hillsdon
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Katherine S Ruth
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Marcus A Tuke
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Hanieh Yaghootkar
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Seth A Sharp
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Yingjie Jie
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - William D Thompson
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Jamie W Harrison
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Amy Dawes
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Enda M Byrne
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015, GE, Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015, GD, Netherlands
| | - Karla V Allebrandt
- Department of Translational Informatics, Translational Medicine Early Development, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt, 65926, Germany
| | - Jack Bowden
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK.,Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - David W Ray
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Gastroenterology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Rachel M Freathy
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Anna Murray
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Diego R Mazzotti
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
| | - Philip R Gehrman
- Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
| | - Debbie A Lawlor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK.,Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Timothy M Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Martin K Rutter
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Gastroenterology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.,Manchester Diabetes Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 0JE, UK
| | - David A Hinds
- 23andMe Inc., 899W. Evelyn Avenue, Mountain View, CA, 94041, USA
| | - Richa Saxena
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, 02114, MA, USA.,Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02114, MA, USA.,Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, USA
| | - Michael N Weedon
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK.
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713
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Halldorsson BV, Palsson G, Stefansson OA, Jonsson H, Hardarson MT, Eggertsson HP, Gunnarsson B, Oddsson A, Halldorsson GH, Zink F, Gudjonsson SA, Frigge ML, Thorleifsson G, Sigurdsson A, Stacey SN, Sulem P, Masson G, Helgason A, Gudbjartsson DF, Thorsteinsdottir U, Stefansson K. Characterizing mutagenic effects of recombination through a sequence-level genetic map. Science 2019; 363:363/6425/eaau1043. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aau1043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Genetic diversity arises from recombination and de novo mutation (DNM). Using a combination of microarray genotype and whole-genome sequence data on parent-child pairs, we identified 4,531,535 crossover recombinations and 200,435 DNMs. The resulting genetic map has a resolution of 682 base pairs. Crossovers exhibit a mutagenic effect, with overrepresentation of DNMs within 1 kilobase of crossovers in males and females. In females, a higher mutation rate is observed up to 40 kilobases from crossovers, particularly for complex crossovers, which increase with maternal age. We identified 35 loci associated with the recombination rate or the location of crossovers, demonstrating extensive genetic control of meiotic recombination, and our results highlight genes linked to the formation of the synaptonemal complex as determinants of crossovers.
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714
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A large-scale population study of early life factors influencing left-handedness. Sci Rep 2019; 9:584. [PMID: 30679750 PMCID: PMC6345846 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37423-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hand preference is a conspicuous variation in human behaviour, with a worldwide proportion of around 90% of people preferring to use the right hand for many tasks, and 10% the left hand. We used the large cohort of the UK biobank (~500,000 participants) to study possible relations between early life factors and adult hand preference. The probability of being left-handed was affected by the year and location of birth, likely due to cultural effects. In addition, hand preference was affected by birthweight, being part of a multiple birth, season of birth, breastfeeding, and sex, with each effect remaining significant after accounting for all others. Analysis of genome-wide genotype data showed that left-handedness was very weakly heritable, but shared no genetic basis with birthweight. Although on average left-handers and right-handers differed for a number of early life factors, all together these factors had only a minimal predictive value for individual hand preference.
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715
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Timmers PR, Mounier N, Lall K, Fischer K, Ning Z, Feng X, Bretherick AD, Clark DW, Shen X, Esko T, Kutalik Z, Wilson JF, Joshi PK. Genomics of 1 million parent lifespans implicates novel pathways and common diseases and distinguishes survival chances. eLife 2019; 8:39856. [PMID: 30642433 PMCID: PMC6333444 DOI: 10.7554/elife.39856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We use a genome-wide association of 1 million parental lifespans of genotyped subjects and data on mortality risk factors to validate previously unreplicated findings near CDKN2B-AS1, ATXN2/BRAP, FURIN/FES, ZW10, PSORS1C3, and 13q21.31, and identify and replicate novel findings near ABO, ZC3HC1, and IGF2R. We also validate previous findings near 5q33.3/EBF1 and FOXO3, whilst finding contradictory evidence at other loci. Gene set and cell-specific analyses show that expression in foetal brain cells and adult dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is enriched for lifespan variation, as are gene pathways involving lipid proteins and homeostasis, vesicle-mediated transport, and synaptic function. Individual genetic variants that increase dementia, cardiovascular disease, and lung cancer - but not other cancers - explain the most variance. Resulting polygenic scores show a mean lifespan difference of around five years of life across the deciles. Editorial note This article has been through an editorial process in which the authors decide how to respond to the issues raised during peer review. The Reviewing Editor's assessment is that all the issues have been addressed (see decision letter).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Rhj Timmers
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ninon Mounier
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kristi Lall
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Krista Fischer
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Zheng Ning
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Andrew D Bretherick
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David W Clark
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Xia Shen
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, United States
| | - Zoltán Kutalik
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - James F Wilson
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Peter K Joshi
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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716
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Abstract
Here we present deep-learning techniques for healthcare, centering our discussion on deep learning in computer vision, natural language processing, reinforcement learning, and generalized methods. We describe how these computational techniques can impact a few key areas of medicine and explore how to build end-to-end systems. Our discussion of computer vision focuses largely on medical imaging, and we describe the application of natural language processing to domains such as electronic health record data. Similarly, reinforcement learning is discussed in the context of robotic-assisted surgery, and generalized deep-learning methods for genomics are reviewed.
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717
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Beaumont RN, Warrington NM, Cavadino A, Tyrrell J, Nodzenski M, Horikoshi M, Geller F, Myhre R, Richmond RC, Paternoster L, Bradfield JP, Kreiner-Møller E, Huikari V, Metrustry S, Lunetta KL, Painter JN, Hottenga JJ, Allard C, Barton SJ, Espinosa A, Marsh JA, Potter C, Zhang G, Ang W, Berry DJ, Bouchard L, Das S, Hakonarson H, Heikkinen J, Helgeland Ø, Hocher B, Hofman A, Inskip HM, Jones SE, Kogevinas M, Lind PA, Marullo L, Medland SE, Murray A, Murray JC, Njølstad PR, Nohr EA, Reichetzeder C, Ring SM, Ruth KS, Santa-Marina L, Scholtens DM, Sebert S, Sengpiel V, Tuke MA, Vaudel M, Weedon MN, Willemsen G, Wood AR, Yaghootkar H, Muglia LJ, Bartels M, Relton CL, Pennell CE, Chatzi L, Estivill X, Holloway JW, Boomsma DI, Montgomery GW, Murabito JM, Spector TD, Power C, Järvelin MR, Bisgaard H, Grant SFA, Sørensen TIA, Jaddoe VW, Jacobsson B, Melbye M, McCarthy MI, Hattersley AT, Hayes MG, Frayling TM, Hivert MF, Felix JF, Hyppönen E, Lowe WL, Evans DM, Lawlor DA, Feenstra B, Freathy RM. Genome-wide association study of offspring birth weight in 86 577 women identifies five novel loci and highlights maternal genetic effects that are independent of fetal genetics. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:742-756. [PMID: 29309628 PMCID: PMC5886200 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies of birth weight have focused on fetal genetics, whereas relatively little is known about the role of maternal genetic variation. We aimed to identify maternal genetic variants associated with birth weight that could highlight potentially relevant maternal determinants of fetal growth. We meta-analysed data on up to 8.7 million SNPs in up to 86 577 women of European descent from the Early Growth Genetics (EGG) Consortium and the UK Biobank. We used structural equation modelling (SEM) and analyses of mother–child pairs to quantify the separate maternal and fetal genetic effects. Maternal SNPs at 10 loci (MTNR1B, HMGA2, SH2B3, KCNAB1, L3MBTL3, GCK, EBF1, TCF7L2, ACTL9, CYP3A7) were associated with offspring birth weight at P < 5 × 10−8. In SEM analyses, at least 7 of the 10 associations were consistent with effects of the maternal genotype acting via the intrauterine environment, rather than via effects of shared alleles with the fetus. Variants, or correlated proxies, at many of the loci had been previously associated with adult traits, including fasting glucose (MTNR1B, GCK and TCF7L2) and sex hormone levels (CYP3A7), and one (EBF1) with gestational duration. The identified associations indicate that genetic effects on maternal glucose, cytochrome P450 activity and gestational duration, and potentially on maternal blood pressure and immune function, are relevant for fetal growth. Further characterization of these associations in mechanistic and causal analyses will enhance understanding of the potentially modifiable maternal determinants of fetal growth, with the goal of reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with low and high birth weights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin N Beaumont
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Nicole M Warrington
- Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Alana Cavadino
- Centre for Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Jessica Tyrrell
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK.,European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter, The Knowledge Spa, Truro TR1 3HD, UK
| | - Michael Nodzenski
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Momoko Horikoshi
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Frank Geller
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ronny Myhre
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Genes and Environment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rebecca C Richmond
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.,Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.,The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lavinia Paternoster
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Jonathan P Bradfield
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eskil Kreiner-Møller
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood (COPSAC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Ville Huikari
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sarah Metrustry
- Department of Twin Research, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Kathryn L Lunetta
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Jodie N Painter
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Catherine Allard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Sheila J Barton
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Ana Espinosa
- Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.,ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julie A Marsh
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Catherine Potter
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Ge Zhang
- Human Genetics Division, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH, USA.,March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Wei Ang
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Diane J Berry
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Luigi Bouchard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,ECOGENE-21 and Lipid Clinic, Chicoutimi Hospital, Saguenay, QC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Shikta Das
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jani Heikkinen
- FIMM Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki University, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Øyvind Helgeland
- Department of Clinical Science, KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Domain of Health Data and Digitalisation, Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Berthold Hocher
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China.,Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hazel M Inskip
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Samuel E Jones
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.,ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Penelope A Lind
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Letizia Marullo
- Genetic Section, Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sarah E Medland
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Anna Murray
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Jeffrey C Murray
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Pål R Njølstad
- Department of Clinical Science, KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen 5021, Norway
| | - Ellen A Nohr
- Research Unit of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Christoph Reichetzeder
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.,Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susan M Ring
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.,Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Katherine S Ruth
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Loreto Santa-Marina
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain.,Subdirección de Salud Pública y Adicciones de Gipuzkoa, Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria BIODONOSTIA, Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Denise M Scholtens
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sylvain Sebert
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Medical Research Council-Health Protection Agency Centre for Environment and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Verena Sengpiel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marcus A Tuke
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Marc Vaudel
- Department of Clinical Science, KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Michael N Weedon
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew R Wood
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Hanieh Yaghootkar
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Louis J Muglia
- Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH, USA.,March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Meike Bartels
- EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline L Relton
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.,Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.,Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Craig E Pennell
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Leda Chatzi
- Department of Social Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece
| | - Xavier Estivill
- Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - John W Holloway
- Human Development & Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Joanne M Murabito
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA.,Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Christine Power
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marjo-Ritta Järvelin
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Medical Research Council-Health Protection Agency Centre for Environment and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, FI-90220 Oulu, 90029 OYS, Finland.,Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-90101 Oulu, Finland
| | - Hans Bisgaard
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood (COPSAC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Struan F A Grant
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Thorkild I A Sørensen
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.,Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vincent W Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bo Jacobsson
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Genes and Environment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Oxford National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew T Hattersley
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - M Geoffrey Hayes
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Timothy M Frayling
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Marie-France Hivert
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Diabetes Center, Massachussetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Universite de Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Janine F Felix
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elina Hyppönen
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.,Centre for School of Population Health Research, School of Health Sciences, and Sansom Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - William L Lowe
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David M Evans
- Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.,Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Debbie A Lawlor
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.,Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Bjarke Feenstra
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rachel M Freathy
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK.,Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
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718
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Hecker J, Laird N, Lange C. A comparison of popular TDT-generalizations for family-based association analysis. Genet Epidemiol 2019; 43:300-317. [PMID: 30609057 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.22181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) is the gold standard for testing the association between a genetic variant and disease in samples consisting of affected individuals and their parents. In practice, more complex pedigree structures, that is siblings with no parents, or three-generational pedigrees with possibly missing genotypes, are common. There are several generalizations of the TDT that are suitable for use with arbitrary pedigree structures. We consider three such frequently used generalizations, family-based association test, pedigree disequilibrium test, and generalized disequilibrium test, that have accompanying software and compare them regarding validity and power in the single variant setting. We use simulations to study the effects of population admixture, populations whose genotypes are not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE), different pedigree structures, and the presence of linkage. Whereas our results show that some TDT generalizations can have a substantially increased Type 1 error, these tests are often used in substantive research without caveats about the validity of their Type 1 error. For the association analysis of rare variants in sequencing studies, region-based extensions of the TDT generalizations, that rely on the postulated robustness of the single variant tests, have been proposed. We discuss the implications of our results for these region-based extensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Hecker
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nan Laird
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christoph Lange
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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719
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Kichaev G, Bhatia G, Loh PR, Gazal S, Burch K, Freund MK, Schoech A, Pasaniuc B, Price AL. Leveraging Polygenic Functional Enrichment to Improve GWAS Power. Am J Hum Genet 2019; 104:65-75. [PMID: 30595370 DOI: 10.1101/222265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional genomics data has the potential to increase GWAS power by identifying SNPs that have a higher prior probability of association. Here, we introduce a method that leverages polygenic functional enrichment to incorporate coding, conserved, regulatory, and LD-related genomic annotations into association analyses. We show via simulations with real genotypes that the method, functionally informed novel discovery of risk loci (FINDOR), correctly controls the false-positive rate at null loci and attains a 9%-38% increase in the number of independent associations detected at causal loci, depending on trait polygenicity and sample size. We applied FINDOR to 27 independent complex traits and diseases from the interim UK Biobank release (average N = 130K). Averaged across traits, we attained a 13% increase in genome-wide significant loci detected (including a 20% increase for disease traits) compared to unweighted raw p values that do not use functional data. We replicated the additional loci in independent UK Biobank and non-UK Biobank data, yielding a highly statistically significant replication slope (0.66-0.69) in each case. Finally, we applied FINDOR to the full UK Biobank release (average N = 416K), attaining smaller relative improvements (consistent with simulations) but larger absolute improvements, detecting an additional 583 GWAS loci. In conclusion, leveraging functional enrichment using our method robustly increases GWAS power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gleb Kichaev
- Interdepartamental Program in Bioinformatics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Gaurav Bhatia
- Department of Epidemiology. Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Po-Ru Loh
- Department of Epidemiology. Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Steven Gazal
- Department of Epidemiology. Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Kathryn Burch
- Interdepartamental Program in Bioinformatics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Malika K Freund
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Armin Schoech
- Department of Epidemiology. Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Bogdan Pasaniuc
- Interdepartamental Program in Bioinformatics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Alkes L Price
- Department of Epidemiology. Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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720
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Kichaev G, Bhatia G, Loh PR, Gazal S, Burch K, Freund MK, Schoech A, Pasaniuc B, Price AL. Leveraging Polygenic Functional Enrichment to Improve GWAS Power. Am J Hum Genet 2019; 104:65-75. [PMID: 30595370 PMCID: PMC6323418 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 543] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional genomics data has the potential to increase GWAS power by identifying SNPs that have a higher prior probability of association. Here, we introduce a method that leverages polygenic functional enrichment to incorporate coding, conserved, regulatory, and LD-related genomic annotations into association analyses. We show via simulations with real genotypes that the method, functionally informed novel discovery of risk loci (FINDOR), correctly controls the false-positive rate at null loci and attains a 9%-38% increase in the number of independent associations detected at causal loci, depending on trait polygenicity and sample size. We applied FINDOR to 27 independent complex traits and diseases from the interim UK Biobank release (average N = 130K). Averaged across traits, we attained a 13% increase in genome-wide significant loci detected (including a 20% increase for disease traits) compared to unweighted raw p values that do not use functional data. We replicated the additional loci in independent UK Biobank and non-UK Biobank data, yielding a highly statistically significant replication slope (0.66-0.69) in each case. Finally, we applied FINDOR to the full UK Biobank release (average N = 416K), attaining smaller relative improvements (consistent with simulations) but larger absolute improvements, detecting an additional 583 GWAS loci. In conclusion, leveraging functional enrichment using our method robustly increases GWAS power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gleb Kichaev
- Interdepartamental Program in Bioinformatics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Gaurav Bhatia
- Department of Epidemiology. Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Po-Ru Loh
- Department of Epidemiology. Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Steven Gazal
- Department of Epidemiology. Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Kathryn Burch
- Interdepartamental Program in Bioinformatics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Malika K Freund
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Armin Schoech
- Department of Epidemiology. Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Bogdan Pasaniuc
- Interdepartamental Program in Bioinformatics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Alkes L Price
- Department of Epidemiology. Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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721
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Hebbar P, Abubaker JA, Abu-Farha M, Tuomilehto J, Al-Mulla F, Thanaraj TA. A Perception on Genome-Wide Genetic Analysis of Metabolic Traits in Arab Populations. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:8. [PMID: 30761081 PMCID: PMC6362414 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite dedicated nation-wide efforts to raise awareness against the harmful effects of fast-food consumption and sedentary lifestyle, the Arab population continues to struggle with an increased risk for metabolic disorders. Unlike the European population, the Arab population lacks well-established genetic risk determinants for metabolic disorders, and the transferability of established risk loci to this population has not been satisfactorily demonstrated. The most recent findings have identified over 240 genetic risk loci (with ~400 independent association signals) for type 2 diabetes, but thus far only 25 risk loci (ADAMTS9, ALX4, BCL11A, CDKAL1, CDKN2A/B, COL8A1, DUSP9, FTO, GCK, GNPDA2, HMG20A, HNF1A, HNF1B, HNF4A, IGF2BP2, JAZF1, KCNJ11, KCNQ1, MC4R, PPARγ, SLC30A8, TCF7L2, TFAP2B, TP53INP1, and WFS1) have been replicated in Arab populations. To our knowledge, large-scale population- or family-based association studies are non-existent in this region. Recently, we conducted genome-wide association studies on Arab individuals from Kuwait to delineate the genetic determinants for quantitative traits associated with anthropometry, lipid profile, insulin resistance, and blood pressure levels. Although these studies led to the identification of novel recessive variants, they failed to reproduce the established loci. However, they provided insights into the genetic architecture of the population, the applicability of genetic models based on recessive mode of inheritance, the presence of genetic signatures of inbreeding due to the practice of consanguinity, and the pleiotropic effects of rare disorders on complex metabolic disorders. This perspective presents analysis strategies and study designs for identifying genetic risk variants associated with diabetes and related traits in Arab populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashantha Hebbar
- Genetics and Bioinformatics Unit, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
- Doctoral Program in Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jehad Ahmed Abubaker
- Genetics and Bioinformatics Unit, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Mohamed Abu-Farha
- Genetics and Bioinformatics Unit, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Genetics and Bioinformatics Unit, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Genetics and Bioinformatics Unit, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
- *Correspondence: Fahd Al-Mulla
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722
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Fang C, Luo J. Metabolic GWAS-based dissection of genetic bases underlying the diversity of plant metabolism. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 97:91-100. [PMID: 30231195 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants have served as sources providing humans with metabolites for food and nutrition, biomaterials for living, and treatment for pain and disease. Plants produce a huge array of metabolites, with an immense diversity at both the population and individual levels. Dissection of the genetic bases for metabolic diversity has attracted increasing research attention. The concept of genome-wide association study (GWAS) was extended to studies on the diversity of plant metabolome that benefitted from the development of mass-spectrometry-based analytical systems and genome sequencing technologies. Metabolic genome-wide association study (mGWAS) is one of the most powerful tools for global identification of genetic determinants for diversity of plant metabolism. Recently, mGWAS has been performed for various species with continuous improvements, providing deeper insights into the genetic bases of metabolic diversity. In this review, we discuss fully the achievements to date and remaining challenges that are associated with both mGWAS and mGWAS-based multi-dimensional analysis. We begin with a summary of GWAS and its development based on statistical methods and populations. As variation in targeted traits is essential for GWAS, we review metabolic diversity and its rise at both the population and individual levels. Subsequently, the application of mGWAS for plants and its corresponding achievements are fully discussed. We address the current knowledge on mGWAS-based multi-dimensional analysis and emerging insights into the diversity of metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanying Fang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilisation of Tropical Bioresource, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 470228, China
| | - Jie Luo
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilisation of Tropical Bioresource, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 470228, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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723
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Ji Y, Yiorkas AM, Frau F, Mook-Kanamori D, Staiger H, Thomas EL, Atabaki-Pasdar N, Campbell A, Tyrrell J, Jones SE, Beaumont RN, Wood AR, Tuke MA, Ruth KS, Mahajan A, Murray A, Freathy RM, Weedon MN, Hattersley AT, Hayward C, Machann J, Häring HU, Franks P, de Mutsert R, Pearson E, Stefan N, Frayling TM, Allebrandt KV, Bell JD, Blakemore AI, Yaghootkar H. Genome-Wide and Abdominal MRI Data Provide Evidence That a Genetically Determined Favorable Adiposity Phenotype Is Characterized by Lower Ectopic Liver Fat and Lower Risk of Type 2 Diabetes, Heart Disease, and Hypertension. Diabetes 2019; 68:207-219. [PMID: 30352878 DOI: 10.2337/db18-0708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent genetic studies have identified alleles associated with opposite effects on adiposity and risk of type 2 diabetes. We aimed to identify more of these variants and test the hypothesis that such favorable adiposity alleles are associated with higher subcutaneous fat and lower ectopic fat. We combined MRI data with genome-wide association studies of body fat percentage (%) and metabolic traits. We report 14 alleles, including 7 newly characterized alleles, associated with higher adiposity but a favorable metabolic profile. Consistent with previous studies, individuals carrying more favorable adiposity alleles had higher body fat % and higher BMI but lower risk of type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and hypertension. These individuals also had higher subcutaneous fat but lower liver fat and a lower visceral-to-subcutaneous adipose tissue ratio. Individual alleles associated with higher body fat % but lower liver fat and lower risk of type 2 diabetes included those in PPARG, GRB14, and IRS1, whereas the allele in ANKRD55 was paradoxically associated with higher visceral fat but lower risk of type 2 diabetes. Most identified favorable adiposity alleles are associated with higher subcutaneous and lower liver fat, a mechanism consistent with the beneficial effects of storing excess triglycerides in metabolically low-risk depots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Ji
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, U.K
| | - Andrianos M Yiorkas
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, U.K
- Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, U.K
| | - Francesca Frau
- Translational Medicine and Early Development, TMED Translational Informatics, Sanofi, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dennis Mook-Kanamori
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Harald Staiger
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - E Louise Thomas
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, U.K
| | - Naeimeh Atabaki-Pasdar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Archie Campbell
- Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Jessica Tyrrell
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, U.K
| | - Samuel E Jones
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, U.K
| | - Robin N Beaumont
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, U.K
| | - Andrew R Wood
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, U.K
| | - Marcus A Tuke
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, U.K
| | - Katherine S Ruth
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, U.K
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Anna Murray
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, U.K
| | - Rachel M Freathy
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, U.K
| | - Michael N Weedon
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, U.K
| | - Andrew T Hattersley
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K
| | - Caroline Hayward
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Jürgen Machann
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Paul Franks
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Public Health & Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Renée de Mutsert
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ewan Pearson
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, U.K
| | - Norbert Stefan
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Timothy M Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, U.K
| | - Karla V Allebrandt
- Translational Medicine and Early Development, TMED Translational Informatics, Sanofi, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jimmy D Bell
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, U.K
| | - Alexandra I Blakemore
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, U.K
- Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, U.K
| | - Hanieh Yaghootkar
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, U.K.
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High-Throughput Sequencing in Respiratory, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine Research. An Official American Thoracic Society Workshop Report. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2019; 16:1-16. [PMID: 30592451 PMCID: PMC6812157 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201810-716ws] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput, "next-generation" sequencing methods are now being broadly applied across all fields of biomedical research, including respiratory disease, critical care, and sleep medicine. Although there are numerous review articles and best practice guidelines related to sequencing methods and data analysis, there are fewer resources summarizing issues related to study design and interpretation, especially as applied to common, complex, nonmalignant diseases. To address these gaps, a single-day workshop was held at the American Thoracic Society meeting in May 2017, led by the American Thoracic Society Section on Genetics and Genomics. The aim of this workshop was to review the design, analysis, interpretation, and functional follow-up of high-throughput sequencing studies in respiratory, critical care, and sleep medicine research. This workshop brought together experts in multiple fields, including genetic epidemiology, biobanking, bioinformatics, and research ethics, along with physician-scientists with expertise in a range of relevant diseases. The workshop focused on application of DNA and RNA sequencing research in common chronic diseases and did not cover sequencing studies in lung cancer, monogenic diseases (e.g., cystic fibrosis), or microbiome sequencing. Participants reviewed and discussed study design, data analysis and presentation, interpretation, functional follow-up, and reporting of results. This report summarizes the main conclusions of the workshop, specifically addressing the application of these methods in respiratory, critical care, and sleep medicine research. This workshop report may serve as a resource for our research community as well as for journal editors and reviewers of sequencing-based manuscript submissions in our research field.
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725
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Reiner AP, Johnson AD. Platelet Genomics. Platelets 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-813456-6.00005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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726
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727
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Riveros-McKay F, Mistry V, Bounds R, Hendricks A, Keogh JM, Thomas H, Henning E, Corbin LJ, O’Rahilly S, Zeggini E, Wheeler E, Barroso I, Farooqi IS. Genetic architecture of human thinness compared to severe obesity. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1007603. [PMID: 30677029 PMCID: PMC6345421 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The variation in weight within a shared environment is largely attributable to genetic factors. Whilst many genes/loci confer susceptibility to obesity, little is known about the genetic architecture of healthy thinness. Here, we characterise the heritability of thinness which we found was comparable to that of severe obesity (h2 = 28.07 vs 32.33% respectively), although with incomplete genetic overlap (r = -0.49, 95% CI [-0.17, -0.82], p = 0.003). In a genome-wide association analysis of thinness (n = 1,471) vs severe obesity (n = 1,456), we identified 10 loci previously associated with obesity, and demonstrate enrichment for established BMI-associated loci (pbinomial = 3.05x10-5). Simulation analyses showed that different association results between the extremes were likely in agreement with additive effects across the BMI distribution, suggesting different effects on thinness and obesity could be due to their different degrees of extremeness. In further analyses, we detected a novel obesity and BMI-associated locus at PKHD1 (rs2784243, obese vs. thin p = 5.99x10-6, obese vs. controls p = 2.13x10-6 pBMI = 2.3x10-13), associations at loci recently discovered with much larger sample sizes (e.g. FAM150B and PRDM6-CEP120), and novel variants driving associations at previously established signals (e.g. rs205262 at the SNRPC/C6orf106 locus and rs112446794 at the PRDM6-CEP120 locus). Our ability to replicate loci found with much larger sample sizes demonstrates the value of clinical extremes and suggest that characterisation of the genetics of thinness may provide a more nuanced understanding of the genetic architecture of body weight regulation and may inform the identification of potential anti-obesity targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vanisha Mistry
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Bounds
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Audrey Hendricks
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Colorado-Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Julia M. Keogh
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Thomas
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Elana Henning
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Laura J. Corbin
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | - Stephen O’Rahilly
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Inês Barroso
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (ISF); (IB)
| | - I. Sadaf Farooqi
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (ISF); (IB)
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728
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Pulit SL, Stoneman C, Morris AP, Wood AR, Glastonbury CA, Tyrrell J, Yengo L, Ferreira T, Marouli E, Ji Y, Yang J, Jones S, Beaumont R, Croteau-Chonka DC, Winkler TW, Hattersley AT, Loos RJF, Hirschhorn JN, Visscher PM, Frayling TM, Yaghootkar H, Lindgren CM. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for body fat distribution in 694 649 individuals of European ancestry. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:166-174. [PMID: 30239722 PMCID: PMC6298238 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 640] [Impact Index Per Article: 128.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
More than one in three adults worldwide is either overweight or obese. Epidemiological studies indicate that the location and distribution of excess fat, rather than general adiposity, are more informative for predicting risk of obesity sequelae, including cardiometabolic disease and cancer. We performed a genome-wide association study meta-analysis of body fat distribution, measured by waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) adjusted for body mass index (WHRadjBMI), and identified 463 signals in 346 loci. Heritability and variant effects were generally stronger in women than men, and we found approximately one-third of all signals to be sexually dimorphic. The 5% of individuals carrying the most WHRadjBMI-increasing alleles were 1.62 times more likely than the bottom 5% to have a WHR above the thresholds used for metabolic syndrome. These data, made publicly available, will inform the biology of body fat distribution and its relationship with disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara L Pulit
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Center for Health Information and Discovery, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
- Department of Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charli Stoneman
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Andrew P Morris
- Biostatistics Department, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew R Wood
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Craig A Glastonbury
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Center for Health Information and Discovery, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Jessica Tyrrell
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Loïc Yengo
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Teresa Ferreira
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Center for Health Information and Discovery, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Eirini Marouli
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Yingjie Ji
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Jian Yang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Samuel Jones
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Robin Beaumont
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Damien C Croteau-Chonka
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of MedicineBrigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas W Winkler
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Andrew T Hattersley
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joel N Hirschhorn
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter M Visscher
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Timothy M Frayling
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Hanieh Yaghootkar
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Cecilia M Lindgren
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Center for Health Information and Discovery, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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729
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Abstract
A genome-wide association study (GWAS) seeks to identify genetic variants that contribute to the development and progression of a specific disease. Over the past 10 years, new approaches using mixed models have emerged to mitigate the deleterious effects of population structure and relatedness in association studies. However, developing GWAS techniques to accurately test for association while correcting for population structure is a computational and statistical challenge. Using laboratory mouse strains as an example, our review characterizes the problem of population structure in association studies and describes how it can cause false positive associations. We then motivate mixed models in the context of unmodeled factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hoon Sul
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Lana S. Martin
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Eleazar Eskin
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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730
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Lotta LA, Wittemans LBL, Zuber V, Stewart ID, Sharp SJ, Luan J, Day FR, Li C, Bowker N, Cai L, De Lucia Rolfe E, Khaw KT, Perry JRB, O’Rahilly S, Scott RA, Savage DB, Burgess S, Wareham NJ, Langenberg C. Association of Genetic Variants Related to Gluteofemoral vs Abdominal Fat Distribution With Type 2 Diabetes, Coronary Disease, and Cardiovascular Risk Factors. JAMA 2018; 320:2553-2563. [PMID: 30575882 PMCID: PMC6583513 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2018.19329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Body fat distribution, usually measured using waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), is an important contributor to cardiometabolic disease independent of body mass index (BMI). Whether mechanisms that increase WHR via lower gluteofemoral (hip) or via higher abdominal (waist) fat distribution affect cardiometabolic risk is unknown. OBJECTIVE To identify genetic variants associated with higher WHR specifically via lower gluteofemoral or higher abdominal fat distribution and estimate their association with cardiometabolic risk. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for WHR combined data from the UK Biobank cohort and summary statistics from previous GWAS (data collection: 2006-2018). Specific polygenic scores for higher WHR via lower gluteofemoral or via higher abdominal fat distribution were derived using WHR-associated genetic variants showing specific association with hip or waist circumference. Associations of polygenic scores with outcomes were estimated in 3 population-based cohorts, a case-cohort study, and summary statistics from 6 GWAS (data collection: 1991-2018). EXPOSURES More than 2.4 million common genetic variants (GWAS); polygenic scores for higher WHR (follow-up analyses). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES BMI-adjusted WHR and unadjusted WHR (GWAS); compartmental fat mass measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, type 2 diabetes, and coronary disease risk (follow-up analyses). RESULTS Among 452 302 UK Biobank participants of European ancestry, the mean (SD) age was 57 (8) years and the mean (SD) WHR was 0.87 (0.09). In genome-wide analyses, 202 independent genetic variants were associated with higher BMI-adjusted WHR (n = 660 648) and unadjusted WHR (n = 663 598). In dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry analyses (n = 18 330), the hip- and waist-specific polygenic scores for higher WHR were specifically associated with lower gluteofemoral and higher abdominal fat, respectively. In follow-up analyses (n = 636 607), both polygenic scores were associated with higher blood pressure and triglyceride levels and higher risk of diabetes (waist-specific score: odds ratio [OR], 1.57 [95% CI, 1.34-1.83], absolute risk increase per 1000 participant-years [ARI], 4.4 [95% CI, 2.7-6.5], P < .001; hip-specific score: OR, 2.54 [95% CI, 2.17-2.96], ARI, 12.0 [95% CI, 9.1-15.3], P < .001) and coronary disease (waist-specific score: OR, 1.60 [95% CI, 1.39-1.84], ARI, 2.3 [95% CI, 1.5-3.3], P < .001; hip-specific score: OR, 1.76 [95% CI, 1.53-2.02], ARI, 3.0 [95% CI, 2.1-4.0], P < .001), per 1-SD increase in BMI-adjusted WHR. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Distinct genetic mechanisms may be linked to gluteofemoral and abdominal fat distribution that are the basis for the calculation of the WHR. These findings may improve risk assessment and treatment of diabetes and coronary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca A. Lotta
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Verena Zuber
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Isobel D. Stewart
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Sharp
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jian’an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Felix R. Day
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Chen Li
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Bowker
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lina Cai
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John R. B. Perry
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen O’Rahilly
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A. Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David B. Savage
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Burgess
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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731
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Dissection of genetic variation and evidence for pleiotropy in male pattern baldness. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5407. [PMID: 30573740 PMCID: PMC6302097 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07862-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Male pattern baldness (MPB) is a sex-limited, age-related, complex trait. We study MPB genetics in 205,327 European males from the UK Biobank. Here we show that MPB is strongly heritable and polygenic, with pedigree-heritability of 0.62 (SE = 0.03) estimated from close relatives, and SNP-heritability of 0.39 (SE = 0.01) from conventionally-unrelated males. We detect 624 near-independent genome-wide loci, contributing SNP-heritability of 0.25 (SE = 0.01), of which 26 X-chromosome loci explain 11.6%. Autosomal genetic variance is enriched for common variants and regions of lower linkage disequilibrium. We identify plausible genetic correlations between MPB and multiple sex-limited markers of earlier puberty, increased bone mineral density (rg = 0.15) and pancreatic β-cell function (rg = 0.12). Correlations with reproductive traits imply an effect on fitness, consistent with an estimated linear selection gradient of -0.018 per MPB standard deviation. Overall, we provide genetic insights into MPB: a phenotype of interest in its own right, with value as a model sex-limited, complex trait. Male pattern baldness (MPB) is a polygenic trait that affects the majority of European men. Here, Yap et al. estimate heritability, partitioned by autosomes and the X-chromosome, of MPB in the UK Biobank cohort, perform GWAS for MPB and find genetic correlation with other sex-specific traits.
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732
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Genome-wide mega-analysis identifies 16 loci and highlights diverse biological mechanisms in the common epilepsies. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5269. [PMID: 30531953 PMCID: PMC6288131 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07524-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The epilepsies affect around 65 million people worldwide and have a substantial missing heritability component. We report a genome-wide mega-analysis involving 15,212 individuals with epilepsy and 29,677 controls, which reveals 16 genome-wide significant loci, of which 11 are novel. Using various prioritization criteria, we pinpoint the 21 most likely epilepsy genes at these loci, with the majority in genetic generalized epilepsies. These genes have diverse biological functions, including coding for ion-channel subunits, transcription factors and a vitamin-B6 metabolism enzyme. Converging evidence shows that the common variants associated with epilepsy play a role in epigenetic regulation of gene expression in the brain. The results show an enrichment for monogenic epilepsy genes as well as known targets of antiepileptic drugs. Using SNP-based heritability analyses we disentangle both the unique and overlapping genetic basis to seven different epilepsy subtypes. Together, these findings provide leads for epilepsy therapies based on underlying pathophysiology. Epilepsies are common brain disorders and are classified based on clinical phenotyping, imaging and genetics. Here, the authors perform genome-wide association studies for 3 broad and 7 subtypes of epilepsy and identify 16 loci - 11 novel - that are further annotated by eQTL and partitioned heritability analyses.
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733
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Doherty A, Smith-Byrne K, Ferreira T, Holmes MV, Holmes C, Pulit SL, Lindgren CM. GWAS identifies 14 loci for device-measured physical activity and sleep duration. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5257. [PMID: 30531941 PMCID: PMC6288145 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07743-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical activity and sleep duration are established risk factors for many diseases, but their aetiology is poorly understood, partly due to relying on self-reported evidence. Here we report a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of device-measured physical activity and sleep duration in 91,105 UK Biobank participants, finding 14 significant loci (7 novel). These loci account for 0.06% of activity and 0.39% of sleep duration variation. Genome-wide estimates of ~ 15% phenotypic variation indicate high polygenicity. Heritability is higher in women than men for overall activity (23 vs. 20%, p = 1.5 × 10-4) and sedentary behaviours (18 vs. 15%, p = 9.7 × 10-4). Heritability partitioning, enrichment and pathway analyses indicate the central nervous system plays a role in activity behaviours. Two-sample Mendelian randomisation suggests that increased activity might causally lower diastolic blood pressure (beta mmHg/SD: -0.91, SE = 0.18, p = 8.2 × 10-7), and odds of hypertension (Odds ratio/SD: 0.84, SE = 0.03, p = 4.9 × 10-8). Our results advocate the value of physical activity for reducing blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiden Doherty
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK.
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK.
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.
| | - Karl Smith-Byrne
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Teresa Ferreira
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Michael V Holmes
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Chris Holmes
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3LB, UK
| | - Sara L Pulit
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Department of Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, 02142, MA, USA
| | - Cecilia M Lindgren
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, 02142, MA, USA
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734
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Speed D, Balding DJ. SumHer better estimates the SNP heritability of complex traits from summary statistics. Nat Genet 2018; 51:277-284. [PMID: 30510236 PMCID: PMC6485398 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0279-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We present SumHer, software for estimating confounding bias, SNP heritability, enrichments of heritability and genetic correlations using summary statistics from genome-wide association studies. The key difference between SumHer and the existing software LD Score Regression (LDSC) is that SumHer allows the user to specify the heritability model. We apply SumHer to results from 24 large-scale association studies (average sample size 121,000) using our recommended heritability model. We show that these studies tended to substantially over-correct for confounding, and as a result the number of genome-wide significant loci was under-reported by about a quarter. We also estimate enrichments for 24 categories of SNPs defined by functional annotations. A previous study using LDSC reported that conserved regions were 13-fold enriched, and found a further six categories with above threefold enrichment. By contrast, our analysis using SumHer finds that none of the categories have enrichment above twofold. SumHer provides an improved understanding of the genetic architecture of complex traits, which enables more efficient analysis of future genetic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doug Speed
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. .,Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. .,UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK.
| | - David J Balding
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK.,Melbourne Integrative Genomics, School of BioSciences and School of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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735
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Martin AR, Teferra S, Möller M, Hoal EG, Daly MJ. The critical needs and challenges for genetic architecture studies in Africa. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2018; 53:113-120. [PMID: 30240950 PMCID: PMC6494470 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human genetic studies have long been vastly Eurocentric, raising a key question about the generalizability of these study findings to other populations. Because humans originated in Africa, these populations retain more genetic diversity, and yet individuals of African descent have been tremendously underrepresented in genetic studies. The diversity in Africa affords ample opportunities to improve fine-mapping resolution for associated loci, discover novel genetic associations with phenotypes, build more generalizable genetic risk prediction models, and better understand the genetic architecture of complex traits and diseases subject to varying environmental pressures. Thus, it is both ethically and scientifically imperative that geneticists globally surmount challenges that have limited progress in African genetic studies to date. Additionally, African investigators need to be meaningfully included, as greater inclusivity and enhanced research capacity afford enormous opportunities to accelerate genomic discoveries that translate more effectively to all populations. We review the advantages, challenges, and examples of genetic architecture studies of complex traits and diseases in Africa. For example, with greater genetic diversity comes greater ancestral heterogeneity; this higher level of understudied diversity can yield novel genetic findings, but some methods that assume homogeneous population structure and work well in European populations may work less well in the presence of greater heterogeneity in African populations. Consequently, we advocate for methodological development that will accelerate studies important for all populations, especially those currently underrepresented in genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia R Martin
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Solomon Teferra
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, USA
| | - Marlo Möller
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Eileen G Hoal
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mark J Daly
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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736
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Granot-Hershkovitz E, Karasik D, Friedlander Y, Rodriguez-Murillo L, Dorajoo R, Liu J, Sewda A, Peter I, Carmi S, Hochner H. A study of Kibbutzim in Israel reveals risk factors for cardiometabolic traits and subtle population structure. Eur J Hum Genet 2018; 26:1848-1858. [PMID: 30108283 PMCID: PMC6244281 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-018-0230-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic studies in isolated populations often increase power for identifying loci associated with complex diseases and traits. We present here the Kibbutzim Family Study (KFS), aimed at investigating the genetic basis of cardiometabolic traits in extended Israeli families characterized by long-term social stability and a homogeneous environment. Extensive information on cardiometabolic traits, as well as genome-wide genotypes, were collected on 901 individuals. We observed that most KFS participants were of Ashkenazi Jewish (AJ) genetic origin, confirmed a recent severe bottleneck in the AJ recent history, and detected a subtle within-AJ population structure. Focusing on genetic variants relatively common in the KFS but very rare in Europeans, we observed that AJ-enriched variants appear in cancer-related pathways more than expected by chance. We conducted an association study of the AJ-enriched variants against 16 cardiometabolic traits, and found seven loci (24 variants) to be significantly associated. The strongest association, which we also replicated in an independent study, was between a variant upstream of MSRA (frequency ≈1% in the KFS and nearly absent in Europeans) and weight (P = 3.6∙10-8). In conclusion, the KFS is a valuable resource for the study of the population genetics of Israel as well as the genetics of cardiometabolic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Karasik
- Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Yechiel Friedlander
- Braun School of Public Health, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Laura Rodriguez-Murillo
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rajkumar Dorajoo
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anshuman Sewda
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Inga Peter
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shai Carmi
- Braun School of Public Health, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Hagit Hochner
- Braun School of Public Health, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
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737
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Pulit SL, Weng LC, McArdle PF, Trinquart L, Choi SH, Mitchell BD, Rosand J, de Bakker PIW, Benjamin EJ, Ellinor PT, Kittner SJ, Lubitz SA, Anderson CD. Atrial fibrillation genetic risk differentiates cardioembolic stroke from other stroke subtypes. Neurol Genet 2018; 4:e293. [PMID: 30584597 PMCID: PMC6283455 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to assess whether genetic risk factors for atrial fibrillation (AF) can explain cardioembolic stroke risk. METHODS We evaluated genetic correlations between a previous genetic study of AF and AF in the presence of cardioembolic stroke using genome-wide genotypes from the Stroke Genetics Network (N = 3,190 AF cases, 3,000 cardioembolic stroke cases, and 28,026 referents). We tested whether a previously validated AF polygenic risk score (PRS) associated with cardioembolic and other stroke subtypes after accounting for AF clinical risk factors. RESULTS We observed a strong correlation between previously reported genetic risk for AF, AF in the presence of stroke, and cardioembolic stroke (Pearson r = 0.77 and 0.76, respectively, across SNPs with p < 4.4 × 10-4 in the previous AF meta-analysis). An AF PRS, adjusted for clinical AF risk factors, was associated with cardioembolic stroke (odds ratio [OR] per SD = 1.40, p = 1.45 × 10-48), explaining ∼20% of the heritable component of cardioembolic stroke risk. The AF PRS was also associated with stroke of undetermined cause (OR per SD = 1.07, p = 0.004), but no other primary stroke subtypes (all p > 0.1). CONCLUSIONS Genetic risk of AF is associated with cardioembolic stroke, independent of clinical risk factors. Studies are warranted to determine whether AF genetic risk can serve as a biomarker for strokes caused by AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara L Pulit
- Department of Genetics (S.L.P., P.I.W.d. B.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, The Netherlands; P.I.W.d.B. is now with Computational Genomics, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, MA; Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery (S.L.P.), The Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Program in Medical and Population Genetics (S.L.P., L.-C.W., S.H.C., J.R., P.T.E., S.A.L., C.D.A.), Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA; Cardiovascular Research Center (L.-C.W., P.T.E., S.A.L.), Center for Genomic Medicine (J.R., C.D.A.), J.P. Kistler Stroke Research Center (J.R., C.D.A.), and Cardiac Arrhythmia Service (P.T.E., S.A.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Medicine (P.F.M., B.D.M.), Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study (L.T., E.J.B.); Department of Biostatistics (L.T.) and Department of Epidemiology (E.J.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Geriatrics Research and Education Clinical Center (B.D.M.), Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, MD; Cardiology Preventive Medicine Sections (E.J.B.), Evans Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine; and Department of Neurology (S.J.K.), Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Lu-Chen Weng
- Department of Genetics (S.L.P., P.I.W.d. B.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, The Netherlands; P.I.W.d.B. is now with Computational Genomics, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, MA; Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery (S.L.P.), The Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Program in Medical and Population Genetics (S.L.P., L.-C.W., S.H.C., J.R., P.T.E., S.A.L., C.D.A.), Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA; Cardiovascular Research Center (L.-C.W., P.T.E., S.A.L.), Center for Genomic Medicine (J.R., C.D.A.), J.P. Kistler Stroke Research Center (J.R., C.D.A.), and Cardiac Arrhythmia Service (P.T.E., S.A.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Medicine (P.F.M., B.D.M.), Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study (L.T., E.J.B.); Department of Biostatistics (L.T.) and Department of Epidemiology (E.J.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Geriatrics Research and Education Clinical Center (B.D.M.), Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, MD; Cardiology Preventive Medicine Sections (E.J.B.), Evans Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine; and Department of Neurology (S.J.K.), Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Patrick F McArdle
- Department of Genetics (S.L.P., P.I.W.d. B.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, The Netherlands; P.I.W.d.B. is now with Computational Genomics, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, MA; Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery (S.L.P.), The Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Program in Medical and Population Genetics (S.L.P., L.-C.W., S.H.C., J.R., P.T.E., S.A.L., C.D.A.), Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA; Cardiovascular Research Center (L.-C.W., P.T.E., S.A.L.), Center for Genomic Medicine (J.R., C.D.A.), J.P. Kistler Stroke Research Center (J.R., C.D.A.), and Cardiac Arrhythmia Service (P.T.E., S.A.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Medicine (P.F.M., B.D.M.), Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study (L.T., E.J.B.); Department of Biostatistics (L.T.) and Department of Epidemiology (E.J.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Geriatrics Research and Education Clinical Center (B.D.M.), Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, MD; Cardiology Preventive Medicine Sections (E.J.B.), Evans Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine; and Department of Neurology (S.J.K.), Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ludovic Trinquart
- Department of Genetics (S.L.P., P.I.W.d. B.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, The Netherlands; P.I.W.d.B. is now with Computational Genomics, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, MA; Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery (S.L.P.), The Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Program in Medical and Population Genetics (S.L.P., L.-C.W., S.H.C., J.R., P.T.E., S.A.L., C.D.A.), Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA; Cardiovascular Research Center (L.-C.W., P.T.E., S.A.L.), Center for Genomic Medicine (J.R., C.D.A.), J.P. Kistler Stroke Research Center (J.R., C.D.A.), and Cardiac Arrhythmia Service (P.T.E., S.A.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Medicine (P.F.M., B.D.M.), Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study (L.T., E.J.B.); Department of Biostatistics (L.T.) and Department of Epidemiology (E.J.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Geriatrics Research and Education Clinical Center (B.D.M.), Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, MD; Cardiology Preventive Medicine Sections (E.J.B.), Evans Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine; and Department of Neurology (S.J.K.), Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Seung Hoan Choi
- Department of Genetics (S.L.P., P.I.W.d. B.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, The Netherlands; P.I.W.d.B. is now with Computational Genomics, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, MA; Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery (S.L.P.), The Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Program in Medical and Population Genetics (S.L.P., L.-C.W., S.H.C., J.R., P.T.E., S.A.L., C.D.A.), Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA; Cardiovascular Research Center (L.-C.W., P.T.E., S.A.L.), Center for Genomic Medicine (J.R., C.D.A.), J.P. Kistler Stroke Research Center (J.R., C.D.A.), and Cardiac Arrhythmia Service (P.T.E., S.A.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Medicine (P.F.M., B.D.M.), Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study (L.T., E.J.B.); Department of Biostatistics (L.T.) and Department of Epidemiology (E.J.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Geriatrics Research and Education Clinical Center (B.D.M.), Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, MD; Cardiology Preventive Medicine Sections (E.J.B.), Evans Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine; and Department of Neurology (S.J.K.), Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Braxton D Mitchell
- Department of Genetics (S.L.P., P.I.W.d. B.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, The Netherlands; P.I.W.d.B. is now with Computational Genomics, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, MA; Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery (S.L.P.), The Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Program in Medical and Population Genetics (S.L.P., L.-C.W., S.H.C., J.R., P.T.E., S.A.L., C.D.A.), Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA; Cardiovascular Research Center (L.-C.W., P.T.E., S.A.L.), Center for Genomic Medicine (J.R., C.D.A.), J.P. Kistler Stroke Research Center (J.R., C.D.A.), and Cardiac Arrhythmia Service (P.T.E., S.A.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Medicine (P.F.M., B.D.M.), Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study (L.T., E.J.B.); Department of Biostatistics (L.T.) and Department of Epidemiology (E.J.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Geriatrics Research and Education Clinical Center (B.D.M.), Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, MD; Cardiology Preventive Medicine Sections (E.J.B.), Evans Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine; and Department of Neurology (S.J.K.), Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jonathan Rosand
- Department of Genetics (S.L.P., P.I.W.d. B.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, The Netherlands; P.I.W.d.B. is now with Computational Genomics, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, MA; Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery (S.L.P.), The Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Program in Medical and Population Genetics (S.L.P., L.-C.W., S.H.C., J.R., P.T.E., S.A.L., C.D.A.), Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA; Cardiovascular Research Center (L.-C.W., P.T.E., S.A.L.), Center for Genomic Medicine (J.R., C.D.A.), J.P. Kistler Stroke Research Center (J.R., C.D.A.), and Cardiac Arrhythmia Service (P.T.E., S.A.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Medicine (P.F.M., B.D.M.), Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study (L.T., E.J.B.); Department of Biostatistics (L.T.) and Department of Epidemiology (E.J.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Geriatrics Research and Education Clinical Center (B.D.M.), Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, MD; Cardiology Preventive Medicine Sections (E.J.B.), Evans Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine; and Department of Neurology (S.J.K.), Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Paul I W de Bakker
- Department of Genetics (S.L.P., P.I.W.d. B.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, The Netherlands; P.I.W.d.B. is now with Computational Genomics, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, MA; Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery (S.L.P.), The Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Program in Medical and Population Genetics (S.L.P., L.-C.W., S.H.C., J.R., P.T.E., S.A.L., C.D.A.), Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA; Cardiovascular Research Center (L.-C.W., P.T.E., S.A.L.), Center for Genomic Medicine (J.R., C.D.A.), J.P. Kistler Stroke Research Center (J.R., C.D.A.), and Cardiac Arrhythmia Service (P.T.E., S.A.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Medicine (P.F.M., B.D.M.), Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study (L.T., E.J.B.); Department of Biostatistics (L.T.) and Department of Epidemiology (E.J.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Geriatrics Research and Education Clinical Center (B.D.M.), Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, MD; Cardiology Preventive Medicine Sections (E.J.B.), Evans Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine; and Department of Neurology (S.J.K.), Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Emelia J Benjamin
- Department of Genetics (S.L.P., P.I.W.d. B.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, The Netherlands; P.I.W.d.B. is now with Computational Genomics, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, MA; Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery (S.L.P.), The Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Program in Medical and Population Genetics (S.L.P., L.-C.W., S.H.C., J.R., P.T.E., S.A.L., C.D.A.), Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA; Cardiovascular Research Center (L.-C.W., P.T.E., S.A.L.), Center for Genomic Medicine (J.R., C.D.A.), J.P. Kistler Stroke Research Center (J.R., C.D.A.), and Cardiac Arrhythmia Service (P.T.E., S.A.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Medicine (P.F.M., B.D.M.), Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study (L.T., E.J.B.); Department of Biostatistics (L.T.) and Department of Epidemiology (E.J.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Geriatrics Research and Education Clinical Center (B.D.M.), Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, MD; Cardiology Preventive Medicine Sections (E.J.B.), Evans Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine; and Department of Neurology (S.J.K.), Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Patrick T Ellinor
- Department of Genetics (S.L.P., P.I.W.d. B.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, The Netherlands; P.I.W.d.B. is now with Computational Genomics, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, MA; Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery (S.L.P.), The Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Program in Medical and Population Genetics (S.L.P., L.-C.W., S.H.C., J.R., P.T.E., S.A.L., C.D.A.), Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA; Cardiovascular Research Center (L.-C.W., P.T.E., S.A.L.), Center for Genomic Medicine (J.R., C.D.A.), J.P. Kistler Stroke Research Center (J.R., C.D.A.), and Cardiac Arrhythmia Service (P.T.E., S.A.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Medicine (P.F.M., B.D.M.), Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study (L.T., E.J.B.); Department of Biostatistics (L.T.) and Department of Epidemiology (E.J.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Geriatrics Research and Education Clinical Center (B.D.M.), Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, MD; Cardiology Preventive Medicine Sections (E.J.B.), Evans Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine; and Department of Neurology (S.J.K.), Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Steven J Kittner
- Department of Genetics (S.L.P., P.I.W.d. B.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, The Netherlands; P.I.W.d.B. is now with Computational Genomics, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, MA; Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery (S.L.P.), The Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Program in Medical and Population Genetics (S.L.P., L.-C.W., S.H.C., J.R., P.T.E., S.A.L., C.D.A.), Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA; Cardiovascular Research Center (L.-C.W., P.T.E., S.A.L.), Center for Genomic Medicine (J.R., C.D.A.), J.P. Kistler Stroke Research Center (J.R., C.D.A.), and Cardiac Arrhythmia Service (P.T.E., S.A.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Medicine (P.F.M., B.D.M.), Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study (L.T., E.J.B.); Department of Biostatistics (L.T.) and Department of Epidemiology (E.J.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Geriatrics Research and Education Clinical Center (B.D.M.), Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, MD; Cardiology Preventive Medicine Sections (E.J.B.), Evans Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine; and Department of Neurology (S.J.K.), Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Steven A Lubitz
- Department of Genetics (S.L.P., P.I.W.d. B.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, The Netherlands; P.I.W.d.B. is now with Computational Genomics, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, MA; Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery (S.L.P.), The Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Program in Medical and Population Genetics (S.L.P., L.-C.W., S.H.C., J.R., P.T.E., S.A.L., C.D.A.), Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA; Cardiovascular Research Center (L.-C.W., P.T.E., S.A.L.), Center for Genomic Medicine (J.R., C.D.A.), J.P. Kistler Stroke Research Center (J.R., C.D.A.), and Cardiac Arrhythmia Service (P.T.E., S.A.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Medicine (P.F.M., B.D.M.), Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study (L.T., E.J.B.); Department of Biostatistics (L.T.) and Department of Epidemiology (E.J.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Geriatrics Research and Education Clinical Center (B.D.M.), Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, MD; Cardiology Preventive Medicine Sections (E.J.B.), Evans Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine; and Department of Neurology (S.J.K.), Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Christopher D Anderson
- Department of Genetics (S.L.P., P.I.W.d. B.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, The Netherlands; P.I.W.d.B. is now with Computational Genomics, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, MA; Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery (S.L.P.), The Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Program in Medical and Population Genetics (S.L.P., L.-C.W., S.H.C., J.R., P.T.E., S.A.L., C.D.A.), Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA; Cardiovascular Research Center (L.-C.W., P.T.E., S.A.L.), Center for Genomic Medicine (J.R., C.D.A.), J.P. Kistler Stroke Research Center (J.R., C.D.A.), and Cardiac Arrhythmia Service (P.T.E., S.A.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Medicine (P.F.M., B.D.M.), Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study (L.T., E.J.B.); Department of Biostatistics (L.T.) and Department of Epidemiology (E.J.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Geriatrics Research and Education Clinical Center (B.D.M.), Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, MD; Cardiology Preventive Medicine Sections (E.J.B.), Evans Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (S.J.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine; and Department of Neurology (S.J.K.), Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD
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738
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A linear mixed-model approach to study multivariate gene-environment interactions. Nat Genet 2018; 51:180-186. [PMID: 30478441 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0271-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Different exposures, including diet, physical activity, or external conditions can contribute to genotype-environment interactions (G×E). Although high-dimensional environmental data are increasingly available and multiple exposures have been implicated with G×E at the same loci, multi-environment tests for G×E are not established. Here, we propose the structured linear mixed model (StructLMM), a computationally efficient method to identify and characterize loci that interact with one or more environments. After validating our model using simulations, we applied StructLMM to body mass index in the UK Biobank, where our model yields previously known and novel G×E signals. Finally, in an application to a large blood eQTL dataset, we demonstrate that StructLMM can be used to study interactions with hundreds of environmental variables.
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739
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Local PCA Shows How the Effect of Population Structure Differs Along the Genome. Genetics 2018; 211:289-304. [PMID: 30459280 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.301747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Population structure leads to systematic patterns in measures of mean relatedness between individuals in large genomic data sets, which are often discovered and visualized using dimension reduction techniques such as principal component analysis (PCA). Mean relatedness is an average of the relationships across locus-specific genealogical trees, which can be strongly affected on intermediate genomic scales by linked selection and other factors. We show how to use local PCA to describe this intermediate-scale heterogeneity in patterns of relatedness, and apply the method to genomic data from three species, finding in each that the effect of population structure can vary substantially across only a few megabases. In a global human data set, localized heterogeneity is likely explained by polymorphic chromosomal inversions. In a range-wide data set of Medicago truncatula, factors that produce heterogeneity are shared between chromosomes, correlate with local gene density, and may be caused by linked selection, such as background selection or local adaptation. In a data set of primarily African Drosophila melanogaster, large-scale heterogeneity across each chromosome arm is explained by known chromosomal inversions thought to be under recent selection and, after removing samples carrying inversions, remaining heterogeneity is correlated with recombination rate and gene density, again suggesting a role for linked selection. The visualization method provides a flexible new way to discover biological drivers of genetic variation, and its application to data highlights the strong effects that linked selection and chromosomal inversions can have on observed patterns of genetic variation.
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740
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Ong JS, Hwang LD, Zhong VW, An J, Gharahkhani P, Breslin PAS, Wright MJ, Lawlor DA, Whitfield J, MacGregor S, Martin NG, Cornelis MC. Understanding the role of bitter taste perception in coffee, tea and alcohol consumption through Mendelian randomization. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16414. [PMID: 30442986 PMCID: PMC6237869 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34713-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of coffee, tea and alcohol might be shaped by individual differences in bitter taste perception but inconsistent observational findings provide little insight regarding causality. We conducted Mendelian randomization analyses using genetic variants associated with the perception of bitter substances (rs1726866 for propylthiouracil [PROP], rs10772420 for quinine and rs2597979 for caffeine) to evaluate the intake of coffee, tea and alcohol among up to 438,870 UK Biobank participants. A standard deviation (SD) higher in genetically predicted bitterness of caffeine was associated with increased coffee intake (0.146 [95%CI: 0.103, 0.189] cups/day), whereas a SD higher in those of PROP and quinine was associated with decreased coffee intake (-0.021 [-0.031, -0.011] and -0.081 [-0.108, -0.054] cups/day respectively). Higher caffeine perception was also associated with increased risk of being a heavy (>4 cups/day) coffee drinker (OR 1.207 [1.126, 1.294]). Opposite pattern of associations was observed for tea possibly due to the inverse relationship between both beverages. Alcohol intake was only negatively associated with PROP perception (-0.141 [-1.88, -0.94] times/month per SD increase in PROP bitterness). Our results reveal that bitter perception is causally associated with intake of coffee, tea and alcohol, suggesting a role of bitter taste in the development of bitter beverage consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue-Sheng Ong
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Liang-Dar Hwang
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Victor W Zhong
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jiyuan An
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Paul A S Breslin
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Margaret J Wright
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Deborah A Lawlor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, Whiteladies Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK
| | - John Whitfield
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | - Marilyn C Cornelis
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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741
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Genome-wide associations for benign prostatic hyperplasia reveal a genetic correlation with serum levels of PSA. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4568. [PMID: 30410027 PMCID: PMC6224563 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06920-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia and associated lower urinary tract symptoms (BPH/LUTS) are common conditions affecting the majority of elderly males. Here we report the results of a genome-wide association study of symptomatic BPH/LUTS in 20,621 patients and 280,541 controls of European ancestry, from Iceland and the UK. We discovered 23 genome-wide significant variants, located at 14 loci. There is little or no overlap between the BPH/LUTS variants and published prostate cancer risk variants. However, 15 of the variants reported here also associate with serum levels of prostate specific antigen (PSA) (at a Bonferroni corrected P < 0.0022). Furthermore, there is a strong genetic correlation, rg = 0.77 (P = 2.6 × 10−11), between PSA and BPH/LUTS, and one standard deviation increase in a polygenic risk score (PRS) for BPH/LUTS increases PSA levels by 12.9% (P = 1.6×10−55). These results shed a light on the genetic background of BPH/LUTS and its substantial influence on PSA levels. Elderly males are often affected by benign prostatic hyperplasia and associated lower urinary tract symptoms (BPH/LUTS), but their link to prostate cancer risk is not well defined. Here, a genome-wide association study of BPH/LUTS patients from Iceland and the UK found 23 significant variants at 14 loci, and 15 of these variants associate with prostate specific antigen, which is linked to prostate cancer risk.
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742
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Mahajan A, Taliun D, Thurner M, Robertson NR, Torres JM, Rayner NW, Steinthorsdottir V, Scott RA, Grarup N, Cook JP, Schmidt EM, Wuttke M, Sarnowski C, Mägi R, Nano J, Gieger C, Trompet S, Lecoeur C, Preuss M, Prins BP, Guo X, Bielak LF, Bennett AJ, Bork-Jensen J, Brummett CM, Canouil M, Eckardt KU, Fischer K, Kardia SLR, Kronenberg F, Läll K, Liu CT, Locke AE, Luan J, Ntalla I, Nylander V, Schönherr S, Schurmann C, Yengo L, Bottinger EP, Brandslund I, Christensen C, Dedoussis G, Florez JC, ford I, Franco OH, Frayling TM, Giedraitis V, Hackinger S, Hattersley AT, Herder C, Ikram MA, Ingelsson M, Jørgensen ME, Jørgensen T, Kriebel J, Kuusisto J, Ligthart S, Lindgren CM, Linneberg A, Lyssenko V, Mamakou V, Meitinger T, Mohlke KL, Morris AD, Nadkarni G, Pankow JS, Peters A, Sattar N, Stančáková A, Strauch K, Taylor KD, Thorand B, Thorleifsson G, Thorsteinsdottir U, Tuomilehto J, Witte DR, Dupuis J, Peyser PA, Zeggini E, Loos RJF, Froguel P, Ingelsson E, Lind L, Groop L, Laakso M, Collins FS, Jukema JW, Palmer CNA, Grallert H, Metspalu A, Dehghan A, Köttgen A, Abecasis G, Meigs JB, Rotter JI, Marchini J, Pedersen O, Hansen T, Langenberg C, Wareham NJ, Stefansson K, Gloyn AL, Morris AP, Boehnke M, McCarthy MI. Fine-mapping type 2 diabetes loci to single-variant resolution using high-density imputation and islet-specific epigenome maps. Nat Genet 2018; 50:1505-1513. [PMID: 30297969 PMCID: PMC6287706 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0241-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1065] [Impact Index Per Article: 177.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We expanded GWAS discovery for type 2 diabetes (T2D) by combining data from 898,130 European-descent individuals (9% cases), after imputation to high-density reference panels. With these data, we (i) extend the inventory of T2D-risk variants (243 loci, 135 newly implicated in T2D predisposition, comprising 403 distinct association signals); (ii) enrich discovery of lower-frequency risk alleles (80 index variants with minor allele frequency <5%, 14 with estimated allelic odds ratio >2); (iii) substantially improve fine-mapping of causal variants (at 51 signals, one variant accounted for >80% posterior probability of association (PPA)); (iv) extend fine-mapping through integration of tissue-specific epigenomic information (islet regulatory annotations extend the number of variants with PPA >80% to 73); (v) highlight validated therapeutic targets (18 genes with associations attributable to coding variants); and (vi) demonstrate enhanced potential for clinical translation (genome-wide chip heritability explains 18% of T2D risk; individuals in the extremes of a T2D polygenic risk score differ more than ninefold in prevalence).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Daniel Taliun
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Matthias Thurner
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Neil R Robertson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Jason M Torres
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - N William Rayner
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | | | - Robert A Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Niels Grarup
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - James P Cook
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GA, UK
| | - Ellen M Schmidt
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Matthias Wuttke
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79106, Germany
| | - Chloé Sarnowski
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, USA
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Jana Nano
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015CN, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Gieger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology 2, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stella Trompet
- Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2300 RC, the Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2300 RC, the Netherlands
| | - Cécile Lecoeur
- CNRS-UMR8199, Lille University, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille, 59000, France
| | - Michael Preuss
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, USA
| | - Bram Peter Prins
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Xiuqing Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, 90502, US
| | - Lawrence F Bielak
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | | | - Amanda J Bennett
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Jette Bork-Jensen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Chad M Brummett
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, US
| | - Mickaël Canouil
- CNRS-UMR8199, Lille University, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille, 59000, France
| | - Kai-Uwe Eckardt
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, 10117, Germany and German Chronic Kidney Disease study
| | - Krista Fischer
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Sharon LR Kardia
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Florian Kronenberg
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria and German Chronic Kidney Disease study
| | - Kristi Läll
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
- Institute of Mathematical Statistics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ching-Ti Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, USA
| | - Adam E Locke
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genomics & Bioinformatics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jian'an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ioanna Ntalla
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Vibe Nylander
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Sebastian Schönherr
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria and German Chronic Kidney Disease study
| | - Claudia Schurmann
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, USA
| | - Loïc Yengo
- CNRS-UMR8199, Lille University, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille, 59000, France
| | - Erwin P Bottinger
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, USA
| | - Ivan Brandslund
- Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, 5000, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Vejle Hospital, Vejle, 7100, Denmark
| | | | - George Dedoussis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, Athens, 17671, Greece
| | - Jose C Florez
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
- Diabetes Research Center (Diabetes Unit), Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Programs in Metabolism and Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Ian ford
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015CN, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy M Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Vilmantas Giedraitis
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-751 85, Sweden
| | - Sophie Hackinger
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Andrew T Hattersley
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Christian Herder
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015CN, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Ingelsson
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-751 85, Sweden
| | - Marit E Jørgensen
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, 2820, Denmark
- National Institute of Public Health, Southern Denmark University, Copenhagen, 1353, Denmark
| | - Torben Jørgensen
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Capital Region of Denmark, Glostrup, 2600, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jennifer Kriebel
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, 70210, Finland
| | - Symen Ligthart
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015CN, The Netherlands
| | - Cecilia M Lindgren
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre For Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX37BN, UK
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Capital Region of Denmark, Glostrup, 2600, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Valeriya Lyssenko
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, 20502, Sweden
| | - Vasiliki Mamakou
- Dromokaiteio Psychiatric Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, 81675, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Karen L Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, USA
| | - Andrew D Morris
- Clinical Research Centre, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
- The Usher Institute to the Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UX, UK
| | - Girish Nadkarni
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10069, USA
| | - James S Pankow
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55454, US
| | - Annette Peters
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, 81675, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Naveed Sattar
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Alena Stančáková
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, 70210, Finland
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, 80802, Germany
| | - Kent D Taylor
- Department of Pediatrics, The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, 90502, US
| | - Barbara Thorand
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | | | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE Genetics, Amgen inc., Reykjavik, 101, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, 00271, Finland
- Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, 15462, Kuwait
- Department of Neuroscience and Preventive Medicine, Danube-University Krems, Krems, 3500, Austria
- Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Daniel R Witte
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark
| | - Josée Dupuis
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, USA
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, 01702, USA
| | - Patricia A Peyser
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Eleftheria Zeggini
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, USA
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Philippe Froguel
- CNRS-UMR8199, Lille University, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille, 59000, France
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, US
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 75185, Sweden
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-751 85, Sweden
| | - Leif Groop
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, 20502, Sweden
- Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Laakso
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, 70210, Finland
| | - Francis S Collins
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2300 RC, the Netherlands
| | - Colin N A Palmer
- Pat Macpherson Centre for Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Harald Grallert
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
- Clinical Cooparation Group Type 2 Diabetes, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ludwig-Maximillians University Munich, Germany
- Clinical Cooparation Group Nutrigenomics and Type 2 Diabetes, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Technical University Munich, Germany
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015CN, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Anna Köttgen
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79106, Germany
| | - Goncalo Abecasis
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - James B Meigs
- General Medicine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, 90502, US
| | - Jonathan Marchini
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TG, UK
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Torben Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, 5000, Denmark
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics, Amgen inc., Reykjavik, 101, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland
| | - Anna L Gloyn
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Andrew P Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GA, UK
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
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743
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Gazal S, Loh PR, Finucane HK, Ganna A, Schoech A, Sunyaev S, Price AL. Functional architecture of low-frequency variants highlights strength of negative selection across coding and non-coding annotations. Nat Genet 2018; 50:1600-1607. [PMID: 30297966 PMCID: PMC6236676 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0231-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Common variant heritability has been widely reported to be concentrated in variants within cell-type-specific non-coding functional annotations, but little is known about low-frequency variant functional architectures. We partitioned the heritability of both low-frequency (0.5%≤ minor allele frequency <5%) and common (minor allele frequency ≥5%) variants in 40 UK Biobank traits across a broad set of functional annotations. We determined that non-synonymous coding variants explain 17 ± 1% of low-frequency variant heritability ([Formula: see text]) versus 2.1 ± 0.2% of common variant heritability ([Formula: see text]). Cell-type-specific non-coding annotations that were significantly enriched for [Formula: see text] of corresponding traits were similarly enriched for [Formula: see text] for most traits, but more enriched for brain-related annotations and traits. For example, H3K4me3 marks in brain dorsolateral prefrontal cortex explain 57 ± 12% of [Formula: see text] versus 12 ± 2% of [Formula: see text] for neuroticism. Forward simulations confirmed that low-frequency variant enrichment depends on the mean selection coefficient of causal variants in the annotation, and can be used to predict effect size variance of causal rare variants (minor allele frequency <0.5%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Gazal
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Po-Ru Loh
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hilary K Finucane
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Schmidt Fellows Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrea Ganna
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Armin Schoech
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shamil Sunyaev
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alkes L Price
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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744
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Guo R, Wu L, Fu Q. Is There Causal Relationship of Smoking and Alcohol Consumption with Bone Mineral Density? A Mendelian Randomization Study. Calcif Tissue Int 2018; 103:546-553. [PMID: 30008090 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-018-0452-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Observational studies examining associations of smoking and alcohol consumption with bone mineral density (BMD) have generated inconsistent results and suffer from several methodological limitations. We aim to evaluate whether there are causal associations between smoking, alcohol consumption, and BMD using a Mendelian randomization (MR) design. Genetic variants associated with smoking status (n = 142), no. of cigarettes smoked per day (CPD) (n = 3), smoking initiation (n = 1), and alcohol consumption (n = 6) identified in published genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were used as instruments. Summary statistics data of 32735, 28498, 8143, and 445921 European subjects included in The GEnetic Factors for Osteoporosis Consortium or UK Biobank were used to generate associations of genetically predicted smoking or alcohol consumption with femoral neck (FN-BMD), lumbar spine (LS-BMD), forearm (FA-BMD), and heel BMD, respectively, by using the inverse-variance weighted method. The BMD was measured using either ultrasound (for heel) or Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (for others). In our analyses, smoking status tended to be negatively associated with several types of BMD (heel BMD: β = - 0.053, p = 0.003; FN-BMD: β = - 0.139, p = 0.053; FA-BMD: β = - 0.264, p = 0.077), although the association with LS-BMD was null. Smoking initiation was significantly inversely associated with heel BMD (β = - 0.201, p = 3.60 × 10-8). CPD was associated with a lower FN-BMD (β = - 0.014, p = 0.047) only. There was no clear association of genetically predicted alcohol consumption with BMD. Our study provided some evidence of a potential association between genetically predicted smoking and lower BMD, especially for heel BMD, but not for alcohol consumption. Considering the inconsistent findings with the different types of BMD and limitations of the current work, further studies are needed to better characterize the exact relationship between smoking, alcohol consumption, and BMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, San Hao Street, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Lang Wu
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Qin Fu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, San Hao Street, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
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745
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A homozygous loss-of-function mutation leading to CYBC1 deficiency causes chronic granulomatous disease. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4447. [PMID: 30361506 PMCID: PMC6202333 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06964-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in genes encoding subunits of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase complex are recognized to cause chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), a severe primary immunodeficiency. Here we describe how deficiency of CYBC1, a previously uncharacterized protein in humans (C17orf62), leads to reduced expression of NADPH oxidase’s main subunit (gp91phox) and results in CGD. Analyzing two brothers diagnosed with CGD we identify a homozygous loss-of-function mutation, p.Tyr2Ter, in CYBC1. Imputation of p.Tyr2Ter into 155K chip-genotyped Icelanders reveals six additional homozygotes, all with signs of CGD, manifesting as colitis, rare infections, or a severely impaired PMA-induced neutrophil oxidative burst. Homozygosity for p.Tyr2Ter consequently associates with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in Iceland (P = 8.3 × 10−8; OR = 67.6), as well as reduced height (P = 3.3 × 10−4; −8.5 cm). Overall, we find that CYBC1 deficiency results in CGD characterized by colitis and a distinct profile of infections indicative of macrophage dysfunction. Mutations in genes encoding NAPDH oxidase subunits are known to be causative for the primary immunodeficiency chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). Here, the authors identify CYBC1 mutations in patients with CGD and show that CYBC1 is important for formation of the NADPH complex and respiratory burst.
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746
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Genome-wide association studies for corneal and refractive astigmatism in UK Biobank demonstrate a shared role for myopia susceptibility loci. Hum Genet 2018; 137:881-896. [PMID: 30306274 PMCID: PMC6267700 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-018-1942-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that naturally occurring genetic variation contributes to the risk of astigmatism. The purpose of this investigation was to identify genetic markers associated with corneal and refractive astigmatism in a large-scale European ancestry cohort (UK Biobank) who underwent keratometry and autorefraction at an assessment centre. Genome-wide association studies for corneal and refractive astigmatism were performed in individuals of European ancestry (N = 86,335 and 88,005 respectively), with the mean corneal astigmatism or refractive astigmatism in fellow eyes analysed as a quantitative trait (dependent variable). Genetic correlation between the two traits was calculated using LD Score regression. Gene-based and gene-set tests were carried out using MAGMA. Single marker-based association tests for corneal astigmatism identified four genome-wide significant loci (P < 5 × 10-8) near the genes ZC3H11B (1q41), LINC00340 (6p22.3), HERC2/OCA2 (15q13.1) and NPLOC4/TSPAN10 (17q25.3). Three of these loci also demonstrated genome-wide significant association with refractive astigmatism: LINC00340, HERC2/OCA2 and NPLOC4/TSPAN10. The genetic correlation between corneal and refractive astigmatism was 0.85 (standard error = 0.068, P = 1.37 × 10-35). Here, we have undertaken the largest genome-wide association studies for corneal and refractive astigmatism to date and identified four novel loci for corneal astigmatism, two of which were also novel loci for refractive astigmatism. These loci have previously demonstrated association with axial length (ZC3H11B), myopia (NPLOC4), spherical equivalent refractive error (LINC00340) and eye colour (HERC2). The shared role of these novel candidate genes for astigmatism lends further support to the shared genetic susceptibility of myopia and astigmatism.
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747
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Evangelou E, Warren HR, Mosen-Ansorena D, Mifsud B, Pazoki R, Gao H, Ntritsos G, Dimou N, Cabrera CP, Karaman I, Ng FL, Evangelou M, Witkowska K, Tzanis E, Hellwege JN, Giri A, Velez Edwards DR, Sun YV, Cho K, Gaziano JM, Wilson PWF, Tsao PS, Kovesdy CP, Esko T, Mägi R, Milani L, Almgren P, Boutin T, Debette S, Ding J, Giulianini F, Holliday EG, Jackson AU, Li-Gao R, Lin WY, Luan J, Mangino M, Oldmeadow C, Prins BP, Qian Y, Sargurupremraj M, Shah N, Surendran P, Thériault S, Verweij N, Willems SM, Zhao JH, Amouyel P, Connell J, de Mutsert R, Doney ASF, Farrall M, Menni C, Morris AD, Noordam R, Paré G, Poulter NR, Shields DC, Stanton A, Thom S, Abecasis G, Amin N, Arking DE, Ayers KL, Barbieri CM, Batini C, Bis JC, Blake T, Bochud M, Boehnke M, Boerwinkle E, Boomsma DI, Bottinger EP, Braund PS, Brumat M, Campbell A, Campbell H, Chakravarti A, Chambers JC, Chauhan G, Ciullo M, Cocca M, Collins F, Cordell HJ, Davies G, de Borst MH, de Geus EJ, Deary IJ, Deelen J, Del Greco M F, Demirkale CY, Dörr M, Ehret GB, Elosua R, Enroth S, Erzurumluoglu AM, Ferreira T, Frånberg M, Franco OH, Gandin I, Gasparini P, Giedraitis V, Gieger C, Girotto G, Goel A, Gow AJ, Gudnason V, Guo X, Gyllensten U, Hamsten A, Harris TB, Harris SE, Hartman CA, Havulinna AS, Hicks AA, Hofer E, Hofman A, Hottenga JJ, Huffman JE, Hwang SJ, Ingelsson E, James A, Jansen R, Jarvelin MR, Joehanes R, Johansson Å, Johnson AD, Joshi PK, Jousilahti P, Jukema JW, Jula A, Kähönen M, Kathiresan S, Keavney BD, Khaw KT, Knekt P, Knight J, Kolcic I, Kooner JS, Koskinen S, Kristiansson K, Kutalik Z, Laan M, Larson M, Launer LJ, Lehne B, Lehtimäki T, Liewald DCM, Lin L, Lind L, Lindgren CM, Liu Y, Loos RJF, Lopez LM, Lu Y, Lyytikäinen LP, Mahajan A, Mamasoula C, Marrugat J, Marten J, Milaneschi Y, Morgan A, Morris AP, Morrison AC, Munson PJ, Nalls MA, Nandakumar P, Nelson CP, Niiranen T, Nolte IM, Nutile T, Oldehinkel AJ, Oostra BA, O'Reilly PF, Org E, Padmanabhan S, Palmas W, Palotie A, Pattie A, Penninx BWJH, Perola M, Peters A, Polasek O, Pramstaller PP, Nguyen QT, Raitakari OT, Ren M, Rettig R, Rice K, Ridker PM, Ried JS, Riese H, Ripatti S, Robino A, Rose LM, Rotter JI, Rudan I, Ruggiero D, Saba Y, Sala CF, Salomaa V, Samani NJ, Sarin AP, Schmidt R, Schmidt H, Shrine N, Siscovick D, Smith AV, Snieder H, Sõber S, Sorice R, Starr JM, Stott DJ, Strachan DP, Strawbridge RJ, Sundström J, Swertz MA, Taylor KD, Teumer A, Tobin MD, Tomaszewski M, Toniolo D, Traglia M, Trompet S, Tuomilehto J, Tzourio C, Uitterlinden AG, Vaez A, van der Most PJ, van Duijn CM, Vergnaud AC, Verwoert GC, Vitart V, Völker U, Vollenweider P, Vuckovic D, Watkins H, Wild SH, Willemsen G, Wilson JF, Wright AF, Yao J, Zemunik T, Zhang W, Attia JR, Butterworth AS, Chasman DI, Conen D, Cucca F, Danesh J, Hayward C, Howson JMM, Laakso M, Lakatta EG, Langenberg C, Melander O, Mook-Kanamori DO, Palmer CNA, Risch L, Scott RA, Scott RJ, Sever P, Spector TD, van der Harst P, Wareham NJ, Zeggini E, Levy D, Munroe PB, Newton-Cheh C, Brown MJ, Metspalu A, Hung AM, O'Donnell CJ, Edwards TL, Psaty BM, Tzoulaki I, Barnes MR, Wain LV, Elliott P, Caulfield MJ. Genetic analysis of over 1 million people identifies 535 new loci associated with blood pressure traits. Nat Genet 2018; 50:1412-1425. [PMID: 30224653 PMCID: PMC6284793 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0205-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 763] [Impact Index Per Article: 127.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
High blood pressure is a highly heritable and modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease. We report the largest genetic association study of blood pressure traits (systolic, diastolic and pulse pressure) to date in over 1 million people of European ancestry. We identify 535 novel blood pressure loci that not only offer new biological insights into blood pressure regulation but also highlight shared genetic architecture between blood pressure and lifestyle exposures. Our findings identify new biological pathways for blood pressure regulation with potential for improved cardiovascular disease prevention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Evangelou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Helen R Warren
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research, Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Center, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - David Mosen-Ansorena
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Borbala Mifsud
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Raha Pazoki
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - He Gao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Georgios Ntritsos
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Niki Dimou
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Claudia P Cabrera
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research, Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Center, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Ibrahim Karaman
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Fu Liang Ng
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Marina Evangelou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Katarzyna Witkowska
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Evan Tzanis
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Jacklyn N Hellwege
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Institute for Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System (626)/Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ayush Giri
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Tennessee Valley Health Systems VA, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Digna R Velez Edwards
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Tennessee Valley Health Systems VA, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yan V Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kelly Cho
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Aging, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J Michael Gaziano
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Aging, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter W F Wilson
- Atlanta VAMC and Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Philip S Tsao
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Csaba P Kovesdy
- Nephrology Section, Memphis VA Medical Center and University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Tonu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Peter Almgren
- Department Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Thibaud Boutin
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Stéphanie Debette
- Department of Neurology, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
- Univ. Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jun Ding
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, NIA/NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Franco Giulianini
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth G Holliday
- Hunter Medical Research Institute and Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anne U Jackson
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ruifang Li-Gao
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Wei-Yu Lin
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jian'an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, Kings College London, London, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Christopher Oldmeadow
- Hunter Medical Research Institute and Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Yong Qian
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, NIA/NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Nabi Shah
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Praveen Surendran
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sébastien Thériault
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Niek Verweij
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sara M Willems
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jing-Hua Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Philippe Amouyel
- University of Lille, Inserm, Centre Hosp. Univ. Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR1167 - RID-AGE - Risk factors and molecular determinants of aging-related diseases, Epidemiology and Public Health Department, Lille, France
| | - John Connell
- University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Renée de Mutsert
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Alex S F Doney
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Martin Farrall
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Cristina Menni
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew D Morris
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Raymond Noordam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Guillaume Paré
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Denis C Shields
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alice Stanton
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Simon Thom
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Gonçalo Abecasis
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, SPH II, Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Najaf Amin
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dan E Arking
- Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kristin L Ayers
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Sema4, a Mount Sinai venture, Stamford, CT, USA
| | - Caterina M Barbieri
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Batini
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Joshua C Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tineka Blake
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Murielle Bochud
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston and Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, EMGO+ Institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Erwin P Bottinger
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter S Braund
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Marco Brumat
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Archie Campbell
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Aravinda Chakravarti
- Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John C Chambers
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, Middlesex, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Ganesh Chauhan
- Centre for Brain Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Marina Ciullo
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso", CNR, Napoli, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Cocca
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Francis Collins
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Heather J Cordell
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Gail Davies
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Martin H de Borst
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Eco J de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, EMGO+ Institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Joris Deelen
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Fabiola Del Greco M
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy - Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Cumhur Yusuf Demirkale
- Mathematical and Statistical Computing Laboratory, Office of Intramural Research, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marcus Dörr
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Georg B Ehret
- Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Elosua
- CIBERCV & Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics, IMIM, Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Vic-Central de Catalunya, Vic, Spain
| | - Stefan Enroth
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala Universitet, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Teresa Ferreira
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Center for Health for Health Information and Discovery, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Mattias Frånberg
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, L8:03, Karolinska Universitetsjukhuset, Solna, Sweden
- Department of Numerical Analysis and Computer Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ilaria Gandin
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Paolo Gasparini
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Christian Gieger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Giorgia Girotto
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Anuj Goel
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alan J Gow
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
| | - Xiuqing Guo
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Ulf Gyllensten
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala Universitet, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Hamsten
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, L8:03, Karolinska Universitetsjukhuset, Solna, Sweden
| | - Tamara B Harris
- Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sarah E Harris
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Aki S Havulinna
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrew A Hicks
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy - Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Edith Hofer
- Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, EMGO+ Institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jennifer E Huffman
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- The Population Science Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shih-Jen Hwang
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- The Population Science Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alan James
- Department of Pulmonary Physiology and Sleep, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Hospital Avenue, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rick Jansen
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Center For Life-course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Roby Joehanes
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Hebrew SeniorLife, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Åsa Johansson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala Universitet, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andrew D Johnson
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter K Joshi
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Pekka Jousilahti
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Antti Jula
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sekar Kathiresan
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bernard D Keavney
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Division of Medicine, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul Knekt
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joanne Knight
- Data Science Institute and Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster, UK
| | - Ivana Kolcic
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Jaspal S Kooner
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, Middlesex, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Seppo Koskinen
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kati Kristiansson
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Zoltan Kutalik
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maris Laan
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Marty Larson
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Lenore J Launer
- Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Benjamin Lehne
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - David C M Liewald
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Li Lin
- Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cecilia M Lindgren
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Center for Health for Health Information and Discovery, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - YongMei Liu
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Mindich Child Health Development Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lorna M Lopez
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- University College Dublin, UCD Conway Institute, Centre for Proteome Research, UCD, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Yingchang Lu
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Jaume Marrugat
- CIBERCV & Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics, IMIM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jonathan Marten
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Yuri Milaneschi
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health and Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anna Morgan
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Andrew P Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Alanna C Morrison
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Peter J Munson
- Mathematical and Statistical Computing Laboratory, Office of Intramural Research, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mike A Nalls
- Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, MD, USA
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Priyanka Nandakumar
- Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christopher P Nelson
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Teemu Niiranen
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ilja M Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Teresa Nutile
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso", CNR, Napoli, Italy
| | - Albertine J Oldehinkel
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ben A Oostra
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paul F O'Reilly
- SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Elin Org
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sandosh Padmanabhan
- Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Walter Palmas
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Department of Neurology and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alison Pattie
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health and Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Markus Perola
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Disease Research (DZHK), partner site Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ozren Polasek
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
- Psychiatric Hospital "Sveti Ivan", Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Peter P Pramstaller
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy - Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Neurology, General Central Hospital, Bolzano, Italy
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Quang Tri Nguyen
- Mathematical and Statistical Computing Laboratory, Office of Intramural Research, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Meixia Ren
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Department of Geriatric Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Rainer Rettig
- Institute of Physiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Karlsburg, Germany
| | - Kenneth Rice
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Paul M Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Janina S Ried
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Harriëtte Riese
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antonietta Robino
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Lynda M Rose
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Daniela Ruggiero
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso", CNR, Napoli, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - Yasaman Saba
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism & Aging, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Cinzia F Sala
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nilesh J Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Antti-Pekka Sarin
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Reinhold Schmidt
- Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Helena Schmidt
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism & Aging, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Nick Shrine
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Albert V Smith
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Siim Sõber
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Rossella Sorice
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso", CNR, Napoli, Italy
| | - John M Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David J Stott
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - David P Strachan
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Rona J Strawbridge
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, L8:03, Karolinska Universitetsjukhuset, Solna, Sweden
| | - Johan Sundström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Morris A Swertz
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Kent D Taylor
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Teumer
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Martin D Tobin
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Maciej Tomaszewski
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Division of Medicine, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Daniela Toniolo
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Traglia
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait
- Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Saudi Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Christophe Tzourio
- Univ. Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ahmad Vaez
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Peter J van der Most
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anne-Claire Vergnaud
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Veronique Vitart
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Uwe Völker
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dragana Vuckovic
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Experimental Genetics Division, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hugh Watkins
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah H Wild
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, EMGO+ Institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - James F Wilson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Alan F Wright
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Jie Yao
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Tatijana Zemunik
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, Middlesex, UK
| | - John R Attia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute and Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Adam S Butterworth
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel I Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Conen
- Division of Cardiology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research, National Research Council (CNR), Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - John Danesh
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Joanna M M Howson
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Markku Laakso
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Edward G Lakatta
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Olle Melander
- Department Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Dennis O Mook-Kanamori
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Colin N A Palmer
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Lorenz Risch
- Labormedizinisches Zentrum Dr. Risch, Schaan, Liechtenstein
- Private University of the Principality of Liechtenstein, Triesen, Liechtenstein
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Robert A Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rodney J Scott
- Hunter Medical Research Institute and Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter Sever
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Pim van der Harst
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Daniel Levy
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Patricia B Munroe
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research, Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Center, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Christopher Newton-Cheh
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Morris J Brown
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research, Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Center, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Adriana M Hung
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System (Nashville VA) & Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Christopher J O'Donnell
- VA Boston Healthcare, Section of Cardiology and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Todd L Edwards
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Institute for Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System (626)/Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ioanna Tzoulaki
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, Greece
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Michael R Barnes
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research, Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Center, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Louise V Wain
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Paul Elliott
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust and Imperial College London, London, UK.
- UK Dementia Research Institute (UK DRI) at Imperial College London, London, UK.
- Health Data Research-UK London substantive site, London, UK.
| | - Mark J Caulfield
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
- National Institute for Health Research, Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Center, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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748
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Liu S, Huang S, Chen F, Zhao L, Yuan Y, Francis SS, Fang L, Li Z, Lin L, Liu R, Zhang Y, Xu H, Li S, Zhou Y, Davies RW, Liu Q, Walters RG, Lin K, Ju J, Korneliussen T, Yang MA, Fu Q, Wang J, Zhou L, Krogh A, Zhang H, Wang W, Chen Z, Cai Z, Yin Y, Yang H, Mao M, Shendure J, Wang J, Albrechtsen A, Jin X, Nielsen R, Xu X. Genomic Analyses from Non-invasive Prenatal Testing Reveal Genetic Associations, Patterns of Viral Infections, and Chinese Population History. Cell 2018; 175:347-359.e14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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749
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Bycroft C, Freeman C, Petkova D, Band G, Elliott LT, Sharp K, Motyer A, Vukcevic D, Delaneau O, O'Connell J, Cortes A, Welsh S, Young A, Effingham M, McVean G, Leslie S, Allen N, Donnelly P, Marchini J. The UK Biobank resource with deep phenotyping and genomic data. Nature 2018; 562:203-209. [PMID: 30305743 PMCID: PMC6786975 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0579-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4047] [Impact Index Per Article: 674.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The UK Biobank project is a prospective cohort study with deep genetic and phenotypic data collected on approximately 500,000 individuals from across the United Kingdom, aged between 40 and 69 at recruitment. The open resource is unique in its size and scope. A rich variety of phenotypic and health-related information is available on each participant, including biological measurements, lifestyle indicators, biomarkers in blood and urine, and imaging of the body and brain. Follow-up information is provided by linking health and medical records. Genome-wide genotype data have been collected on all participants, providing many opportunities for the discovery of new genetic associations and the genetic bases of complex traits. Here we describe the centralized analysis of the genetic data, including genotype quality, properties of population structure and relatedness of the genetic data, and efficient phasing and genotype imputation that increases the number of testable variants to around 96 million. Classical allelic variation at 11 human leukocyte antigen genes was imputed, resulting in the recovery of signals with known associations between human leukocyte antigen alleles and many diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Bycroft
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Colin Freeman
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Desislava Petkova
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Procter & Gamble, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gavin Band
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Kevin Sharp
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Allan Motyer
- Melbourne Integrative Genomics and the Schools of Mathematics and Statistics, and BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Damjan Vukcevic
- Melbourne Integrative Genomics and the Schools of Mathematics and Statistics, and BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Olivier Delaneau
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jared O'Connell
- Illumina Ltd, Chesterford Research Park, Little Chesterford, Essex, UK
| | - Adrian Cortes
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Clinical Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Alan Young
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Gil McVean
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen Leslie
- Melbourne Integrative Genomics and the Schools of Mathematics and Statistics, and BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Naomi Allen
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter Donnelly
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jonathan Marchini
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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750
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Niemi MEK, Martin HC, Rice DL, Gallone G, Gordon S, Kelemen M, McAloney K, McRae J, Radford EJ, Yu S, Gecz J, Martin NG, Wright CF, Fitzpatrick DR, Firth HV, Hurles ME, Barrett JC. Common genetic variants contribute to risk of rare severe neurodevelopmental disorders. Nature 2018; 562:268-271. [PMID: 30258228 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0566-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
There are thousands of rare human disorders that are caused by single deleterious, protein-coding genetic variants1. However, patients with the same genetic defect can have different clinical presentations2-4, and some individuals who carry known disease-causing variants can appear unaffected5. Here, to understand what explains these differences, we study a cohort of 6,987 children assessed by clinical geneticists to have severe neurodevelopmental disorders such as global developmental delay and autism, often in combination with abnormalities of other organ systems. Although the genetic causes of these neurodevelopmental disorders are expected to be almost entirely monogenic, we show that 7.7% of variance in risk is attributable to inherited common genetic variation. We replicated this genome-wide common variant burden by showing, in an independent sample of 728 trios (comprising a child plus both parents) from the same cohort, that this burden is over-transmitted from parents to children with neurodevelopmental disorders. Our common-variant signal is significantly positively correlated with genetic predisposition to lower educational attainment, decreased intelligence and risk of schizophrenia. We found that common-variant risk was not significantly different between individuals with and without a known protein-coding diagnostic variant, which suggests that common-variant risk affects patients both with and without a monogenic diagnosis. In addition, previously published common-variant scores for autism, height, birth weight and intracranial volume were all correlated with these traits within our cohort, which suggests that phenotypic expression in individuals with monogenic disorders is affected by the same variants as in the general population. Our results demonstrate that common genetic variation affects both overall risk and clinical presentation in neurodevelopmental disorders that are typically considered to be monogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari E K Niemi
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Hilary C Martin
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Daniel L Rice
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | | | - Scott Gordon
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Martin Kelemen
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Kerrie McAloney
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jeremy McRae
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Elizabeth J Radford
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sui Yu
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jozef Gecz
- Adelaide Medical School and Robinson Research Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Caroline F Wright
- University of Exeter Medical School, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, RILD, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - David R Fitzpatrick
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Helen V Firth
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
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