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de Oliveira Rosa V, Rosa Franco A, Abrahão Salum Júnior G, Moreira-Maia CR, Wagner F, Simioni A, de Fraga Bassotto C, R Moritz G, Schaffer Aguzzoli C, Buchweitz A, Schmitz M, Rubia K, Paim Rohde LA. Effects of computerized cognitive training as add-on treatment to stimulants in ADHD: a pilot fMRI study. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 14:1933-1944. [PMID: 31218531 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-019-00137-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The neurofunctional effects of Cognitive training (CT) are poorly understood. Our main objective was to assess fMRI brain activation patterns in children with ADHD who received CT as an add-on treatment to stimulant medication. We included twenty children with ADHD from a clinical trial of stimulant medication and CT (10 in medication + CT and 10 in medication + non-active training). Between-group differences were assessed in performance and in brain activation during 3 fMRI paradigms of working memory (N-back: 0-back, 1-back, 2-back, 3-back), sustained attention (Sustained Attention Task - SAT: 2 s, 5 s and 8 s delays) and inhibitory control (Go/No-Go). We found significant group x time x condition interactions in working memory (WM) and sustained attention on brain activation. In N-back, decreases were observed in the BOLD signal change from baseline to endpoint with increasing WM load in the right insula, right putamen, left thalamus and left pallidum in the CT compared to the non-active group; in SAT - increases in the BOLD signal change from baseline to endpoint with increasing delays were observed in bilateral precuneus, right insula, bilateral associative visual cortex and angular gyrus, right middle temporal, precentral, postcentral, superior frontal and middle frontal gyri in the CT compared to the non-active group. CT in ADHD was associated with changes in activation in task-relevant parietal and striato-limbic regions of sustained attention and working memory. Changes in brain activity may precede behavioral performance modifications in working memory and sustained attention, but not in inhibitory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia de Oliveira Rosa
- Postgraduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil. .,ADHD Outpatient Program, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Serviço de Psiquiatria. Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. Bairro Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90035-903, Brazil.
| | - Alexandre Rosa Franco
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA.,Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Giovanni Abrahão Salum Júnior
- ADHD Outpatient Program, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Serviço de Psiquiatria. Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. Bairro Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90035-903, Brazil.,National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Renato Moreira-Maia
- ADHD Outpatient Program, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Serviço de Psiquiatria. Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. Bairro Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90035-903, Brazil
| | - Flávia Wagner
- ADHD Outpatient Program, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Serviço de Psiquiatria. Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. Bairro Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90035-903, Brazil
| | - André Simioni
- Postgraduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,ADHD Outpatient Program, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Serviço de Psiquiatria. Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. Bairro Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90035-903, Brazil
| | - Caroline de Fraga Bassotto
- ADHD Outpatient Program, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Serviço de Psiquiatria. Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. Bairro Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90035-903, Brazil
| | - Guilherme R Moritz
- ADHD Outpatient Program, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Serviço de Psiquiatria. Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. Bairro Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90035-903, Brazil
| | | | - Augusto Buchweitz
- BraIns, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Schmitz
- ADHD Outpatient Program, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Serviço de Psiquiatria. Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. Bairro Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90035-903, Brazil
| | - Katya Rubia
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Luis Augusto Paim Rohde
- ADHD Outpatient Program, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Serviço de Psiquiatria. Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. Bairro Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90035-903, Brazil.,National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, São Paulo, Brazil
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52
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Zhang Z, Peng P, Eickhoff SB, Lin X, Zhang D, Wang Y. Neural substrates of the executive function construct, age-related changes, and task materials in adolescents and adults: ALE meta-analyses of 408 fMRI studies. Dev Sci 2021; 24:e13111. [PMID: 33817920 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
To explore the neural substrates of executive function (EF), we conducted an activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis of 408 functional magnetic resonance imaging studies (9639 participants, 7587 activation foci, 518 experimental contrasts) covering three fundamental EF subcomponents: inhibition, switching, and working memory. Our results found that activation common to all three EF subcomponents converged in the multiple-demand network across adolescence and adulthood. The function of EF with the multiple-demand network involved, especially for the prefrontal cortex and the parietal regions, could not be mature until adulthood. In adolescents, only working memory could be separable from common EF, whereas in adults, the three EF subcomponents could be separable from common EF. However, findings of switching in adolescents should be treated with substantial caution and may be exploratory due to limited data available on switching tasks. For task materials, inhibition and working memory showed both domain generality and domain specificity, undergirded by the multiple-demand network, as well as different brain regions in response to verbal and nonverbal task materials, respectively. In contrast, switching showed only domain generality with no activation specialized for either verbal or nonverbal task materials. These findings, taken together, support and contribute to the unitary-diverse nature of EF such that EF should be interpreted in an integrative model that relies on the integration of the EF construct, development, and task materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- Department of Special Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Peng Peng
- Department of Special Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Brain & Behaviour (INM-7), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Xin Lin
- Department of Special Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Delong Zhang
- School of Psychology, Center for the Study of Applied Psychology, Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science of Guangdong Province, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Department of Special Education and Communication Disorders, Neuroimaging for Language, Literacy, and Learning, College of Education and Human Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
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53
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Dennis EL, Caeyenberghs K, Asarnow RF, Babikian T, Bartnik-Olson B, Bigler ED, Figaji A, Giza CC, Goodrich-Hunsaker NJ, Hodges CB, Hoskinson KR, Königs M, Levin HS, Lindsey HM, Livny A, Max JE, Merkley TL, Newsome MR, Olsen A, Ryan NP, Spruiell MS, Suskauer SJ, Thomopoulos SI, Ware AL, Watson CG, Wheeler AL, Yeates KO, Zielinski BA, Thompson PM, Tate DF, Wilde EA. Challenges and opportunities for neuroimaging in young patients with traumatic brain injury: a coordinated effort towards advancing discovery from the ENIGMA pediatric moderate/severe TBI group. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 15:555-575. [PMID: 32734437 PMCID: PMC7855317 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-020-00363-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and disability in children in both developed and developing nations. Children and adolescents suffer from TBI at a higher rate than the general population, and specific developmental issues require a unique context since findings from adult research do not necessarily directly translate to children. Findings in pediatric cohorts tend to lag behind those in adult samples. This may be due, in part, both to the smaller number of investigators engaged in research with this population and may also be related to changes in safety laws and clinical practice that have altered length of hospital stays, treatment, and access to this population. The ENIGMA (Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis) Pediatric Moderate/Severe TBI (msTBI) group aims to advance research in this area through global collaborative meta-analysis of neuroimaging data. In this paper, we discuss important challenges in pediatric TBI research and opportunities that we believe the ENIGMA Pediatric msTBI group can provide to address them. With the paucity of research studies examining neuroimaging biomarkers in pediatric patients with TBI and the challenges of recruiting large numbers of participants, collaborating to improve statistical power and to address technical challenges like lesions will significantly advance the field. We conclude with recommendations for future research in this field of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Dennis
- TBI and Concussion Center, Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
- Imaging Genetics Center, Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Marina del Rey, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Karen Caeyenberghs
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Robert F Asarnow
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Brain Research Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Talin Babikian
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- UCLA Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brenda Bartnik-Olson
- Department of Radiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Erin D Bigler
- TBI and Concussion Center, Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
- Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Anthony Figaji
- Division of Neurosurgery, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Christopher C Giza
- UCLA Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Naomi J Goodrich-Hunsaker
- TBI and Concussion Center, Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
- George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Healthcare System, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Cooper B Hodges
- TBI and Concussion Center, Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
- George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Healthcare System, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kristen R Hoskinson
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Marsh Königs
- Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Emma Neuroscience Group, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harvey S Levin
- H. Ben Taub Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hannah M Lindsey
- TBI and Concussion Center, Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
- George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Healthcare System, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Abigail Livny
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Jeffrey E Max
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Tricia L Merkley
- TBI and Concussion Center, Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
- Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Mary R Newsome
- H. Ben Taub Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alexander Olsen
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Nicholas P Ryan
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Matthew S Spruiell
- H. Ben Taub Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stacy J Suskauer
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Departments of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation and Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sophia I Thomopoulos
- Imaging Genetics Center, Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Marina del Rey, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ashley L Ware
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christopher G Watson
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Learning Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anne L Wheeler
- Hospital for Sick Children, Neuroscience and Mental Health Program, Toronto, Canada
- Physiology Department, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Keith Owen Yeates
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Brandon A Zielinski
- TBI and Concussion Center, Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Marina del Rey, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Departments of Neurology, Pediatrics, Psychiatry, Radiology, Engineering, and Ophthalmology, USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David F Tate
- TBI and Concussion Center, Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
- George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Healthcare System, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Missouri Institute of Mental Health and University of Missouri, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Elisabeth A Wilde
- TBI and Concussion Center, Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Healthcare System, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- H. Ben Taub Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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54
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Berberat J, Huggenberger R, Montali M, Gruber P, Pircher A, Lövblad KO, Killer HE, Remonda L. Brain activation patterns in medicated versus medication-naïve adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder during fMRI tasks of motor inhibition and cognitive switching. BMC Med Imaging 2021; 21:53. [PMID: 33740903 PMCID: PMC7977301 DOI: 10.1186/s12880-021-00579-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adult-attention-deficit-hyperactive-disorder (ADHD) is often unrecognized condition. FMRI examination along with neuropsychological testing might strengthen the diagnosis. We hypothesized that ADHD-adults with and without medication would show different fMRI pattern compared to healthy controls while testing tasks of motor inhibition and cognitive switching. Methods 45 subjects in three age-matched groups: (1) controls, (2) ADHD-adults under medication (ADHD+) and (3) medication-naïve adults with ADHD (ADHD−) underwent fMRI and neuropsychological testing. Group analysis and population-based statistics were performed. Results DTVP-A, intellectual ability as well as attention capability, visual-perceptual and visual-motor abilities showed no significant differences between the groups. However, fMRI revealed statistically significant differences between the ADHD+, ADHD− and control groups on tasks of motor inhibition and cognitive switching on adults in bilateral fronto-striatal brain regions, inferior fronto-frontal, fronto-cingulate and fronto-parietal networks as well as in the parietal lobe (p < 0.05). Conclusions fMRI offers the potential to differentiate between the ADHD+, ADHD− and control groups. FMRI possibly opens a new window for monitoring the therapeutic effect of ADHD medication. Trial registration NCT02578342, registered at August 2015 to clinical trial registry (https://ichgcp.net/clinical-trials-registry/NCT02578342).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatta Berberat
- Department of Neuroradiology, Kantonsspital Aarau, Tellstrasse 25, 5001, Aarau, Switzerland. .,Department of Radiology and Medical Informatics, University of Geneva, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | | | - Margherita Montali
- Department of Neuroradiology, Kantonsspital Aarau, Tellstrasse 25, 5001, Aarau, Switzerland.,Department of Ophthalmology, Kantonsspital Aarau, 5001, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Gruber
- Department of Neuroradiology, Kantonsspital Aarau, Tellstrasse 25, 5001, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Achmed Pircher
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kantonsspital Aarau, 5001, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Karl-Olof Lövblad
- Department of Radiology and Medical Informatics, University of Geneva, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hanspeter E Killer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kantonsspital Aarau, 5001, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Luca Remonda
- Department of Neuroradiology, Kantonsspital Aarau, Tellstrasse 25, 5001, Aarau, Switzerland.,University of Bern, 3011, Bern, Switzerland
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55
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Wrege JS, Carcone D, Lee ACH, Cane C, Lang UE, Borgwardt S, Walter M, Ruocco AC. Attentional salience and the neural substrates of response inhibition in borderline personality disorder. Psychol Med 2021; 52:1-9. [PMID: 33722320 PMCID: PMC9772916 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291721000118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impulsivity is a central symptom of borderline personality disorder (BPD) and its neural basis may be instantiated in a frontoparietal network involved in response inhibition. However, research has yet to determine whether neural activation differences in BPD associated with response inhibition are attributed to attentional saliency, which is subserved by a partially overlapping network of brain regions. METHODS Patients with BPD (n = 45) and 29 healthy controls (HCs; n = 29) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while completing a novel go/no-go task with infrequent odd-ball trials to control for attentional saliency. Contrasts reflecting a combination of response inhibition and attentional saliency (no-go > go), saliency processing alone (oddball > go), and response inhibition controlling for attentional saliency (no-go > oddball) were compared between BPD and HC. RESULTS Compared to HC, BPD showed less activation in the combined no-go > go contrast in the right posterior inferior and middle-frontal gyri, and less activation for oddball > go in left-hemispheric inferior frontal junction, frontal pole, superior parietal lobe, and supramarginal gyri. Crucially, BPD and HC showed no activation differences for the no-go > oddball contrast. In BPD, higher vlPFC activation for no-go > go was correlated with greater self-rated BPD symptoms, whereas lower vlPFC activation for oddball > go was associated with greater self-rated attentional impulsivity. CONCLUSIONS Patients with BPD show frontoparietal disruptions related to the combination of response inhibition and attentional saliency or saliency alone, but no specific response inhibition neural activation difference when attentional saliency is controlled. The findings suggest a neural dysfunction in BPD underlying attention to salient or infrequent stimuli, which is supported by a negative correlation with self-rated impulsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. S. Wrege
- Department of Psychiatry, University Psychiatric Clinics of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - D. Carcone
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - A. C. H. Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - C. Cane
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - U. E. Lang
- Department of Psychiatry, University Psychiatric Clinics of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - M. Walter
- Department of Psychiatry, University Psychiatric Clinics of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - A. C. Ruocco
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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56
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Kupis L, Goodman ZT, Kircher L, Romero C, Dirks B, Chang C, Nomi JS, Uddin LQ. Altered patterns of brain dynamics linked with body mass index in youth with autism. Autism Res 2021; 14:873-886. [PMID: 33616282 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have higher rates of overweight and obesity (OWOB) compared with typically developing (TD) children. Brain functional connectivity differences have been shown in both ASD and OWOB. However, only one study to date has examined ASD and OWOB concurrently, so little is known regarding the neural mechanisms associated with the higher prevalence of OWOB and its behavioral impacts in ASD. We investigated co-activation patterns (CAPs) of brain regions identified by independent component analysis in 129 children and adolescents between 6 and 18 years of age (n = 68 ASD). We examined the interaction between body mass index (BMI) and diagnosis in predicting dynamic brain metrics (dwell time, DT; frequency of occurrence, and transitions between states) as well as dimensional brain-behavior relationships. The relationship between BMI and brain dynamics was moderated by diagnosis (ASD, TD), particularly among the frequency of CAP 4, characterized by co-activation of lateral frontoparietal, temporal, and frontal networks. This pattern was negatively associated with parent-reported inhibition skills. Children with ASD had shorter CAP 1, characterized by co-activation of the subcortical, temporal, sensorimotor, and frontal networks, and CAP 4 DTs compared with TD children. CAP 1 DT was negatively associated with cognitive flexibility, inhibition, social functioning, and BMI. Cognitive flexibility moderated the relationship between BMI and brain dynamics in the visual network. Our findings provide novel evidence of neural mechanisms associated with OWOB in children with ASD. Further, poorer cognitive flexibility may result in increased vulnerability for children with ASD and co-occurring OWOB. LAY SUMMARY: Obesity is a societal epidemic and is common in autism, however, little is known about the neural mechanisms associated with the higher rates of obesity in autism. Here, we find unique patterns of brain dynamics associated with obesity in autism that were not observed in typically developing children. Further, the relationship between body mass index and brain dynamics depended on cognitive flexibility. These findings suggest that individuals with autism may be more vulnerable to the effects of obesity on brain function. Autism Res 2021, 14: 873-886. © 2021 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals LLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Kupis
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
| | - Zachary T Goodman
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
| | - Leigha Kircher
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
| | - Celia Romero
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
| | - Bryce Dirks
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
| | - Catie Chang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jason S Nomi
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
| | - Lucina Q Uddin
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA.,Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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57
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Executive Function in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Meta-analysis of fMRI Studies. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 50:4022-4038. [PMID: 32200468 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04461-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Abnormalities in executive function (EF) are clinical markers for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, the neural mechanisms underlying abnormal EF in ASD remain unclear. This meta-analysis investigated the construct, abnormalities, and age-related changes of EF in ASD. Thirty-three fMRI studies of inhibition, updating, and switching in individuals with high-functioning ASD were included (n = 1114; age range 7-57 years). The results revealed that the EF construct in ASD could be unitary (i.e., common EF) in children/adolescents, but unitary and diverse (i.e., common EF and inhibition) in adults. Abnormalities in this EF construct were found across development in individuals with ASD in comparison with typically developing individuals. Implications and recommendations are discussed for EF theory and for practice in ASD.
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Wang H, Fan L, Song M, Liu B, Wu D, Jiang R, Li J, Li A, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Quinlan EB, Desrivières S, Flor H, Grigis A, Garavan H, Chaarani B, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Martinot MLP, Artiges E, Nees F, Orfanos DP, Poustka L, Millenet S, Fröhner JH, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Schumann G, Jiang T. Functional Connectivity Predicts Individual Development of Inhibitory Control during Adolescence. Cereb Cortex 2020; 31:2686-2700. [PMID: 33386409 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Derailment of inhibitory control (IC) underlies numerous psychiatric and behavioral disorders, many of which emerge during adolescence. Identifying reliable predictive biomarkers that place the adolescents at elevated risk for future IC deficits can help guide early interventions, yet the scarcity of longitudinal research has hindered the progress. Here, using a large-scale longitudinal dataset in which the same subjects performed a stop signal task during functional magnetic resonance imaging at ages 14 and 19, we tracked their IC development individually and tried to find the brain features predicting their development by constructing prediction models using 14-year-olds' functional connections within a network or between a pair of networks. The participants had distinct between-subject trajectories in their IC development. Of the candidate connections used for prediction, ventral attention-subcortical network interconnections could predict the individual development of IC and formed a prediction model that generalized to previously unseen individuals. Furthermore, we found that connectivity between these two networks was related to substance abuse problems, an IC-deficit related problematic behavior, within 5 years. Our study reveals individual differences in IC development from mid- to late-adolescence and highlights the importance of ventral attention-subcortical network interconnections in predicting future IC development and substance abuse in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Wang
- Brainnetome Center and National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lingzhong Fan
- Brainnetome Center and National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ming Song
- Brainnetome Center and National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Brainnetome Center and National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Dongya Wu
- Brainnetome Center and National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rongtao Jiang
- Brainnetome Center and National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jin Li
- Brainnetome Center and National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ang Li
- Brainnetome Center and National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Erin Burke Quinlan
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Herta Flor
- Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159 Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, 68131 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Antoine Grigis
- NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, 05405 Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Bader Chaarani
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, 05405 Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry", University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Rue Noetzlin, 91190 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry", University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes; and AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Eric Artiges
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry", University Paris Sud-University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette; and Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159 Mannheim, Germany.,Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sabina Millenet
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Juliane H Fröhner
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46a01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46a01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom.,PONS Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charite Mitte, Humboldt University, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute for Science and Technology of Brain-inspired Intelligence (ISTBI), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Tianzi Jiang
- Brainnetome Center and National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 625014, China.,The Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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59
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Abstract
While learning from mistakes is a lifelong process, the rate at which an individual makes errors on any given task decreases through late adolescence. Previous fMRI adult work indicates that several control brain networks are reliably active when participants make errors across multiple tasks. Less is known about the consistency and localization of error processing in the child brain because previous research has used single tasks. The current analysis pooled data across three studies to examine error-related task activation (two tasks per study, three tasks in total) for a group of 232 children aged 8-17 years. We found that, consistent with the adult literature, the majority of applied cingulo-opercular brain regions, including medial superior frontal cortex, dorsal anterior cingulate, and bilateral anterior insula, showed consistent error processing engagement in children across multiple tasks. Error-related activity in many of these cingulo-opercular regions correlated with task performance. However, unlike in the adult literature, we found a lack of error-related activation across tasks in dorsolateral frontal areas, and we also did not find any task-consistent relations with age in these regions. Our findings suggest that the task-general error processing signal in the developing brain is fairly robust and similar to adults, with the exception of lateral frontal cortex.
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60
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Chevalier N, Meaney JA, Traut HJ, Munakata Y. Adaptiveness in proactive control engagement in children and adults. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2020; 46:100870. [PMID: 33120165 PMCID: PMC7591345 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related progress in cognitive control reflects more frequent engagement of proactive control during childhood. As proactive preparation for an upcoming task is adaptive only when the task can be reliably predicted, progress in proactive control engagement may rely on more efficient use of contextual cue reliability. Developmental progress may also reflect increasing efficiency in how proactive control is engaged, making this control mode more advantageous with age. To address these possibilities, 6-year-olds, 9-year-olds, and adults completed three versions of a cued task-switching paradigm in which contextual cue reliability was manipulated. When contextual cues were reliable (but not unreliable or uninformative), all age groups showed greater pupil dilation and a more pronounced (pre)cue-locked posterior positivity associated with faster response times, suggesting adaptive engagement of proactive task selection. However, adults additionally showed a larger contingent negative variation (CNV) predicting a further reduction in response times with reliable cues, suggesting motor preparation in adults but not children. Thus, early developing use of contextual cue reliability promotes adaptiveness in proactive control engagement from early childhood; yet, less efficient motor preparation in children makes this control mode overall less advantageous in childhood than adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hilary Joy Traut
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Yuko Munakata
- Department of Psychology and Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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61
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Control of response interference: caudate nucleus contributes to selective inhibition. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20977. [PMID: 33262369 PMCID: PMC7708449 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77744-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While the role of cortical regions in cognitive control processes is well accepted, the contribution of subcortical structures (e.g., the striatum), especially to the control of response interference, remains controversial. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the cortical and particularly subcortical neural mechanisms of response interference control (including selective inhibition). Thirteen healthy young participants underwent event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing a unimanual version of the Simon task. In this task, successful performance required the resolution of stimulus–response conflicts in incongruent trials by selectively inhibiting interfering response tendencies. The behavioral results show an asymmetrical Simon effect that was more pronounced in the contralateral hemifield. Contrasting incongruent trials with congruent trials (i.e., the overall Simon effect) significantly activated clusters in the right anterior cingulate cortex, the right posterior insula, and the caudate nucleus bilaterally. Furthermore, a region of interest analysis based on previous patient studies revealed that activation in the bilateral caudate nucleus significantly co-varied with a parameter of selective inhibition derived from distributional analyses of response times. Our results corroborate the notion that the cognitive control of response interference is supported by a fronto-striatal circuitry, with a functional contribution of the caudate nucleus to the selective inhibition of interfering response tendencies.
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62
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Computer-based inhibitory control training in children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Evidence for behavioral and neural impact. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241352. [PMID: 33253237 PMCID: PMC7703966 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most commonly diagnosed psychological disorder of childhood. Medication and cognitive behavioral therapy are effective treatments for many children; however, adherence to medication and therapy regimens is low. Thus, identifying effective adjunct treatments is imperative. Previous studies exploring computerized training programs as supplementary treatments have targeted working memory or attention. However, many lines of research suggest inhibitory control (IC) plays a central role in ADHD pathophysiology, which makes IC a potential intervention target. In this randomized control trial (NCT03363568), we target IC using a modified stop-signal task (SST) training designed by NeuroScouting, LLC in 40 children with ADHD, aged 8 to 11 years. Children were randomly assigned to adaptive treatment (n = 20) or non-adaptive control (n = 20) with identical stimuli and task goals. Children trained at home for at least 5 days a week (about 15m/day) for 4-weeks. Relative to the control group, the treatment group showed decreased relative theta power in resting EEG and trending improvements in parent ratings of attention (i.e. decreases in inattentive behaviors). Both groups showed improved SST performance. There was not evidence for treatment effects on hyperactivity or teacher ratings of symptoms. Results suggest training IC alone has potential to positively impact symptoms of ADHD and provide evidence for neural underpinnings of this impact (change in theta power; change in N200 latency). This shows promising initial results for the use of computerized training of IC in children with ADHD as a potential adjunct treatment option for children with ADHD.
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63
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Byeon J, Choi TY, Won GH, Lee J, Kim JW. A novel quantitative electroencephalography subtype with high alpha power in ADHD: ADHD or misdiagnosed ADHD? PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242566. [PMID: 33201920 PMCID: PMC7671485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) subtypes as auxiliary tools to assess Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). A total of 74 subjects (58 male and 16 female) were assessed using the Korean version of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version IV and were assigned to one of three groups: ADHD, ADHD-Not Otherwise specified (NOS), and Neurotypical (NT). We measured absolute and relative EEG power in 19 channels and conducted an auditory continuous performance test. We analyzed QEEG according to the frequency range: delta (1–4 Hz), theta (4–8 Hz), slow alpha (8–10 Hz), fast alpha (10–13.5 Hz), and beta (13.5–30 Hz). The subjects were then grouped by Ward’s method of cluster analysis using the squared Euclidian distance to measure dissimilarities. We discovered four QEEG clusters, which were characterized by: (a) elevated delta power with less theta activity, (b) elevated slow alpha relative power, (c) elevated theta with deficiencies of alpha and beta relative power, and (d) elevated fast alpha and beta absolute power. The largest proportion of participants in clusters (a) and (c) were from the ADHD group (48% and 47%, respectively). Conversely, group (b) mostly consisted of the participants from the NOS group (59%), while group (d) had the largest proportion of participants from the NT group (62%). These results indicate that children with ADHD does not neurophysiologically constitute a homogenous group. We also identified a new subtype with increased alpha power in addition to those commonly reported in ADHD. Given the QEEG characteristics with increased alpha power, we should consider the possibility that this subtype may be caused by childhood depression. In conclusion, we believe that these QEEG subtypes of ADHD are expected to provide valuable information for accurately diagnosing ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Byeon
- Department of Psychiatry, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Young Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Geun Hui Won
- Department of Psychiatry, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewon Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Easybrain Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Won Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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64
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Morandini HA, Silk TJ, Griffiths K, Rao P, Hood SD, Zepf FD. Meta-analysis of the neural correlates of vigilant attention in children and adolescents. Cortex 2020; 132:374-385. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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65
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Crawley D, Zhang L, Jones EJH, Ahmad J, Oakley B, San José Cáceres A, Charman T, Buitelaar JK, Murphy DGM, Chatham C, den Ouden H, Loth E. Modeling flexible behavior in childhood to adulthood shows age-dependent learning mechanisms and less optimal learning in autism in each age group. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000908. [PMID: 33108370 PMCID: PMC7591042 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Flexible behavior is critical for everyday decision-making and has been implicated in restricted, repetitive behaviors (RRB) in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, how flexible behavior changes developmentally in ASD remains largely unknown. Here, we used a developmental approach and examined flexible behavior on a probabilistic reversal learning task in 572 children, adolescents, and adults (ASD N = 321; typical development [TD] N = 251). Using computational modeling, we quantified latent variables that index mechanisms underlying perseveration and feedback sensitivity. We then assessed these variables in relation to diagnosis, developmental stage, core autism symptomatology, and associated psychiatric symptoms. Autistic individuals showed on average more perseveration and less feedback sensitivity than TD individuals, and, across cases and controls, older age groups showed more feedback sensitivity than younger age groups. Computational modeling revealed that dominant learning mechanisms underpinning flexible behavior differed across developmental stages and reduced flexible behavior in ASD was driven by less optimal learning on average within each age group. In autistic children, perseverative errors were positively related to anxiety symptoms, and in autistic adults, perseveration (indexed by both task errors and model parameter estimates) was positively related to RRB. These findings provide novel insights into reduced flexible behavior in relation to clinical symptoms in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy Crawley
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lei Zhang
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Biopsychology Unit, Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- F. Hoffmann La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Emily J. H. Jones
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jumana Ahmad
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, Social Work and Counselling, University of Greenwich, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bethany Oakley
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Antonia San José Cáceres
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Departamento de Psiquiatría del Niño y del Adolescente, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tony Charman
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust (SLaM), London, United Kingdom
| | - Jan K. Buitelaar
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Declan G. M. Murphy
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust (SLaM), London, United Kingdom
- Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Hanneke den Ouden
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Eva Loth
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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66
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Abstract
Most children born with even the most critical forms of CHD are now surviving well into adulthood. However, with increased survival has come increased recognition of the diverse neurobehavioural and psychosocial challenges these children experience. Among these challenges are deficits in executive function skills, including inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility. Over the past several years, whereas inhibitory control and working memory deficits have garnered particular attention among clinicians and interventionists, relatively less attention has been paid to cognitive flexibility. This is unfortunate given both the high prevalence of cognitive flexibility deficits observed in children and adolescents with critical CHD, and also the far-reaching relevance of cognitive flexibility in helping individuals achieve optimal quality of life across the lifespan. This paper reviews the construct of cognitive flexibility, including its definition, development, measurement, and neuroanatomical basis, provides a summary of how cognitive flexibility is affected by CHD, and offers evidence-based recommendations to systematically support the development of cognitive flexibility within the context of CHD.
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67
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Yaple ZA, Yu R, Arsalidou M. Spatial migration of human reward processing with functional development: Evidence from quantitative meta-analyses. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:3993-4009. [PMID: 32638450 PMCID: PMC7469823 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have shown notable age‐dependent differences in reward processing. We analyzed data from a total of 554 children, 1,059 adolescents, and 1,831 adults from 70 articles. Quantitative meta‐analyses results show that adults engage an extended set of regions that include anterior and posterior cingulate gyri, insula, basal ganglia, and thalamus. Adolescents engage the posterior cingulate and middle frontal gyri as well as the insula and amygdala, whereas children show concordance in right insula and striatal regions almost exclusively. Our data support the notion of reorganization of function over childhood and adolescence and may inform current hypotheses relating to decision‐making across age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Yaple
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rongjun Yu
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marie Arsalidou
- Department of Psychology, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, Canada
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68
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Criaud M, Wulff M, Alegria AA, Barker GJ, Giampietro V, Rubia K. Increased left inferior fronto-striatal activation during error monitoring after fMRI neurofeedback of right inferior frontal cortex in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neuroimage Clin 2020; 27:102311. [PMID: 32570204 PMCID: PMC7306625 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a self-regulation disorder, with impairments in error monitoring associated with underactivation of the related brain network(s). Psychostimulant medication improves ADHD symptoms and can upregulate brain function, but has side effects, with limited evidence for longer-term effects. Real-time functional magnetic resonance neurofeedback (fMRI-NF) has potential longer-term neuroplastic effects. We previously reported the effects of 11 runs of 8.5 min of fMRI-NF of the right inferior frontal cortex (rIFC) in adolescents with ADHD. This resulted in improvement of clinical symptom and enhanced rIFC activation post-pre treatment during response inhibition, when compared to a control group receiving fMRI-NF of the left parahippocampal gyrus (lPHG). In the current study we applied a novel analysis to the existing data by investigating the effects of fMRI-NF of rIFC in 16 adolescents with ADHD compared to fMRI-NF of lPHG in 11 adolescents with ADHD on the neurofunctional correlates of error monitoring during the same fMRI tracking stop task and potential associations with cognitive and clinical measures. We found stronger performance adjustment to errors in the rIFC-NF compared to the control lPHG-NF group. At the brain function level, fMRI-NF of rIFC compared to that of lPHG was associated with increased activation in error monitoring regions of the left IFC, premotor cortex, insula and putamen. The increased activation in left IFC-insular-striatal error monitoring regions in the rIFC-NF relative to the lPHG-NF group was furthermore trend-wise correlated with NF-induced ADHD symptom improvements. The findings of this study show, that during error monitoring, fMRI-NF training of rIFC upregulation elicited improvement in post-error behavioural adjustments and concomitant increased activation in left hemispheric fronto-insular-striatal and premotor regions mediating self-control and self-monitoring functions. This suggests that the administration of fMRI-NF of the rIFC may have had an impact on wider networks of self-regulation and self-monitoring in adolescents with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Criaud
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - M Wulff
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - A A Alegria
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - G J Barker
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - V Giampietro
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - K Rubia
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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69
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Cope LM, Hardee JE, Martz ME, Zucker RA, Nichols TE, Heitzeg MM. Developmental maturation of inhibitory control circuitry in a high-risk sample: A longitudinal fMRI study. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2020; 43:100781. [PMID: 32510344 PMCID: PMC7212183 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The goal of this work was to characterize the maturation of inhibitory control brain function from childhood to early adulthood using longitudinal data collected in two cohorts. Methods Functional MRI during a go/no-go task was conducted in 290 participants, with 88 % undergoing repeated scanning at 1- to 2-year intervals. One group entered the study at age 7–13 years (n = 117); the other entered at age 18–23 years (n = 173). 33.1 % of the sample had two parents with a substance use disorder (SUD), 43.8 % had one parent with an SUD, and 23.1 % had no parents with an SUD. 1162 scans were completed, covering ages 7–28, with longitudinal data from the cohorts overlapping across ages 16–21. A marginal model with sandwich estimator standard errors was used to characterize voxel-wise age-related changes in hemodynamic response associated with successful inhibitory control. Results There was significant positive linear activation associated with age in the frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital cortices. No clusters survived thresholding with negative linear, positive or negative quadratic, or positive or negative cubic contrasts. Conclusions These findings extend previous cross-sectional and small-scale longitudinal studies that have observed positive linear developmental trajectories of brain function during inhibitory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lora M Cope
- University of Michigan, Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Center, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Jillian E Hardee
- University of Michigan, Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Center, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Meghan E Martz
- University of Michigan, Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Center, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Robert A Zucker
- University of Michigan, Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Center, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Thomas E Nichols
- University of Oxford, Oxford Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Population Health, United Kingdom; University of Oxford, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB Centre, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom; University of Warwick, Department of Statistics, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom.
| | - Mary M Heitzeg
- University of Michigan, Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Center, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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70
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Lam SL, Criaud M, Alegria A, Barker GJ, Giampietro V, Rubia K. Neurofunctional and behavioural measures associated with fMRI-neurofeedback learning in adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2020; 27:102291. [PMID: 32526685 PMCID: PMC7287276 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Neurofeedback (fMRI-NF) targeting brain areas/networks shown to be dysfunctional by previous fMRI research is a promising novel neurotherapy for ADHD. Our pioneering study in 31 adolescents with ADHD showed that fMRI-NF of the right inferior frontal cortex (rIFC) and of the left parahippocampal gyrus (lPHG) was associated with clinical improvements. Previous studies using electro-encephalography-NF have shown, however, that not all ADHD patients learn to self-regulate, and the predictors of fMRI-NF self-regulation learning are not presently known. The aim of the current study was therefore to elucidate the potential predictors of fMRI-NF learning by investigating the relationship between fMRI-NF learning and baseline inhibitory brain function during an fMRI stop task, along with clinical and cognitive measures. fMRI-NF learning capacity was calculated for each participant by correlating the number of completed fMRI-NF runs with brain activation in their respective target regions from each run (rIFC or lPHG); higher correlation values were taken as a marker of better (linear) fMRI-NF learning. Linear correlations were then conducted between baseline measures and the participants' capacity for fMRI-NF learning. Better fMRI-NF learning was related to increased activation in left inferior fronto-striatal regions during the fMRI stop task. Poorer self-regulation during fMRI-NF training was associated with enhanced activation in posterior temporo-occipital and cerebellar regions. Cognitive and clinical measures were not associated with general fMRI-NF learning across all participants. A categorical analysis showed that 48% of adolescents with ADHD successfully learned fMRI-NF and this was also not associated with any baseline clinical or cognitive measures except that faster processing speed during inhibition and attention tasks predicted learning. Taken together, the findings suggest that imaging data are more predictive of fMRI-NF self-regulation skills in ADHD than behavioural data. Stronger baseline activation in fronto-striatal cognitive control regions predicts better fMRI-NF learning in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheut-Ling Lam
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Marion Criaud
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Analucia Alegria
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Gareth J Barker
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Vincent Giampietro
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Katya Rubia
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
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71
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Neurocognitive Inhibitory Control Ability Performance and Correlations with Biochemical Markers in Obese Women. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17082726. [PMID: 32326613 PMCID: PMC7216261 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17082726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitory control, the ability to suppress prepotent responses and resist irrelevant stimuli, is thought to play a critical role in the maintenance of obesity. However, electrophysiological performance related to different inhibitory control processes and their relationship with motor response inhibition and cognitive interference and potential biochemical mechanisms in middle-aged, obese women are as yet unclear. This work thus compared different neurocognitive Go/Nogo and Stroop task performance in healthy sedentary normal-weight and obese women, as well as their correlation with biochemical markers. Twenty-six healthy, sedentary obese women (obese group) and 26 age-matched (21–45 years old) normal-weight women (control group) were the participants, categorized by body mass index and percentage fat, as measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. They provided a fasting blood sample and performed two cognitive tasks (i.e., Go/Nogo and Stroop tasks) with concomitant electrophysiological recording. The N2 and P3 waveforms of event-related potential (ERP) were recorded. Although the between-group behavioral performance was comparable, the obese group relative to the control group showed significantly longer N2 latency and smaller P3 amplitude in the Stroop task and smaller N2 and P3 amplitudes in the Go/Nogo task. Significant inflammation response indices (e.g., CRP, leptin, adiponectin/leptin ratio) were observed in the obese group. The Nogo P3 amplitude was significantly correlated with the adiponectin/leptin ratio. These findings indicate that healthy obese women still exhibit deviant neurophysiological performance when performing Go/Nogo and Stroop tasks, where the adiponectin/leptin ratio could be one of the influencing factors for the deficit in neural processes of motor response inhibition.
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72
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Laube C, van den Bos W, Fandakova Y. The relationship between pubertal hormones and brain plasticity: Implications for cognitive training in adolescence. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2020; 42:100753. [PMID: 32072931 PMCID: PMC7005587 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence may mark a sensitive period for the development of higher-order cognition through enhanced plasticity of cortical circuits. At the same time, animal research indicates that pubertal hormones may represent one key mechanism for closing sensitive periods in the associative neocortex, thereby resulting in decreased plasticity of cortical circuits in adolescence. In the present review, we set out to solve some of the existing ambiguity and examine how hormonal changes associated with pubertal onset may modulate plasticity in higher-order cognition during adolescence. We build on existing age-comparative cognitive training studies to explore how the potential for change in neural resources and behavioral repertoire differs across age groups. We review animal and human brain imaging studies, which demonstrate a link between brain development, neurochemical mechanisms of plasticity, and pubertal hormones. Overall, the existent literature indicates that pubertal hormones play a pivotal role in regulating the mechanisms of experience-dependent plasticity during adolescence. However, the extent to which hormonal changes associated with pubertal onset increase or decrease brain plasticity may depend on the specific cognitive domain, the sex, and associated brain networks. We discuss implications for future research and suggest that systematical longitudinal assessments of pubertal change together with cognitive training interventions may be a fruitful way toward a better understanding of adolescent plasticity. As the age of pubertal onset is decreasing across developed societies, this may also have important educational and clinical implications, especially with respect to the effects that earlier puberty has on learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Laube
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Yana Fandakova
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany.
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73
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Chen Y, Chen C, Wu T, Qiu B, Zhang W, Fan J. Accessing the development and heritability of the capacity of cognitive control. Neuropsychologia 2020; 139:107361. [PMID: 31987849 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive control serves as a core construct, with limited capacity, to support executive functions and other higher-level mental processes such as intellectual activity. Although previous studies have investigated the development of executive functions during specific age periods, the development of the capacity of cognitive control (CCC) from early childhood to late adolescence and the heritability of the CCC have yet to be delineated. In this study, we estimated the CCC based on the performance of a perceptual decision-making task in monozygotic (n = 95) and dizygotic (n = 81) twin pairs with an age range from 6 to 18 years and in a reference young adult group (n = 41, mean age = 26.15 years). In addition, the intelligence quotient (IQ) of these participants was assessed using the Wechsler Intelligence Scales. We found an increase in the CCC from 1.55 bits per second (bps) at age 6 years to its 95% capacity of 3.87 bps at age 21 years, with a reduced growth rate as a function of age. The estimated heritability of the CCC was 0.66, and shared and non-shared environmental influences on the CCC were 0.18 and 0.16, respectively. The CCC was significantly correlated to IQ (r = 0.34). These findings indicate that the CCC is developed throughout the school years, is highly heritable, and is associated with higher-level cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, The City University of New York, Queens, NY, USA; Department of Psychology, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA; School of Psychology & Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Caiqi Chen
- School of Psychology & Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tingting Wu
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, The City University of New York, Queens, NY, USA
| | - Boyu Qiu
- School of Psychology & Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Psychology & Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jin Fan
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, The City University of New York, Queens, NY, USA.
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74
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Neural correlates of emotion-attention interactions: From perception, learning, and memory to social cognition, individual differences, and training interventions. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 108:559-601. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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75
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Steinberg L, Icenogle G. Using Developmental Science to Distinguish Adolescents and Adults Under the Law. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121318-085105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A developmental scientific perspective on drawing legal age boundaries begins with the premise that the age at which the rights and responsibilities of adulthood are conferred to minors must align with the psychological capacities and skills necessary to exercise good judgment in specific contexts. This article examines three aspects of development relevant to this analysis: cognitive capabilities, especially those that support reasoned and deliberative decision making; psychosocial capacities, especially those that facilitate self-regulation under conditions of social or emotional arousal; and neurobiological maturation in brain regions and systems that undergird these cognitive and psychosocial skills. We conclude that the maturation of the capacity to reason and deliberate systematically precedes, by as much as five years, the maturation of the ability to exercise self-regulation, especially in socially and emotionally arousing contexts. Legal age boundaries should distinguish between two very different decision-making contexts: those that allow for unhurried, logical reflection and those that do not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Steinberg
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
| | - Grace Icenogle
- School of Social Ecology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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76
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Coelho CVG, Ribeiro F, Lopes AF. Assessment of the executive functions of moderate preterm children in preschool age. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-CHILD 2019; 10:308-318. [PMID: 31852245 DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2019.1699095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study assesses EF and socioemotional development in 30 MPT children between 4 and 6 years, comparing them with 31 FT children. Working Memory was assessed with Digit Span and Corsi Block, verbal inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility with The Shape School Test, visuomotor inhibition with Go/No-Go and socioemotional development with SDQ for parents. In our study, MPT preschoolers had a poorer working memory, inhibitory control and verbal cognitive flexibility, and more emotional problems compared. Our results suggest that there is no safe gestational age in prematurity, for this reason, EF of preterm children should be evaluated at an early age, so early intervention plans can be implemented, preventing preterm from entering primary education in disadvantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- C V G Coelho
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Institute of Health Sciences, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health, Portugal
| | - F Ribeiro
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Institute of Health Sciences, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health, Portugal
| | - A F Lopes
- Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive Behavioral Intervention (CINEICC) of the University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Neuropaediatric Unit, Garcia de Orta Hospital, Portugal
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77
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Patsenko EG, Adluru N, Birn RM, Stodola DE, Kral TRA, Farajian R, Flook L, Burghy CA, Steinkuehler C, Davidson RJ. Mindfulness video game improves connectivity of the fronto-parietal attentional network in adolescents: A multi-modal imaging study. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18667. [PMID: 31822684 PMCID: PMC6904443 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53393-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mindfulness training has been shown to improve attention and change the underlying brain substrates in adults. Most mindfulness training programs involve a myriad of techniques, and it is difficult to attribute changes to any particular aspect of the program. Here, we created a video game, Tenacity, which models a specific mindfulness technique – focused attention on one’s breathing – and assessed its potential to train an attentional network in adolescents. A combined analysis of resting state functional connectivity (rs-FC) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) yielded convergent results – change in communication within the left fronto-parietal network after two weeks of playing Tenacity compared to a control game. Rs-FC analysis showed greater connectivity between left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and left inferior parietal cortex (IPC) in the Tenacity group. Importantly, changes in left dlPFC – IPC rs-FC and changes in structural connectivity of the white matter tract that connects these regions –left superior longitudinal fasiculus (SLF) – were associated with changes in performance on an attention task. Finally, changes in left dlPFC – IPC rs-FC correlated with the change in left SLF structural connectivity as measured by fractional anisotropy (FA) in the Tenacity group only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena G Patsenko
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 625W. Washington Avenue, Madison, WI, 53703, USA.
| | - Nagesh Adluru
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 625W. Washington Avenue, Madison, WI, 53703, USA
| | - Rasmus M Birn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 6001 Research Park Blvd., Madison, WI, 53719, USA
| | - Diane E Stodola
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 625W. Washington Avenue, Madison, WI, 53703, USA
| | - Tammi R A Kral
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 625W. Washington Avenue, Madison, WI, 53703, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1202 West Johnson Street, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Reza Farajian
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 625W. Washington Avenue, Madison, WI, 53703, USA
| | - Lisa Flook
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 625W. Washington Avenue, Madison, WI, 53703, USA
| | - Cory A Burghy
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 625W. Washington Avenue, Madison, WI, 53703, USA
| | - Constance Steinkuehler
- Department of Informatics, University of California, Irvine, 5019 Donald Bren Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697-3440, USA
| | - Richard J Davidson
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 625W. Washington Avenue, Madison, WI, 53703, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1202 West Johnson Street, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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78
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Lopez KC, Kandala S, Marek S, Barch DM. Development of Network Topology and Functional Connectivity of the Prefrontal Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2019; 30:2489-2505. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) comprises distinct regions and networks that vary in their trajectories across development. Further understanding these diverging trajectories may elucidate the neural mechanisms by which distinct PFC regions contribute to cognitive maturity. In particular, it remains unclear whether PFC regions of distinct network affiliations differ in topology and their relationship to cognition. We examined 615 individuals (8–21 years) to characterize age-related effects in participation coefficient of 28 PFC regions of distinct networks, evaluating connectivity profiles of each region to understand patterns influencing topological maturity. Findings revealed that PFC regions of attention, frontoparietal, and default mode networks (DMN) displayed varying rates of decline in participation coefficient with age, characterized by stronger connectivity with each PFC’s respective network; suggesting that PFC regions largely aid network segregation. Conversely, PFC regions of the cinguloopercular/salience network increased in participation coefficient with age, marked by stronger between-network connections, suggesting that some PFC regions feature a distinctive ability to facilitate network integration. PFC topology of the DMN, in particular, predicted improvements in global cognition, including motor speed and higher order abilities. Together, these findings elucidate systematic differences in topology across PFC regions of different network affiliation, representing important neural signatures of typical brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine C Lopez
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University, St Louis, 63130 MO, USA
| | - Sridhar Kandala
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St Louis, 63110 MO, USA
| | - Scott Marek
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St Louis, 63110 MO, USA
| | - Deanna M Barch
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University, St Louis, 63130 MO, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St Louis, 63110 MO, USA
- Department of Radiology, Washington University, St Louis, 63110 MO, USA
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79
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Wang C, Hu Y, Weng J, Chen F, Liu H. Modular segregation of task-dependent brain networks contributes to the development of executive function in children. Neuroimage 2019; 206:116334. [PMID: 31704295 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Executive function (EF) refers as to a set of high-level cognitive abilities that are critical to many aspects of daily life. Despite its importance in human daily life, the neural networks responsible for the development of EF in childhood are not well understood. The present study thus aimed to examine the development of task-dependent brain network organization and its relationship to age-related improvements in EF. To address this issue, we recruited eighty-eight Chinese children ranging in age from 7 to 12 years old, and collected their functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data when they performed an EF task. By utilizing graph theory, we found that the task-dependent brain network modules became increasingly segregated with age. Specifically, the intra-module connections within the default-mode network (DMN), frontal-parietal network (FPN) and sensorimotor network (SMN) increased significantly with age. In contrast, the inter-module connections of the visual network to both the FPN/SMN decreased significantly with age. Most importantly, modular segregation of the FPN significantly mediated the relationship between age and EF performance. These findings add to our growing understanding of how development changes in task-dependent brain network organization support vast behavioral improvements in EF observed during childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjie Wang
- Bio-X Laboratory, Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China; State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Department of Optical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yuzheng Hu
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jian Weng
- Bio-X Laboratory, Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China; Center of Brain Imaging Science and Technology, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrumental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Feiyan Chen
- Bio-X Laboratory, Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Huafeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Department of Optical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
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80
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Li Q, Dai W, Zhong Y, Wang L, Dai B, Liu X. The Mediating Role of Coping Styles on Impulsivity, Behavioral Inhibition/Approach System, and Internet Addiction in Adolescents From a Gender Perspective. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2402. [PMID: 31708840 PMCID: PMC6821786 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous findings have shown that impulsivity and Behavioral Inhibition/Approach System (BIS/BAS) have substantial effects on adolescents’ Internet addiction, but the mechanisms underlying these associations and gender differences in these effects have received little attention. We examined the mediating effects of coping styles from impulsivity, and BIS/BAS to Internet addiction as well as gender differences in these associations. A total of 416 Chinese adolescents were examined using a cross-sectional survey involving Young’s Diagnostic Questionnaire for Internet Addiction, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, BIS/BAS scales, and Coping Style Scale for Middle School Students. The data were analyzed using the independent sample t-test, chi-square test, Pearson correlation, and structure equation modeling. The results from the multiple-group (by adolescent gender) structural model analysis revealed that both impulsivity (p < 0.001) and BIS (p = 0.001) directly predicted positive Internet addiction in girls, while both impulsivity (p = 0.011) and BAS (p = 0.048) directly predicted positive Internet addiction in boys. Furthermore, emotion-focused coping mediated the relationship between impulsivity and Internet addiction (β = 0.080, 95% CI: 0.023–0.168) and the relationship between BIS and Internet addiction (β = 0.064, 95% CI: 0.013–0.153) in girls, while in boys, problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping mediated the association between impulsivity and Internet addiction (β = 0.118, 95% CI: 0.031–0.251; β = 0.065, 95% CI: 0.010–0.160, respectively) and problem-focused coping mediated the association between BAS and Internet addiction [β = −0.058, 95% CI: (−0.142)–(−0.003)]. These findings extend our insight into the mechanisms underlying the associations among impulsivity, BIS/BAS, and Internet addiction in adolescents and suggest that gender-sensitive training approaches to decrease adolescents’ Internet addiction are indispensable. These interventions should focus on the different gender predictors of adolescent Internet addiction and on the development of specific coping styles for boys and girls respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weine Dai
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China.,Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience and Positron Emission Tomography Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Zhong
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lingxiao Wang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bibing Dai
- Institute of Psychology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xun Liu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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81
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Garnaat SL, Conelea CA, McLaughlin NCR, Benito K. Pediatric OCD in the era of RDoC. J Obsessive Compuls Relat Disord 2019; 23:10.1016/j.jocrd.2018.03.002. [PMID: 32042574 PMCID: PMC7010312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocrd.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The NIMH Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiative was established with the goal of developing an alternative research classification to further research efforts in mental health. While RDoC acknowledges that constructs should be considered within a developmental framework, developmental considerations have not yet been well integrated within the existing RDoC matrix. In this paper, we consider RDoC in relation to pediatric OCD, a paradigmatic example of a neuropsychiatric disorder that often has onset in childhood but is also present across the lifespan. We discuss three RDoC subdomains with relevance to OCD as exemplars, providing for each construct a brief review of normative developmental changes, the state of construct-relevant research in pediatric OCD, and challenges and limitations related to developmental considerations within each subdomain. Finally, we conclude with a brief discussion of how RDoC may continue to evolve with regard to developmental considerations in order to further research in pediatric OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Garnaat
- Butler Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Providence, Rhode Island
| | | | - Nicole C. R. McLaughlin
- Butler Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Kristen Benito
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Providence, Rhode Island
- Bradley Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
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82
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Task-based fMRI predicts response and remission to exposure therapy in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:20346-20353. [PMID: 31548396 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1909199116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure and ritual prevention (EX/RP) is an effective first-line treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), but only some patients achieve minimal symptoms following EX/RP. Herein, we investigate whether task-based neural activity can predict who responds best to EX/RP. Unmedicated adult patients with OCD (n = 36) and healthy participants (n = 33) completed the Simon Spatial Incompatibility Task during high-resolution, multiband functional MRI (fMRI); patients were then offered twice-weekly EX/RP (17 sessions). Linear mixed-effects models were used to identify brain regions where conflict-related activity moderated the slope of change in Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) scores across treatment. Conflict-related activity in the left pallidum and 35 cortical parcels/regions significantly predicted symptom improvement with EX/RP for patients with OCD (false discovery rate-corrected P < 0.05). Significant parcels/regions included cingulo-opercular and default mode network regions, specifically the anterior insula and anterior and posterior cingulate. Summarizing across these parcels/regions, greater conflict-related activity predicted greater EX/RP response and which patients achieved remission (Y-BOCS score ≤ 12; Cohen's d = 1.68) with >80% sensitivity and specificity. The association between brain activity and treatment response was partially mediated by patient EX/RP adherence (b = -2.99; 43.61% of total effect; P = 0.02). Brain activity and adherence together were highly predictive of remission. Together, these findings suggest that cingulo-opercular and default mode regions typically implicated in task control and introspective processes, respectively, may be targets for novel treatments that augment the ability of persons with OCD to resolve cognitive conflict and thereby facilitate adherence to EX/RP, increasing the likelihood of remission.
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83
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Mogadam A, Keller AE, Arnold PD, Schachar R, Lerch JP, Anagnostou E, Pang EW. Magnetoencephalographic (MEG) brain activity during a mental flexibility task suggests some shared neurobiology in children with neurodevelopmental disorders. J Neurodev Disord 2019; 11:19. [PMID: 31426750 PMCID: PMC6701152 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-019-9280-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) exhibit a shared phenotype that involves executive dysfunctions including impairments in mental flexibility (MF). It is of interest to understand if this phenotype stems from some shared neurobiology. METHODS To investigate this possibility, we used magnetoencephalography (MEG) neuroimaging to compare brain activity in children (n = 88; 8-15 years) with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), as they completed a set-shifting/mental flexibility task. RESULTS Neuroimaging results revealed a similar parietal activation profile across the NDD, groups suggesting a link to their shared phenotype. Differences in frontal activity differentiated the three clinical groups. Brain-behaviour analyses showed a link with repetitive behaviours suggesting shared dysfunction in the associative loop of the corticostriatal system. CONCLUSION Our study supports the notion that NDDs may exist along a complex phenotypic/biological continuum. All NDD groups showed a sustained parietal activity profile suggesting that they share a strong reliance on the posterior parietal cortices to complete the mental flexibility task; future studies could elucidate whether this is due to delayed brain development or compensatory functioning. The differences in frontal activity may play a role in differentiating the NDDs. The OCD group showed sustained prefrontal activity that may be reflective of hyperfrontality. The ASD group showed reduced frontal activation suggestive of frontal dysfunction and the ADHD group showed an extensive hypoactivity that included frontal and parietal regions. Brain-behaviour analyses showed a significant correlation with repetitive behaviours which may reflect dysfunction in the associative loop of the corticostriatal system, linked to inflexible behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Mogadam
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Neurosciences and Mental Health, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Anne E Keller
- Neurosciences and Mental Health, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Paul D Arnold
- Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Genetics and Genome Biology, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Russell Schachar
- Neurosciences and Mental Health, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jason P Lerch
- Neurosciences and Mental Health, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Canada.,Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Evdokia Anagnostou
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Neurosciences and Mental Health, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Canada.,Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Elizabeth W Pang
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. .,Neurosciences and Mental Health, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Canada. .,Division of Neurology, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, M5G 1X8, Canada.
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84
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Salvia E, Tissier C, Charron S, Herent P, Vidal J, Lion S, Cassotti M, Oppenheim C, Houdé O, Borst G, Cachia A. The local properties of bold signal fluctuations at rest monitor inhibitory control training in adolescents. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2019; 38:100664. [PMID: 31158801 PMCID: PMC6969344 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory control (IC) plays a critical role in cognitive and socio-emotional development. Short-term IC training improves IC abilities in children and adults. Surprisingly, few studies have investigated the IC training effect during adolescence, a developmental period characterized by high neuroplasticity and the protracted development of IC abilities. We investigated behavioural and functional brain changes induced by a 5-week computerized and adaptive IC training in adolescents. We focused on the IC training effects on the local properties of functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) signal fluctuations at rest (i.e., Regional Homogeneity [ReHo] and fractional Amplitude of Low Frequency Fluctuations [fALFF]). Sixty adolescents were randomly assigned to either an IC or an active control training group. In the pre- and post-training sessions, cognitive ('Cool') and emotional ('Hot') IC abilities were assessed using the Colour-Word and Emotional Stroop tasks. We found that ReHo and fALFF signals in IC areas (IFG, ACC, Striatum) were associated with IC efficiency at baseline. This association was different for Cool and Hot IC. Analyses also revealed that ReHo and fALFF signals were sensitive markers to detect and monitor changes after IC training, while behavioural data did not, suggesting that brain functional changes at rest precede behavioural changes following training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Salvia
- Université de Paris, LaPsyDÉ, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France.
| | - Cloélia Tissier
- Université de Paris, LaPsyDÉ, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France; Université de Paris, IPNP, INSERM, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Charron
- Université de Paris, LaPsyDÉ, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France; Université de Paris, IPNP, INSERM, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Paul Herent
- Université de Paris, LaPsyDÉ, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Julie Vidal
- Université de Paris, LaPsyDÉ, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Lion
- Université de Paris, IPNP, INSERM, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Cassotti
- Université de Paris, LaPsyDÉ, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France; Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | | | - Olivier Houdé
- Université de Paris, LaPsyDÉ, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France; Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Grégoire Borst
- Université de Paris, LaPsyDÉ, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France; Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Cachia
- Université de Paris, LaPsyDÉ, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France; Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
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85
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Cyr M, Tau GZ, Fontaine M, Levin FR, Marsh R. Deficient Functioning of Frontostriatal Circuits During the Resolution of Cognitive Conflict in Cannabis-Using Youth. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2019; 58:702-711. [PMID: 30768406 PMCID: PMC6506393 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2018.09.436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Disturbances in self-regulatory control are involved in the initiation and maintenance of addiction, including cannabis use disorder. In adults, long-term cannabis use is associated with disturbances in frontostriatal circuits during tasks that require the engagement of self-regulatory control, including the resolution of cognitive conflict. Understudied are the behavioral and neural correlates of these processes earlier in the course of cannabis use disentangled from effects of long-term use. The present study investigated the functioning of frontostriatal circuits during the resolution of cognitive conflict in cannabis-using youth. METHOD Functional magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired from 28 cannabis-using youth and 32 age-matched healthy participants during the performance of a Simon task. General linear modeling was used to compare patterns of brain activation during correct responses to conflict stimuli across groups. Psychophysiologic interaction analyses were used to examine conflict-related frontostriatal connectivity across groups. Associations of frontostriatal activation and connectivity with cannabis use measures were explored. RESULTS Decreased conflict-related activity was detected in cannabis-using versus healthy control youth in frontostriatal regions, including the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, striatum, pallidum, and thalamus. Frontostriatal connectivity did not differ across groups, but negative connectivity between the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and striatum was detected in the 2 groups. CONCLUSION These findings are consistent with previous reports of cannabis-associated disturbances in frontostriatal circuits in adults and point to the specific influence of cannabis on neurodevelopmental changes in youth. Future studies should examine whether frontostriatal functioning is a reliable marker of cannabis use disorder severity and a potential target for circuit-based interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn Cyr
- New York State Psychiatric Institute and the Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY.
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86
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Individual differences in inhibitory control abilities modulate the functional neuroplasticity of inhibitory control. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:2357-2371. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01911-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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87
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Moser RS, Olek L, Schatz P. Gender Differences in Symptom Reporting on Baseline Sport Concussion Testing Across the Youth Age Span. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2019; 34:50-59. [PMID: 29420685 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acy007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Little is known regarding gender differences in concussion symptom reporting developmentally across the age span, specifically in pre-adolescent athletes. The present study asks: Do boys and girls differ in symptom reporting across the pre-adolescent to post-adolescent age span? Method This retrospective study utilized baseline assessments from 11,695 10-22 year-old athletes assigned to 3 independent groups: Pre-adolescent 10-12 year olds (n = 1,367; 12%), Adolescent 13-17 year olds (n = 2,974; 25%), and Late Adolescent 18-22 year olds (n = 7,354; 63%). Males represented 60% of the sample. Baseline ImPACT composite scores and Post-Concussion Symptom Scale scores (Total, Physical, Cognitive, Emotional, Sleep) were analyzed for the effects of age and gender. Results Statistically significant main effects were found for age and gender on all ImPACT composites, Total Symptoms, and Symptom factors. Significant interaction effects were noted between age and gender for all ImPACT composites, Total Symptoms, and Symptom factors. Total Symptoms and all Symptom factors were highest in adolescents (ages 13-17) for males and females. In the 10-12 age group, females displayed lower Total Symptoms, Physical, and Sleep factors than males. Conclusion The notion of females being more likely than males to report symptoms does not appear to apply across the developmental age span, particularly prior to adolescence. Females show greater emotional endorsement across the youth age span (10-22 years). Adolescence (13-17 years) appears to be a time of increased symptomatology that may lessen after the age of 18.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauren Olek
- Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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88
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Abstract
In the last decade, advances in neuroimaging technologies have given rise to a large number of research studies that investigate the neural underpinnings of executive function (EF). EF has long been associated with the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and involves both a unified, general element, as well as the distinct, separable elements of working memory, inhibitory control and set shifting. We will highlight the value of utilising advances in neuroimaging techniques to uncover answers to some of the most pressing questions in the field of early EF development. First, this review will explore the development and neural substrates of each element of EF. Second, the structural, anatomical and biochemical changes that occur in the PFC during infancy and throughout childhood will be examined, in order to address the importance of these changes for the development of EF. Third, the importance of connectivity between regions of the PFC and other brain areas in EF development is reviewed. Finally, throughout this review more recent developments in neuroimaging techniques will be addressed, alongside the implications for further elucidating the neural substrates of early EF development in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Fiske
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Karla Holmboe
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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89
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Adolescent sex differences in cortico-subcortical functional connectivity during response inhibition. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2019; 20:1-18. [PMID: 31111341 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-019-00718-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Numerous lines of evidence have shown that cognitive processes engaged during response inhibition tasks are associated with structure and functional integration of regions within fronto-parietal networks. However, while prior studies have started to characterize how intrinsic connectivity during resting state differs between boys and girls, comparatively less is known about how functional connectivity differs between males and females when brain function is exogenously driven by the processing demands of typical Go/No-Go tasks that assess both response inhibition and error processing. The purpose of this study was to characterize adolescent sex differences and possible changes in sexually dimorphic regional functional connectivity across adolescent development in both cortical and subcortical brain connectivity elicited during a visual Go/No-Go task. A total of 130 healthy adolescents (ages 12-25 years) performed a Go/No-Go task during functional magnetic resonance imaging. High model-order group independent component analysis was used to characterize whole-brain network functional connectivity during response inhibition and then a univariate technique used to evaluate differences related to sex and age. As predicted and similar to previously described findings from non-task-driven resting state connectivity studies, functional connectivity sex differences were observed in several subcortical regions, including the amygdala, caudate, thalamus, and cortical regions, including inferior frontal gyrus engaged most strongly during successful response inhibition and/or error processing. Importantly, adolescent boys and girls exhibited different normative profiles of age-related changes in several default mode networks of regions and anterior cingulate cortex. These results suggest that cortical-subcortical functional networks supporting response inhibition operate differently between sexes during adolescence.
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90
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Vander Linden C, Verhelst H, Genbrugge E, Deschepper E, Caeyenberghs K, Vingerhoets G, Deblaere K. Is diffuse axonal injury on susceptibility weighted imaging a biomarker for executive functioning in adolescents with traumatic brain injury? Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2019; 23:525-536. [PMID: 31023628 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a heterogeneous disorder in which diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is an important component contributing to executive dysfunction. During adolescence, developing brain networks are especially vulnerable to acceleration-deceleration forces. We aimed to examine the correlation between DAI (number and localization) and executive functioning in adolescents with TBI. We recruited 18 adolescents with a mean age of 15y8m (SD = 1y7m), averaging 2.5 years after sustaining a moderate-to-severe TBI with documented DAI. Susceptibility Weighted Imaging sequence was administered to localize the DAI lesions. The adolescents performed a neurocognitive test-battery, addressing different aspects of executive functioning (working memory, attention, processing speed, planning ability) and their parents completed the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) - questionnaire. Executive performance of the TBI-group was compared with an age and gender matched control group of typically developing peers. Based on these results we focused on the Stockings of Cambridge test and the BRIEF to correlate with the total number and location of DAI. Results revealed that the anatomical distribution of DAI, especially in the corpus callosum and the deep brain nuclei, may have more implications for executive functioning than the total amount of DAI in adolescents. Results of this study may help guide targeted rehabilitation to redirect the disturbed development of executive function in adolescents with TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharine Vander Linden
- Ghent University Hospital, Child Rehabilitation Center K7, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Helena Verhelst
- Ghent University, Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Henri Dunantlaan 2, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Eva Genbrugge
- Ghent University Hospital, Department of Neuroradiology, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Ellen Deschepper
- Ghent University, Biostatistics Unit, Department of Public Health, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Karen Caeyenberghs
- Australian Catholic University, Mary McKillop Institute for Health Research, Level 5, 215 Spring Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.
| | - Guy Vingerhoets
- Ghent University, Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Henri Dunantlaan 2, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Karel Deblaere
- Ghent University Hospital, Department of Neuroradiology, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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91
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Silvers JA, Squeglia LM, Rømer Thomsen K, Hudson KA, Feldstein Ewing SW. Hunting for What Works: Adolescents in Addiction Treatment. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2019; 43:578-592. [PMID: 30779445 PMCID: PMC6443447 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although adolescents are developmentally distinct from adults, they often receive addiction treatment based on adult models. This is problematic because adolescents face significantly different conditions in addiction treatment, including distinct basic biological and neurodevelopmental stages, unique sociodevelopmental concerns, distinctive addiction trajectories, and, in turn, disparate treatment goals and outcomes. In sum, it can be difficult for even savvy clinicians to know how to approach addiction treatment with this important age group. In an effort to help clinicians and researchers consider substance use via a neurodevelopmental lens, we approached this review with 4 goals: (i) characterize the prevalence, and related health and safety implications of substance use within this age group; (ii) identify the nature of the adolescent brain, including characteristic features of this phase of neurodevelopment relevant to adolescent substance use treatment; (iii) provide an overview of current adolescent addiction interventions and avenues to improve clinical treatment and clinical research efforts for adolescents; and (iv) examine the intersection between the nature of the developing brain and adolescent substance use, and utilize that information to inform alternative routes and directions for substance use treatment in this critical age group. This review concludes by offering a novel neurodevelopmental model and framework to examine substance use interventions, along with a series of recommendations to optimize adolescent substance use treatment and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Silvers
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Psychology, 1285 Franz Hall, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563, USA;
| | - Lindsay M. Squeglia
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 67 President St., MSC 861, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
| | - Kristine Rømer Thomsen
- Aarhus University, Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Alcohol and Drug Research, Bartholins Allé 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark;
| | - Karen A. Hudson
- Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, M/C UHN80R1, Portland, OR 97239, USA,
| | - Sarah W. Feldstein Ewing
- Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, M/C UHN80R1, Portland, OR 97239, USA,
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92
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Haq NF, Tan SN, McKeown MJ, Wang ZJ. Parcellation of functional sub-regions from fMRI: A graph clustering based approach. Biomed Signal Process Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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93
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Hunt BAE, Wong SM, Vandewouw MM, Brookes MJ, Dunkley BT, Taylor MJ. Spatial and spectral trajectories in typical neurodevelopment from childhood to middle age. Netw Neurosci 2019; 3:497-520. [PMID: 30984904 PMCID: PMC6444935 DOI: 10.1162/netn_a_00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Detailed characterization of typical human neurodevelopment is key if we are to understand the nature of mental and neurological pathology. While research on the cellular processes of neurodevelopment has made great advances, in vivo human imaging is crucial to understand our uniquely human capabilities, as well as the pathologies that affect them. Using magnetoencephalography data in the largest normative sample currently available (324 participants aged 6-45 years), we assess the developmental trajectory of resting-state oscillatory power and functional connectivity from childhood to middle age. The maturational course of power, indicative of local processing, was found to both increase and decrease in a spectrally dependent fashion. Using the strength of phase-synchrony between parcellated regions, we found significant linear and nonlinear (quadratic and logarithmic) trajectories to be characterized in a spatially heterogeneous frequency-specific manner, such as a superior frontal region with linear and nonlinear trajectories in theta and gamma band respectively. Assessment of global efficiency revealed similar significant nonlinear trajectories across all frequency bands. Our results link with the development of human cognitive abilities; they also highlight the complexity of neurodevelopment and provide quantitative parameters for replication and a robust footing from which clinical research may map pathological deviations from these typical trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A. E. Hunt
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Neurosciences and Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Simeon M. Wong
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Neurosciences and Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marlee M. Vandewouw
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Neurosciences and Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Matthew J. Brookes
- The Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin T. Dunkley
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Neurosciences and Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Margot J. Taylor
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Neurosciences and Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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94
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Darcey VL, McQuaid GA, Fishbein DH, VanMeter JW. Dietary Long-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids Are Related to Impulse Control and Anterior Cingulate Function in Adolescents. Front Neurosci 2019; 12:1012. [PMID: 30686978 PMCID: PMC6333752 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.01012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Impulse control, an emergent function modulated by the prefrontal cortex (PFC), helps to dampen risky behaviors during adolescence. Influences on PFC maturation during this period may contribute to variations in impulse control. Availability of omega-3 fatty acids, an essential dietary nutrient integral to neuronal structure and function, may be one such influence. This study examined whether intake of energy-adjusted long-chain omega-3 fatty acids [eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)] was related to variation in impulse control and PFC activity during performance of an inhibitory task in adolescents (n = 87; 51.7% female, mean age 13.3 ± 1.1 years) enrolled in a longitudinal neuroimaging study. Intake of DHA + EPA was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire and adjusted for total energy intake. Inhibitory control was assessed using caregiver rating scale (BRIEF Inhibit subscale) and task performance (false alarm rate) on a Go/No-Go task performed during functional MRI. Reported intake of long-chain omega-3 was positively associated with caregiver ratings of adolescent ability to control impulses (p = 0.017) and there was a trend for an association between intake and task-based impulse control (p = 0.072). Furthermore, a regression of BOLD response within PFC during successful impulse control (Correct No-Go versus Incorrect No-Go) with energy-adjusted DHA + EPA intake revealed that adolescents reporting lower intakes display greater activation in the dorsal anterior cingulate, potentially suggestive of a possible lag in cortical development. The present results suggest that dietary omega-3 fatty acids are related to development of both impulse control and function of the dorsal anterior cingulate gyrus in normative adolescent development. Insufficiency of dietary omega-3 fatty acids during this developmental period may be a factor which hinders development of behavioral control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie L Darcey
- The Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States.,Center for Functional and Molecular Imaging, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Goldie A McQuaid
- Center for Functional and Molecular Imaging, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Diana H Fishbein
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - John W VanMeter
- Center for Functional and Molecular Imaging, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
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Fryer SL, Roach BJ, Ford JM, Donaldson KR, Calhoun VD, Pearlson GD, Kiehl KA, Srihari VH, McGlashan TH, Woods SW, Mathalon DH. Should I Stay or Should I Go? FMRI Study of Response Inhibition in Early Illness Schizophrenia and Risk for Psychosis. Schizophr Bull 2019; 45:158-168. [PMID: 29385625 PMCID: PMC6293268 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbx198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Response inhibition (RI) is a component of the cognitive control systems that support optimal cognition. Cognitive control deficits are well-described in schizophrenia, but are not well characterized in individuals at clinical high risk (CHR) for developing psychosis. Functional magnetic resonance imaging during Go/NoGo task performance was collected from 30 CHR youth, 23 early illness schizophrenia patients (ESZ), and 72 healthy adolescents and young adults (HC). Voxelwise main effects of group were examined (P < .005 height threshold, family-wise error-corrected cluster threshold, P < .05) for correct NoGo-Go contrast values and task-based functional connectivity. CHR and ESZ groups had slower and more variable reaction times (RT) on Go trials compared to HCs. Significant main effects of group in bilateral dorsal anterior cingulate (dACC) and right inferior frontal cortex stemmed from CHR and ESZ groups showing significantly less NoGo-Go activation, relative to HCs. Faster responding HCs had less functional coupling between dACC and medial prefrontal cortex, a default mode network (DMN) region during NoGo vs Go trials. This functional connectivity-performance relationship was not present in ESZ or CHR groups. The pattern of findings suggests CHR and ESZ groups were deficient in developing strong and consistent prepotent responding, based on their slow and variable motor responses and decreased engagement of dACC and right inferior frontal regions implicated in inhibitory control. Furthermore, only the control group showed a functional connectivity relationship consistent with greater response prepotency requiring more decoupling of inhibitory control regions from DMN regions during RI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna L Fryer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA,Mental Health, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
| | - Brian J Roach
- Mental Health, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
| | - Judith M Ford
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA,Mental Health, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Vince D Calhoun
- The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Godfrey D Pearlson
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT,Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford, CT,Department of Neurobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Kent A Kiehl
- The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM,Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
| | | | | | - Scott W Woods
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Daniel H Mathalon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA,Mental Health, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Psychiatry Service (116D), San Francisco VA Medical Center, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA 94121, US; tel: 415-221-4810/23860, fax: 415-750-6622, e-mail:
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96
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Davidow JY, Sheridan MA, Van Dijk KRA, Santillana RM, Snyder J, Vidal Bustamante CM, Rosen BR, Somerville LH. Development of Prefrontal Cortical Connectivity and the Enduring Effect of Learned Value on Cognitive Control. J Cogn Neurosci 2019; 31:64-77. [PMID: 30156503 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitory control, the capacity to suppress an inappropriate response, is a process employed for guiding action selection in the service of goal-directed behavior. Under neutral circumstances, inhibitory control success improves from childhood to adulthood and has been associated with developmental shifts in functional activation and connectivity of the PFC. However, the ability to exercise inhibitory control is challenged in certain contexts by including appetitive cues, a phenomenon that may be particularly pronounced in youths. Here, we examine the magnitude and temporal persistence of learned value's influence on inhibitory control in a cross-sectional sample of 8- to 25-year-olds. Participants first underwent conditioning of a motor approach response to two initially neutral cues, with one cue reinforced with monetary reward and the other with no monetary outcome. Subsequently, during fMRI, participants reencountered these cues as no-go targets in a nonreinforced go/no-go paradigm. Although the influence of learned value increasingly disrupted inhibitory control with increasing age, in young adults this pattern remitted over the course of the task, whereas during adolescence the impairing effect of reward history persisted. Successful no-go performance to the previously rewarded target was related to greater recruitment of the right inferior frontal gyrus and age-related increase in functional connectivity between the inferior frontal gyrus and the ventromedial PFC for the previously rewarded no-go target over the control target. Together, results indicate the complex influence of value on goals over development relies upon the increased coordination of distinct higher-order regions in the PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Margaret A Sheridan
- University of North Carolina
- Children's Hospital Boston
- Harvard Medical School
| | | | | | - Jenna Snyder
- University of North Carolina
- Children's Hospital Boston
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97
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Sharkey RJ, Bourque J, Larcher K, Mišić B, Zhang Y, Altınkaya A, Sadikot A, Conrod P, Evans AC, Garavan H, Leyton M, Séguin JR, Pihl R, Dagher A. Mesolimbic connectivity signatures of impulsivity and BMI in early adolescence. Appetite 2019; 132:25-36. [PMID: 30273626 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Across age groups, differences in connectivity of the mesolimbic and the prefrontal cortex co-vary with trait impulsivity and sensation-seeking. Impulsivity and sensation-seeking are also known to increase during early adolescence as maturation of subcortical structures outpaces that of the prefrontal cortex. While an imbalance between the striatum and prefrontal cortex is considered a normal developmental process, higher levels of adolescent impulsivity and sensation-seeking are associated with an increased risk for diverse problems, including obesity. To determine how the relationship between sensation-seeking, impulsivity and body mass index (BMI) is related to shared neural correlates we measured their relationships with the connectivity of nuclei in the striatum and dopaminergic midbrain in young adolescents. Data were collected from 116 children between the ages of 12 and 14, and included resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging, personality measures from the Substance Use Risk Profile Scale, and BMI Z-score for age. The shared variance for the connectivity of regions of interest in the substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, ventral striatum and sub-thalamic nucleus, personality measures and BMI Z-score for age, were analyzed using partial least squares correlation. This analysis identified a single significant striato-limbic network that was connected with the substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area and sub-thalamic nuclei (p = 0.002). Connectivity within this network which included the hippocampi, amygdalae, parahippocampal gyri and the regions of interest, correlated positively with impulsivity and BMI Z-score for age and negatively with sensation-seeking. Together, these findings emphasize that, in addition to the well-established role that frontostriatal circuits play in the development of adolescent personality traits, connectivity of limbic regions with the striatum and midbrain also impact impulsivity, sensation-seeking and BMI Z-score in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Sharkey
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Josiane Bourque
- CHU Hospital Ste-Justine, Université de Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Kevin Larcher
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Bratislav Mišić
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yu Zhang
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ayça Altınkaya
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Abbas Sadikot
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Patricia Conrod
- CHU Hospital Ste-Justine, Université de Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alan C Evans
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Marco Leyton
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean R Séguin
- CHU Hospital Ste-Justine, Université de Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Robert Pihl
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alain Dagher
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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98
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Baytunca MB, Inci SB, Ipci M, Kardas B, Bolat GU, Ercan ES. The neurocognitive nature of children with ADHD comorbid sluggish cognitive tempo: Might SCT be a disorder of vigilance? Psychiatry Res 2018; 270:967-973. [PMID: 29602533 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Sluggish Cognitive Tempo (SCT) refers to a clinical construct including several symptoms such as sluggishness, absentmindedness, low energy. In the present study, we compared neurocognitive laboratory outcomes of ADHD children with or without SCT. METHOD The CNS Vital Signs Battery was utilized to measure neurocognitive measure of the participants. The SCT+ADHD group comprised of 42 subjects, ADHD group was 41 subjects and control group was 24 subjects. RESULTS The cognitive flexibility score was found to be more severely impaired in ADHD children with SCT in comparison to the ADHD-only. Additionally, greater deficits in the Shifting Attention Test (p = 0.014) and the Continuous Performance Test (reaction time score, p < 0.01) were found in the SCT+ADHD group relative to ADHD group. Processing speed, visual/auditory memory, psychomotor speed and reaction time were not found to more impaired in those comorbid with SCT. CONCLUSION Impairments in the cognitive flexibility and more specifically shifting attention and continuous performance may be indicative of vigilance and orientation problems rather than executive functions for the SCT construct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muharrem Burak Baytunca
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Sevim Berrin Inci
- Ege University, Institute on Drug Abuse, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Burcu Kardas
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gul Unsel Bolat
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Eyup Sabri Ercan
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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99
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Sagar KA, Gruber SA. Interactions between recreational cannabis use and cognitive function: lessons from functional magnetic resonance imaging. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1451:42-70. [PMID: 30426517 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis use is becoming increasingly popular as a growing number of states pass legislation to legalize cannabis and cannabis-derived products for recreational and/or medical purposes. Given the widespread use of cannabis, it is critical to understand the neural consequences related to cannabis use. In this review, we focus on evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging studies that document acute and residual alterations in brain function during tasks spanning a variety of cognitive domains: executive function, attention and working memory, memory, motor skills, error monitoring, and reward and affective processing. Although it is clear that cannabis affects brain function, the findings are somewhat inconsistent; variables that potentially affect study outcomes are outlined, including a discussion of the impact of chronological age and age of cannabis onset as well as length of abstinence at the time of assessment, which are important considerations when measuring cannabis use patterns. Inherent differences between recreational/adult cannabis use versus use for medical purposes are also discussed, given their importance to public policy decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Sagar
- Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Core, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Staci A Gruber
- Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Core, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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100
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Ardila A, Bernal B, Rosselli M. Executive Functions Brain System: An Activation Likelihood Estimation Meta-analytic Study. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2018; 33:379-405. [PMID: 28961762 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acx066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objective To characterize commonalities and differences between two executive functions: reasoning and inhibitory control. Methods A total of 5,974 participants in 346 fMRI experiments of inhibition or reasoning were selected. First level analysis consisted of Analysis of Likelihood Estimation (ALE) studies performed in two pooled data groups: (a) brain areas involved in reasoning and (b) brain areas involved in inhibition. Second level analysis consisted of two contrasts: (i) brain areas involved in reasoning but not in inhibition and (ii) brain areas involved in inhibition but not in reasoning. Lateralization Indexes were calculated. Results Four brain areas appear as the most critical: the dorsolateral aspect of the frontal lobes, the superior parietal lobules, the mesial aspect of the premotor area (supplementary motor area), and some subcortical areas, particularly the putamen and the thalamus. ALE contrasts showed significant differentiation of the networks, with the reasoning > inhibition-contrast showing a predominantly leftward participation, and the inhibition > reasoning-contrast, a clear right advantage. Conclusion Executive functions are mediated by sizable brain areas including not only cortical, but also involving subcortical areas in both hemispheres. The strength of activation shows dissociation between the hemispheres for inhibition (rightward) and reasoning (leftward) functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Ardila
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Byron Bernal
- Department of Radiology/Brain Institute, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Monica Rosselli
- Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, Davie, FL, USA
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