51
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Wang Y, Fung NSK, Lam WC, Lo ACY. mTOR Signalling Pathway: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Ocular Neurodegenerative Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071304. [PMID: 35883796 PMCID: PMC9311918 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in the research of the mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) signalling pathway demonstrated that mTOR is a robust therapeutic target for ocular degenerative diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy (DR), and glaucoma. Although the exact mechanisms of individual ocular degenerative diseases are unclear, they share several common pathological processes, increased and prolonged oxidative stress in particular, which leads to functional and morphological impairment in photoreceptors, retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), or retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). mTOR not only modulates oxidative stress but is also affected by reactive oxygen species (ROS) activation. It is essential to understand the complicated relationship between the mTOR pathway and oxidative stress before its application in the treatment of retinal degeneration. Indeed, the substantial role of mTOR-mediated autophagy in the pathogenies of ocular degenerative diseases should be noted. In reviewing the latest studies, this article summarised the application of rapamycin, an mTOR signalling pathway inhibitor, in different retinal disease models, providing insight into the mechanism of rapamycin in the treatment of retinal neurodegeneration under oxidative stress. Besides basic research, this review also summarised and updated the results of the latest clinical trials of rapamycin in ocular neurodegenerative diseases. In combining the current basic and clinical research results, we provided a more complete picture of mTOR as a potential therapeutic target for ocular neurodegenerative diseases.
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52
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Biswas S, Khan MIA, Hossain MT, Biswas A, Nakai T, Rohdin J. Which Color Channel Is Better for Diagnosing Retinal Diseases Automatically in Color Fundus Photographs? LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12070973. [PMID: 35888063 PMCID: PMC9321111 DOI: 10.3390/life12070973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Color fundus photographs are the most common type of image used for automatic diagnosis of retinal diseases and abnormalities. As all color photographs, these images contain information about three primary colors, i.e., red, green, and blue, in three separate color channels. This work aims to understand the impact of each channel in the automatic diagnosis of retinal diseases and abnormalities. To this end, the existing works are surveyed extensively to explore which color channel is used most commonly for automatically detecting four leading causes of blindness and one retinal abnormality along with segmenting three retinal landmarks. From this survey, it is clear that all channels together are typically used for neural network-based systems, whereas for non-neural network-based systems, the green channel is most commonly used. However, from the previous works, no conclusion can be drawn regarding the importance of the different channels. Therefore, systematic experiments are conducted to analyse this. A well-known U-shaped deep neural network (U-Net) is used to investigate which color channel is best for segmenting one retinal abnormality and three retinal landmarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Biswas
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh; (M.I.A.K.); (M.T.H.)
- Correspondence: or
| | - Md. Iqbal Aziz Khan
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh; (M.I.A.K.); (M.T.H.)
| | - Md. Tanvir Hossain
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh; (M.I.A.K.); (M.T.H.)
| | - Angkan Biswas
- CAPM Company Limited, Bonani, Dhaka 1213, Bangladesh;
| | - Takayoshi Nakai
- Faculty of Engineering, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan;
| | - Johan Rohdin
- Faculty of Information Technology, Brno University of Technology, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic;
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53
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Bartlett RL, Frost BE, Mortlock KE, Fergusson JR, White N, Morgan JE, North RV, Albon J. Quantifying biomarkers of axonal degeneration in early glaucoma to find the disc at risk. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9366. [PMID: 35672326 PMCID: PMC9174204 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12036-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate regional axonal-related parameters as a function of disease stage in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and visual field (VF) sensitivity. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography was used to acquire 20° scans of POAG (n = 117) or healthy control (n = 52) human optic nerve heads (ONHs). Region specific and mean nerve fibre layer (NFL) thicknesses, border NFL and peripapillary NFL, minimum rim width (MRW)/ area (MRA) and prelamina thickness; and volume were compared across POAG disease stages and with visual field sensitivity. Differences identified between early glaucoma (EG), preperimetric glaucoma (PG) and control (C) ONHs included thinner PG prelamina regions than in controls (p < 0.05). Mean border NFL was thinner in EG (p < 0.001) and PG (p = 0.049) compared to control eyes; and EG mean, and inferior and ST, border NFL was thinner than in PG (p < 0.01). Mean, superior and inferior PG peripapillary NFL were thinner than in controls (p < 0.05), and EG ST peripapillary NFL was thinner than in PG (p = 0.023). MRW differences included: PG SN and inferior less than in controls (p < 0.05); thinner EG mean regional, inferior, nasal, and ST MRW versus PG MRW (p < 0.05). Regional border NFL, peripapillary NFL, MRW, MRA, prelamina thickness (except centre, p = 0.127) and prelamina volume (p < 0.05) were significantly associated with VF mean deviation (MD). Novel axon-derived indices hold potential as biomarkers to detect early glaucoma and identify ONHs at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Bartlett
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Cardiff Institute for Tissue Engineering and Repair, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Vivat Scientia Bioimaging Laboratories, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - B E Frost
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - K E Mortlock
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Cardiff Institute for Tissue Engineering and Repair, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Vivat Scientia Bioimaging Laboratories, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - J R Fergusson
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Cardiff Institute for Tissue Engineering and Repair, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Vivat Scientia Bioimaging Laboratories, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - N White
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Cardiff Institute for Tissue Engineering and Repair, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Vivat Scientia Bioimaging Laboratories, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - J E Morgan
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - R V North
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Vivat Scientia Bioimaging Laboratories, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - J Albon
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
- Cardiff Institute for Tissue Engineering and Repair, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
- Vivat Scientia Bioimaging Laboratories, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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54
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Luo J, Lian Q, Zhu D, Zhao M, Mei T, Shang B, Yang Z, Liu C, Xu W, Zhou L, Wu K, Liu X, Lai Y, Mao F, Li W, Zuo C, Zhang K, Lin M, Zhuo Y, Liu Y, Lu L, Zhao L. PLSCR1 Promotes Apoptosis and Clearance of Retinal Ganglion Cells in Glaucoma Pathogenesis. Genes Dis 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2022.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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55
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Statistical Analysis on Time to Blindness of Glaucoma Patients at Jimma University Specialized Hospital: Application of Accelerated Failure Time Model. J Ophthalmol 2022; 2022:9145921. [PMID: 35607611 PMCID: PMC9124144 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9145921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Glaucoma is one of the most frequent vision-threatening eye diseases. It is frequently associated with excessive intraocular pressure (IOP), which can cause vision loss and damaged optic nerves. The main objective of this study was to model time to blindness of glaucoma patients by using appropriate statistical models. Study Design. A Retrospective Community-Based Longitudinal Study design was applied. Materials and Procedures. The data were obtained from Ophthalmology Department of JUSH from the period of January 2016 to August 2020. The glaucoma patient’s information was extracted from the patient card and 321 samples were included in the study. To discover the factors that affect time to blindness of glaucoma patients’, researchers used the Accelerated Failure Time (AFT) model. Results. 81.3 percent of the 321 glaucoma patients were blind. Unilaterally and bilaterally blinded female and male glaucoma patients were 24.92 and 56.38%, respectively. After glaucoma disease was confirmed, the median time to the blindness of both eyes and one eye was 12 months. The multivariable log-logistic accelerated failure-time model fits the glaucoma patient’s time to blind dataset well. The result showed that the chance of blindness of glaucoma patients who have absolute stage of glaucoma, medium duration of diagnosis, long duration of diagnosis, and IOP greater than 21 mmHg were high with parameters (ϕ = 2.425,
value = 0.049, 95% CI [2.249, 2.601]), (ϕ = 1.505,
value = 0.001, 95% CI [0.228, 0.589]), (ϕ = 3.037,
value = 0.001, 95% C.I [2.850, 3.22]) and (ϕ 0.851,
value = 0.034, 95% C.I [0.702, 0.999]), respectively. Conclusion. The multivariable log-logistic accelerated failure time model evaluates the prognostic factors of time to blindness of glaucoma patients. Under this finding, duration of diagnosis, IOP, and stage of glaucoma were a key determinant factors of time to blindness of glaucoma patients’. Finally, the log-logistic accelerated failure-time model was the best-fitted parametric model based on AIC and BIC values.
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56
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Gari FS, Gelcho GN. Bivariate Survival Copula Analysis of Glaucoma Patients during Blindness: Glaucoma Cases at Alert Hospital in Addis Ababa City of Ethiopia. J Res Health Sci 2022; 22:e00547. [PMID: 36511259 PMCID: PMC9818039 DOI: 10.34172/jrhs.2022.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glaucoma is a worldwide problem that causes vision loss and even blindness, with a prevalence rate ranging from 1.9% to 15%. In Ethiopia, glaucoma is the fifth cause of blindness. This study aimed to explore the dependence between blindness of the right and the left eyes of glaucoma patients and assess the effects of the covariates under the dependence structure. STUDY DESIGN A retrospective cohort study. METHODS The study population included the glaucoma patients at Alert hospital from January 1, 2018, to December 30, 2021. The copula model was used to estimate the time to the blindness of the right and the left eyes of the glaucoma patients by specifying the dependence between the event times. RESULTS Out of 537 glaucoma patients, 224 (41.71%) became blind at least in one eye during the follow-up period. The results of the Clayton copula model revealed that factors, such as age, residence, diabetes mellitus, stage of glaucoma, and hypertension are considered the most prognostic factors for blindness in glaucoma patients. The findings also revealed that there was a strong dependence between the time to the blindness of the right and the left eyes in the glaucoma patients (τ = 0.43). CONCLUSION Based on the obtained results, high age, urban residence, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and higher stage of glaucoma were factors associated with time to the blindness in the glaucoma patients. There was also a dependence between the right and the left eyes of the glaucoma patients. The results revealed that the Clayton Archimedean copula model was the best statistical model for accurate description of glaucoma patients' datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firomsa Shewa Gari
- Department of Statistics, College of Natural and Computational Science, Assosa University, Assosa, Ethiopia
| | - Gurmessa Nugussu Gelcho
- Department of Statistics, College of Natural Science, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia,Corresponding author: Gurmessa Nugussu (MSc) Tel:+25 1912007548
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57
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Klyucherev TO, Olszewski P, Shalimova AA, Chubarev VN, Tarasov VV, Attwood MM, Syvänen S, Schiöth HB. Advances in the development of new biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease. Transl Neurodegener 2022; 11:25. [PMID: 35449079 PMCID: PMC9027827 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-022-00296-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex, heterogeneous, progressive disease and is the most common type of neurodegenerative dementia. The prevalence of AD is expected to increase as the population ages, placing an additional burden on national healthcare systems. There is a large need for new diagnostic tests that can detect AD at an early stage with high specificity at relatively low cost. The development of modern analytical diagnostic tools has made it possible to determine several biomarkers of AD with high specificity, including pathogenic proteins, markers of synaptic dysfunction, and markers of inflammation in the blood. There is a considerable potential in using microRNA (miRNA) as markers of AD, and diagnostic studies based on miRNA panels suggest that AD could potentially be determined with high accuracy for individual patients. Studies of the retina with improved methods of visualization of the fundus are also showing promising results for the potential diagnosis of the disease. This review focuses on the recent developments of blood, plasma, and ocular biomarkers for the diagnosis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timofey O Klyucherev
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Pawel Olszewski
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alena A Shalimova
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir N Chubarev
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vadim V Tarasov
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Misty M Attwood
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stina Syvänen
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.
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58
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Rad LM, Yumashev AV, Hussen BM, Jamad HH, Ghafouri-Fard S, Taheri M, Rostami S, Niazi V, Hajiesmaeili M. Therapeutic Potential of Microvesicles in Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine of Ocular Diseases With an Especial Focus on Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Derived Microvesicles. Front Genet 2022; 13:847679. [PMID: 35422841 PMCID: PMC9001951 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.847679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
These days, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), because of immunomodulatory and pro-angiogenic abilities, are known as inevitable factors in regenerative medicine and cell therapy in different diseases such as ocular disorder. Moreover, researchers have indicated that exosome possess an essential potential in the therapeutic application of ocular disease. MSC-derived exosome (MSC-DE) have been identified as efficient as MSCs for treatment of eye injuries due to their small size and rapid diffusion all over the eye. MSC-DEs easily transfer their ingredients such as miRNAs, proteins, and cytokines to the inner layer in the eye and increase the reconstruction of the injured area. Furthermore, MSC-DEs deliver their immunomodulatory cargos in inflamed sites and inhibit immune cell migration, resulting in improvement of autoimmune uveitis. Interestingly, therapeutic effects were shown only in animal models that received MSC-DE. In this review, we summarized the therapeutic potential of MSCs and MSC-DE in cell therapy and regenerative medicine of ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Moallemi Rad
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Alexey V Yumashev
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Bashdar Mahmud Hussen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Kurdistan Region, Erbil, Iraq.,Center of Research and Strategic Studies, Lebanese French University, Kurdistan Region, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Hazha Hadayat Jamad
- Department of Biology, College of Education, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Samaneh Rostami
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciecnes, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Vahid Niazi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Hajiesmaeili
- Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Critical Care Quality Improvement Research Center, Loghman Hakin Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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59
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Guo L, Choi S, Bikkannavar P, Cordeiro MF. Microglia: Key Players in Retinal Ageing and Neurodegeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:804782. [PMID: 35370560 PMCID: PMC8968040 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.804782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and play a key role in maintaining the normal function of the retina and brain. During early development, microglia migrate into the retina, transform into a highly ramified phenotype, and scan their environment constantly. Microglia can be activated by any homeostatic disturbance that may endanger neurons and threaten tissue integrity. Once activated, the young microglia exhibit a high diversity in their phenotypes as well as their functions, which relate to either beneficial or harmful consequences. Microglial activation is associated with the release of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors that can determine pathological outcomes. As the professional phagocytes in the retina, microglia are responsible for the clearance of pathogens, dead cells, and protein aggregates. However, their phenotypic diversity and phagocytic capacity is compromised with ageing. This may result in the accumulation of protein aggregates and myelin debris leading to retinal neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. In this review, we describe microglial phenotypes and functions in the context of the young and ageing retina, and the mechanisms underlying changes in ageing. Additionally, we review microglia-mediated retinal neuroinflammation and discuss the mechanisms of microglial involvement in retinal neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Guo
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Li Guo,
| | - Soyoung Choi
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - M. Francesca Cordeiro
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Imperial College Ophthalmology Research Group, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- M. Francesca Cordeiro,
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60
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Theruveethi N, Bui BV, Joshi MB, Valiathan M, Ganeshrao SB, Gopalakrishnan S, Kabekkodu SP, Bhat SS, Surendran S. Blue Light-Induced Retinal Neuronal Injury and Amelioration by Commercially Available Blue Light-Blocking Lenses. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12020243. [PMID: 35207530 PMCID: PMC8877890 DOI: 10.3390/life12020243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Blue light exposure-induced retinal damage has been extensively studied. Although many in vitro studies have shown the benefits of blue light-blocking lenses (BBL) there have been few comprehensive in vivo studies to assess the effects of BBL. We investigated the influence of blue light exposure using light-emitting diodes on retinal histology and visual cortex neurons in rodents. We also considered whether retinal and cortical changes induced by blue light could be ameliorated with blue light-blocking lenses. A total of n = 24 (n = 6 in each group; control, light exposure without lenses, two different BBLs)) male Wistar rats were subjected to blue light exposure (LEDs, 450–500 lux) without or with BBLs (400–490 nm) for 28 days on a 12:12 h light–dark cycle. Histological analysis of retinae revealed apoptosis and necrosis of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), photoreceptors, and inner retina in the light exposure (LE) group, along with increase caspase-3 immunostaining in the ganglion cell layer (p < 0.001). BBL groups showed less caspase-3 immunostaining compared with the LE group (p < 0.001). V1-L5PNs (primary visual cortex layer 5 pyramidal neurons) demonstrated reduced branching and intersections points for apical (p < 0.001) and basal (p < 0.05) dendrites following blue light exposure. Blue light-blocking lenses significantly improved the number of basal branching points compared with the LE group. Our study shows that prolonged exposure to high levels of blue light pose a significant hazard to the visual system resulting in damage to the retina with the associated remodeling of visual cortex neurons. BBL may offer moderate protection against exposure to high levels of blue light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagarajan Theruveethi
- Department of Optometry, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India; (N.T.); (S.B.G.)
| | - Bang Viet Bui
- Department of Optometry & Vision Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - Manjunath B. Joshi
- Department of Ageing Research, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India; (M.B.J.); (S.P.K.)
| | - Manna Valiathan
- Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India; (M.V.); (S.G.); (S.S.B.)
| | - Shonraj Ballae Ganeshrao
- Department of Optometry, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India; (N.T.); (S.B.G.)
| | - Sivakumar Gopalakrishnan
- Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India; (M.V.); (S.G.); (S.S.B.)
| | - Shama Prasada Kabekkodu
- Department of Ageing Research, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India; (M.B.J.); (S.P.K.)
| | - Shailaja S. Bhat
- Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India; (M.V.); (S.G.); (S.S.B.)
| | - Sudarshan Surendran
- Department of Anatomy, Manipal Campus, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
- Correspondence:
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61
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Oruz O, Yar K, Şaker D, Açıkalın A, Dağlıoğlu YK, Polat S. Histopathological effects of topical coenzyme q 10 + Vit E TPGS in experimental ischemic optic neuropathy. Ultrastruct Pathol 2022; 46:54-62. [PMID: 34978274 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2021.2022055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to create a mechanical optic nerve damage model in rats and to investigate the neuroprotective effects of topical Coenzyme Q10 + Vitamin E TPGS (CoQ10+Vit E) molecule on retinal ganglion cells. In our study, 30 eyes of 20 male Wistar rats were used. Three groups, each consisting of 10 eyes, were formed as control, experimental, and treatment groups. The control group was used to test the formation of optic nerve damage. Topical CoQ10 + Vit E TPGS solution was applied to the rats in the treatment group, one drop twice a day for 3 weeks. On the other hand, physiological drops were applied to the experimental group 2 times a day for 3 weeks. After 3 weeks, the optic nerves of the rats were dissected and examined histopathologically. In electron microscopic examination of the treatment group, it was noted that the myelin sheath in the majority of myelinated nerve fibers and the normal structures of mitochondria, neurotubules, and neurofilaments in the axoplasm were preserved. It was observed that the oligodendrocytes surrounded the myelinated axons. In the experimental group, significant degenerative changes were observed in myelinated nerve fibers in many areas. The number of myelinated axons was significantly increased in the treatment group compared to the experimental group (p = .0028). In the light of the data obtained, the neuroprotective effect of the topically used CoQ10 + Vit E TPGS molecule was found to be histopathologically effective in our experimental study.Abbreviations: NAAION: Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy; CoQ10: Coenzyme q10; CG: Control group; EG: Experimental group; TG: Treatment group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oğuzhan Oruz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Başkent University School of Medicine, Adana, Turkey
| | - Kemal Yar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Çukurova University School of Medicine, Adana, Turkey
| | - Dilek Şaker
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Çukurova University School of Medicine, Adana, Turkey
| | - Arbil Açıkalın
- Department of Pathology, Çukurova University School of Medicine, Adana, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Kenan Dağlıoğlu
- Departmant of Microbiology, Ahi Evran University School of Medicine, Kırşehir, Turkey
| | - Sait Polat
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Çukurova University School of Medicine, Adana, Turkey
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62
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Farshbaf S, Dey K, Mochida W, Kanakubo M, Nishiyabu R, Kubo Y, Anzenbacher P. Detection of phosphates in water utilizing a Eu 3+-mediated relay mechanism. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj04578d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent carboxyamidoquinolines form ensembles with Eu3+ that can be successfully leveraged in sensing of phosphates showing off–on fluorescence signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Farshbaf
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403, USA
| | - Kaustav Dey
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403, USA
| | - Wakana Mochida
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Masashi Kanakubo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Ryuhei Nishiyabu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Yuji Kubo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Pavel Anzenbacher
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403, USA
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Babu M, Kadam M, Abhilash B, Sudhakar NA. Awareness about Glaucoma and Impact of Short Education among Patients Visiting Ophthalmology Outpatient Department at a Tertiary Care Hospital. TNOA JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMIC SCIENCE AND RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/tjosr.tjosr_22_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Kang EYC, Liu PK, Wen YT, Quinn PMJ, Levi SR, Wang NK, Tsai RK. Role of Oxidative Stress in Ocular Diseases Associated with Retinal Ganglion Cells Degeneration. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1948. [PMID: 34943051 PMCID: PMC8750806 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10121948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular diseases associated with retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration is the most common neurodegenerative disorder that causes irreversible blindness worldwide. It is characterized by visual field defects and progressive optic nerve atrophy. The underlying pathophysiology and mechanisms of RGC degeneration in several ocular diseases remain largely unknown. RGCs are a population of central nervous system neurons, with their soma located in the retina and long axons that extend through the optic nerve to form distal terminals and connections in the brain. Because of this unique cytoarchitecture and highly compartmentalized energy demand, RGCs are highly mitochondrial-dependent for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. Recently, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction have been found to be the principal mechanisms in RGC degeneration as well as in other neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we review the role of oxidative stress in several ocular diseases associated with RGC degenerations, including glaucoma, hereditary optic atrophy, inflammatory optic neuritis, ischemic optic neuropathy, traumatic optic neuropathy, and drug toxicity. We also review experimental approaches using cell and animal models for research on the underlying mechanisms of RGC degeneration. Lastly, we discuss the application of antioxidants as a potential future therapy for the ocular diseases associated with RGC degenerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Yu-Chuan Kang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Kang Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
- Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yao-Tseng Wen
- Institute of Eye Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 97403, Taiwan;
| | - Peter M. J. Quinn
- Jonas Children’s Vision Care, and Bernard and Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology and Cell Biology, Institute of Human Nutrition, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; (P.M.J.Q.); (S.R.L.)
| | - Sarah R. Levi
- Jonas Children’s Vision Care, and Bernard and Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology and Cell Biology, Institute of Human Nutrition, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; (P.M.J.Q.); (S.R.L.)
| | - Nan-Kai Wang
- Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Rong-Kung Tsai
- Institute of Eye Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 97403, Taiwan;
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97403, Taiwan
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Yang J, Zhang M, Song Q, Li S, Zhao X, Kan L, Zhu S. Integrating network pharmacological and experimental models to investigate the therapeutic effects of baicalein in glaucoma. Chin Med 2021; 16:124. [PMID: 34823561 PMCID: PMC8613988 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-021-00537-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has a long history of treating glaucoma with remarkable effects, but there is no clear conclusion on its mechanism. Methods Network pharmacology and molecular docking were used to analyze the mechanism and targets of TCM in the treatment of glaucoma, and baicalein was used to treat chronic ocular hypertension animal models rats for observation. Results The results of animal experiments showed that baicalein could significantly reduce intraocular pressure (IOP) in a rat model of chronic ocular hypertension and protect the structure of the retina and optic nerve, as shown by hematoxylin–eosin (H&E) staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Reducing the apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) by upregulating the expression of the antiapoptotic protein BCL-2 is basically consistent with the results of molecular docking. In the network pharmacology analysis, many key proteins of biological pathways involved in the herbal therapeutic processes in glaucoma, such as threonine kinase 1 (AKT1, core protein of PI3K/AKT signaling), tumor protein p53 (TP53, a tumor suppressor gene coding tumor protein P53), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3, core protein of JAK/STAT signaling), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin 17 (IL-17, proinflammatory factors), were identified. Their interactions built complicated chain reactions in the process of glaucoma. Conclusion By combining the analysis of network pharmacology and animal experimental results, baicalein could effectively improve the symptoms of glaucoma and reduce RGC apoptosis, suggesting that the potential mechanism of TCM in treating glaucoma is related to regulating inflammation and cellular immunity and reducing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Yang
- Eye School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 37 Shi Er Qiao Road, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Mingxu Zhang
- Eye School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 37 Shi Er Qiao Road, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Qiuyi Song
- Eye School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 37 Shi Er Qiao Road, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Siqi Li
- Eye School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 37 Shi Er Qiao Road, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Xiulan Zhao
- Ineye Hospital of Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, China
| | - Liping Kan
- Eye School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 37 Shi Er Qiao Road, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Siquan Zhu
- Eye School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 37 Shi Er Qiao Road, Chengdu, 610075, China. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Reffatto V, Gupta PK, Williams T, Schmitz-Brown ME, Vizzeri G. FK506 Treatment Prevents Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thinning in Organ-Transplanted Glaucoma Patients: A Retrospective Longitudinal Study. Cureus 2021; 13:e18192. [PMID: 34722017 PMCID: PMC8544622 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.18192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This is a retrospective study of primary open-angle glaucoma patients treated with the immunosuppressor FK506 (tacrolimus) after an organ transplant. We assessed whether FK506 might be a potential neuroprotector adjuvant in glaucoma therapy. Patients and methods Organ transplant patients treated with FK506 for one or more years between 2006 and 2017 at the University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB) were enrolled. Those selected were patients older than or equal to 50 years of age and had an ophthalmological eye examination with or without diagnostic tests for primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). Sixty-one eligible subjects were included in the study and matched with the non-FK506 control group for age, gender, race, and follow-up visits. Results A lower incidence of POAG was noted in the FK506-treated patients (15%) when compared to the non-FK506 group (22%), though not significant (p=0.34). Among POAG subjects, the average retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness decreased at a rate of 1.4 µm per year (p=0.0001) in the non-FK506 control patients versus 0.4 µm per year (p=0.34) in the FK506 patients. The superior and inferior RNFL quadrants in the control non-FK506 group had a thinning of 2.2 µm and 2.3 µm per year, respectively, (p=0.003 and p=0.0001), while in the FK506 patients, there was no significant loss. In addition, RNFL thinning in nasal and temporal quadrant also showed less reduction in FK506-treated subjects but was not statistically significant (p=0.68 and p=0.93). Conclusion FK506 therapy offers a new promising avenue for neuroprotection in POAG patients and needs to be investigated further for use in conjunction with conventional glaucoma treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Praveena K Gupta
- Ophthalmology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
| | - Tamila Williams
- Ophthalmology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
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Liuska PJ, Harju M, Kivelä TT, Turunen JA. Prevalence of MYOC risk variants for glaucoma in different populations. Acta Ophthalmol 2021; 99:e1090-e1097. [PMID: 33421356 DOI: 10.1111/aos.14738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the clinical relevance of myocilin (MYOC) gene variants as risk factors for glaucoma in literature and to estimate their prevalence in different populations. METHODS We reviewed the literature for published MYOC variants in glaucoma patients and estimated their prevalence in general population using gnomAD and BRAVO databases. We used several bioinformatics tools and the criteria of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) to assess the pathogenicity of the variants. We evaluated the carrier frequency of the variants in gnomAD, including its subpopulations. RESULTS We found 13 missense and 5 loss-of-function (LOF) reported variants in MYOC that were both probable pathogenic or risk variants and listed in gnomAD. Six likely pathogenic missense variants were p.(Cys25Arg), p.(Gln48His), p.(Gly326Ser), p.(Thr353Ile), p.(Thr377Met) and p.(Gly399Val). They were most prevalent in East and South Asia (frequency, 0.92% and 0.81%, respectively). The most common missense variants were p.(Thr353Ile) (0.91% in East Asia) and p.(Gln48His) (0.79% in South Asia). Five LOF variants were p.(Arg46Ter), p.(Arg91Ter), p.(Arg272Ter), p.(Gln368Ter) and p.(Tyr453MetfsTer11). We considered these glaucoma risk variants. They were most prevalent in the East Asian and the Finnish population (0.93% and 0.33%, respectively). CONCLUSION Pathogenic MYOC variants appear to be population-associated. Our results highlight allelic heterogeneity of MYOC variants in open-angle glaucoma. Many of the probable pathogenic variants are over-represented in some of the populations causing doubt of their status as monogenic disease-causing variants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mika Harju
- Department of Ophthalmology University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland
| | - Tero T. Kivelä
- Department of Ophthalmology University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland
| | - Joni A. Turunen
- Folkhälsan Research Center Biomedicum Helsinki Helsinki Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland
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Kulchitsky VA, Zamaro AS, Shanko YG, Rubakhova VM. Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Activation of Reparative Processes in the Brain and Retina. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093021050185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Wu Y, Szymanska M, Hu Y, Fazal MI, Jiang N, Yetisen AK, Cordeiro MF. Measures of disease activity in glaucoma. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 196:113700. [PMID: 34653715 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness globally which significantly affects the quality of life and has a substantial economic impact. Effective detective methods are necessary to identify glaucoma as early as possible. Regular eye examinations are important for detecting the disease early and preventing deterioration of vision and quality of life. Current methods of measuring disease activity are powerful in describing the functional and structural changes in glaucomatous eyes. However, there is still a need for a novel tool to detect glaucoma earlier and more accurately. Tear fluid biomarker analysis and new imaging technology provide novel surrogate endpoints of glaucoma. Artificial intelligence is a post-diagnostic tool that can analyse ophthalmic test results. A detail review of currently used clinical tests in glaucoma include intraocular pressure test, visual field test and optical coherence tomography are presented. The advanced technologies for glaucoma measurement which can identify specific disease characteristics, as well as the mechanism, performance and future perspectives of these devices are highlighted. Applications of AI in diagnosis and prediction in glaucoma are mentioned. With the development in imaging tools, sensor technologies and artificial intelligence, diagnostic evaluation of glaucoma must assess more variables to facilitate earlier diagnosis and management in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, United Kingdom; Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maja Szymanska
- The Imperial College Ophthalmic Research Group (ICORG), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yubing Hu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, United Kingdom.
| | - M Ihsan Fazal
- The Imperial College Ophthalmic Research Group (ICORG), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nan Jiang
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ali K Yetisen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, United Kingdom
| | - M Francesca Cordeiro
- The Imperial College Ophthalmic Research Group (ICORG), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; The Western Eye Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (ICHNT), London, United Kingdom; Glaucoma and Retinal Neurodegeneration Group, Department of Visual Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom.
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Wang L, Zhu Z, Huang W, Scheetz J, He M. Association of glaucoma with 10-year mortality in a population-based longitudinal study in urban Southern China: the Liwan Eye Study. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e040795. [PMID: 34620651 PMCID: PMC8499258 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the association between glaucoma and 10-year mortality rate in an adult population in China. DESIGN Population-based cohort study. SETTING The Liwan Eye Study, China. PARTICIPANTS 1405 baseline participants aged 50 years and older were invited to attend a 10-year follow-up examination. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES The International Society of Geographic and Epidemiologic Ophthalmology criteria was used to define glaucoma. Detailed information of mortality was confirmed using the Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention. Presenting visual impairment (PVI) was defined as a presenting visual acuity of less than 20/40 in the better-seeing eye. The 10-year mortality rates were compared using the log-rank test. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to investigate the association between glaucoma and mortality. RESULTS A total of 1372 (97.7%) participants with available gonioscopic data were included in the analysis. Of these, 136 (9.9%), 33 (2.4%) and 21 (1.5%) participants had primary angle closure (PAC) suspect (PACS), PAC and PAC glaucoma (PACG), and 29 (2.1%) had primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). After 10 years, 306 (22.3%) participants were deceased. The 10-year mortality was significantly associated with PACG (HR, 2.15, 95% CI 1.14 to 4.04, p=0.018) but not associated with PAC (HR, 1.27, 95% CI 0.67 to 2.39, p=0.463), PACS (HR, 1.32, 95% CI 0.95 to 1.83, p=0.099) and POAG (HR, 0.74, 95% CI 0.36 to 1.49, p=0.395) when age and gender were adjusted for. This association was no longer statistically significant (HR, 1.60, 95% CI 0.70 to 3.61, p=0.263) when covariables, such as income, education, body mass index, PVI, history of diabetes and hypertension, were adjusted for. Larger vertical cup-to-disc ratio (VCDR >0.30) was only a significant risk factor in multivariable analysis (HR, 1.60, 95% CI 1.11 to 2.33, p=0.011). CONCLUSIONS PACG was significantly associated with higher long-term mortality, but this association was likely to be confounded by other systemic risk factors. VCDR >0.3 was the only independent predictor, implying that it may be a marker of ageing and frailty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhuoting Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Eye Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenyong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jane Scheetz
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mingguang He
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Zhang J, Jiao J, Niu M, Gao X, Zhang G, Yu H, Yang X, Liu L. Ten Years of Knowledge of Nano-Carrier Based Drug Delivery Systems in Ophthalmology: Current Evidence, Challenges, and Future Prospective. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:6497-6530. [PMID: 34588777 PMCID: PMC8473849 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s329831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex drug delivery barrier in the eye reduces the bioavailability of many drugs, resulting in poor therapeutic effects. It is necessary to investigate new drugs through appropriate delivery routes and vehicles. Nanotechnology has utilized various nano-carriers to develop potential ocular drug delivery techniques that interact with the ocular mucosa, prolong the retention time of drugs in the eye, and increase permeability. Additionally, nano-carriers such as liposomes, nanoparticles, nano-suspensions, nano-micelles, and nano-emulsions have grown in popularity as an effective theranostic application to combat different microbial superbugs. In this review, we summarize the nano-carrier based drug delivery system developments over the last decade, particularly review the biology, methodology, approaches, and clinical applications of nano-carrier based drug delivery system in the field of ocular therapeutics. Furthermore, this review addresses upcoming challenges, and provides an outlook on potential future trends of nano-carrier-based drug delivery approaches in ophthalmology, and hopes to eventually provide successful applications for treating ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Weifang Eye Hospital, Weifang, 261041, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinghua Jiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Central Hospital, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, 110024, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Niu
- Department of Radiology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaotong Gao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism and the Institute of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Guisen Zhang
- Department of Retina, Inner Mongolia Chaoju Eye Hospital, Hohhot, 010050, People's Republic of China
| | - Honghua Yu
- Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences; School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Yang
- Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences; School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Liu
- Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences; School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China.,Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
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Beckmann L, Cai Z, Cole J, Miller DA, Liu M, Grannonico M, Zhang X, Ryu HJ, Netland PA, Liu X, Zhang HF. In vivo imaging of the inner retinal layer structure in mice after eye-opening using visible-light optical coherence tomography. Exp Eye Res 2021; 211:108756. [PMID: 34492282 PMCID: PMC10061273 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The growth of the mouse eye and retina after birth is a dynamic, highly regulated process. In this study, we applied visible-light optical coherence tomography (vis-OCT), a non-invasive imaging technique, to examine developing retinal layer structures after eye-opening. We introduced a resampled circumpapillary B-scan averaging technique to improve the inter-layer contrast, enabling retinal layer thickness measurements as early as postnatal day 13 (P13) - right after eye-opening. We confirmed vis-OCT measurements using ex vivo confocal microscopy of retinal sections at different ages. Our results demonstrate that vis-OCT can visualize the developmental murine retinal layer structure in vivo, which offers us new opportunities to better characterize the pathological alterations in mouse models of developmental eye diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Beckmann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Zhen Cai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - James Cole
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - David A Miller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Mingna Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Marta Grannonico
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Xian Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Hyun Jung Ryu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Peter A Netland
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Xiaorong Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| | - Hao F Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
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Muluneh MW, Tegegne AS. Determinants of Intraocular Pressure and Time to Blindness for Glaucoma Patients at Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital, Bahir Bar, Ethiopia: A Comparison of Separate and Joint Models. Cancer Inform 2021; 20:11769351211045975. [PMID: 34552320 PMCID: PMC8450691 DOI: 10.1177/11769351211045975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Due to the substantial increase in the number of glaucoma cases within the
next several decades, glaucoma is a significant public health issue. The
main objective of this study was to investigate the determinant factors of
intraocular pressure and time to blindness of glaucoma patients under
treatment at Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. Methods: A retrospective study design was conducted on 328 randomly selected glaucoma
patients using simple random sampling based on the identification number of
patients in an ophthalmology clinic at the hospital under the follow-up
period from January 2014 to December 2018. A linear mixed effects model for
intraocular pressure data, a semi-parametric survival model for the
time-to-blindness data and joint modeling of the 2 responses were used for
data analysis. However, the primary outcome was survival time of glaucoma
patients. Results: The comparison of joint and separate models revealed that joint model was
more adequate and efficient inferences because of its smaller standard
errors in parameter estimations. This was also approved using AIC, BIC, and
based on a significant likelihood ratio test as well. The estimated
association parameter (α) in the joint model was .0160 and statistically
significant (P-value = .0349). This indicated that there
was strong evidence for positive association between the effects of
intraocular pressure and the risk of blindness. The result indicated that
the higher value of intraocular pressure was associated with the higher risk
of blindness. Age, hypertension, type of medication, cup-disk ratio
significantly affects both average intraocular pressure and survival time of
glaucoma patients (P-value < .05). Conclusion: The predictors; age, hypertension, type of medication, and cup-disk ratio
were significantly associated with the 2 responses of glaucoma patients.
Health professionals give more attention to patients who have blood pressure
and cup-disk ratio greater than 0.7 during the follow-up time to reduce the
risk of blindness of glaucoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitiku Wale Muluneh
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Natural and Computational Science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Awoke Seyoum Tegegne
- Department of Statistics, College of Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
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Determinants of Intraocular Pressure (IOP) of Glaucoma Patients at Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. ADVANCES IN PUBLIC HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/5308376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness in the world associated with characteristic damage to the optic nerve and patterns of visual field loss due to retinal ganglion cell degeneration. The main objective of this study was to investigate determinants for the variation of intraocular pressure of glaucoma patients under treatment at Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. Methods. A retrospective cohort study design was conducted on 328 randomly selected glaucoma patients in the ophthalmology clinic at the hospital under the follow-up period from January 2014 to December 2018. Glaucoma patients who have two and more than two visits in the study period were included in the study, but patients who are attending medications less than two visits were excluded from the study. A linear mixed-effects model for intraocular pressure change was used for data analysis. Result. The estimated coefficient of fixed effect intercept was 25.1829, which indicates that the average IOP of the patients was 25.1829 mmHg at baseline time by excluding all covariates in the model (
value <0.0001), age (
=0.07, 95%CI 0.03, 0.11), urban residence (
= −1.60, 95%CI −2.84, −0.36), family history of glaucoma (
= 4.90, 95%CI 3.38–6.43), timolol and pilocarpine medication (
= −2.02, 95%CI −4.01, −0.03), cup-disk ratio >0.7 (
= 2.60, 95% CI 1.24–3.96), and follow-up time (
= −0.34, 95%CI −0.47, −0.21) were significantly associated with intraocular pressure of glaucoma patients. Conclusion. The predictor age, residence, family history of glaucoma, type of medication, cup-disk ratio, and follow-up time were significantly associated with the intraocular pressure of glaucoma patients. Therefore, healthcare providers give more attention and prioritize those identified factors and give frequent counseling about reducing intraocular pressure of glaucoma patients.
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Gowtham L, Halder N, Angmo D, Singh SB, Jayasundar R, Dada T, Velpandian T. Elevated histamine levels in aqueous humor of patients with glaucoma. Mol Vis 2021; 27:564-573. [PMID: 34531647 PMCID: PMC8421060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Neurotransmitters (NTs) are the key mediators of essential ocular functions, such as processing the visual functions of the retina, maintaining homeostasis of aqueous humor, and regulating ocular blood flow. This study aims to determine variations in the levels of L-glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), histaminergic, adrenergic, cholinergic, and serotonergic NTs in patients with primary glaucoma versus patients with cataract. METHODS This case-control study involved three age-matched groups of patients with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG, n = 14), primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG, n = 21), and cataract (control, n = 19). Patients' aqueous humor and plasma were collected, snap frozen at -80 °C, and subjected to ultrasensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis for quantification of NTs. RESULTS Baseline intraocular pressure and the cup-to-disc ratio were found to be statistically significantly elevated in the POAG and PACG groups compared to the cataract control group. In aqueous humor, histamine was found to be statistically significantly elevated (5-fold, p<0.0001), whereas 1-methyl histamine was statistically significantly decreased (p<0.05) in POAG compared to the control group. A statistically significant increase in L-glutamate and GABA was observed among both patient groups with glaucoma compared to the cataract control group. Adrenaline was found to be elevated only in the PACG group (2.7-fold, p<0.05). No statistically significant difference was observed among the plasma NT levels between the groups. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the prominent role of the histaminergic system apart from autonomic mechanisms in the progression of glaucoma. Elevated L-glutamate and GABA could be due to retinal ganglionic cell death. Further studies are required to evaluate the effects of histamine on Müller cell dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshminarayanan Gowtham
- Ocular Pharmacology and Pharmacy Division, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Nabanita Halder
- Ocular Pharmacology and Pharmacy Division, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Dewang Angmo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Rama Jayasundar
- Department of NMR, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Tanuj Dada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Thirumurthy Velpandian
- Ocular Pharmacology and Pharmacy Division, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Agarwal P, Agarwal R. Tackling retinal ganglion cell apoptosis in glaucoma: role of adenosine receptors. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2021; 25:585-596. [PMID: 34402357 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.1969362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The role of adenosine receptors as therapeutic targets for neuroprotection is now widely recognized. Their role, however, in protection against retinal ganglion cell (RGC) apoptosis in glaucoma needs further investigation. Hence, in this review, we look into the possibility of adenosine receptors as potential therapeutic targets by exploring their role in modulating various pathophysiological mechanisms underlying glaucomatous RGC loss. AREAS COVERED This review presents a summary of the adenosine receptor distribution in retina and the cellular functions mediated by them. The major pathophysiological mechanisms such as excitotoxicity, vascular dysregulation, loss of neurotrophic signaling, and inflammatory responses involved in glaucomatous RGC loss are discussed. The literature showing the role of adenosine receptors in modulating these pathophysiological mechanisms is discussed. The literature search was conducted using Pubmed search engine using key words such as 'RGC apoptosis,' 'adenosine,' adenosine receptors' 'retina' 'excitotoxicity,' 'neurotrophins,' 'ischemia', and 'cytokines' individually and in various combinations. EXPERT OPINION Use of adenosine receptor agonists and antagonists, for preservation of the RGCs in glaucomatous eyes independent of the level of intraocular pressure seems a very useful strategy. Future application of this strategy would require appropriate designing of drug formulation for tissue and disease-specific receptor targeting. Furthermore, the modulation of physiological functions and potential adverse effects need further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Agarwal
- School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Renu Agarwal
- School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Forkhead domain inhibitory-6 attenuates subconjunctival fibrosis in rabbit model with trabeculectomy. Exp Eye Res 2021; 210:108725. [PMID: 34375589 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Antiproliferative therapies are crucially important for improving the success rate of the glaucoma filtration surgeries. In this study, we investigated the potential efficacy of Forkhead Domain Inhibitory-6 (FDI-6) in inhibiting post-trabeculectomy subconjunctival fibrosis. In vitro, the effect of FDI-6 (10 μM) on fibrotic response and its underlying mechanism were investigated in rabbit tenon's fibroblasts (RTFs) treated with or without transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1, 20 ng/mL). In vivo, FDI-6 (40 μM) was injected subconjunctivally to a rabbit trabeculectomy model. Intraocular pressure (IOP) changes were monitored within the 14-day period post-surgery. Bleb morphology and subepithelial fibrosis at the operating area were evaluated with slit lamp and confocal microscopic examinations and with histologic examinations. The results showed that, in cell culture studies, FDI-6 suppressed the proliferation, migration, collagen gel contraction and the expression levels of fibronectin (FN) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in RTFs with TGF-β treatment by down-regulating the TGF-β1/Smad2/3 signaling pathway. In animal studies, the IOPs of the FDI-6-treated group were significantly lower than those of the saline-treated group after trabeculectomy. The FDI-6-treated eyes showed a better bleb appearance with fewer blood vessels compared to the saline-treated eyes. The analysis of confocal microscopy in vivo and histopathology revealed that subconjunctival fibrosis after trabeculectomy was significantly attenuated in the FDI-6-treated group compared to the controls. In conclusion, our studies indicate that FDI-6 exerts an inhibitory effect on subconjunctival fibrosis caused by trabeculectomy, holding potentials as a new antiproliferative agent used in anti-glaucoma filtration surgeries in the future.
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Prabhakaran GT, Al-Nosairy KO, Tempelmann C, Wagner M, Thieme H, Hoffmann MB. Functional Dynamics of Deafferented Early Visual Cortex in Glaucoma. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:653632. [PMID: 34381327 PMCID: PMC8350780 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.653632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In advanced retinitis pigmentosa with retinal lesions, the lesion projection zone (LPZ) in the early visual cortex can be driven during visual tasks, while it remains unresponsive during passive viewing. We tested whether this finding translates to advanced glaucoma, a major cause of acquired blindness. During visual stimulation, 3T fMRI scans were acquired for participants with advanced glaucoma (n = 4; age range: 51–72) and compared to two reference groups, i.e., advanced retinitis pigmentosa (n = 3; age range: 46–78) and age-matched healthy controls with simulated defects (n = 7). The participants viewed grating patterns drifting in 8 directions (12 s) alternating with uniform gray (12 s), either during passive viewing (PV), i.e., central fixation, or during a one-back task (OBT), i.e., reports of succeeding identical motion directions. As another reference, a fixation-dot task condition was included. Only in glaucoma and retinitis pigmentosa but not in controls, fMRI-responses in the lesion projection zone (LPZ) of V1 shifted from negative for PV to positive for OBT (p = 0.024 and p = 0.012, respectively). In glaucoma, these effects also reached significance in V3 (p = 0.006), while in V2 there was a non-significant trend (p = 0.069). The general absence of positive responses in the LPZ during PV underscores the lack of early visual cortex bottom-up plasticity for acquired visual field defects in humans. Trends in our exploratory analysis suggesting the task-dependent LPZ responses to be inversely related to visual field loss, indicate the benefit of patient stratification strategies in future studies with greater sample sizes. We conclude that top-down mechanisms associated with task-elicited demands rather than visual cortex remapping appear to shape LPZ responses not only in retinitis pigmentosa, but also in glaucoma. These insights are of critical importance for the development of schemes for treatment and rehabilitation in glaucoma and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Claus Tempelmann
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Markus Wagner
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hagen Thieme
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Michael B Hoffmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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Amato R, Lazzara F, Chou TH, Romano GL, Cammalleri M, Dal Monte M, Casini G, Porciatti V. Diabetes Exacerbates the Intraocular Pressure-Independent Retinal Ganglion Cells Degeneration in the DBA/2J Model of Glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:9. [PMID: 34232257 PMCID: PMC8267218 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.9.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Glaucoma is a multifactorial disease, causing retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and optic nerve degeneration. The role of diabetes as a risk factor for glaucoma has been postulated but still not unequivocally demonstrated. The purpose of this study is to clarify the effect of diabetes in the early progression of glaucomatous RGC dysfunction preceding intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation, using the DBA/2J mouse (D2) model of glaucoma. Methods D2 mice were injected with streptozotocin (STZ) obtaining a combined model of diabetes and glaucoma (D2 + STZ). D2 and D2 + STZ mice were monitored for weight, glycemia, and IOP from 3.5 to 6 months of age. In addition, the activity of RGC and outer retina were assessed using pattern electroretinogram (PERG) and flash electroretinogram (FERG), respectively. At the end point, RGC density and astrogliosis were evaluated in flat mounted retinas. In addition, Müller cell reactivity was evaluated in retinal cross-sections. Finally, the expression of inflammation and oxidative stress markers were analyzed. Results IOP was not influenced by time or diabetes. In contrast, RGC activity resulted progressively decreased in the D2 group independently from IOP elevation and outer retinal dysfunction. Diabetes exacerbated RGC dysfunction, which resulted independent from variation in IOP and outer retinal activity. Diabetic retinas displayed decreased RGC density and increased glial reactivity given by an increment in oxidative stress and inflammation. Conclusions Diabetes can act as an IOP-independent risk factor for the early progression of glaucoma promoting oxidative stress and inflammation-mediated RGC dysfunction, glial reactivity, and cellular death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Amato
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Francesca Lazzara
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States
- Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences Department, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Tsung-Han Chou
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Giovanni Luca Romano
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States
- Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences Department, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Vittorio Porciatti
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States
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Xu X, Xiao H, Lai K, Guo X, Luo J, Liu X. Determinants of macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer thickness in normal Chinese adults. BMC Ophthalmol 2021; 21:267. [PMID: 34187398 PMCID: PMC8243422 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-021-02023-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Demographic, systemic and ocular factors may impact macular ganglion cell–inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness measurements. This study aimed to investigate the influences of multiple potential determinants of macular GCIPL thickness in normal Chinese adults. Methods This was a retrospective study conducted on 225 normal eyes from 225 healthy Chinese adults. GCIPL thickness were obtained using Cirrus high-definition optical coherence tomography (OCT). The age, gender, laterality, spherical equivalent (SE) refractive error, intraocular pressure (IOP), axial length (AL), central cornea thickness (CCT), circumpapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (pRNFL) thickness and OCT signal strength were recorded and their respective effect on GCIPL thickness parameters were evaluated. Results The mean (± SD) average, minimum, superotemporal, superior, superonasal, inferonasal, inferior, and inferotemporal GCIPL thickness was 84.56 ± 5.36, 81.32 ± 5.58, 83.08 ± 5.37, 85.70 ± 5.95, 87.15 ± 6.26, 85.07 ± 6.11, 82.46 ± 5.76, and 83.88 ± 5.59 μm, respectively. Determinants of thinner GCIPL thickness were older age (P = 0.001–0.117; effects enhanced if age over 40 years), thinner pRNFL (all P < 0.001), and weaker signal strength (all P < 0.001). No significant difference was found between males and females (P = 0.069–0.842), and between right eyes and the left eyes (P = 0.160–0.875) except that of superonasal GCIPL thickness (P < 0.001). There was no significant correlation between GCIPL thickness and SE, IOP, CCT, and AL (P = 0.135–0.968). Conclusions Individual determinants associated with thinner GCIPL thickness were older age (particularly over 40 years of age), thinner pRNFL, and weaker OCT signal strength. This is relevant in comprehensively understanding the normative data and differentiating normal aging from abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 7 Jinsui Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China, 510623
| | - Hui Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 7 Jinsui Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China, 510623
| | - Kunbei Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 7 Jinsui Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China, 510623
| | - Xinxing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 7 Jinsui Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China, 510623.,Wilmer Eye Institute, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jingyi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 7 Jinsui Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China, 510623
| | - Xing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 7 Jinsui Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China, 510623.
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Chronic Glaucoma Using Biodegradable Microspheres to Induce Intraocular Pressure Elevation. Six-Month Follow-Up. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9060682. [PMID: 34208744 PMCID: PMC8235213 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: To compare two prolonged animal models of glaucoma over 24 weeks of follow-up. A novel pre-trabecular model of chronic glaucoma was achieved by injection of biodegradable poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) microspheres (10–20 µm) (Ms20/10) into the ocular anterior chamber to progressively increase ocular hypertension (OHT). Methods: Rat right eyes were injected to induce OHT: 50% received a suspension of Ms20/10 in the anterior chamber at 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 weeks, and the other 50% received a sclerosing episcleral vein injection biweekly (EPIm). Ophthalmological clinical signs, intraocular pressure (IOP), neuroretinal functionality measured by electroretinography (ERG), and structural analysis of the retina, retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and ganglion cell layer (GCL) protocols using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and histological exams were performed. Results: Both models showed progressive neuroretinal degeneration (p < 0.05), and contralateral eye affectation. The Ms20/10 model showed a more progressive increase in IOP and better preservation of ocular surface. Although no statistical differences were found between models, the EPIm showed a tendency to produce thicker retinal and thinner GCL thicknesses, slower latency and smaller amplitude as measured using ERG, and more aggressive disturbances in retinal histology. In both models, while the GCL showed the greatest percentage loss of thickness, the RNFL showed the greatest and earliest rate of thickness loss. Conclusions: The intracameral model with biodegradable microspheres resulted more like the conditions observed in humans. It was obtained by a less-aggressive mechanism, which allows for adequate study of the pathology over longer periods.
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Samanchi R, Prakash Muthukrishnan S, Dada T, Sihota R, Kaur S, Sharma R. Altered spontaneous cortical activity in mild glaucoma: A quantitative EEG study. Neurosci Lett 2021; 759:136036. [PMID: 34116196 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Functional neuroimaging studies have reported alterations in cortical activity indicating glaucoma as a progressive neurodegenerative disease. Hence the current study aimed to assess the cortical activity using high-density EEG in patients with mild glaucoma during resting state. Treatment-naive 37 patients with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), 34 patients with primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG), and 32 healthy controls were included in the study. Resting state EEG i.e., eyes closed (EC) and eyes open conditions (EO) were acquired using 128-channel for 3 min. After preprocessing, the current density of 6239 voxels of the data was estimated using sLORETA. In comparison to healthy controls, PACG had higher activity at cingulate gyri, medial and superior frontal gyri during EO only. POAG had significantly higher activity at precentral gyrus and middle frontal gyrus during EC, whereas at cingulate gyri, frontal gyri, precentral gyri, paracentral lobule, sub-gyral region, postcentral gyrus, and precuneus during EO. POAG had significantly higher activity at precuneus and cuneus compared to PACG during EO. Intraocular pressure and mean-deviation of visual fields had a positive correlation with cortical activity. Results of the study indicate physiological alterations not only at the level of retina but also at brain even in the early stages of the disease. These alterations in the cortical activity were more in POAG than PACG. Controlling the IOP alone might be insufficient in glaucoma because of widespread alterations in cortical activity. These findings might enhance the current understanding of cortical involvement in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh Samanchi
- Stress and Cognitive Electroimaging Laboratory, Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Suriya Prakash Muthukrishnan
- Stress and Cognitive Electroimaging Laboratory, Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Tanuj Dada
- Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ramanjit Sihota
- Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Simran Kaur
- Stress and Cognitive Electroimaging Laboratory, Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ratna Sharma
- Stress and Cognitive Electroimaging Laboratory, Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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Lem DW, Gierhart DL, Davey PG. Carotenoids in the Management of Glaucoma: A Systematic Review of the Evidence. Nutrients 2021; 13:1949. [PMID: 34204051 PMCID: PMC8228567 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) remains a leading cause of irreversible blindness globally. Recent evidence further substantiates sustained oxidative stress, and compromised antioxidant defenses are key drivers in the onset of glaucomatous neurodegeneration. Overwhelming oxidative injury is likely attributed to compounding mitochondrial dysfunction that worsens with age-related processes, causing aberrant formation of free radical species. Thus, a compromised systemic antioxidant capacity exacerbates further oxidative insult in glaucoma, leading to apoptosis, neuroinflammation, and subsequent tissue injury. The purpose of this systematic review is to investigate the neuroprotective benefits of the macular carotenoids lutein, zeaxanthin, and meso-zeaxanthin on glaucomatous neurodegeneration for the purpose of adjunctive nutraceutical treatment in glaucoma. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in three databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science) and 20 records were identified for screening. Lutein demonstrated enhanced neuroprotection on retinal ganglion cell survival and preserved synaptic activity. In clinical studies, a protective trend was seen with greater dietary consumption of carotenoids and risk of glaucoma, while greater carotenoid levels in macular pigment were largely associated with improved visual performance in glaucomatous eyes. The data suggest that carotenoid vitamin therapy exerts synergic neuroprotective benefits and has the capacity to serve adjunctive therapy in the management of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drake W. Lem
- College of Optometry, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E Second St, Pomona, CA 91766, USA;
| | | | - Pinakin Gunvant Davey
- College of Optometry, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E Second St, Pomona, CA 91766, USA;
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Detecting retinal cell stress and apoptosis with DARC: Progression from lab to clinic. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 86:100976. [PMID: 34102318 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.100976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
DARC (Detection of Apoptosing Retinal Cells) is a retinal imaging technology that has been developed within the last 2 decades from basic laboratory science to Phase 2 clinical trials. It uses ANX776 (fluorescently labelled Annexin A5) to identify stressed and apoptotic cells in the living eye. During its development, DARC has undergone biochemistry optimisation, scale-up and GMP manufacture and extensive preclinical evaluation. Initially tested in preclinical glaucoma and optic neuropathy models, it has also been investigated in Alzheimer, Parkinson's and Diabetic models, and used to assess efficacy of therapies. Progression to clinical trials has not been speedy. Intravenous ANX776 has to date been found to be safe and well-tolerated in 129 patients, including 16 from Phase 1 and 113 from Phase 2. Results on glaucoma and AMD patients have been recently published, and suggest DARC with an AI-aided algorithm can be used to predict disease activity. New analyses of DARC in GA prediction are reported here. Although further studies are needed to validate these findings, it appears there is potential of the technology to be used as a biomarker. Much larger clinical studies will be needed before it can be considered as a diagnostic, although the relatively non-invasive nature of the nasal as opposed to intravenous administration would widen its acceptability in the future as a screening tool. This review describes DARC development and its progression into Phase 2 clinical trials from lab-based research. It discusses hypotheses, potential challenges, and regulatory hurdles in translating technology.
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85
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Shanmugham V, Subban R. Extraction of capsanthin from Capsicum annum L fruits and its effect on carbomer-induced intraocular pressure in Albino Wistar rats. J Food Biochem 2021; 45:e13776. [PMID: 34056744 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study was aimed to explore the antiglaucoma activity of capsanthin enriched fraction (CEF) of Capsicum annum L fruits against carbomer-induced experimental glaucoma in Albino Wistar rats. CEF was orally administered to carbomer-induced glaucomatous rats, and pilocarpine 2% eye drops were used as a standard drug. Intraocular pressure (IOP) levels were determined after oral administration of a low, medium, and a high dose of CEF (20, 40, and 80 mg/kg bwt) in glaucomatous rats. In rats with elevated IOP in both eyes, oral administration of CEF resulted in a significant reduction in IOP (p < .05) even at a low dose of 20 mg/Kg body weight. There were no treatment-related changes in histopathology, hematology, and clinical chemistry parameters. Thus, CEF when administered orally in IOP-bearing rats successfully reduced IOP without any adverse effects. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Capsanthin enriched fraction can be used to prevent permanent vision loss due to age-related macular diseases and high intraocular pressure. The intraocular pressure reduction action of capsanthin can be useful in the treatment of glaucoma. The medication available to treat glaucoma are topical drugs, and for the first time, we proved the oral supplementation of capsanthin from a food source can reduce the intraocular pressure in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ravi Subban
- Department of Chemistry, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, India
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86
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Zhang YQ, Peng MY, Wu SN, Yu CY, Chen SY, Tan SW, Shao Y, Zhou Q. Fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation in patients with neovascular glaucoma: a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2021; 11:2138-2150. [PMID: 33936994 DOI: 10.21037/qims-20-855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Background Neovascular glaucoma (NVG) is a secondary refractory disease with a poor prognosis, and there are few advanced studies on its pathogenesis and treatment. In this research, the fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF) technology was used in resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) to investigate intrinsic neuron activity in the patient's brain with NVG. Methods Sixteen patients with NVG (eight males and eight females) and 16 healthy controls (HCs) of similar age and sex were included. All patients and controls received rsfMRI scans, and the differences between the two groups in fALFF values were compared by independent sample t-test. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to compare fALFF values in the brain regions of NVG patients and HCs and assess accuracy. Finally, Pearson linear correlation analysis assessed the correlation between fALFF signals in brain regions and the clinical evaluation indicators of patients with NVG. Results In patients with NVG, fALFF signal values in the right Rolandic operculum, left anterior cingulate and paracingulate gyri, and right caudate were significantly decreased. In contrast, fALFF signal values in the left precuneus were significantly higher than those recorded in the HCs. Analysis of the ROC curve for each brain region showed that the area under the ROC curve of NVG patients was large (close to 1), and the accuracy was good. In the NVG group, the hospital anxiety and depression scale (r=-0.952, P<0.001) and left best-corrected visual acuity (r=-0.802, P<0.001) had a negative linear correlation with the fALFF signal value of the right Rolandic operculum. The hospital anxiety and depression scale had a negative linear correlation with the fALFF signal value of the right caudate (r=-0.948, P<0.001). Conclusions NVG patients showed dysfunction in several brain regions. These findings may assist in revealing the underlying neural mechanism of brain activity associated with NVG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qing Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Ocular Disease Clinical Research Center, Nanchang, China
| | - Meng-Ying Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Ocular Disease Clinical Research Center, Nanchang, China
| | - Shi-Nan Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Ocular Disease Clinical Research Center, Nanchang, China
| | - Chen-Yu Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Ocular Disease Clinical Research Center, Nanchang, China
| | - Si-Yi Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Ocular Disease Clinical Research Center, Nanchang, China
| | - Si-Wen Tan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Ocular Disease Clinical Research Center, Nanchang, China
| | - Yi Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Ocular Disease Clinical Research Center, Nanchang, China
| | - Qiong Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Ocular Disease Clinical Research Center, Nanchang, China
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87
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You M, Rong R, Zeng Z, Xia X, Ji D. Transneuronal Degeneration in the Brain During Glaucoma. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:643685. [PMID: 33889083 PMCID: PMC8055862 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.643685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is a key factor in the pathophysiology of all types of glaucoma, but the mechanism of pathogenesis of glaucoma remains unclear. RGCs are a group of central nervous system (CNS) neurons whose soma are in the inner retina. The axons of RGCs form the optic nerve and converge at the optic chiasma; from there, they project to the visual cortex via the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the dysfunction and death of CNS and retinal neurons caused by transneuronal degeneration of RGCs, and the view that glaucoma is a widespread neurodegenerative disease involving CNS damage appears more and more frequently in the literature. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of LGN and visual cortex neuron damage in glaucoma and possible mechanisms behind the damage. This review presents an updated and expanded view of neuronal damage in glaucoma, and reveals new and potential targets for neuroprotection and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengling You
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, China
| | - Rong Rong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, China
| | - Zhou Zeng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaobo Xia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, China
| | - Dan Ji
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, China
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88
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Haykal S, Jansonius NM, Cornelissen FW. Progression of Visual Pathway Degeneration in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma: A Longitudinal Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:630898. [PMID: 33854423 PMCID: PMC8039117 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.630898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) patients exhibit widespread white matter (WM) degeneration throughout their visual pathways. Whether this degeneration starts at the pre- or post-geniculate pathways remains unclear. In this longitudinal study, we assess the progression of WM degeneration exhibited by the pre-geniculate optic tracts (OTs) and the post-geniculate optic radiations (ORs) of POAG patients over time, aiming to determine the source and pattern of spread of this degeneration. Methods: Diffusion-weighted MRI scans were acquired for 12 POAG patients and 14 controls at two time-points 5.4 ± 2.1 years apart. Fiber density (FD), an estimate of WM axonal density, was computed for the OTs and ORs of all participants in an unbiased longitudinal population template space. First, FD was compared between POAG patients and the controls at time-point 1 (TP1) and time-point 2 (TP2) independently. Secondly, repeated measures analysis was performed for FD change in POAG patients between the two time-points. Finally, we compared the rate of FD change over time between the two groups. Results: Compared to the controls, POAG patients exhibited significantly lower FD in the left OT at TP1 and in both OTs and the left OR at TP2. POAG patients showed a significant loss of FD between the time-points in the right OT and both ORs, while the left OR showed a significantly higher rate of FD loss in POAG patients compared to the controls. Conclusions: We find longitudinal progression of neurodegenerative WM changes in both the pre- and post-geniculate visual pathways of POAG patients. The pattern of changes suggests that glaucomatous WM degeneration starts at the pre-geniculate pathways and then spreads to the post-geniculate pathways. Furthermore, we find evidence that the trans-synaptic spread of glaucomatous degeneration to the post-geniculate pathways is a prolonged process which continues in the absence of detectable pre-geniculate degenerative progression. This suggests the presence of a time window for salvaging intact post-geniculate pathways, which could prove to be a viable therapeutic target in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shereif Haykal
- Laboratory for Experimental Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Nomdo M Jansonius
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Frans W Cornelissen
- Laboratory for Experimental Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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89
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Zeki Fikret C, Ucgun NI. Macular pigment optical density change analysis in primary open-angle glaucoma and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma. Int Ophthalmol 2021; 41:2235-2240. [PMID: 33759069 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-021-01784-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to investigate whether macular pigment optical density (MPOD) has a diagnostic value by comparing MPOD and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), ganglion cell layer++ (GCL++) of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and pseudoexfoliation (PEX) glaucoma and normal individuals. METHODS We included in the study 54 eyes of 34 patients with diagnosis POAG, 40 eyes of 25 patients with PEX glaucoma and 40 eyes of 20 normal individuals. The MPOD measurements of the cases were performed in the MPOD mode of the fundus fluorescein angiography (Carl Zeiss Visucam Meditec, Germany) device while the pupils were in dilated status. RNFL and GCL++ measurements of all individuals included in the study were done by swept source optical coherence tomography (DRI Triton swept source optical coherence tomography; Topcon, Tokyo, Japan). Intraocular pressures of all three groups were measured by Applanation tonometer. The relationship between MPOD, RNFL and GCL++ values were examined. Patients with additional ophthalmic disease, intraocular surgery, history of chronic drug use, and smokers were excluded in the study. RESULTS MPOD mean and MPOD max values were significantly higher in patients with PEX glaucoma than POAG and control group (p < 0.05). MPOD mean and MPOD max measurements were not different when compared to POAG patients and control group (p > 0.05). RNFL and GCL++ measurements were found significantly thinner in patients with POAG and PEX glaucoma compared to the control group (p < 0.001). There was no correlation between MPOD values and RNFL or GCL++. MPOD max values show a very high correlation with age in a statistically significant positive direction (r = 0.90, p < 0.001). The average age of PEX glaucoma group was higher than the control group (p = 0.006). There was no age difference between the PEX glaucoma group and the POAG group (p > 0.05). Also, there was no difference in age between POAG and control groups. In POAG and PEX glaucoma groups, mean intraocular pressure values are significantly higher than the control group. CONCLUSIONS In our study, no MPOD change was observed in the POAG group, while a statistically significant increase in MPOD was found in the PEX glaucoma group. As a result of these findings, we think that PEX syndrome also affects the posterior segment. Well-organized, large, prospective, and randomized studies should be developed for preventive treatment to the negative effects of PEX syndrome on all eye tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nil Irem Ucgun
- Ophthalmology Department, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
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90
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Luo LJ, Nguyen DD, Lai JY. Harnessing the tunable cavity of nanoceria for enhancing Y-27632-mediated alleviation of ocular hypertension. Theranostics 2021; 11:5447-5463. [PMID: 33859757 PMCID: PMC8039939 DOI: 10.7150/thno.54525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Y-27632 is a potent ophthalmic drug for the treatment of ocular hypertension, a globally prevalent eye disease. However, the sustained delivery of Y-27632 by a therapeutic carrier to lesion sites located in the inner segments of the eye for effectively treating the ocular disorder still remains challenging. Methods: To realize the goal, a strategy based on solvothermal-assisted deposition/infiltration in combination with surface modification is utilized to synthesize hollow mesoporous ceria nanoparticles (HMCNs) with tailorable shell thicknesses and drug release profiles. The shell thickness of HMCNs is rationally exploited for achieving sustained drug release and advanced therapeutic benefits. Results: The shell thickness can regulate release profiles of Y-27632, displaying that thick and thin (~40 nm and ~10 nm) shelled HMCNs reveal burst release characteristics (within 2 days) or limited drug loading content (~10% for the 40 nm thick). As a compromise, the HMCNs with moderate shell thickness (~20 nm) possess the most sustained drug release over a period of 10 days. In a rabbit model of glaucoma, a single instillation of the optimized Y-27632-loaded HMCNs can effectively treat glaucoma for 10 days via simultaneously repairing the defected cornea (recovery of ~93% ATP1A1 mRNA levels), restoring the reduced thickness of outer nuclear layer to normal (~64 µm), and restoring ~86% of the impaired photoreceptor cells. Conclusion: A comprehensive study on the importance of HMCN shell thickness in developing long-acting nano eye drops for the efficient management of glaucoma is proposed. The findings suggest a central role of nanobiomaterial structural engineering in developing the long-life eye drops for pharmacological treatment of intraocular diseases.
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91
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Amirmokhtari N, Foresi BD, Dewan SS, Bouhenni RA, Smith MA. Absence of Cytochrome P450-1b1 Increases Susceptibility of Pressure-Induced Axonopathy in the Murine Retinal Projection. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:636321. [PMID: 33748124 PMCID: PMC7973214 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.636321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the cytochrome P450-1B1 (Cyp1b1) gene is a common genetic predisposition associated with various human glaucomas, most prominently in primary congenital glaucoma (PCG). The role of Cyp1b1 in the eye is largely unknown, however, its absence appears to drive the maldevelopment of anterior eye structures responsible for aqueous fluid drainage in murine models. Nevertheless, vision loss in glaucoma ultimately results from the structural and functional loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Cyp1b1’s influence in the development and support of retinal ganglion cell structure and function under normal conditions or during stress, such as elevated ocular pressure; the most common risk factor in glaucoma, remains grossly unknown. Thus, to determine the role of Cyp1b1 in normal retinal projection development we first assessed the strucutrual integrity of RGCs in the retina, optic nerve, and superior colliculus in un-manipulated (naïve) Cyp1b1-knockout (Cyp1b1–/–) mice. In addition, in a separate cohort of Cyp1b1–/– and wildtype mice, we elevated and maintained intraocular pressure (IOP) at glaucomatous levels for 5-weeks, after which we compared RGC density, node of Ranvier morphology, and axonal transport between the genotypes. Our results demonstrate that naïve Cyp1b1–/– mice develop an anatomically intact retinal projection absent of overt glaucomatous pathology. Following pressure elevation, Cyp1b1–/– accelerated degradation of axonal transport from the retina to the superior colliculus and altered morphology of the nodes of Ranvier and adjacent paranodes in the optic nerves. Together this data suggests the absence Cyp1b1 expression alone is insufficient to drive murine glaucomatous pathology, however, may increase the vulnerability of retinal axons to disease relevant elevations in IOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naseem Amirmokhtari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, United States.,Integrated Pharmaceutical Medicine Graduate Program, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, United States
| | - Brian D Foresi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, United States
| | - Shiv S Dewan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, United States
| | - Rachida A Bouhenni
- Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute, Vision Center, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron, OH, United States
| | - Matthew A Smith
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, United States.,Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute, Vision Center, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron, OH, United States
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92
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Ishikawa M, Takaseki S, Yoshitomi T, Covey DF, Zorumski CF, Izumi Y. The neurosteroid allopregnanolone protects retinal neurons by effects on autophagy and GABRs/GABA A receptors in rat glaucoma models. Autophagy 2021; 17:743-760. [PMID: 32070183 PMCID: PMC8032250 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1731270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In an ex vivo rat glaucoma model using dissected retinas, the neurosteroid allopregnanolone (AlloP) protects retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) via GABR/GABAA receptors. To determine the involvement of macroautophagy/autophagy in neuroprotection by AlloP, we examined the effects of autophagy activators, rapamycin and torin 2, and autophagy inhibitors, bafilomycin A1 and SAR405, on retinal retinal morphology and expression of MAP1 LC3B/LC3B (microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta) and SQSTM1 (sequestosome 1). Administration of rapamycin or torin 2 exerted partial histological neuroprotection, while combined administration of AlloP with bafilomycin A1 or SAR405 induced severe degeneration in a hyperbaric condition. Electron microscopic analyses showed that the addition of AlloP significantly increased autophagosomes and degenerative autophagic vacuoles in the retinal nerve fiber layer. Immunoblotting showed that the addition of AlloP or autophagic activators increased the lipidated form of LC3B (LC3B-II) and suppressed SQSTM1. Moreover, bafilomycin A1 increased LC3B-II and SQSTM1 protein levels in the presence of AlloP without changes in corresponding mRNAs compared to AlloP-treated retinas in a hyperbaric condition. These data indicate that AlloP likely induces a protective form of autophagy in this model. In an in vivo rat model of glaucoma, we also observed neuroprotective effects of AlloP. Injection of polystyrene microbeads into the anterior chamber increased intraocular pressure about 3-fold and induced RGC apoptosis. A single intravitreal injection of AlloP or autophagy activators prevented apoptosis and protected RGCs with autophagy activation. We conclude that AlloP may serve as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of glaucoma via diverse mechanisms.Abbreviations: 2HBCD: 2-Hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin; 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; AlloP: allopregnanolone; AP: autophagosome; AVd: degradative autophagic vacuoles; GCL: ganglion cell layer; INL: inner nuclear layer; IOP: intraocular pressure; IPL: inner plexiform layer; LC3B-I: cytosolic form of LC3B; LCB-II: lipidated form of LC3B; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; mPTP: mitochondrial permeability transition pore; NDS: neuronal damage score; NFL: nerve fiber layer; OH: ocular hypertension; ON: optic nerve; ONL: outer nuclear layer; OPL: outer plexiform layer; p-STR: scotopic threshold response; RGC: retinal ganglion cells; RT-PCR: real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; TUNEL: TdT-mediated dUTP Nick End Labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ishikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Sanae Takaseki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yoshitomi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Douglas F. Covey
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Charles F. Zorumski
- Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Brain Research in Mood Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yukitoshi Izumi
- Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Brain Research in Mood Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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93
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Tan J, Liu G, Lan C, Pang IH, Luo X, Wu S, Fan N, Zhang J, Wang N, Liu X. Lentiviral vector-mediated expression of C3 transferase attenuates retinal ischemia and reperfusion injury in rats. Life Sci 2021; 272:119269. [PMID: 33631175 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Our previous study showed that intravitreal delivery of self-complementary AAV2 (scAAV2)-mediated exoenzyme C3 transferase (C3) can attenuate retinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. The current study investigated the neuroprotective effects of lentivirus (LV)-mediated C3 transgene expression on rat retinal I/R injury. MAIN METHODS The LV encoding C3 and green fluorescent protein (GFP) together (LV-C3-GFP) or GFP only (LV-GFP) was intravitreally injected to SPRAGUE-DAWLEY rats. On day 5 post-intravitreal injection, eyes were evaluated by slit-lamp examination. The GFP expression on retina was confirmed by in vivo and ex vivo assessments. RhoA GTPase expression in retina was examined by western blot. Retinal I/R injury was generated by transiently increasing intraocular pressure (110 mmHg, 90 min). Eyes were then enucleated, and retinas processed for morphological analysis and TdT-dUTP terminal nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay. KEY FINDINGS No obvious inflammatory reactions or surgical complications were observed after intravitreal injection of LV vectors. There was a significant decrease of total RhoA GTPase level in the retina treated with LV-C3-GFP. Compared to the blank control group, LV-C3-GFP and LV-GFP did not affect the retinal thickness, cell density in ganglion cell layer (GCL), or numbers of apoptotic cells in retinal flat-mounts. In the LV-GFP-treated retinas, I/R decreased the retinal thickness and GCL cell density and increased apoptotic retinal cell numbers. LV-C3-GFP significantly protected against all these degenerative effects of I/R. SIGNIFICANCE This study indicated that LV-mediated C3 transgene expression exhibits neuroprotective effects on the retinal I/R injury and holds potential as a novel neuroprotective approach targeting certain retinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junkai Tan
- Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361006, China
| | - Guo Liu
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Chunlin Lan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Iok-Hou Pang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Sciences Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, United States
| | - Xiaolin Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, the 2nd Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Shen Wu
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Ning Fan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen Eye Hospital, School of Optometry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Jingxue Zhang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Ningli Wang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Xuyang Liu
- Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361006, China; Department of Ophthalmology, the 2nd Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, China.
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94
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Fiedorowicz M, Choragiewicz T, Turski WA, Kocki T, Nowakowska D, Wertejuk K, Kamińska A, Avitabile T, Wełniak-Kaminska M, Grieb P, Zweifel S, Rejdak R, Toro MD. Tryptophan Pathway Abnormalities in a Murine Model of Hereditary Glaucoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1039. [PMID: 33494373 PMCID: PMC7865582 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been shown that a possible pathogenetic mechanism of neurodegeneration in the mouse model of glaucoma (DBA/2J) may be an alteration of kynurenic acid (KYNA) in the retina. This study aimed to verify the hypothesis that alterations of tryptophan (TRP) metabolism in DBA/2J mice is not limited to the retina. METHODS Samples of the retinal tissue and serum were collected from DBA/2J mice (6 and 10 months old) and control C57Bl/6 mice of the same age. The concentration of TRP, KYNA, kynurenine (KYN), and 3-hydroxykynurenine (3OH-K) was measured by HPLC. The activity of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) was also determined as a KYN/TRP ratio. RESULTS TRP, KYNA, L-KYN, and 3OH-K concentration were significantly lower in the retinas of DBA/2J mice than in C57Bl/6 mice. 3OH-K concentration was higher in older mice in both strains. Serum TRP, L-KYN, and KYNA concentrations were lower in DBA/2J than in age-matched controls. However, serum IDO activity did not differ significantly between compared groups and strains. CONCLUSIONS Alterations of the TRP pathway seem not to be limited to the retina in the murine model of hereditary glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Fiedorowicz
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (M.F.); (M.W.-K.); (P.G.)
| | - Tomasz Choragiewicz
- Department of General Ophthalmology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-079 Lublin, Poland; (T.C.); (D.N.); (K.W.); (R.R.)
| | - Waldemar A. Turski
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-079 Lublin, Poland; (W.A.T.); (T.K.)
| | - Tomasz Kocki
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-079 Lublin, Poland; (W.A.T.); (T.K.)
| | - Dominika Nowakowska
- Department of General Ophthalmology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-079 Lublin, Poland; (T.C.); (D.N.); (K.W.); (R.R.)
| | - Kamila Wertejuk
- Department of General Ophthalmology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-079 Lublin, Poland; (T.C.); (D.N.); (K.W.); (R.R.)
| | - Agnieszka Kamińska
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Collegium Medicum, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Teresio Avitabile
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Marlena Wełniak-Kaminska
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (M.F.); (M.W.-K.); (P.G.)
| | - Pawel Grieb
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (M.F.); (M.W.-K.); (P.G.)
| | - Sandrine Zweifel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Robert Rejdak
- Department of General Ophthalmology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-079 Lublin, Poland; (T.C.); (D.N.); (K.W.); (R.R.)
| | - Mario Damiano Toro
- Department of General Ophthalmology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-079 Lublin, Poland; (T.C.); (D.N.); (K.W.); (R.R.)
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Collegium Medicum, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland;
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland;
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95
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Liu J, Jiang F, Jiang Y, Wang Y, Li Z, Shi X, Zhu Y, Wang H, Zhang Z. Roles of Exosomes in Ocular Diseases. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:10519-10538. [PMID: 33402823 PMCID: PMC7778680 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s277190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, nanoscale vesicles with a diameter of 30 to 150 nm, are composed of a lipid bilayer, protein, and genetic material. Exosomes are secreted by virtually all types of cells in the human body. They have key functions in cell-to-cell communication, immune regulation, inflammatory response, and neovascularization. Mounting evidence indicates that exosomes play an important role in various diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and brain diseases; however, the role that exosomes play in eye diseases has not yet been rigorously studied. This review covers current exosome research as it relates to ocular diseases including diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, autoimmune uveitis, glaucoma, traumatic optic neuropathies, corneal diseases, retinopathy of prematurity, and uveal melanoma. In addition, we discuss recent advances in the biological functions of exosomes, focusing on the toxicity of exosomes and the use of exosomes as biomarkers and drug delivery vesicles. Finally, we summarize the primary considerations and challenges to be taken into account for the effective applications of exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yicheng Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Zelin Li
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefeng Shi
- Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin, 300020, People's Republic of China.,School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China.,Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300020, People's Republic of China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin 300020, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanping Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbo Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuhong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, People's Republic of China
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96
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Davis BM, Guo L, Ravindran N, Shamsher E, Baekelandt V, Mitchell H, Bharath AA, De Groef L, Cordeiro MF. Dynamic changes in cell size and corresponding cell fate after optic nerve injury. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21683. [PMID: 33303775 PMCID: PMC7730151 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77760-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying disease-specific patterns of retinal cell loss in pathological conditions has been highlighted by the emergence of techniques such as Detection of Apoptotic Retinal Cells and Adaptive Optics confocal Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy which have enabled single-cell visualisation in vivo. Cell size has previously been used to stratify Retinal Ganglion Cell (RGC) populations in histological samples of optic neuropathies, and early work in this field suggested that larger RGCs are more susceptible to early loss than smaller RGCs. More recently, however, it has been proposed that RGC soma and axon size may be dynamic and change in response to injury. To address this unresolved controversy, we applied recent advances in maximising information extraction from RGC populations in retinal whole mounts to evaluate the changes in RGC size distribution over time, using three well-established rodent models of optic nerve injury. In contrast to previous studies based on sampling approaches, we examined the whole Brn3a-positive RGC population at multiple time points over the natural history of these models. The morphology of over 4 million RGCs was thus assessed to glean novel insights from this dataset. RGC subpopulations were found to both increase and decrease in size over time, supporting the notion that RGC cell size is dynamic in response to injury. However, this study presents compelling evidence that smaller RGCs are lost more rapidly than larger RGCs despite the dynamism. Finally, using a bootstrap approach, the data strongly suggests that disease-associated changes in RGC spatial distribution and morphology could have potential as novel diagnostic indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Davis
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
- Western Eye Hospital, ICORG, Imperial College London, London, NW1 5QH, UK
| | - Li Guo
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Nivedita Ravindran
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Ehtesham Shamsher
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Veerle Baekelandt
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hannah Mitchell
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, Ireland
| | - Anil A Bharath
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK
| | - Lies De Groef
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 61, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - M Francesca Cordeiro
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK.
- Western Eye Hospital, ICORG, Imperial College London, London, NW1 5QH, UK.
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97
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Jacobsen HH, Sandell T, Jørstad ØK, Moe MC, Ringstad G, Eide PK. In Vivo Evidence for Impaired Glymphatic Function in the Visual Pathway of Patients With Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:24. [PMID: 33201186 PMCID: PMC7683855 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.13.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Impaired ability to remove toxic metabolites from central nervous system may be an important link between cerebral and ophthalmic degenerative diseases. The aim of the present study was to compare the glymphatic function in the visual pathway in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH), a neurodegenerative dementia subtype, with a reference group. Methods We compared 31 subjects with Definite iNPH (i.e., shunt-responsive) with 13 references in a prospective and observational study. After intrathecal injection of the magnetic contrast agent gadobutrol (Gadovist, 0.5 mL, 1.0 mmol/mL, Bayer Pharma AG), serving as a tracer, consecutive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were obtained (next 24-48 hours). The normalized MRI T1 signal recorded in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and along the visual pathway served as a semi-quantitative measure of tracer enrichment. Gadobutrol does not penetrate the blood-brain barrier and is thus confined to the extravascular space. Overnight measurements of pulsatile intracranial pressure were used as a surrogate marker for the intracranial compliance. Results The tracer enriched the prechiasmatic cistern similarly in both groups, but clearance was delayed in the iNPH group. Moreover, both delayed enrichment and clearance of the tracer were observed in the visual pathway in the iNPH subjects. The enrichment in the visual pathway and the CSF correlated. Individuals with elevated pulsatile intracranial pressure showed reduced enrichment within the visual pathway. Conclusions There was delayed enrichment and clearance of a tracer in the visual pathway of iNPH patients, which suggests impaired glymphatic function in the visual pathway in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Holvin Jacobsen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tiril Sandell
- Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Ophthalmology, Vestre Viken Hospital, Drammen, Norway
| | | | - Morten C Moe
- Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Geir Ringstad
- Division of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Per Kristian Eide
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
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98
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Chen X, Wu X, Lin X, Wang J, Xu W. Outcome, influence factor and development of CLS measurement in continuous IOP monitoring: A narrative review. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2020; 44:101376. [PMID: 33092960 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A large fluctuation in intraocular pressure (IOP) and a high peak IOP remain the risk factors for progressive visual field loss in patients with glaucoma, which is a leading cause of irreversible blindness. However, IOP measurements during working time cannot provide sufficient information on IOP to guide clinicians in setting IOP target values. Contact lenses are extensively used in ophthalmology to correct the refractive error, and recently, they are serving as platforms for detection and drug delivery. Contact lens sensor (CLS) is a feasible and promising approach to continuously monitor IOP, with superior tolerance, non-invasiveness, and without sleep disturbance. The present work reviewed the associations between progressive course and Triggerfish® CLS outputs as well as the relationship between treatments and Triggerfish® CLS outputs. Moreover, it further summarized state-of-the-art CLS devices of the past decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xingdi Wu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xueqi Lin
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingwen Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wen Xu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China.
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99
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Miller DA, Grannonico M, Liu M, Kuranov RV, Netland PA, Liu X, Zhang HF. Visible-Light Optical Coherence Tomography Fibergraphy for Quantitative Imaging of Retinal Ganglion Cell Axon Bundles. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2020; 9:11. [PMID: 33110707 PMCID: PMC7552935 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.9.11.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To develop a practical technique for visualizing and quantifying retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axon bundles in vivo. Methods We applied visible-light optical coherence tomography (vis-OCT) to image the RGC axon bundles, referred to as vis-OCT fibergraphy, of healthy wild-type C57BL/6 mice. After vis-OCT imaging, retinas were flat-mounted, immunostained with anti-beta-III tubulin (Tuj1) antibody for RGC axons, and imaged with confocal microscopy. We quantitatively compared the RGC axon bundle networks imaged by in vivo vis-OCT and ex vivo confocal microscopy using semi-log Sholl analysis. Results Side-by-side comparison of ex vivo confocal microscopy and in vivo vis-OCT confirmed that vis-OCT fibergraphy captures true RGC axon bundle networks. The semi-log Sholl regression coefficients extracted from vis-OCT fibergrams (3.7 ± 0.8 mm–1) and confocal microscopy (3.6 ± 0.3 mm–1) images also showed good agreement with each other (n = 6). Conclusions We demonstrated the feasibility of using vis-OCT fibergraphy to visualize RGC axon bundles. Further applying Sholl analysis has the potential to identify biomarkers for non-invasively assessing RGC health. Translational Relevance Our novel technique for visualizing and quantifying RGC axon bundles in vivo provides a potential measurement tool for diagnosing and tracking the progression of optic neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Miller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Marta Grannonico
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Mingna Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Roman V Kuranov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,Opticent Health, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Peter A Netland
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Xiaorong Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Hao F Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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100
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Rodrigo MJ, Cardiel MJ, Fraile JM, Mendez-Martinez S, Martinez-Rincon T, Subias M, Polo V, Ruberte J, Ramirez T, Vispe E, Luna C, Mayoral JA, Garcia-Martin E. Brimonidine-LAPONITE® intravitreal formulation has an ocular hypotensive and neuroprotective effect throughout 6 months of follow-up in a glaucoma animal model. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:6246-6260. [PMID: 33016285 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01013h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intravitreal administration is widely used in ophthalmological practice to maintain therapeutic drug levels near the neuroretina and because drug delivery systems are necessary to avoid reinjections and sight-threatening side effects. However, currently there is no intravitreal treatment for glaucoma. The brimonidine-LAPONITE® formulation was created with the aim of treating glaucoma for extended periods with a single intravitreal injection. Glaucoma was induced by producing ocular hypertension in two rat cohorts: [BRI-LAP] and [non-bri], with and without treatment, respectively. Eyes treated with brimonidine-LAPONITE® showed lower ocular pressure levels up to week 8 (p < 0.001), functional neuroprotection explored by scotopic and photopic negative response electroretinography (p = 0.042), and structural protection of the retina, retinal nerve fibre layer and ganglion cell layer (p = 0.038), especially on the superior-inferior axis explored by optical coherence tomography, which was corroborated by a higher retinal ganglion cell count (p = 0.040) using immunohistochemistry (Brn3a antibody) up to the end of the study (week 24). Furthermore, delayed neuroprotection was detected in the contralateral eye. Brimonidine was detected in treated rat eyes for up to 6 months. Brimonidine-LAPONITE® seems to be a potential sustained-delivery intravitreal drug for glaucoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Rodrigo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain.
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