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Bilu C, Einat H, Barak O, Zimmet P, Vishnevskia-Dai V, Govrin A, Agam G, Kronfeld-Schor N. Linking type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiac hypertrophy and depression in a diurnal animal model. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11865. [PMID: 31413352 PMCID: PMC6694156 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48326-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
It was recently suggested that the Metabolic Syndrome should be renamed to "Circadian Syndrome". In this context, we explored the effects of living under standard laboratory conditions, where light is the only cycling variable (relevant to human modern life), in a diurnal mammal, on the relationships between affective-like pathology, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and cardiac hypertrophy. After 20 weeks, some of the animals spontaneously developed T2DM, depressive and anxiety-like behavior and cardiac hypertrophy. There were significant correlations between levels of anxiety-like behavior and glucose tolerance, and between heart/total body weight ratio and glucose tolerance. Our data suggest a relationship between the development of T2DM, emotional and cardiac pathology as seen in diurnal humans. Furthermore, our data show a possible relationship between reduced daily cycling cues in the laboratory and what has been regularly termed "Metabolic Syndrome" and recently proposed by us to be renamed to "Circadian Syndrome".
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmel Bilu
- School of Zoology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Ramat Aviv, Israel
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Haim Einat
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- School of Behavioral Sciences, Tel Aviv-Yaffo Academic College, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Orly Barak
- School of Zoology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Paul Zimmet
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vicktoria Vishnevskia-Dai
- Ocular Oncology and Autoimmune service, The Goldschleger Eye Institute, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Amanda Govrin
- School of Zoology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Galila Agam
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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Cederroth CR, Albrecht U, Bass J, Brown SA, Dyhrfjeld-Johnsen J, Gachon F, Green CB, Hastings MH, Helfrich-Förster C, Hogenesch JB, Lévi F, Loudon A, Lundkvist GB, Meijer JH, Rosbash M, Takahashi JS, Young M, Canlon B. Medicine in the Fourth Dimension. Cell Metab 2019; 30:238-250. [PMID: 31390550 PMCID: PMC6881776 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The importance of circadian biology has rarely been considered in pre-clinical studies, and even more when translating to the bedside. Circadian biology is becoming a critical factor for improving drug efficacy and diminishing drug toxicity. Indeed, there is emerging evidence showing that some drugs are more effective at nighttime than daytime, whereas for others it is the opposite. This suggests that the biology of the target cell will determine how an organ will respond to a drug at a specific time of the day, thus modulating pharmacodynamics. Thus, it is now time that circadian factors become an integral part of translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Cederroth
- Experimental Audiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Urs Albrecht
- Department of Biology, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Joseph Bass
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Steven A Brown
- Chronobiology and Sleep Research Group, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Frederic Gachon
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Carla B Green
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Michael H Hastings
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Charlotte Helfrich-Förster
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Biocenter, Theodor-Boveri Institute, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - John B Hogenesch
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Francis Lévi
- Cancer Chronotherapy Team, School of Medicine, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Warwick University on "Personalized Cancer Chronotherapeutics through System Medicine" (C2SysMed), European Associated Laboratory of the Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 935, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale and Paris-Sud University, Villejuif, France; Department of Medical Oncology, Paul Brousse Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Andrew Loudon
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK
| | | | - Johanna H Meijer
- Department of Neurophysiology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Michael Rosbash
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and National Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Joseph S Takahashi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Michael Young
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Barbara Canlon
- Experimental Audiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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53
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Zimmet P, Alberti KGMM, Stern N, Bilu C, El‐Osta A, Einat H, Kronfeld‐Schor N. The Circadian Syndrome: is the Metabolic Syndrome and much more! J Intern Med 2019; 286:181-191. [PMID: 31081577 PMCID: PMC6851668 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Metabolic Syndrome is a cluster of cardio-metabolic risk factors and comorbidities conveying high risk of both cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. It is responsible for huge socio-economic costs with its resulting morbidity and mortality in most countries. The underlying aetiology of this clustering has been the subject of much debate. More recently, significant interest has focussed on the involvement of the circadian system, a major regulator of almost every aspect of human health and metabolism. The Circadian Syndrome has now been implicated in several chronic diseases including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. There is now increasing evidence connecting disturbances in circadian rhythm with not only the key components of the Metabolic Syndrome but also its main comorbidities including sleep disturbances, depression, steatohepatitis and cognitive dysfunction. Based on this, we now propose that circadian disruption may be an important underlying aetiological factor for the Metabolic Syndrome and we suggest that it be renamed the 'Circadian Syndrome'. With the increased recognition of the 'Circadian Syndrome', circadian medicine, through the timing of exercise, light exposure, food consumption, dispensing of medications and sleep, is likely to play a much greater role in the maintenance of both individual and population health in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Zimmet
- Department of DiabetesCentral Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVic.Australia
- Sagol Center for Epigenetics and MetabolismTel Aviv Medical CenterTel AvivIsrael
| | | | - N. Stern
- Sagol Center for Epigenetics and MetabolismTel Aviv Medical CenterTel AvivIsrael
| | - C. Bilu
- School of ZoologyTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - A. El‐Osta
- Department of DiabetesCentral Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVic.Australia
- Department of PathologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVic.Australia
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and ObesityPrince of Wales HospitalThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
| | - H. Einat
- School of Behavioral SciencesTel Aviv‐Yaffo Academic CollegeTel AvivIsrael
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54
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Noeman M, Sahibzada S, Ahmad M, Ahmed Y. Sleep-wake regularity and cardiovascular events. Sleep 2019; 42:5529371. [PMID: 31281928 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Noeman
- Department of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Mahmood Ahmad
- Department of Cardiology, Royal FreeHampstead NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Yasser Ahmed
- Department of Chest Medicine, Southend University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Westcliff-on-sea, UK
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55
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Telling the Time with a Broken Clock: Quantifying Circadian Disruption in Animal Models. BIOLOGY 2019; 8:biology8010018. [PMID: 30901884 PMCID: PMC6466320 DOI: 10.3390/biology8010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are approximately 24 h cycles in physiology and behaviour that enable organisms to anticipate predictable rhythmic changes in their environment. These rhythms are a hallmark of normal healthy physiology, and disruption of circadian rhythms has implications for cognitive, metabolic, cardiovascular and immune function. Circadian disruption is of increasing concern, and may occur as a result of the pressures of our modern 24/7 society—including artificial light exposure, shift-work and jet-lag. In addition, circadian disruption is a common comorbidity in many different conditions, ranging from aging to neurological disorders. A key feature of circadian disruption is the breakdown of robust, reproducible rhythms with increasing fragmentation between activity and rest. Circadian researchers have developed a range of methods for estimating the period of time series, typically based upon periodogram analysis. However, the methods used to quantify circadian disruption across the literature are not consistent. Here we describe a range of different measures that have been used to measure circadian disruption, with a particular focus on laboratory rodent data. These methods include periodogram power, variability in activity onset, light phase activity, activity bouts, interdaily stability, intradaily variability and relative amplitude. The strengths and limitations of these methods are described, as well as their normal ranges and interrelationships. Whilst there is an increasing appreciation of circadian disruption as both a risk to health and a potential therapeutic target, greater consistency in the quantification of disrupted rhythms is needed.
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56
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Agorastos A, Pervanidou P, Chrousos GP, Baker DG. Developmental Trajectories of Early Life Stress and Trauma: A Narrative Review on Neurobiological Aspects Beyond Stress System Dysregulation. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:118. [PMID: 30914979 PMCID: PMC6421311 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life stressors display a high universal prevalence and constitute a major public health problem. Prolonged psychoneurobiological alterations as sequelae of early life stress (ELS) could represent a developmental risk factor and mediate risk for disease, leading to higher physical and mental morbidity rates in later life. ELS could exert a programming effect on sensitive neuronal brain networks related to the stress response during critical periods of development and thus lead to enduring hyper- or hypo-activation of the stress system and altered glucocorticoid signaling. In addition, alterations in emotional and autonomic reactivity, circadian rhythm disruption, functional and structural changes in the brain, as well as immune and metabolic dysregulation have been lately identified as important risk factors for a chronically impaired homeostatic balance after ELS. Furthermore, human genetic background and epigenetic modifications through stress-related gene expression could interact with these alterations and explain inter-individual variation in vulnerability or resilience to stress. This narrative review presents relevant evidence from mainly human research on the ten most acknowledged neurobiological allostatic pathways exerting enduring adverse effects of ELS even decades later (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, autonomic nervous system, immune system and inflammation, oxidative stress, cardiovascular system, gut microbiome, sleep and circadian system, genetics, epigenetics, structural, and functional brain correlates). Although most findings back a causal relation between ELS and psychobiological maladjustment in later life, the precise developmental trajectories and their temporal coincidence has not been elucidated as yet. Future studies should prospectively investigate putative mediators and their temporal sequence, while considering the potentially delayed time-frame for their phenotypical expression. Better screening strategies for ELS are needed for a better individual prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agorastos Agorastos
- II. Department of Psychiatry, Division of Neurosciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Panagiota Pervanidou
- Unit of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George P Chrousos
- Unit of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dewleen G Baker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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57
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Agorastos A, Nicolaides NC, Bozikas VP, Chrousos GP, Pervanidou P. Multilevel Interactions of Stress and Circadian System: Implications for Traumatic Stress. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:1003. [PMID: 32047446 PMCID: PMC6997541 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.01003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The dramatic fluctuations in energy demands by the rhythmic succession of night and day on our planet has prompted a geophysical evolutionary need for biological temporal organization across phylogeny. The intrinsic circadian timing system (CS) represents a highly conserved and sophisticated internal "clock," adjusted to the 24-h rotation period of the earth, enabling a nyctohemeral coordination of numerous physiologic processes, from gene expression to behavior. The human CS is tightly and bidirectionally interconnected to the stress system (SS). Both systems are fundamental for survival and regulate each other's activity in order to prepare the organism for the anticipated cyclic challenges. Thereby, the understanding of the temporal relationship between stressors and stress responses is critical for the comprehension of the molecular basis of physiology and pathogenesis of disease. A critical loss of the harmonious timed order at different organizational levels may affect the fundamental properties of neuroendocrine, immune, and autonomic systems, leading to a breakdown of biobehavioral adaptative mechanisms with increased stress sensitivity and vulnerability. In this review, following an overview of the functional components of the SS and CS, we present their multilevel interactions and discuss how traumatic stress can alter the interplay between the two systems. Circadian dysregulation after traumatic stress exposure may represent a core feature of trauma-related disorders mediating enduring neurobiological correlates of trauma through maladaptive stress regulation. Understanding the mechanisms susceptible to circadian dysregulation and their role in stress-related disorders could provide new insights into disease mechanisms, advancing psychochronobiological treatment possibilities and preventive strategies in stress-exposed populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agorastos Agorastos
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.,VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health (CESAMH), VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Nicolas C Nicolaides
- First Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasilios P Bozikas
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George P Chrousos
- First Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece.,Unit of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiota Pervanidou
- Unit of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
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58
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Wada T, Ichihashi Y, Suzuki E, Kosuge Y, Ishige K, Uchiyama T, Makishima M, Nakao R, Oishi K, Shimba S. Deletion of Bmal1 Prevents Diet-Induced Ectopic Fat Accumulation by Controlling Oxidative Capacity in the Skeletal Muscle. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2813. [PMID: 30231537 PMCID: PMC6164026 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain and muscle arnt-like protein 1 (BMAL1), is a transcription factor known to regulate circadian rhythm. BMAL1 was originally characterized by its high expression in the skeletal muscle. Since the skeletal muscle is the dominant organ system in energy metabolism, the possible functions of BMAL1 in the skeletal muscle include the control of metabolism. Here, we established that its involvement in the regulation of oxidative capacity in the skeletal muscle. Muscle-specific Bmal1 KO mice (MKO mice) displayed several physiological hallmarks for the increase of oxidative capacity. This included increased energy expenditure and oxygen consumption, high running endurance and resistance to obesity with improved metabolic profiles. Also, the phosphorylation status of AMP-activated protein kinase and its downstream signaling substrate acetyl-CoA carboxylase in the MKO mice were substantially higher than those in the Bmal1flox/flox mice. In addition, biochemical and histological studies confirmed the substantial activation of oxidative fibers in the skeletal muscle of the MKO mice. The mechanism includes the regulation of Cacna1s expression, followed by the activation of calcium-nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) axis. We thus conclude that BMAL1 is a critical regulator of the muscular fatty acid level under nutrition overloading and that the mechanism involves the control of oxidative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taira Wada
- Laboratory of Health Science, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Chiba, Funabshi 274-8555, Japan.
| | - Yuya Ichihashi
- Laboratory of Health Science, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Chiba, Funabshi 274-8555, Japan.
| | - Emi Suzuki
- Laboratory of Health Science, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Chiba, Funabshi 274-8555, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiro Kosuge
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Chiba, Funabshi 274-8555, Japan.
| | - Kumiko Ishige
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Chiba, Funabshi 274-8555, Japan.
| | - Taketo Uchiyama
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Chiba, Funabshi 274-8555, Japan.
| | - Makoto Makishima
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Nihon University, 30-1 Oyaguchi-Kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan.
| | - Reiko Nakao
- Biological Clock Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan.
| | - Katsutaka Oishi
- Biological Clock Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan.
| | - Shigeki Shimba
- Laboratory of Health Science, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Chiba, Funabshi 274-8555, Japan.
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Kuljis D, Kudo T, Tahara Y, Ghiani CA, Colwell CS. Pathophysiology in the suprachiasmatic nucleus in mouse models of Huntington's disease. J Neurosci Res 2018; 96:1862-1875. [PMID: 30168855 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Disturbances in sleep/wake cycle are a common complaint of individuals with Huntington's disease (HD) and are displayed by HD mouse models. The underlying mechanisms, including the possible role of the circadian timing system, are not well established. The BACHD mouse model of HD exhibits disrupted behavioral and physiological rhythms, including decreased electrical activity in the central circadian clock (suprachiasmatic nucleus, SCN). In this study, electrophysiological techniques were used to explore the ionic underpinning of the reduced spontaneous neural activity in male mice. We found that SCN neural activity rhythms were lost early in the disease progression and was accompanied by loss of the normal daily variation in resting membrane potential in the mutant SCN neurons. The low neural activity could be transiently reversed by direct current injection or application of exogenous N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) thus demonstrating that the neurons have the capacity to discharge at WT levels. Exploring the potassium currents known to regulate the electrical activity of SCN neurons, our most striking finding was that these cells in the mutants exhibited an enhancement in the large-conductance calcium activated K+ (BK) currents. The expression of the pore forming subunit (Kcnma1) of the BK channel was higher in the mutant SCN. We found a similar decrease in daytime electrical activity and enhancement in the magnitude of the BK currents early in disease in another HD mouse model (Q175). These findings suggest that SCN neurons of both HD models exhibit early pathophysiology and that dysregulation of BK current may be responsible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dika Kuljis
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Biological Sciences, Mellon Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Takashi Kudo
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Japan
| | - Yu Tahara
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Cristina A Ghiani
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Christopher S Colwell
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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Li J, Bidlingmaier M, Petru R, Pedrosa Gil F, Loerbroks A, Angerer P. Impact of shift work on the diurnal cortisol rhythm: a one-year longitudinal study in junior physicians. J Occup Med Toxicol 2018; 13:23. [PMID: 30123312 PMCID: PMC6090626 DOI: 10.1186/s12995-018-0204-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cumulative epidemiological evidence suggests that shift work exerts harmful effects on human health. However, the physiological mechanisms are not well understood. This study aimed to examine the impact of shift work on the dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, i.e. diurnal cortisol rhythm. Methods Seventy physicians with a mean age 30 years participated in this one-year longitudinal study. Working schedules, either shift work or regular schedules with day shift, were assessed at baseline. Salivary cortisol samples were collected on two consecutive regular working days, four times a day (including waking, + 4 h, + 8 h, and + 16 h), at both baseline and the one-year follow-up. The diurnal cortisol decline (slope) and total cortisol concentration (area under the curve, AUC) were calculated. Results After adjusting for cortisol secretion at baseline and numerous covariates, shift work at baseline significantly predicted a steeper slope (p < 0.01) and a larger AUC (p < 0.05) of diurnal cortisol rhythm at follow-up in this sample of physicians. In particular, waking cortisol at follow-up was significantly higher among those engaged in shift work than day shift (p < 0.01). Conclusions Our findings support the notion that shift work changes the diurnal cortisol pattern, and is predictive of increased cortisol secretion consequently in junior physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- 1Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Centre for Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Martin Bidlingmaier
- 2Endocrine Research Unit, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Raluca Petru
- 3Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Occupational Health, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Francisco Pedrosa Gil
- Clinic for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Helios Vogtland Clinical Center, Plauen, Germany
| | - Adrian Loerbroks
- 1Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Centre for Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Angerer
- 1Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Centre for Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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FARHUD D, ARYAN Z. Circadian Rhythm, Lifestyle and Health: A Narrative Review. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 47:1068-1076. [PMID: 30186777 PMCID: PMC6123576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The circadian rhythm regulation plays a crucial role in people's healthy lives affected by factors consisting of cosmic events related to the universe and earth, environmental factors (light, night and day duration, seasons) and lifestyles. These factors changes lead to disturbance of circadian rhythm and it causes increasing the incidence of mental diseases like depression and physiological problems like cancers, cardiovascular disease and diabetes. METHODS The present review searched Elsevier, SID, Pub Med, Springer, and Google Scholar databases for relevant articles were published between 1996 and 2017. Keywords used included lifestyle, circadian rhythm, cancer, metabolic diseases and cosmic factors. RESULTS Circadian rhythm can be affected by lifestyle, heredity, cosmos spin and seasonal factors. Two first factors have physically direct effects on circadian rhythm and health, while other factors influence on them mentally. After all, all of them lead to cancer, cardiovascular diseases and metabolic obesity. CONCLUSION Although environmental factors are universal events which are unrelated to human control but affect human's body and circadian rhythm. Other factors are manageable by human to prevent disturbance of circadian rhythm making physical disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariush FARHUD
- School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Dept. of Basic Sciences/Ethics, Iranian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Genetics Clinic, Valli-e-Asr Sq., Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra ARYAN
- Genetics Clinic, Valli-e-Asr Sq., Tehran, Iran,Corresponding Author:
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Chang L, Xiong W, Zhao X, Fan Y, Guo Y, Garcia-Barrio M, Zhang J, Jiang Z, Lin JD, Chen YE. Bmal1 in Perivascular Adipose Tissue Regulates Resting-Phase Blood Pressure Through Transcriptional Regulation of Angiotensinogen. Circulation 2018; 138:67-79. [PMID: 29371216 PMCID: PMC6030431 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.117.029972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) surrounding vessels constitutes a distinct functional integral layer of the vasculature required to preserve vascular tone under physiological conditions. However, there is little information on the relationship between PVAT and blood pressure regulation, including its potential contributions to circadian blood pressure variation. METHODS Using unique brown adipocyte-specific aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like protein 1 (Bmal1) and angiotensinogen knockout mice, we determined the vasoactivity of homogenized PVAT in aortic rings and how brown adipocyte peripheral expression of Bmal1 and angiotensinogen in PVAT regulates the amplitude of diurnal change in blood pressure in mice. RESULTS We uncovered a peripheral clock in PVAT and demonstrated that loss of Bmal1 in PVAT reduces blood pressure in mice during the resting phase, leading to a superdipper phenotype. PVAT extracts from wild-type mice significantly induced contractility of isolated aortic rings in vitro in an endothelium-independent manner. This property was impaired in PVAT from brown adipocyte-selective Bmal1-deficient (BA-Bmal1-KO) mice. The PVAT contractile properties were mediated by local angiotensin II, operating through angiotensin II type 1 receptor-dependent signaling in the isolated vessels and linked to PVAT circadian regulation of angiotensinogen. Indeed, angiotensinogen mRNA and angiotensin II levels in PVAT of BA-Bmal1-KO mice were significantly reduced. Systemic infusion of angiotensin II, in turn, reduced Bmal1 expression in PVAT while eliminating the hypotensive phenotype during the resting phase in BA-Bmal1-KO mice. Angiotensinogen, highly expressed in PVAT, shows circadian expression in PVAT, and selective deletion of angiotensinogen in brown adipocytes recapitulates the phenotype of selective deletion of Bmal1 in brown adipocytes. Furthermore, angiotensinogen is a transcriptional target of Bmal1 in PVAT. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that local Bmal1 in PVAT regulates angiotensinogen expression and the ensuing increase in angiotensin II, which acts on smooth muscle cells in the vessel walls to regulate vasoactivity and blood pressure in a circadian fashion during the resting phase. These findings will contribute to a better understanding of the cardiovascular complications of circadian disorders, alterations in the circadian dipping phenotype, and cross-talk between systemic and peripheral regulation of blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chang
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine (L.C., X.Z., Y.F., Y.G., M.G.B., J.Z., Y.E.C.)
| | - Wenhao Xiong
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang (W.X., Z.J.)
| | - Xiangjie Zhao
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine (L.C., X.Z., Y.F., Y.G., M.G.B., J.Z., Y.E.C.)
| | - Yanbo Fan
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine (L.C., X.Z., Y.F., Y.G., M.G.B., J.Z., Y.E.C.)
| | - Yanhong Guo
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine (L.C., X.Z., Y.F., Y.G., M.G.B., J.Z., Y.E.C.)
| | - Minerva Garcia-Barrio
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine (L.C., X.Z., Y.F., Y.G., M.G.B., J.Z., Y.E.C.)
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine (L.C., X.Z., Y.F., Y.G., M.G.B., J.Z., Y.E.C.)
| | - Zhisheng Jiang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang (W.X., Z.J.)
| | - Jiandie D Lin
- Life Sciences Institute (J.D.L.)
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology (J.D.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine (L.C., X.Z., Y.F., Y.G., M.G.B., J.Z., Y.E.C.)
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El-Shafei DA, Abdelsalam AE, Hammam RAM, Elgohary H. Professional quality of life, wellness education, and coping strategies among emergency physicians. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:9040-9050. [PMID: 29333570 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1240-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Professional quality of life (ProQOL) is affected by and affects professional well-being and performance. The objectives of this study are to identify risk factors of ProQOL among EM physicians in Zagazig University hospitals (ZUHs), to detect the relationship between ProQOL and coping strategies, and to measure the implication of the Worksite Wellness Education (WWE) program on improving knowledge skills, ProQOL, and coping. An intervention study was conducted among 108 EM physicians at ZUHs through two stages: assessing ProQOL subscales (CS, BO, and STS) and coping strategies and conducting the WWE program. A pre-post-test design was used in the evaluation. CS was higher among the older age group, smokers, nighttime sleepers, and hobbies' practitioners. Coping strategies carried out by EM physicians to overcome stress and their ProQOL scores were improved significantly post program. ProQOL has multiple factors that affect it. Applying the WWE program will address this concept and may raise awareness about how to cope with work stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia A El-Shafei
- Department of Community, Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
| | - Amira E Abdelsalam
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Rehab A M Hammam
- Department of Community, Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Hayam Elgohary
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Lucas-de la Cruz L, Martín-Espinosa N, Cavero-Redondo I, González-García A, Díez-Fernández A, Martínez-Vizcaíno V, Notario-Pacheco B. Sleep patterns and cardiometabolic risk in schoolchildren from Cuenca, Spain. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191637. [PMID: 29360869 PMCID: PMC5779683 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep seems to have a significant influence on the metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, results in this association are still inconsistent in children. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of sleep characteristics in the MetS (index and factors) in Spanish children. Cross-sectional study including a sample of 210 children aged 8-to-11-years belonging to 20 schools from the province of Cuenca, Spain was conducted. Cardiometabolic risk and actigraphy sleep patterns were determined and analysed using correlation coefficients, ANCOVA models and a propensity score derivation model. Overall, children in the lower time in bed category and those who went to bed later (> 23:15h) showed worse values in the cardiometabolic profile and risk index. Differences were observed when the total time in bed was below 9h 15mins. Our study shows that short sleep duration could be a risk factor for cardiometabolic risk in children, and bedtime may independently influence this risk. In addition, our data suggests that children’s sleep hygiene should be incorporated in parenting educational programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Lucas-de la Cruz
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Faculty of Nursing, Cuenca, Spain
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Health and Social Research Center, Cuenca, Spain
| | | | - Iván Cavero-Redondo
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Faculty of Nursing, Cuenca, Spain
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Health and Social Research Center, Cuenca, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Alberto González-García
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Faculty of Nursing, Cuenca, Spain
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Health and Social Research Center, Cuenca, Spain
| | - Ana Díez-Fernández
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Faculty of Nursing, Cuenca, Spain
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Health and Social Research Center, Cuenca, Spain
| | - Vicente Martínez-Vizcaíno
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Health and Social Research Center, Cuenca, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
| | - Blanca Notario-Pacheco
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Faculty of Nursing, Cuenca, Spain
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Health and Social Research Center, Cuenca, Spain
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65
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Kim JN, Lee BM. Risk management of free radicals involved in air travel syndromes by antioxidants. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2018; 21:47-60. [PMID: 29341860 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2018.1427914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Frequent air travelers and airplane pilots may develop various types of illnesses. The environmental risk factors associated with air travel syndromes (ATS) or air travel-related adverse health outcomes raised concerns and need to be assessed in the context of risk management and public health. Accordingly, the aim of the present review was to determine ATS, risk factors, and mechanisms underlying ATS using scientific data and information obtained from Medline, Toxline, and regulatory agencies. Additional information was also extracted from websites of organizations, such as the International Air Transport Association (IATA), International Association for Medical Assistance to Travelers (IAMAT), and International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). Air travelers are known to be exposed to environmental risk factors, including circadian rhythm disruption, poor cabin air quality, mental stress, high altitude conditions, hormonal dysregulation, physical inactivity, fatigue, biological infections, and alcoholic beverage consumption. Consequences of ATS attributed to air travel include sleep disturbances (e.g., insomnia), mental/physical stress, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory diseases, circulatory-related dysfunction, such as cardiac arrest and thrombosis and, at worst, mechanical and terrorism-related airplane crashes. Thus safety measures in the cabin before or after takeoff are undertaken to prevent illnesses or accidents related to flight. In addition, airport quarantine systems are strongly recommended to prepare for any ultimate adverse circumstances. Routine monitoring of environmental risk factors also needs to be considered. Frequently, the mechanisms underlying these adverse manifestations involve free radical generation. Therefore, antioxidant supplementation may help to reduce or prevent adverse outcomes by mitigating health risk factors associated with free radical generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeum-Nam Kim
- a Department of Airline Service , Howon University , Gunsan-si , South Korea
| | - Byung-Mu Lee
- b Division of Toxicology , College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University , Seobu-ro 2066, Suwon , South Korea
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Abstract
The Melatonin (MLT), secreted rhythmically by the pineal, is an efferent hormonal signal of the circadian clock. MLT presents overall pleitropic effects but it is the role of MLT as a hormonal circadian signal which is the best documented. MLT-receptors are present in numerous structures/organs and the MLT is now considered as an endogenous synchronizer within the circadian system. The presence of MLT-receptors within the circadian clock, explains that exogenous MLT is a chronobiotic drug. Trials in humans, have confirmed the efficacy of MLT in circadian rhythm disorders. Subtypes of MLT-receptors have been characterized (MT1 and MT2). Striking differences are observed in the distribution pattern of these 2 subtypes. Up to now, MTL-analogues commercialized as drugs, are all non-specific MT1/MT2 agonists acting on the SCN. The development of new specific agonists/antagonists for both subtypes, the identification of the link between MLT target sites within different parts of the brain or the body and the association of specific MLT receptor subtypes and particular physiological effects open great therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pevet
- Institute for Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences (UPR 3212), CNRS and University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg France.
| | - P Klosen
- Institute for Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences (UPR 3212), CNRS and University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg France.
| | - M P Felder-Schmittbuhl
- Institute for Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences (UPR 3212), CNRS and University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg France.
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CNS Drug Development, Lessons Learned, Part 4: The Role of Brain Circuitry and Genes-Tasimelteon as an Example. J Psychiatr Pract 2017; 23:425-430. [PMID: 29303950 DOI: 10.1097/pra.0000000000000274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This is the fourth in a series of columns discussing the rational and targeted development of drugs to affect specific central nervous system (CNS) circuits in specific ways based on knowledge gained by molecular biology and the human genome project. The first column in this series described 6 CNS drugs with novel mechanisms of action developed over the last 25 years. The second column discussed differences between syndromic diagnoses as exemplified by the third through the fifth editions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM III through DSM-5) and the new approach to psychiatric diagnoses championed by the National Institute of Mental Health in their Research Domain Criteria Initiative. The third column reviewed the last 9 years of drug development contrasting the development of drugs in other therapeutic areas (eg, cancer) with psychiatric and related CNS-active drugs. This column extends the discussion of modern drug development for psychiatric and other CNS-related indications, using the development of tasimelteon as an example of how modern drug development focuses rationally on novel targets of interest while simultaneously achieving "specificity." Tasimelteon, which is indicated for the treatment of non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder, was developed to be a selective agonist at the melatonin MT1 and MT2 receptors, with limited or no effects at other pharmacologically relevant receptors and enzymes to minimize the potential for off-target effects (eg, nuisance side effects), toxicity, drug-drug interactions, and effects on oxidative drug metabolizing enzymes. The next column in this series will continue the discussion of the development of CNS drugs with novel mechanisms of action, using suvorexant, which targets orexin-1 and orexin-2 receptors, to illustrate the preclinical and human studies that were carried out to assess its safety as part of a successful new drug application.
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68
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Bergthorsdottir R, Ragnarsson O, Skrtic S, Glad CAM, Nilsson S, Ross IL, Leonsson-Zachrisson M, Johannsson G. Visceral Fat and Novel Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Disease in Patients With Addison's Disease: A Case-Control Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:4264-4272. [PMID: 28945861 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-01324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Patients with Addison's disease (AD) have increased cardiovascular mortality. OBJECTIVE To study visceral fat and conventional and exploratory cardiovascular risk factors in patients with AD. DESIGN A cross-sectional, single-center, case-control study. SUBJECTS Patients (n = 76; n = 51 women) with AD and 76 healthy control subjects were matched for sex, age, body mass index (BMI), and smoking habits. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome variable was visceral abdominal adipose tissue (VAT) measured using computed tomography. Secondary outcome variables were prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and 92 biomarkers of cardiovascular disease. RESULTS The mean ± standard deviation age of all subjects was 53 ± 14 years; mean BMI, 25 ± 4 kg/m2; and mean duration of AD, 17 ± 12 years. The median (range) daily hydrocortisone dose was 30 mg (10 to 50 mg). Median (interquartile range) 24-hour urinary free cortisol excretion was increased in patients vs controls [359 nmol (193 to 601 nmol) vs 175 nmol (140 to 244 nmol); P < 0.001]. VAT did not differ between groups. After correction for multiple testing, 17 of the 92 studied biomarkers differed significantly between patients and control subjects. Inflammatory, proinflammatory, and proatherogenic risk biomarkers were increased in patients [fold change (FC), >1] and vasodilatory protective marker was decreased (FC, <1). Twenty-six patients (34%) vs 12 control subjects (16%) fulfilled the criteria for MetS (P = 0.01). CONCLUSION Despite higher cortisol exposure, VAT was not increased in patients with AD. The prevalence of MetS was increased and several biomarkers of cardiovascular disease were adversely affected in patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragnhildur Bergthorsdottir
- Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Oskar Ragnarsson
- Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stanko Skrtic
- Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
- AstraZeneca Research and Development, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Camilla A M Glad
- Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Staffan Nilsson
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Pathology and Genetics, Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ian Louis Ross
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Gudmundur Johannsson
- Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
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69
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Chronic inflammation in mice exposed to the long-term un-entrainable light–dark cycles. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s41105-017-0127-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Fabbian F, Bhatia S, De Giorgi A, Maietti E, Bhatia S, Shanbhag A, Deshmukh A. Circadian Periodicity of Ischemic Heart Disease: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Heart Fail Clin 2017; 13:673-680. [PMID: 28865776 DOI: 10.1016/j.hfc.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The authors performed a MEDLINE search to identify reports, published during the last 20 years, focused on circadian variation of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and prevalence and the ratios between the number of events per hour during the morning and the other hours of the day were calculated. Despite the optimization of interventional and medical therapy of AMI since the first reports of circadian patterns in AMI occurrence, it was found that such a pattern still exists and that AMI happens most frequently in the morning hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Fabbian
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, University Hospital St. Anna, Via Aldo Moro 8, I-44124, Cona, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Subir Bhatia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Afredo De Giorgi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, University Hospital St. Anna, Via Aldo Moro 8, I-44124, Cona, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elisa Maietti
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Center for Clinical Epidemiology, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sravya Bhatia
- School of Medicine, Duke University, 8 Duke University Medical Center Greenspace, Durham, NC 27703, USA
| | - Anusha Shanbhag
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Abhishek Deshmukh
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Ivanova IA, Danilenko KV, Aftanas LI. Investigation of an Immediate Effect of Bright Light on Oxygen Consumption, Heart Rate, Cortisol, and α-Amylase in Seasonal Affective Disorder Subjects and Healthy Controls. Neuropsychobiology 2017. [PMID: 28637032 DOI: 10.1159/000477248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Body (fat) mass has been shown to decrease following bright light treatment for overweight women, irrespective of their seasonal (light) dependence. It is not known if this is due to an (immediate) increase of metabolism. METHODS Ten women with seasonal affective disorder (SAD) and 10 non-SAD women matched by age, body mass index, and menopausal status participated in a laboratory study in the morning, twice within 1-5 days. During one session, bright light (4,300 lx) was presented for 30 min, and during the other session, red light (250 lx "placebo") was used. After an initial 15 min of sitting quietly in an experimental chamber, 10-min measurements were done before, at the end, and 15 min after light exposure; the subjects remained seated for 80 min in total. The measurements included 5-min oxyspirography (oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide emission, and heart rate), saliva sampling for the estimation of cortisol and α-amylase concentrations, and self-rating of mood, energy, and sleepiness. RESULTS There was no light-specific effect on the measured variables, except that sleepiness was reduced more with bright light than with red light in the combined group. α-Amylase values were lower in the SAD patients than in the non-SAD controls. CONCLUSIONS Morning artificial bright light, in comparison with dim red light, had no immediate effect on metabolism and resting sympathetic tone, though subjective sleepiness decreased more with bright light. SAD patients have low salivary α-amylase levels, indicating lower sympathetic tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iana A Ivanova
- Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
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72
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Alibhai FJ, LaMarre J, Reitz CJ, Tsimakouridze EV, Kroetsch JT, Bolz SS, Shulman A, Steinberg S, Burris TP, Oudit GY, Martino TA. Disrupting the key circadian regulator CLOCK leads to age-dependent cardiovascular disease. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2017; 105:24-37. [PMID: 28223222 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The circadian mechanism underlies daily rhythms in cardiovascular physiology and rhythm disruption is a major risk factor for heart disease and worse outcomes. However, the role of circadian rhythms is generally clinically unappreciated. Clock is a core component of the circadian mechanism and here we examine the role of Clock as a vital determinant of cardiac physiology and pathophysiology in aging. ClockΔ19/Δ19 mice develop age-dependent increases in heart weight, hypertrophy, dilation, impaired contractility, and reduced myogenic responsiveness. Young ClockΔ19/Δ19 hearts express dysregulated mRNAs and miRNAs in the PTEN-AKT signal pathways important for cardiac hypertrophy. We found a rhythm in the Pten gene and PTEN protein in WT hearts; rhythmic oscillations are lost in ClockΔ19/Δ19 hearts. Changes in PTEN are associated with reduced AKT activation and changes in downstream mediators GSK-3β, PRAS40, and S6K1. Cardiomyocyte cultures confirm that Clock regulates the AKT signalling pathways crucial for cardiac hypertrophy. In old ClockΔ19/Δ19 mice cardiac AKT, GSK3β, S6K1 phosphorylation are increased, consistent with the development of age-dependent cardiac hypertrophy. Lastly, we show that pharmacological modulation of the circadian mechanism with the REV-ERB agonist SR9009 reduces AKT activation and heart weight in old WT mice. Furthermore, SR9009 attenuates cardiac hypertrophy in mice subjected to transverse aortic constriction (TAC), supporting that the circadian mechanism plays an important role in regulating cardiac growth. These findings demonstrate a crucial role for Clock in growth and renewal; disrupting Clock leads to age-dependent cardiomyopathy. Pharmacological targeting of the circadian mechanism provides a new opportunity for treating heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal J Alibhai
- Centre for Cardiovascular Investigations, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan LaMarre
- Centre for Cardiovascular Investigations, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cristine J Reitz
- Centre for Cardiovascular Investigations, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elena V Tsimakouridze
- Centre for Cardiovascular Investigations, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeffrey T Kroetsch
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Alex Shulman
- Centre for Cardiovascular Investigations, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Samantha Steinberg
- Centre for Cardiovascular Investigations, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas P Burris
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gavin Y Oudit
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tami A Martino
- Centre for Cardiovascular Investigations, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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Abstract
A new study demonstrates that modern electric lighting has caused the near-24-hour biological clock to be set to a later time and that humans physiologically respond to seasonal changes in day length under conditions of natural light exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Emens
- Departments of Psychiatry and Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA.
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Porfirio MC, Gomes de Almeida JP, Stornelli M, Giovinazzo S, Purper-Ouakil D, Masi G. Can melatonin prevent or improve metabolic side effects during antipsychotic treatments? Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2017; 13:2167-2174. [PMID: 28860773 PMCID: PMC5560235 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s127564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last two decades, second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) were more frequently used than typical antipsychotics for treating both psychotic and nonpsychotic psychiatric disorders in both children and adolescents, because of their lower risk of adverse neurological effects, that is, extrapyramidal symptoms. Recent studies have pointed out their effect on weight gain and increased visceral adiposity as they induce metabolic syndrome. Patients receiving SGAs often need to be treated with other substances to counteract metabolic side effects. In this paper, we point out the possible protective effect of add-on melatonin treatment in preventing, mitigating, or even reversing SGAs metabolic effects, improving quality of life and providing safer long-term treatments in pediatric patients. Melatonin is an endogenous indolamine secreted during darkness by the pineal gland; it plays a key role in regulating the circadian rhythm, generated by the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus, and has many other biological functions, including chronobiotic, antioxidant and neuroprotective properties, anti-inflammatory and free radical scavenging effects, and diminishing oxidative injury and fat distribution. It has been hypothesized that SGAs cause adverse metabolic effects that may be restored by nightly administration of melatonin because of its influence on autonomic and hormonal outputs. Interestingly, atypical anti-psychotics (AAPs) can cause several sleep disorders, and circadian misalignment can influence hormones involved in the metabolic regulation, such as insulin, leptin, and ghrelin; furthermore, a relationship between obesity and sleep curtailment has been demonstrated, as well as sleep deprivation in rats has been associated with hyperphagia. Metabolic effects of melatonin, both central and peripheral, direct and indirect, target most metabolic disorders reported during and after SGA treatment in children, adolescents, and adults. Further systematic studies on psychiatric patients are needed to explore the effect of add-on melatonin on metabolic side effects of SGAs, independent of energy intake, diet, and exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maddalena Stornelli
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, "Tor Vergata" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Giovinazzo
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, "Tor Vergata" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Diane Purper-Ouakil
- Unit of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saint Eloi Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Gabriele Masi
- IRCCS Stella Maris, Scientific Institute of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Calambrone, Pisa, Italy
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75
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Fischer D, Vetter C, Roenneberg T. A novel method to visualise and quantify circadian misalignment. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38601. [PMID: 27929109 PMCID: PMC5144069 DOI: 10.1038/srep38601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian clock governs virtually all processes in the human body, including sleep-wake behaviour. Circadian misalignment describes the off-set between sleep-wake cycles and clock-regulated physiology. This strain is predominantly caused by external (societal) demands including shift work, early school start times and fast travels across time zones. Sleeping at the ‘wrong’ internal time can jeopardise health and safety, and we therefore need a good quantification of this phenomenon. Here, we propose a novel method to quantify the mistiming of sleep-wake rhythms and demonstrate its versatility in day workers and shift workers. Based on a single time series, our Composite Phase Deviation method unveils distinct, subject- and schedule-specific geometries (‘islands and pancakes’) that illustrate how modern work times interfere with sleep. With increasing levels of circadian strain, the resulting shapes change systematically from small, connected forms to large and fragmented patterns. Our method shows good congruence with published measures of circadian misalignment (i.e., Inter-daily Stability and ‘Behavioural Entrainment’), but offers added value as to its requirements, e.g., being computable for sleep logs and questionnaires. Composite Phase Deviations will help to understand the mechanisms that link ‘living against the clock’ with health and disease on an individual basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Fischer
- Institute for Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Goethestr. 31, 80336 Munich, DE
| | - Céline Vetter
- Institute for Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Goethestr. 31, 80336 Munich, DE
| | - Till Roenneberg
- Institute for Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Goethestr. 31, 80336 Munich, DE
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76
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Baron KG, Reid KJ, Kim T, Van Horn L, Attarian H, Wolfe L, Siddique J, Santostasi G, Zee PC. Circadian timing and alignment in healthy adults: associations with BMI, body fat, caloric intake and physical activity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2016; 41:203-209. [PMID: 27795550 PMCID: PMC5296236 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2016.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Disruption of circadian rhythms is one of the proposed mechanisms linking late sleep timing to obesity risk but few studies have evaluated biological markers outside of the laboratory. The goal of this study was to determine the relationship between the timing and alignment of melatonin and sleep onset (phase angle) with BMI, body fat and obesity related behaviors. We hypothesized that circadian alignment (relationship of melatonin to sleep timing) rather than circadian (melatonin) timing would be associated with higher BMI, body fat, dietary intake and lower physical activity. Subjects/Methods Adults with sleep duration ≥6.5 hours completed 7 days of wrist actigraphy, food diaries and SenseWear arm band monitoring. Circadian timing, measured by dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) was measured in the clinical research unit. Circadian alignment was calculated as the duration between dim light melatonin onset and average sleep onset time in the prior week (phase angle). Body fat was evaluated using dual-energy absorptiometry (DXA). Data were analyzed using bivariate correlations and multivariable regression analyses controlling for age, sex, sleep duration and evening light exposure. Results Participants included 97 adults (61 F, age 26.8 ± 7.3 years) with average sleep duration 443.7 (SD= 50.4) minutes. Average phase angle was 2.2 hours (SD= 1.5). Circadian alignment was associated with circadian timing (p<0.001) and sleep duration (p=.005). In multivariable analyses, later circadian timing was associated with lower BMI (p=.04). Among males only, circadian alignment was associated with percent body fat (p=.02) and higher android/gynoid fat ratio (p=0.04). Circadian alignment was associated with caloric intake (p=0.049) carbohydrate intake (p=0.04) and meal frequency (p=0.03) among both males and females. Conclusion Circadian timing and alignment were not associated with increased BMI or body fat, among healthy adults with ≥6.5 hours of sleep, but circadian alignment was associated with dietary intake. There may be sex differences in the relationship between circadian alignment and body fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G Baron
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Section of Sleep Disorders and Sleep Research, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - K J Reid
- Center for Circadian and Sleep Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - T Kim
- Center for Circadian and Sleep Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - L Van Horn
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - H Attarian
- Center for Circadian and Sleep Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - L Wolfe
- Center for Circadian and Sleep Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - J Siddique
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - G Santostasi
- Center for Circadian and Sleep Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - P C Zee
- Center for Circadian and Sleep Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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77
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Sen A, Sellix MT. The Circadian Timing System and Environmental Circadian Disruption: From Follicles to Fertility. Endocrinology 2016; 157:3366-73. [PMID: 27501186 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The internal or circadian timing system is deeply integrated in female reproductive physiology. Considerable details of rheostatic timing function in the neuroendocrine control of pituitary hormone secretion, adenohypophyseal hormone gene expression and secretion, gonadal steroid hormone biosynthesis and secretion, ovulation, implantation, and parturition have been reported. The molecular clock, an autonomous feedback loop oscillator of interacting transcriptional regulators, dictates the timing and amplitude of gene expression in each tissue of the female hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. Although multiple targets of the molecular clock have been identified, many associated with critical physiological functions in the HPG axis, the full extent of clock-driven gene expression and physiology in this critical system remains unknown. Environmental circadian disruption (ECD), the disturbance of temporal relationships within and between internal clocks (brain and periphery), and external timing cues (eg, light, nutrients, social cues) due to rotating/night shift work or transmeridian travel have been linked to reproductive dysfunction and subfertility. Moreover, ECD resulting from exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals, environmental toxins, and/or irregular hormone levels during sexual development can also reduce fertility. Thus, perturbations that disturb clock function at the molecular, cellular or systemic level correlate with significant declines in female reproductive function. Here we briefly review the evidence for molecular clock function in each tissue of the female HPG axis (GnRH neuron, pituitary, uterus, oviduct, and ovary), describe the human epidemiological and animal data supporting the negative effects of ECD on fertility, and explore the potential for novel chronotherapeutics in women's health and fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aritro Sen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester New York 14642
| | - Michael T Sellix
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester New York 14642
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78
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Canazei M, Pohl W, Bliem HR, Weiss EM. Acute effects of different light spectra on simulated night-shift work without circadian alignment. Chronobiol Int 2016; 34:303-317. [PMID: 27579732 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2016.1222414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Short-wavelength and short-wavelength-enhanced light have a strong impact on night-time working performance, subjective feelings of alertness and circadian physiology. In the present study, we investigated acute effects of white light sources with varied reduced portions of short wavelengths on cognitive and visual performance, mood and cardiac output.Thirty-one healthy subjects were investigated in a balanced cross-over design under three light spectra in a simulated night-shift paradigm without circadian adaptation.Exposure to the light spectrum with the largest attenuation of short wavelengths reduced heart rate and increased vagal cardiac parameters during the night compared to the other two light spectra without deleterious effects on sustained attention, working memory and subjective alertness. In addition, colour discrimination capability was significantly decreased under this light source.To our knowledge, the present study for the first time demonstrates that polychromatic white light with reduced short wavelengths, fulfilling current lighting standards for indoor illumination, may have a positive impact on cardiac physiology of night-shift workers without detrimental consequences for cognitive performance and alertness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Canazei
- a Research Department , Bartenbach GmbH , Aldrans , Austria.,b Department of Psychology , University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Wilfried Pohl
- a Research Department , Bartenbach GmbH , Aldrans , Austria
| | - Harald R Bliem
- b Department of Psychology , University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria
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79
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Abstract
Emerging evidence has assigned an important role to sleep as a modulator of metabolic homeostasis. The impact of variations in sleep duration, sleep-disordered breathing, and chronotype to cardiometabolic function encompasses a wide array of perturbations spanning from obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, the metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease risk and mortality in both adults and children. Here, we critically and extensively review the published literature on such important issues and provide a comprehensive overview of the most salient pathophysiologic pathways underlying the links between sleep, sleep disorders, and cardiometabolic functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorit Koren
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine
- Section of Pediatric Sleep Medicine
| | - Magdalena Dumin
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine
| | - David Gozal
- Section of Pediatric Sleep Medicine
- Section of Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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80
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Agorastos A, Linthorst ACE. Potential pleiotropic beneficial effects of adjuvant melatonergic treatment in posttraumatic stress disorder. J Pineal Res 2016; 61:3-26. [PMID: 27061919 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Loss of circadian rhythmicity fundamentally affects the neuroendocrine, immune, and autonomic system, similar to chronic stress and may play a central role in the development of stress-related disorders. Recent articles have focused on the role of sleep and circadian disruption in the pathophysiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), suggesting that chronodisruption plays a causal role in PTSD development. Direct and indirect human and animal PTSD research suggests circadian system-linked neuroendocrine, immune, metabolic and autonomic dysregulation, linking circadian misalignment to PTSD pathophysiology. Recent experimental findings also support a specific role of the fundamental synchronizing pineal hormone melatonin in mechanisms of sleep, cognition and memory, metabolism, pain, neuroimmunomodulation, stress endocrinology and physiology, circadian gene expression, oxidative stress and epigenetics, all processes affected in PTSD. In the current paper, we review available literature underpinning a potentially beneficiary role of an add-on melatonergic treatment in PTSD pathophysiology and PTSD-related symptoms. The literature is presented as a narrative review, providing an overview on the most important and clinically relevant publications. We conclude that adjuvant melatonergic treatment could provide a potentially promising treatment strategy in the management of PTSD and especially PTSD-related syndromes and comorbidities. Rigorous preclinical and clinical studies are needed to validate this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agorastos Agorastos
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Astrid C E Linthorst
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Neurobiology of Stress and Behaviour Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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81
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Geerdink M, Walbeek TJ, Beersma DGM, Hommes V, Gordijn MCM. Short Blue Light Pulses (30 Min) in the Morning Support a Sleep-Advancing Protocol in a Home Setting. J Biol Rhythms 2016; 31:483-97. [PMID: 27449476 DOI: 10.1177/0748730416657462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Many people in our modern civilized society sleep later on free days compared to work days. This discrepancy in sleep timing will lead to so-called 'social jetlag' on work days with negative consequences for performance and health. Light therapy in the morning is often proposed as the most effective method to advance the circadian rhythm and sleep phase. However, most studies focus on direct effects on the circadian system and not on posttreatment effects on sleep phase and sleep integrity. In this placebo-controlled home study we investigated if blue light, rather than amber light therapy, can phase shift the sleep phase along with the circadian rhythm with preservation of sleep integrity and performance. We selected 42 participants who suffered from 'social jetlag' on workdays. Participants were randomly assigned to either high-intensity blue light exposure or amber light exposure (placebo) with similar photopic illuminance. The protocol consisted of 14 baseline days without sleep restrictions, 9 treatment days with either 30-min blue light pulses or 30-min amber light pulses in the morning along with a sleep advancing scheme and 7 posttreatment days without sleep restrictions. Melatonin samples were taken at days 1, 7, 14 (baseline), day 23 (effect treatment), and day 30 (posttreatment). Light exposure was recorded continuously. Sleep was monitored through actigraphy. Performance was measured with a reaction time task. As expected, the phase advance of the melatonin rhythm from day 14 to day 23 was significantly larger in the blue light exposure group, compared to the amber light group (84 min ± 51 (SD) and 48 min ± 47 (SD) respectively; t36 = 2.23, p < 0.05). Wake-up time during the posttreatment days was slightly earlier compared to baseline in the blue light group compared to slightly later in the amber light group (-21 min ± 33 (SD) and +12 min ± 33 (SD) respectively; F1,35 = 9.20, p < 0.01). The number of sleep bouts was significantly higher in the amber light group compared to the blue light group during sleep in the treatment period (F1,32 = 4.40, p < 0.05). Performance was significantly worse compared to baseline at all times during (F1,13 = 10.1, p < 0.01) and after amber light treatment (F1,13 = 17.1, p < 0.01), while only in the morning during posttreatment in the blue light condition (F1,10 = 9.8, p < 0.05). The data support the conclusion that blue light was able to compensate for the sleep integrity reduction and to a large extent for the performance decrement that was observed in the amber light condition, both probably as a consequence of the advancing sleep schedule. This study shows that blue light therapy in the morning, applied in a home setting, supports a sleep advancing protocol by phase advancing the circadian rhythm as well as sleep timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moniek Geerdink
- Department of Chronobiology, GeLifes, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Thijs J Walbeek
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Domien G M Beersma
- Department of Chronobiology, GeLifes, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Vanja Hommes
- Philips Consumer Lifestyle, Drachten, the Netherlands
| | - Marijke C M Gordijn
- Department of Chronobiology, GeLifes, University of Groningen, the Netherlands Chrono@Work B.V., Groningen, the Netherlands
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82
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van Moorsel D, Hansen J, Havekes B, Scheer FAJL, Jörgensen JA, Hoeks J, Schrauwen-Hinderling VB, Duez H, Lefebvre P, Schaper NC, Hesselink MKC, Staels B, Schrauwen P. Demonstration of a day-night rhythm in human skeletal muscle oxidative capacity. Mol Metab 2016; 5:635-645. [PMID: 27656401 PMCID: PMC5021670 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A disturbed day-night rhythm is associated with metabolic perturbations that can lead to obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In skeletal muscle, a reduced oxidative capacity is also associated with the development of T2DM. However, whether oxidative capacity in skeletal muscle displays a day-night rhythm in humans has so far not been investigated. METHODS Lean, healthy subjects were enrolled in a standardized living protocol with regular meals, physical activity and sleep to reflect our everyday lifestyle. Mitochondrial oxidative capacity was examined in skeletal muscle biopsies taken at five time points within a 24-hour period. RESULTS Core-body temperature was lower during the early night, confirming a normal day-night rhythm. Skeletal muscle oxidative capacity demonstrated a robust day-night rhythm, with a significant time effect in ADP-stimulated respiration (state 3 MO, state 3 MOG and state 3 MOGS, p < 0.05). Respiration was lowest at 1 PM and highest at 11 PM (state 3 MOGS: 80.6 ± 4.0 vs. 95.8 ± 4.7 pmol/mg/s). Interestingly, the fluctuation in mitochondrial function was also observed in whole-body energy expenditure, with peak energy expenditure at 11 PM and lowest energy expenditure at 4 AM (p < 0.001). In addition, we demonstrate rhythmicity in mRNA expression of molecular clock genes in human skeletal muscle. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the biological clock drives robust rhythms in human skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism. It is tempting to speculate that disruption of these rhythms contribute to the deterioration of metabolic health associated with circadian misalignment.
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Key Words
- BMAL1, brain and muscle ARNT-like 1
- BMI, body mass index
- Biological rhythm
- CLOCK, circadian locomotor output cycles kaput
- CRY, cryptochrome
- Energy metabolism
- FCCP, carbonyl cyanide-4-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone
- Mitochondria
- Molecular clock
- NADH, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- Oxidative capacity
- PER, period
- RER, respiratory exchange ratio
- RT-QPCR, Real-Time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Skeletal muscle
- T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus
- TCA cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk van Moorsel
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Hansen
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bas Havekes
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank A J L Scheer
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Johanna A Jörgensen
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joris Hoeks
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Vera B Schrauwen-Hinderling
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Helene Duez
- Univ Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR1011-EGID, BP245, 59019 Lille, France
| | - Philippe Lefebvre
- Univ Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR1011-EGID, BP245, 59019 Lille, France
| | - Nicolaas C Schaper
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs K C Hesselink
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Staels
- Univ Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR1011-EGID, BP245, 59019 Lille, France
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Liu J, Zhou B, Yan M, Huang R, Wang Y, He Z, Yang Y, Dai C, Wang Y, Zhang F, Zhai Q. CLOCK and BMAL1 Regulate Muscle Insulin Sensitivity via SIRT1 in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2016; 157:2259-69. [PMID: 27035655 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-2027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Circadian misalignment induces insulin resistance in both human and animal models, and skeletal muscle is the largest organ response to insulin. However, how circadian clock regulates muscle insulin sensitivity and the underlying molecular mechanisms are still largely unknown. Here we show circadian locomotor output cycles kaput (CLOCK) and brain and muscle aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like protein (BMAL)-1, two core circadian transcription factors, are down-regulated in insulin-resistant C2C12 myotubes and mouse skeletal muscle. Furthermore, insulin signaling is attenuated in the skeletal muscle of Clock(Δ19/Δ19) mice, and knockdown of CLOCK or BMAL1 by small interfering RNAs induces insulin resistance in C2C12 myotubes. Consistently, ectopic expression of CLOCK and BMAL1 improves insulin sensitivity in C2C12 myotubes. Moreover, CLOCK and BMAL1 regulate the expression of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), an important regulator of insulin sensitivity, in C2C12 myotubes and mouse skeletal muscle, and two E-box elements in Sirt1 promoter are responsible for its CLOCK- and BMAL1-dependent transcription in muscle cells. Further studies show that CLOCK and BMAL1 regulate muscle insulin sensitivity through SIRT1. In addition, we find that BMAL1 and SIRT1 are decreased in the muscle of mice maintained in constant darkness, and resveratrol supplementation activates SIRT1 and improves insulin sensitivity. All these data demonstrate that CLOCK and BMAL1 regulate muscle insulin sensitivity via SIRT1, and activation of SIRT1 might be a potential valuable strategy to attenuate muscle insulin resistance related to circadian misalignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (J.L., B.Z., M.Y., R.H., Yu.W., Z.H., Y.Y., C.D., Yi.W., F.Z., Q.Z.), 200031 Shanghai, China; and School of Life Science and Technology (Q.Z.), Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Ben Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (J.L., B.Z., M.Y., R.H., Yu.W., Z.H., Y.Y., C.D., Yi.W., F.Z., Q.Z.), 200031 Shanghai, China; and School of Life Science and Technology (Q.Z.), Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Menghong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (J.L., B.Z., M.Y., R.H., Yu.W., Z.H., Y.Y., C.D., Yi.W., F.Z., Q.Z.), 200031 Shanghai, China; and School of Life Science and Technology (Q.Z.), Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Rui Huang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (J.L., B.Z., M.Y., R.H., Yu.W., Z.H., Y.Y., C.D., Yi.W., F.Z., Q.Z.), 200031 Shanghai, China; and School of Life Science and Technology (Q.Z.), Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yuangao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (J.L., B.Z., M.Y., R.H., Yu.W., Z.H., Y.Y., C.D., Yi.W., F.Z., Q.Z.), 200031 Shanghai, China; and School of Life Science and Technology (Q.Z.), Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Zhishui He
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (J.L., B.Z., M.Y., R.H., Yu.W., Z.H., Y.Y., C.D., Yi.W., F.Z., Q.Z.), 200031 Shanghai, China; and School of Life Science and Technology (Q.Z.), Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yonggang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (J.L., B.Z., M.Y., R.H., Yu.W., Z.H., Y.Y., C.D., Yi.W., F.Z., Q.Z.), 200031 Shanghai, China; and School of Life Science and Technology (Q.Z.), Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Changgui Dai
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (J.L., B.Z., M.Y., R.H., Yu.W., Z.H., Y.Y., C.D., Yi.W., F.Z., Q.Z.), 200031 Shanghai, China; and School of Life Science and Technology (Q.Z.), Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yiqian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (J.L., B.Z., M.Y., R.H., Yu.W., Z.H., Y.Y., C.D., Yi.W., F.Z., Q.Z.), 200031 Shanghai, China; and School of Life Science and Technology (Q.Z.), Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (J.L., B.Z., M.Y., R.H., Yu.W., Z.H., Y.Y., C.D., Yi.W., F.Z., Q.Z.), 200031 Shanghai, China; and School of Life Science and Technology (Q.Z.), Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Qiwei Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (J.L., B.Z., M.Y., R.H., Yu.W., Z.H., Y.Y., C.D., Yi.W., F.Z., Q.Z.), 200031 Shanghai, China; and School of Life Science and Technology (Q.Z.), Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 200093, China
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84
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Pévet P. Melatonin receptors as therapeutic targets in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2016; 20:1209-18. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2016.1179284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Pévet
- Institut des neurosciences cellulaires et Integratives, INCI UPR 3212, CNRS and the University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Vetter C, Devore EE, Wegrzyn LR, Massa J, Speizer FE, Kawachi I, Rosner B, Stampfer MJ, Schernhammer ES. Association Between Rotating Night Shift Work and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease Among Women. JAMA 2016; 315:1726-34. [PMID: 27115377 PMCID: PMC5102147 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2016.4454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Prospective studies linking shift work to coronary heart disease (CHD) have been inconsistent and limited by short follow-up. OBJECTIVE To determine whether rotating night shift work is associated with CHD risk. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Prospective cohort study of 189,158 initially healthy women followed up over 24 years in the Nurses' Health Studies (NHS [1988-2012]: N = 73,623 and NHS2 [1989-2013]: N = 115,535). EXPOSURES Lifetime history of rotating night shift work (≥3 night shifts per month in addition to day and evening shifts) at baseline (updated every 2 to 4 years in the NHS2). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Incident CHD; ie, nonfatal myocardial infarction, CHD death, angiogram-confirmed angina pectoris, coronary artery bypass graft surgery, stents, and angioplasty. RESULTS During follow-up, 7303 incident CHD cases occurred in the NHS (mean age at baseline, 54.5 years) and 3519 in the NHS2 (mean age, 34.8 years). In multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models, increasing years of baseline rotating night shift work was associated with significantly higher CHD risk in both cohorts. In the NHS, the association between duration of shift work and CHD was stronger in the first half of follow-up than in the second half (P=.02 for interaction), suggesting waning risk after cessation of shift work. Longer time since quitting shift work was associated with decreased CHD risk among ever shift workers in the NHS2 (P<.001 for trend). [table: see text] CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among women who worked as registered nurses, longer duration of rotating night shift work was associated with a statistically significant but small absolute increase in CHD risk. Further research is needed to explore whether the association is related to specific work hours and individual characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Vetter
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Elizabeth E. Devore
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Lani R. Wegrzyn
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston
| | - Jennifer Massa
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston
| | - Frank E. Speizer
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston
| | - Ichiro Kawachi
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston
| | - Bernard Rosner
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston
| | - Meir J. Stampfer
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston
| | - Eva S. Schernhammer
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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86
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Miner SES, Pahal D, Nichols L, Darwood A, Nield LE, Wulffhart Z. Sleep Disruption is Associated with Increased Ventricular Ectopy and Cardiac Arrest in Hospitalized Adults. Sleep 2016; 39:927-35. [PMID: 26715226 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.5656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES To determine whether sleep disruption increases ventricular ectopy and the risk of cardiac arrest in hospitalized patients. METHODS Hospital emergency codes (HEC) trigger multiple hospital-wide overhead announcements. In 2014 an electronic "code white" program was instituted to protect staff from violent patients. This resulted in an increase in nocturnal HEC. Telemetry data was examined between September 14 and October 2, 2014. The frequency of nocturnal announcements was correlated with changes in frequency of premature ventricular complexes per hour (PVC/h). Cardiac arrest data were examined over a 3-y period. All HEC were assumed to have triggered announcements. The relationship between nocturnal HEC and the incidence of subsequent cardiac arrest was examined. RESULTS 2,603 hours of telemetry were analyzed in 87 patients. During nights with two or fewer announcements, PVC/h decreased 33% and remained 30% lower the next day. On nights with four or more announcements, PVC/h increased 23% (P < 0.001) and further increased 85% the next day (P = 0.001). In 2014, following the introduction of the code white program, the frequency of all HEC increased from 1.1/day to 6.2/day (P < 0.05). The frequency of cardiac arrest/24 h rose from 0.46/day in 2012-2013 to 0.62/day in 2014 (P = 0.001). During daytime hours (06:00-22:00), from 2012 through 2014, the frequency of cardiac arrest following zero, one or at least two nocturnal HEC were 0.331 ± 0.03, 0.396 ± 0.04 and 0.471 ± 0.09 respectively (R(2) = 0.99, P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Sleep disruption is associated with increased ventricular ectopy and increased frequency of cardiac arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Edward Stuart Miner
- Southlake Regional Health Center, Newmarket, Ontario, Canada.,University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dev Pahal
- Southlake Regional Health Center, Newmarket, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laurel Nichols
- Southlake Regional Health Center, Newmarket, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amanda Darwood
- Southlake Regional Health Center, Newmarket, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lynne Elizabeth Nield
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Labatt Heart Center, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zaev Wulffhart
- Southlake Regional Health Center, Newmarket, Ontario, Canada.,University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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87
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Yang G, Chen L, Grant GR, Paschos G, Song WL, Musiek ES, Lee V, McLoughlin SC, Grosser T, Cotsarelis G, FitzGerald GA. Timing of expression of the core clock gene Bmal1 influences its effects on aging and survival. Sci Transl Med 2016; 8:324ra16. [PMID: 26843191 PMCID: PMC4870001 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aad3305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The absence of Bmal1, a core clock gene, results in a loss of circadian rhythms, an acceleration of aging, and a shortened life span in mice. To address the importance of circadian rhythms in the aging process, we generated conditional Bmal1 knockout mice that lacked the BMAL1 protein during adult life and found that wild-type circadian variations in wheel-running activity, heart rate, and blood pressure were abolished. Ocular abnormalities and brain astrogliosis were conserved irrespective of the timing of Bmal1 deletion. However, life span, fertility, body weight, blood glucose levels, and age-dependent arthropathy, which are altered in standard Bmal1 knockout mice, remained unaltered, whereas atherosclerosis and hair growth improved, in the conditional adult-life Bmal1 knockout mice, despite abolition of clock function. Hepatic RNA-Seq revealed that expression of oscillatory genes was dampened in the adult-life Bmal1 knockout mice, whereas overall gene expression was largely unchanged. Thus, many phenotypes in conventional Bmal1 knockout mice, hitherto attributed to disruption of circadian rhythms, reflect the loss of properties of BMAL1 that are independent of its role in the clock. These findings prompt reevaluation of the systemic consequences of disruption of the molecular clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangrui Yang
- The Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lihong Chen
- The Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gregory R Grant
- The Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Georgios Paschos
- The Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Wen-Liang Song
- The Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Erik S Musiek
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Vivian Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sarah C McLoughlin
- The Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tilo Grosser
- The Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - George Cotsarelis
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA
| | - Garret A FitzGerald
- The Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Foo M, Somers DE, Kim PJ. Kernel Architecture of the Genetic Circuitry of the Arabidopsis Circadian System. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1004748. [PMID: 26828650 PMCID: PMC4734688 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A wide range of organisms features molecular machines, circadian clocks, which generate endogenous oscillations with ~24 h periodicity and thereby synchronize biological processes to diurnal environmental fluctuations. Recently, it has become clear that plants harbor more complex gene regulatory circuits within the core circadian clocks than other organisms, inspiring a fundamental question: are all these regulatory interactions between clock genes equally crucial for the establishment and maintenance of circadian rhythms? Our mechanistic simulation for Arabidopsis thaliana demonstrates that at least half of the total regulatory interactions must be present to express the circadian molecular profiles observed in wild-type plants. A set of those essential interactions is called herein a kernel of the circadian system. The kernel structure unbiasedly reveals four interlocked negative feedback loops contributing to circadian rhythms, and three feedback loops among them drive the autonomous oscillation itself. Strikingly, the kernel structure, as well as the whole clock circuitry, is overwhelmingly composed of inhibitory, rather than activating, interactions between genes. We found that this tendency underlies plant circadian molecular profiles which often exhibit sharply-shaped, cuspidate waveforms. Through the generation of these cuspidate profiles, inhibitory interactions may facilitate the global coordination of temporally-distant clock events that are markedly peaked at very specific times of day. Our systematic approach resulting in experimentally-testable predictions provides insights into a design principle of biological clockwork, with implications for synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Foo
- Asia Pacific Center for Theoretical Physics, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - David E. Somers
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Pan-Jun Kim
- Asia Pacific Center for Theoretical Physics, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
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89
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Dashti HS, Aslibekyan S, Scheer FAJL, Smith CE, Lamon-Fava S, Jacques P, Lai CQ, Tucker KL, Arnett DK, Ordovás JM. Clock Genes Explain a Large Proportion of Phenotypic Variance in Systolic Blood Pressure and This Control Is Not Modified by Environmental Temperature. Am J Hypertens 2016; 29:132-40. [PMID: 26045533 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpv082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diurnal variation in blood pressure (BP) is regulated, in part, by an endogenous circadian clock; however, few human studies have identified associations between clock genes and BP. Accounting for environmental temperature may be necessary to correct for seasonal bias. METHODS We examined whether environmental temperature on the day of participants' assessment was associated with BP, using adjusted linear regression models in the Genetics of Lipid Lowering Drugs and Diet Network (GOLDN) (n = 819) and the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study (BPRHS) (n = 1,248) cohorts. We estimated phenotypic variance in BP by 18 clock genes and examined individual single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) associations with BP using an additive genetic model, with further consideration of environmental temperature. RESULTS In GOLDN, each additional 1 °C increase in environmental temperature was associated with 0.18 mm Hg lower systolic BP [SBP; β ± SE = -0.18 ± 0.05 mm Hg; P = 0.0001] and 0.10mm Hg lower diastolic BP [DBP; -0.10 ± 0.03 mm Hg; P = 0.001]. Similar results were seen in the BPRHS for SBP only. Clock genes explained a statistically significant proportion of the variance in SBP [V G/V P ± SE = 0.071 ± 0.03; P = 0.001] in GOLDN, but not in the BPRHS, and we did not observe associations between individual SNPs and BP. Environmental temperature did not influence the identified genetic associations. CONCLUSIONS We identified clock genes that explained a statistically significant proportion of the phenotypic variance in SBP, supporting the importance of the circadian pathway underlying cardiac physiology. Although temperature was associated with BP, it did not affect results with genetic markers in either study. Therefore, it does not appear that temperature measures are necessary for interpreting associations between clock genes and BP. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION Trials related to this study were registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00083369 (Genetic and Environmental Determinants of Triglycerides) and NCT01231958 (Boston Puerto Rican Health Study).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan S Dashti
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
| | - Stella Aslibekyan
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Frank A J L Scheer
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Caren E Smith
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stefania Lamon-Fava
- Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paul Jacques
- Nutritional Epidemiology Laboratory, Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chao-Qiang Lai
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Donna K Arnett
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - José M Ordovás
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Centro Nacional Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Alimentación (IMDEA-FOOD), Madrid, Spain
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90
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Chaput JP, Katzmarzyk PT, LeBlanc AG, Tremblay MS, Barreira TV, Broyles ST, Fogelholm M, Hu G, Kuriyan R, Kurpad A, Lambert EV, Rae DE, Maher C, Maia J, Matsudo V, Onywera V, Sarmiento OL, Standage M, Tudor-Locke C, Zhao P, Olds T. Associations between sleep patterns and lifestyle behaviors in children: an international comparison. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBESITY SUPPLEMENTS 2015; 5:S59-65. [PMID: 27152187 DOI: 10.1038/ijosup.2015.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although evidence is accumulating on the importance of a good night's sleep for healthy eating and activity behaviors, existing research has mainly been conducted in high-income, developed countries with limited sociocultural variability. This study is the first to examine the associations between sleep patterns and lifestyle behaviors in children from 12 countries in five major geographic regions of the world. METHODS This observational, multinational cross-sectional study included 5777 children aged 9-11 years from sites in Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Finland, India, Kenya, Portugal, South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States. Nocturnal sleep duration (hours per night), sleep efficiency (%) and bedtime (h:min) were monitored over 7 consecutive days using an accelerometer. Lifestyle behaviors included moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), total sedentary time (SED), self-reported screen time (ST) and healthy/unhealthy diet patterns (HDP/UDP). Multilevel modeling analyses were used to account for the hierarchical nature of the data. RESULTS Overall, participants averaged 8.8 (s.d. 0.9) hours of sleep with 96.2% (s.d. 1.4) sleep efficiency and a mean bedtime of 2218 hours. After adjustment for age, sex, highest parental education and BMI z-score, results showed that (i) sleep duration was negatively associated with MVPA, SED and UDP score; (ii) sleep efficiency was negatively associated with MVPA and UDP score, and positively associated with SED; and (iii) later bedtime was positively associated with SED, ST and UDP score, and negatively associated with MVPA and HDP score. Results using categories of sleep patterns were consistent with the linear associations. Results also revealed that associations between sleep patterns and MVPA, SED and ST were significantly different between study sites, with stronger associations in high-income countries compared with low/middle-income countries. CONCLUSIONS Sleep characteristics are important correlates of lifestyle behaviors in children. Differences between countries suggest that interventions aimed at improving sleep and lifestyle behaviors should be culturally adapted.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-P Chaput
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - P T Katzmarzyk
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center , Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - A G LeBlanc
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - M S Tremblay
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - T V Barreira
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA; Department of Exercise Science, University of Syracuse, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - S T Broyles
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center , Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - M Fogelholm
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki , Helsinki, Finland
| | - G Hu
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center , Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - R Kuriyan
- St. Johns Research Institute , Bangalore, India
| | - A Kurpad
- St. Johns Research Institute , Bangalore, India
| | - E V Lambert
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town , Cape Town, South Africa
| | - D E Rae
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town , Cape Town, South Africa
| | - C Maher
- Alliance for Research in Exercise Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia , Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - J Maia
- CIFI2D, Faculdade de Desporto, University of Porto , Porto, Portugal
| | - V Matsudo
- Centro de Estudos do Laboratório de Aptidão Física de São Caetano do Sul (CELAFISCS) , Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - V Onywera
- Department of Recreation Management and Exercise Science, Kenyatta University , Nairobi, Kenya
| | - O L Sarmiento
- School of Medicine Universidad de los Andes , Bogota, Colombia
| | - M Standage
- Department for Health, University of Bath , Bath, UK
| | - C Tudor-Locke
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA; Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - P Zhao
- Tianjin Women's and Children's Health Center , Tianjin, China
| | - T Olds
- Alliance for Research in Exercise Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia , Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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91
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Tian Y, Shen L, Wu J, Xu G, Yang S, Song L, Zhang Y, Mandiwa C, Yang H, Liang Y, Wang Y. Sleep duration and timing in relation to osteoporosis in an elderly Chinese population: a cross-sectional analysis in the Dongfeng-Tongji cohort study. Osteoporos Int 2015; 26:2641-8. [PMID: 25986387 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-015-3172-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This population-based cross-sectional study in an older Chinese population shows a link between sleep duration, sleep timing, and osteoporosis risk, suggesting that sleep may have a role in osteoporosis development. These findings may help to identify contributing mechanisms and provide new opportunities for sleep-focused interventions to prevent osteoporosis. INTRODUCTION Accumulated evidence suggests that sleep pattern disruption may lead to alterations in physiology, potentially triggering the development of osteoporosis. The present study sought to examine whether sleep duration or sleep timing is associated with osteoporosis. METHODS A total of 31,769 participants (aged 45-86 years) were recruited from the Dongfeng-Tongji cohort study. All participants completed questionnaires and medical examinations and provided blood samples. The presence of osteoporosis was determined using calcaneal quantitative ultrasonography. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association of sleep duration and timing with osteoporosis, after adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS The prevalence of osteoporosis was 14.2 % in men and 23.9 % in women. After controlling for potential confounders, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) [95 % confidence interval (CI)] for osteoporosis comparing sleep duration of 9 h or longer with the reference (7-8 h) was 1.40 (1.22-1.62) in men and 1.20 (1.07-1.33) in women. Men with early sleep timing (going to sleep before 21:00 h) were more likely to have osteoporosis (OR, 1.43; 95 % CI, 1.16-1.78) than those with normal sleep timing (going to sleep between 21:00 and 23:00 h). In the interaction analysis, participants with long sleep duration and early sleep timing had the highest risk of osteoporosis both in men (OR, 1.79; 95 % CI, 1.48-2.16) and women (OR, 1.41; 95 % CI, 1.19-1.66). CONCLUSIONS Long sleep duration (≥9 h) and early sleep timing were independently and interactively associated with an increased risk of osteoporosis in this older Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tian
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - L Shen
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - J Wu
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - G Xu
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - S Yang
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - L Song
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Y Zhang
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - C Mandiwa
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - H Yang
- Dongfeng General Hospital, Dongfeng Motor Corporation and Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Y Liang
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Y Wang
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
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Ramkisoensing A, Meijer JH. Synchronization of Biological Clock Neurons by Light and Peripheral Feedback Systems Promotes Circadian Rhythms and Health. Front Neurol 2015; 6:128. [PMID: 26097465 PMCID: PMC4456861 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) functions as a circadian clock that drives 24-h rhythms in both physiology and behavior. The SCN is a multicellular oscillator in which individual neurons function as cell-autonomous oscillators. The production of a coherent output rhythm is dependent upon mutual synchronization among single cells and requires both synaptic communication and gap junctions. Changes in phase-synchronization between individual cells have consequences on the amplitude of the SCN’s electrical activity rhythm, and these changes play a major role in the ability to adapt to seasonal changes. Both aging and sleep deprivation negatively affect the circadian amplitude of the SCN, whereas behavioral activity (i.e., exercise) has a positive effect on amplitude. Given that the amplitude of the SCN’s electrical activity rhythm is essential for achieving robust rhythmicity in physiology and behavior, the mechanisms that underlie neuronal synchronization warrant further study. A growing body of evidence suggests that the functional integrity of the SCN contributes to health, well-being, cognitive performance, and alertness; in contrast, deterioration of the 24-h rhythm is a risk factor for neurodegenerative disease, cancer, depression, and sleep disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashna Ramkisoensing
- Laboratory for Neurophysiology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
| | - Johanna H Meijer
- Laboratory for Neurophysiology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
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Arble DM, Holland J, Ottaway N, Sorrell J, Pressler JW, Morano R, Woods SC, Seeley RJ, Herman JP, Sandoval DA, Perez-Tilve D. The melanocortin-4 receptor integrates circadian light cues and metabolism. Endocrinology 2015; 156:1685-91. [PMID: 25730108 PMCID: PMC4398770 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin system directs diverse physiological functions from coat color to body weight homoeostasis. A commonality among melanocortin-mediated processes is that many animals modulate similar processes on a circannual basis in response to longer, summer days, suggesting an underlying link between circadian biology and the melanocortin system. Despite key neuroanatomical substrates shared by both circadian and melanocortin-signaling pathways, little is known about the relationship between the two. Here we identify a link between circadian disruption and the control of glucose homeostasis mediated through the melanocortin-4 receptor (Mc4r). Mc4r-deficient mice exhibit exaggerated circadian fluctuations in baseline blood glucose and glucose tolerance. Interestingly, exposure to lighting conditions that disrupt circadian rhythms improve their glucose tolerance. This improvement occurs through an increase in glucose clearance by skeletal muscle and is food intake and body weight independent. Restoring Mc4r expression to the paraventricular nucleus prevents the improvement in glucose tolerance, supporting a role for the paraventricular nucleus in the integration of circadian light cues and metabolism. Altogether these data suggest that Mc4r signaling plays a protective role in minimizing glucose fluctuations due to circadian rhythms and environmental light cues and demonstrate a previously undiscovered connection between circadian biology and glucose metabolism mediated through the melanocortin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna M Arble
- Departments of Internal Medicine (D.M.A., J.H., N.O., J.S., J.W.P., R.J.S., D.A.S., D.P.-T.) and Psychiatry (R.M., S.C.W., J.P.H.), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237; and Department of Surgery (D.M.A., R.J.S., D.A.S.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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94
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Barger LK, Rajaratnam SM, Wang W, O'Brien CS, Sullivan JP, Qadri S, Lockley SW, Czeisler CA. Common sleep disorders increase risk of motor vehicle crashes and adverse health outcomes in firefighters. J Clin Sleep Med 2015; 11:233-40. [PMID: 25580602 PMCID: PMC4346644 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.4534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Heart attacks and motor vehicle crashes are the leading causes of death in US firefighters. Given that sleep disorders are an independent risk factor for both of these, we examined the prevalence of common sleep disorders in a national sample of firefighters and their association with adverse health and safety outcomes. METHODS Firefighters (n = 6,933) from 66 US fire departments were assessed for common sleep disorders using validated screening tools, as available. Firefighters were also surveyed about health and safety, and documentation was collected for reported motor vehicle crashes. RESULTS A total of 37.2% of firefighters screened positive for any sleep disorder including obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), 28.4%; insomnia, 6.0%; shift work disorder, 9.1%; and restless legs syndrome, 3.4%. Compared with those who did not screen positive, firefighters who screened positive for a sleep disorder were more likely to report a motor vehicle crash (adjusted odds ratio 2.00, 95% CI 1.29-3.12, p = 0.0021) and were more likely to self-report falling asleep while driving (2.41, 2.06-2.82, p < 0.0001). Firefighters who screened positive for a sleep disorder were more likely to report having cardiovascular disease (2.37, 1.54-3.66, p < 0.0001), diabetes (1.91, 1.31-2.81, p = 0.0009), depression (3.10, 2.49-3.85, p < 0.0001), and anxiety (3.81, 2.87-5.05, p < 0.0001), and to report poorer health status (p < 0.0001) than those who did not screen positive. Adverse health and safety associations persisted when OSA and non-OSA sleep disorders were examined separately. CONCLUSIONS Sleep disorders are prevalent in firefighters and are associated with increased risk of adverse health and safety outcomes. Future research is needed to assess the efficacy of occupational sleep disorders prevention, screening, and treatment programs in fire departments to reduce these safety and health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K. Barger
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Shantha M.W. Rajaratnam
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University, Clayton VIC, Australia
| | - Wei Wang
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Conor S. O'Brien
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Jason P. Sullivan
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Salim Qadri
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Steven W. Lockley
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Charles A. Czeisler
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - for the Harvard Work Hours, Health and Safety Group
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University, Clayton VIC, Australia
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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95
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Aligning work and circadian time in shift workers improves sleep and reduces circadian disruption. Curr Biol 2015; 25:907-11. [PMID: 25772446 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sleep loss and circadian disruption-a state of misalignment between physiological functions and imposed sleep/wake behavior-supposedly play central roles in the etiology of shift work-related pathologies [1-4]. Circadian entrainment is, however, highly individual [5], resulting in different chronotypes [6, 7]. Chronotype in turn modulates the effects of working times: compared to late chronotypes, earlier ones sleep worse and shorter and show higher levels of circadian misalignment during night shifts, while late types experience more sleep and circadian disruption than early types when working morning shifts [8]. To promote sleep and reduce the mismatch between circadian and working time, we implemented a chronotype-adjusted (CTA) shift schedule in a factory. We abolished the most strenuous shifts for extreme chronotypes (i.e., mornings for late chronotypes, nights for early ones) and examined whether sleep duration and quality, social jetlag [9, 10], wellbeing, subjective stress perception, and satisfaction with leisure time improved in this schedule. Intermediate chronotypes (quartiles 2 and 3) served as a control group, still working morning (6:00-14:00), evening (14:00-22:00), and night (22:00-6:00) shifts, with two strenuous shifts (out of twelve per month) replaced by evening ones. We observed a significant increase of self-reported sleep duration and quality, along with increased wellbeing ratings on workdays among extreme chronotypes. The CTA schedule reduced overall social jetlag by 1 hr, did not alter stress levels, and increased satisfaction with leisure time (early types only). Chronotype-based schedules thus can reduce circadian disruption and improve sleep; potential long-term effects on health and economic indicators need to be elucidated in future studies.
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96
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Circadian rhythm of heart rate and physical activity in nurses during day and night shifts. Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 115:1313-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3110-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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97
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Tasimelteon: a selective and unique receptor binding profile. Neuropharmacology 2014; 91:142-7. [PMID: 25534555 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Hetlioz(®) (tasimelteon) is the first approved treatment in the United States for Non-24-Hour Sleep-Wake Disorder (Non-24). We present here data on the in vitro binding affinity of tasimelteon for both human melatonin receptors MT1 and MT2, as well as the extended screen of other receptors and enzymes. Results indicate that tasimelteon is a potent Dual Melatonin Receptor Agonist (DMRA) with 2.1-4.4 times greater affinity for the MT2 receptor believed to mediate circadian rhythm phase-shifting (Ki = 0.0692 nM and Ki = 0.17 nM in NIH-3T3 and CHO-K1 cells, respectively), than for the MT1 receptor (Ki = 0.304 nM and Ki = 0.35 nM, respectively). Tasimelteon was also shown to have no appreciable affinity for more than 160 other pharmacologically relevant receptors and several enzymes.
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98
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Harb F, Hidalgo MP, Martau B. Lack of exposure to natural light in the workspace is associated with physiological, sleep and depressive symptoms. Chronobiol Int 2014; 32:368-75. [DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2014.982757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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99
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Virag JAI, Lust RM. Circadian influences on myocardial infarction. Front Physiol 2014; 5:422. [PMID: 25400588 PMCID: PMC4214187 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Components of circadian rhythm maintenance, or "clock genes," are endogenous entrainable oscillations of about 24 h that regulate biological processes and are found in the suprachaismatic nucleus (SCN) and many peripheral tissues, including the heart. They are influenced by external cues, or Zeitgebers, such as light and heat, and can influence such diverse phenomena as cytokine expression immune cells, metabolic activity of cardiac myocytes, and vasodilator regulation by vascular endothelial cells. While it is known that the central master clock in the SCN synchronizes peripheral physiologic rhythms, the mechanisms by which the information is transmitted are complex and may include hormonal, metabolic, and neuronal inputs. Whether circadian patterns are causally related to the observed periodicity of events, or whether they are simply epi-phenomena is not well established, but a few studies suggest that the circadian effects likely are real in their impact on myocardial infarct incidence. Cycle disturbances may be harbingers of predisposition and subsequent response to acute and chronic cardiac injury, and identifying the complex interactions of circadian rhythms and myocardial infarction may provide insights into possible preventative and therapeutic strategies for susceptible populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka A I Virag
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Robert M Lust
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University Greenville, NC, USA
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100
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Rothschild J, Lagakos W. Implications of enteral and parenteral feeding times: considering a circadian picture. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2014; 39:266-70. [PMID: 25239111 DOI: 10.1177/0148607114551026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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